Lighting Journal oct 17 by Matrix Print

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

October 2017

CABLE VIEWING Scotland’s spectacular three-tower, cable-stayed Queensferry Crossing AUSTERITY MEASURES Could smart cities help cash-strapped councils to rise above austerity? VICTORIAN VALUED Returning Sheffield’s lighting heritage to its former glory

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Contents

20 06 AUSTERITY MEASURES

Austerity has shredded conventional assumptions about how local authorities fund and deliver services, including street lighting. But if, as some now suggest, we’re moving into a post-austerity age, will this be good news for lighting professionals, asks Alan Jaques

MONEY TALKS

With local authority budgets under pressure, the cost of maintaining or improving street lighting assets is under constant scrutiny. Understanding some of the different options available to fund projects will be a critical conversation within this, explains Colin Fish

16 CABLE VIEWING

The new Queensferry Crossing across the Firth of Forth is the longest three-tower, cable-stayed bridge in the world. It opened in August with a spectacular light show, highlighting the important role its lighting scheme will play both functionally and aesthetically. Lighting Journal takes a look

AND 20 MYTHS WONDER

We’ve all become much more familiar and comfortable with LEDs over the past five or so years. But there are still some questions – and a number of common myths – about LED that can leave lighting professionals scratching their heads, and for which Nigel Parry has the answers

VICTORIAN VALUED

When a multi-million-pound regeneration scheme in Sheffield came across 27 decaying, but listed, Victorian gas sewer destructor lamps, the challenge was how to bring a much loved, yet obsolete, part of the city’s heritage back to life. Chris Angell reports

STRIKE IT LUCKY

The introduction of complex electronic technologies into street lighting, not least LED, has meant managing the risk of electrical surges and disruptions, including lightning strikes, has become both more critical and more challenging, writes Jeremy Lester

DARKENING STORM 36 SHADOW CATCHERS 44 THE ‘Shadowing’, an innovative public art project currently on display in London, uses streetlights to play with our perceptions of light and shadow, in the process creating a sense of mystery, fun and interaction as people pass along the street. Lighting Journal jumps in

NIGHT VISION

Colin Ball, lighting director at BDP, wowed his audience at the most recent ILP ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture in July with a wide-ranging talk about how the lack of light at night has been almost as important throughout history as the opposite. Participants reflect on what they took away from the evening

CAMPUS LIVING

The digital revolution driving connected lighting will be at the heart of this year’s LuxLive in November, including a new smart spaces ‘campus’ devoted to connected outdoor lighting, explains the show’s Anna Preedy

By the end of the 1930s, the consensus was that war was inevitable, including the threat of wholesale bombing of civilian areas. The Home Office wanted total blackout and for street lighting to be completely extinguished. But one lighting engineer argued that an experimental centralised control system was a better answer. Simon Cornwell has the story

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

October 2017

46 LISTEN AND LEARN

The ILP is once again supporting Light School at the Surface Design Show in February. So sit up straight, eyes to the front and pay attention to Lighting Journal

47 CONSULTANTS

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48 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 50 DIARY

p COVER PICTURE

The new Queensferry Crossing across the Forth of Firth.

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Editor’s letter

Volume 82 No 9 October 2017 President Alan Jaques IEng FILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA (Cantab) DPA HonFIAM Editor Nic Paton BA (Hons) MA Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Kevin Dugdale BA (Hons) IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD Nathan French John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng FILP Gill Packham BA (Hons) Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Art Director Adriano Cattini BA (Hons) Email: adriano@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2017 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

imon Cornwell’s ‘Light on the past’ columns for Lighting Journal are always thoughtful, entertaining and a great read. But I found his article in this edition about Leicester public lighting engineer Thomas Wilkie in the run-up to the Second World War to be absolutely fascinating. You can, of course, turn to page 44 for the full story but, in a nutshell, Wilkie fought an energetic campaign against the Home Office’s blanket ‘let’s simply turn off everything’ approach to blackout. He argued, with compelling logic, that a more nuanced solution using a centralised control system that could quickly extinguish and then restore lighting would be more practical, more useful (especially for emergency services coming in after a raid) and better for public morale. Unfortunately, against the backdrop of growing public hysteria during the 1930s about the threat of mass civilian bombing – not least the bombing of Guernica and, earlier in the decade, prime minister Stanley Baldwin’s grim warning that ‘the bomber will always get through’ – Wilkie’s imaginative approach failed to gain traction, and Britain’s streets were plunged into darkness for the duration of the war. It is something of a mental leap, but Wilkie’s story resonated as I was reading Alan Jaques’ article in this edition about the impact, a decade on from the ‘run’ on Northern Rock, that austerity has had on the appetite and ability of local councils to invest in or even simply to retain public lighting stock. As someone who has worked for specialist local government publications, I have seen close-up the effect that ‘salami slicing’ cuts, outsourcing and demand management have had on the shape and function, even the mentality, of many local authorities. Even if, as the government appears to be indicating, we may be moving into a ‘post-austerity’ era in areas such as public sector pay, in an environment of continuing (possibly even permanent) austerity around local government spending, what is the end-game for public and street lighting? Could it even be that, as a non-statutory service, street lighting is something we eventually see being switched off or removed completely? Or will the revenue-generating potential of smart cities and connected lighting be the game-changer that allows local authority decision-makers to learn to love their street lighting assets once again? We, of course, can’t know. But whatever the future holds, one thing is clear. It is up to lighting professionals to show, just as Thomas Wilkie did, that there are always alternatives to blunt, broad brush or ‘easy’ yet ultimately negative public lighting decisions. And long may that be the case. Nic Paton Editor

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Local authority funding and public lighting

AUSTERITY MEASURES

Austerity has shredded conventional assumptions about how local authorities fund and deliver services, including street lighting. But if, as some now suggest, we’re moving into a postausterity age, will this be good news for lighting professionals?

By Alan Jaques

t was barely noticed at the time by anyone outside of banking circles. But the announcement by investment bank BNP Paribas in August 2007 that it no longer had any way of valuing a range of financial assets known as collateralised debt obligations because (as we now know) their value had fallen through the floor, is widely considered to be the first public alarm bell that the global economy was hurtling towards the 2007-08 financial crash. We all undoubtedly remember what happened next: the run on Northern Rock, the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the massive public bail-outs of Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB and HBoS, the plunging of economies around the world into recession and turmoil. We are now a decade on from that great crash, a crash that led to subsequent years of austerity and sharp cuts to public spending when the then Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government came into power in 2010. But what has austerity really meant for www.theilp.org.uk

public lighting? And now, after this summer’s general election when the talk (at least politically) is all about the end of austerity and a return to focusing on growth and public investment, what does the future look like? To try to get a sense of all this, let’s first recap a little what austerity meant, and in fact still means, for local authorities.

UNDERSTANDING AUSTERITY

According to the International Monetary Fund, by 2007 the UK had the largest structural deficit of any G7 economy. As our tax receipts decreased, the gap between spending and revenue widened and public spending had risen to around 47% of GDP by the financial year 2009/10. Austerity therefore was a series of economic measures put in place by the coalition government to reduce this budgetary deficit, or the difference between what the UK was spending and what it was raising in taxes, and in time balance the financial books. It encompassed sharp reductions in

spending in many Whitehall departments, benefit curbs, caps on public sector pay and significant long-term cuts to local authority budgets; in fact there has been a 40% cut in funding to local authorities from central government since 2010. This has meant local authorities have been forced to look closely at how to afford and deliver services, including squaring how they continue to meet and fund their mandatory, statutory responsibilities with still being able to afford to do or deliver anything else. We’ve seen many councils pulling back from the direct delivery of services to focus instead on delivery via outsourcing and contracting, even to the extent of some authorities becoming stripped back ‘commissioning councils’ that simply commission the delivery of services from other agencies rather than do so themselves.

CASH RESERVES

Historically, of course, local authorities have had cash reserves. This money has

October 2017 Lighting Journal

been built up over a long period of time, with one of its important functions being to give councils the ability to smooth out funding peaks and troughs, thereby reducing its impact upon service delivery. What we have seen during austerity is local authorities generally taking two completely different courses of action. Some have been using their reserves to help bridge the funding gap and reduce the impact on service delivery. Others have tried to protect (or even build up) their reserves in the belief that things will only continue to get more difficult, and then the reserves will be needed to be used. Analysis by the Local Government Association in 2015 concluded that, if councils used their reserves to meet projected shortfalls, there would be nothing left by next year. By 2018/19 councils will have reserves of around £17.1bn, it estimated, but at the same time will be facing a funding gap of £17.9bn. Even if the government does now begin to loosen the public purse strings, it is clear local authorities will still face an extremely challenging financial future, not least because of the spiralling cost of funding social care services as our population ages. So far, balancing the budgets has meant reducing service levels and managing demand and, as already highlighted, looking at creative ways of delivering the same (or similar) services indirectly. To an extent, councils have actually done remarkably well in shielding their communities from the effects of service removal and budgetary cuts. But we may well be coming to a point where future funding and delivery decisions entail more visible service removal. This is a change that will both be a surprise to many residents and will affect significant numbers of them. Given that councils in this increasingly tough environment will still have no option but to meet their mandatory, statutory responsibilities, where will that leave the funding of other services, including street lighting? Where will street lighting figure in this ever more constrained list of funding priorities?

COULD STREET LIGHTING BE WITHDRAWN?

It’s fair to say that, historically, street lighting has been underfunded by most, if not all, local authorities. This is a fact acknowledged by the government, and was the reason why the three tranches of street lighting PFIs were rolled out shortly after the turn of the millennium. There is no statutory requirement to provide street lighting. However, what would the public’s reaction be if the street www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Local authority funding and public lighting

when local authorities hit that crunch in cash reserves highlighted earlier. For highway applications, the level of funding for any service is always going to be dependent upon many factors. Since austerity, the balance has moved more towards political factors having the biggest impact rather than asset management. Therefore, street lighting should not consider itself something immune from service cuts or reductions.

COULD SMART CITIES BE THE GAME-CHANGER?

lighting service was withdrawn by a council? What direct and indirect costs would be associated with ceasing to provide the service? What would be the impact on crime and accident statistics, together with the performance of the night-time economy? What would be the impact on the growth agenda? Finally, what would be the political fallout? Completely removing street lighting would, of course, would be an extreme solution. Street lighting has been switched off or removed on some Highways England schemes in the past; councils now commonly look at part-night lighting solutions; and there has even been some debate over the years about whether street lighting should be installed as standard on new schemes in less urbanised areas. But, by and large, lighting professionals will look at these and other questions and take the view that, more often than not, no local authority would consider removing such a vital service. However, my worry is that, unless austerity is significantly revised and even reversed, we may in time see service withdrawal happening in some local authorities, and this could even mean street lighting. www.theilp.org.uk

OR COULD INVESTMENT BE INCREASED?

The other side of the coin, however, is that, with the arrival of LED, there’s an argument we are in fact seeing (and will continue to see) the exact opposite happening: investment in and upgrading of street lighting. Many local authorities have started to invest in their street lighting assets in order to reduce ongoing revenue, energy and maintenance costs. With interest rates at record lows for almost a decade, it has been relatively easy for councils to borrow money to invest as capital expenditure on upgrading the assets. Most of this investment has been used to reduce energy consumption through the application of LED-based luminaires, the introduction of dimming or part-night switching regimes and, in places, switch-off. But, even here, there is an elephant in the room. As the focus of this investment has been on reducing energy consumption and revenue costs, there has only been a limited number of lighting columns replaced. For many authorities, this is going to require a substantial investment at a future date, potentially at the same time as

Finally, I would argue there’s the question of the smart city agenda. As well as the maintenance and energy-saving potential of LED, there is a real opportunity through the smart city agenda for street lighting to transform its perception, to switch 180 degrees from being seen by local authorities as just another cost burden to a potential revenue generator, and therefore something to be nurtured, protected and invested in. As a new era of smart cities develops, street lighting assets could begin to be seen in a different, more positive, light by local authority decision-makers. After all, if in addition to all the conventional safety, energy and maintenance advantages that good-quality LED street lighting currently delivers, street lighting assets could also be ‘sweated’ as a viable potential revenue stream to the local authority, how much more valuable would this make them? For example, a network of smart city-enabled street lighting across an authority could be used to refine the delivery of other services, making them cheaper and more economical to run. They could increase revenue from car parking spaces, road traffic violations and generate a ‘use of system’ revenue from third parties. But this is unlikely to happen by itself. It will require the managers responsible for street lighting within local authorities to grasp the potential of this opportunity, and proactively promote the long-term revenue raising and service delivery benefits of utilising their assets in this way. Might it even be that, ultimately, the smart city agenda – with street lighting assets as the back-bone – becomes the very thing that saves street lighting for the long term in many local authorities? ¢

Alan Jaques IEng FILP is President of the Institution of Lighting Professionals and practice manager for lighting systems at Atkins

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Local authority funding and public lighting

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

s Alan Jaques highlights on the previous pages, ever since last summer’s general election, there has been a lot of talk about ‘the end of austerity’, politically at least. Yet, whatever the political mood, the reality for local authorities is their budgets continue to be squeezed. This, in turn, means the need to be taking a long hard look at the services they deliver, and how to introduce new or proven ways of working or technology so that public services become more efficient and effective. We all know the benefits that good lighting can bring to people, communities and economy. But this comes at a cost and, with the financial pressures councils are under, we are seeing more and more local authorities undertaking reviews of their lighting service and associated energy bills to see what measures can be taken. Generally, this forms the technical basis of an outline business case (OBC). After a lot of number-crunching and optioning the OBC is completed and, within it, recommendations will be given as to what can be done with the current lighting asset to reduce the associated energy and maintenance costs whilst maintaining or improving service levels. Typical recommendations can range from: • replacing some or all the existing traditional luminaires with LED equivalents • a column replacement programme in conjunction with the luminaire replacements • introducing some form of adaptive lighting control be it standalone, a Central Management System (CMS), partnight lighting or combinations thereof Each of these recommendations will be

properly costed out, along with their estimated payback periods and presented in the OBC. Inevitably in most instances, if the OBC is approved and the local authority wishes to implement the recommendations to achieve the savings, some form of borrowing will then be required. But what options exist and which one is best? This article will look at how local authorities can fund projects and what options currently exist, and detail some of their advantages and disadvantages.

HOW CAN LOCAL AUTHORITIES FUND PROJECTS?

Local authorities are required to distinguish their capital and revenue expenditure in their accounts. Capital expenditure for this purpose is defined in the Local Government Act 2003 and is described as ‘expenditure of the authority which falls to be capitalised in with proper practices’. Under Part 1 Chapter 1 of the Act, a local authority may borrow for any purpose relevant to its function or for the ‘the prudent management of its financial affairs’. Currently the Prudential Code for Capital Finance in Local Authorities (or ‘the Code’) is a professional code that sets out a framework for self-regulation of capital spending, and was introduced in 2004. In effect, this allows local authorities to invest in capital projects which best meet their service delivery objectives if they are affordable, prudent and sustainable, subject to government reserve powers to restrict borrowing for national economic reasons. The borrowing limit will be related to the revenue streams available to the local authority, with which it can repay the debt. Local authorities are prevented by

law from using their property as collateral for loans. The Code requires the council to agree and monitor several prudential indicators. These cover affordability, prudence, capital expenditure, debt levels and treasury management. Since the introduction of the Code in 2004, the landscape of local government has changed significantly. There has been austerity and the squeeze on budgets since 2010 as well as continued devolution of power. In fact, there has been so much change that CIPFA (the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, the professional institute for public sector accountants) completed a consultation on possible strengthening of/ amendments to the Code in April, the results of which are currently awaited.

BORROWING OPTIONS

Currently UK local authorities have access to various lending streams. These range from European and government-backed schemes through to private investment companies. These include the following. • European Local Energy Assistance (ELENA). ELENA is a joint initiative by the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Commission under its ‘Horizon 2020’ programme. ELENA provides grants for technical assistance focused on the implementation of energy efficiency, distributed renewable energy and urban transport projects and programmes. Grants can be used to finance costs related to feasibility and market studies, programme structuring, business plans, energy audits and financial structuring, as well as for the preparation of tendering procedures, contractual arrangements and project implementation units. ELENA generally supports projects that are over €30m and with a project life of two to four years. It will consider smaller projects, but only when these are integrated into larger programmes. You can find out more about ELENA by going to the EIB website (http://www.eib.org) and then searching for ‘ELENA’. Of course, being a European fund there is currently something of a Brexit-shaped question-mark around future access post March 2019, when the UK is due to be

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Local authority funding and public lighting

It issues bonds to finance local authority projects at a lower cost than the DMO and as an alternative to the PWLB. The UKMBA raises finance by issuing municipal bonds to the capital markets. It creates bonds that are designed to be attractive to investors and at an interest rate that is appealing to local authorities. You can find out more about the UKMBA at https://www.ukmba.org/

leaving the European Union. Indeed, it remains to be seen what the full effect of Brexit will have on the UK’s ability to draw on funding across the board from the European Commission. • The Public Works Loan Board (PWLB). The PWLB is a statutory body that issues loans to local authorities from the national loans fund and is governed by HM Treasury with the loan rates being set by the Debt Management Office (DMO) of behalf of the Treasury. The PWLB lends to town and parish councils in England, and town and community councils in Wales. In order to apply for a PWLB loan, approval will be needed from the Department for Communities and Local Government, for which authorities should approach their County Association of Local Councils or, in the case of Welsh councils, the Welsh Government. Since 2004 all major local authorities have also been able to borrow from the PWLB mainly for capital projects without the need to seek government consent so long as they can afford the borrowing costs and therefore have regard to the Code. One of the advantages of a PWLB loan is www.theilp.org.uk

that it is not linked to any specific outcomes or measures (such as energy savings) that are required under some of the other borrowing options. Loan periods can be between one and 50 years for fixed-rate loans depending on repayment method, and one to ten years for variable rate loans, again dependant of the repayment method. Unlike some of the other borrowing options the repayment of the loan starts from when the loan is drawn upon and not when energy savings for example are starting to be realised. However, be aware the PWLB is unlikely to be a long-term funding option, as the government confirmed last year that it intends to transfer its functions for lending to authorities to the Treasury. You can find out more about the PWLB through the DMO http://www.dmo.gov. uk/ and then clicking on the ‘PWLB’ tab. • UK Municipal Bonds Agency (UKMBA). The UKMBA is owned by local government and has been formed to provide a new source of finance for local authorities to finance their investment in projects more efficiently and cost-effectively, including infrastructure and housing.

• Your own reserves. Local authorities can, of course, turn to their own reserves to fund projects. Councils are required to maintain adequate reserves to manage financial risks. although the levels of such reserves are determined locally. Generally, councils maintain two types of reserves: allocated reserves for anticipated costs and unallocated reserves to help manage uneven cashflow and use as a contingency for unexpected events such as flooding or the Grenfell Tower tragedy. However, councils can also use reserves to fund ‘invest to save’ projects. Typically, this enables them to reconfigure service delivery in ways that are more efficient and effective or to earn income for the authority from the investment. It stands to reason this use of reserves must be carefully considered, especially since the start of the austerity programme where reserves have been used to support revenue budgets to mitigate or delay the impacts of service cuts. • Salix Finance. Salix Finance is a government lending company set up in 2004 to provide interest-free loans to the public sector to improve energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions and lower energy bills. The difference Salix offers over the options highlighted above is the way the loan is paid back. The project must be able to pay for itself within a maximum of a fiveyear period (eight years in Scotland and Wales) from the energy savings made. Moreover, the cost of CO2 for the lifetime of the project must be less than £120 per tonne (£200 per tonne in Scotland). Salix will fund the costs of supply and installation of the luminaires and any associated control system. Any other cost for items, such as columns, brackets, connections and so on, will need to be met through other funding or existing budgets. Any funded project must be in addition to normal activities and would not have happened without the funding being made available. You can find out more about Salix Finance at https://www.salixfinance. co.uk/

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Local authority funding and public lighting

• The Green Investment Group (GIG). The Green Investment Group was originally called the Green Investment Bank and (as its name suggests) was a ‘green’ bank set up in 2012 by the government to attract private funds to invest in green technologies and initiatives. The bank was sold in April 2017, becoming the GIG and is now a totally independent organisation, but with very much the same green mission. The GIG principally invests in three main project areas: offshore wind, waste and bioenergy and energy efficiency. It has a product called the ‘Green Loan’ that is set at a fixed rate and is designed to help local authorities make the switch to low-energy street lighting. Unlike Salix, the Green Loan can be used to fund the replacement of all items of the street lighting infrastructure and the installation of new technology such as CMS and so on. The GIG does not have any specific requirements on the way projects should be deployed, but typical examples of other projects indicate up to five-year roll-out plans with a 20-year payback period. Interest on the loan only becomes paywww.theilp.org.uk

able on the portion of loan once it has been drawn down on during the installation phase. The local authority can also, if required, look to roll into the loan payments the costs up to £500,000 for the cost of external advisers and consultants. You can find out more about the GIG at http://greeninvestmentgroup.com/ • Private Finance Initiative (PFI). No review of borrowing options would be complete without mentioning the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). PFI was popular back in the 1990s as it allowed governments of the day to secure large sums to invest in popular projects without the need to pay any money upfront. Repayments are made over a long timescale, usually around 25 years for public lighting projects. However, PFI has not been all plain sailing and has left many local authorities tied into expensive deals. PFI’s effectively provided ‘free money’ to councils in the form of PFI ‘credits’. Since the last tranche of street lighting PFIs, no PFI credits have been allocated by central government, and consequently no further projects have been procured this way.

• A Lender Option Borrower Option (LOBO) loan. A LOBO loan is usually from a private bank and is typically a very longterm loan, in the order of 40 to 70 years. The interest rate is initially fixed at a low rate, often undercutting other borrowing options, known as a teaser rate. However, be aware the lender has the ‘option’ to propose or impose on predetermined dates, say, every five years a new fixed rate, which is often significantly higher and as much as 7%. The borrower then has the ‘option’ either to accept the new rate and carry on the repayments for the next five years or simply repay the loan in full! LOBOs have, as a result, come in for significant public and media scrutiny because they have left many local authorities who have taken LOBOs burdened with debt and no other options. In 2015, for example, Channel Four’s Dispatches programme suggested up to one fifth of council borrowing had been via LOBO loans, prompting the Parliamentary Communities and Local Government Committee to conduct a formal inquiry. Many local authorities are now looking to challenge the ‘mis-selling’ of LOBO loans, while some banks, too, have started to ditch them as an option for lending to local councils. Could LOBOs therefore become the equivalent of next PPI scandal, but for local authorities?

SUMMARY

Hopefully this article has shown that there are lots of options for local authorities to explore when they are considering borrowing for their lighting service/energy reviews. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and no one option is either right or wrong. In fact, a combination of borrowing options may provide the best results. Whilst on the surface many lighting projects may appear the same, there are influencing factors that may point a local authority in a particular direction for its borrowing. What this does show is that it is worth spending the time and money to fully understand what the desired outcome is for the project, and then undertake proper due diligence. This will mean all the borrowing options can be fully costed and reviewed and, most importantly, that as a local authority you are continuing to provide good value for money for your stakeholders and community. ¢

Colin Fish IEng MILP is the ILP’s Senior Vice President and is lighting technical specialist at Atkins

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How would you sum up the main benefits of the SR socket for installers and end clients? SA: “The SR socket is DALI 2 compliant and allows the SR driver to provide a low voltage (24V) supply to various CMS (Central Management System) OLC/node and/or sensors on the luminaire. This offers customers the first ever solution that does not bring 240V AC to the exterior of the luminaire. This

in turn negates the risk of fatal electric shock when compared to a 7-Pin Nema solution. It is also significantly smaller, whilst still enabling tool-less mechanical attachment and replacement of outdoor lighting controllers (OLCs), photocells and sensors. The revolutionary SR socket, gives the lighting industry the opportunity to make the leap to a safer, smaller and smarter interface that makes our street lights ready for the future upgrades.” will certainly be very Q:HowReaders interested in this innovation. can they find out more?

SA: They can contact either Philips Lighting or Lucy Zodion and we will be very happy to discuss the SR socket in more detail, or send additional information. You can visit www.philips.co.uk/smartcities OR www.lucyzodion.com for more information

*Steve Austin is Systems Sales Specialist with Philips Lighting. **John Fox is Managing Director of Lucy Zodion. www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

The new Queensferry Crossing

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ran the second half, and I was one of the first people to finish north to south. It was a really amazing atmosphere coming in first with the Saltire over my shoulders. It was just brilliant.' So said 16-year-old Morgan Lewis-Wilson to The Guardian, one of thousands of locals who were given a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to walk over the new Queensferry Crossing across the Firth of Forth in September, before the bridge was formally opened by the Queen. The bridge, which is located along-

October 2017 Lighting Journal

side the iconic Forth Road Bridge, had opened to traffic a few days earlier in a blaze of colour – with a spectacular light show illuminating the three towers that support its spanning decks and the underneath of the crossing. Now, of course, fully operational, the 1.7-mile (2.7km) Queensferry Crossing is the longest three-tower, cable-stayed bridge in the world, and brings 22km (13.7 miles) of major motorway upgrades to the cross-Forth transport corridor. In fact, many of the numbers associated with the bridge, which will not normally have pedestrian access (hence the excitement of Morgan and other locals), are as breath-taking as its views.

INNOVATIVE CABLE DESIGN

Construction of the new road bridge began in September 2011 and, in all, the project has cost an estimated £1.35bn (although it came in £2bn under budget). More than 15,000 people have been inducted to work on the site in that time, clocking up more

than 18 million hours of work in the process. The bridge is 210m high (with the highest bridge towers in the UK) and more than 35,000 tonnes of steel was used. Each of the two main spans stretches for 650m, while the two side spans each have a length of 223m. Each tower is approximately 200m in height (the north and south towers are 202m and the central tower is 210m), some 180,000 cubic metres of soil had to be dredged out and 5,000 cubic metres of dolerite rock drilled and blasted. The towers are hollow and are formed from reinforced concrete. The outer dimensions of all three towers are equal, measuring 14m x 16m at their base and tapering to 4.5m x 7.5m at their pinnacle. In terms of aesthetics, they are designed to mirror and complement the three steel-trussed cantilever support towers of the Forth Bridge and the more slender suspension cable towers of the Forth Road Bridge. One of the most interesting engi-

neering features of the bridge is its innovative cable design, with the bridge incorporating 23,000 miles of wire, which make up 50 miles of cables. The cables are specifically arranged in an overlapping manner so as to provide robust structural stiffness and strength, yet also allowing the decks to be lightweight and the towers to be slender. This helps to give the bridge a streamlined and graceful appearance, as Dr Mike Glover, Arup technical director on the Queensferry Crossing project, explained at the opening. ‘The Queensferry Crossing has been designed to complement its unique setting on the Firth of Forth. There is an effortless elegance to the bridge’s distinctive overlapping cabling system which disguises the amazing feat of engineering it represents. The crossed cables create a structure of such strength that the towers and deck are able to be as slim as feasible, producing a slender silhouette.’ The 23,000 miles of wire that make

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

The new Queensferry Crossing

Clockwise from left: final touches being put to the crossing before its opening in August; the crossing from the north viewpoint; and viewed from the south, showing the south approach road

CMY

up 50 miles of cables support the sections making up the road deck. The cable-stayed deck is formed of 134 composite steel and concrete segments, made of 110 standard segments, 12 starter segments and 12 approach viaduct north segments. One significant consideration in the construction was to ensure there was a proper dehumidification ventilation system, so as to prevent corrosion occurring in the cable stays and deck steelwork. This is something that has been a major issue over the years for the neighbouring Forth Road Bridge, which had no such system installed when it was built 50 years ago.

BRIDGE LIGHTING

What, then, of the lighting system for the bridge? Although, in terms of illumination, the bridge is defined as ‘rural’, meaning there is no need for road lighting on most of the bridge, there is nevertheless extensive architectural lighting, including 2.7km of deck edge lighting and tower illumination. The bridge’s 3.5m high acrylic windshield (which protects the bridge in the www.theilp.org.uk

event of strong wind gusts) has 2,610 LED linear fittings installed within it to provide a continuous strip of light. The three towers are then lit via metal halide floodlighting, varying from 1kW to 2kW. High-intensity LED marine navigation and aircraft warning lighting systems are located at the top and bottom of each tower. Because of the proximity of road junctions, road lighting is required over part of the bridge at each end. For aesthetic reasons, low-height lighting was chosen, rather than overhead columns. A total of 386 bollards are mounted 1m above the road surface along the bridge carriageways for this purpose. A total of 2,062 luminaires provide lighting within the deck, to assist with future maintenance and inspection. Another feature of the bridge is its ‘intelligent’ traffic management system, which is featured on all the trunk roads approaching the crossing, with overhead sign gantries giving drivers live travel information as well as mandatory variable speed limits. This system also extends on to the bridge itself via cantilevered sign gantries attached to the towers.

Some 1,500 structural health sensors also monitor and record real-time information on how the bridge is coping with the various loads it has to handle under different conditions, such as wind and temperature. The Queensferry Crossing, it is clear, is a major addition to Scotland’s built infrastructure, with the hope that it will in time become as much of a tourist attraction as its neighbouring, iconic bridges across the Forth. But perhaps the final word should be left to the crossing’s project director, David Climie of Transport Scotland at the time of opening. ‘I’ve worked on projects across the globe and I can safely say that this has been one of the most challenging but also the most rewarding,’ he said. ‘It’s been a real rollercoaster of emotions, but the over-riding emotion at the moment is one of pride. Until you’ve actually been out on the bridge during severe winds it’s hard to appreciate the task at hand of delivering such a complex project. Experts from across the globe have marvelled at this achievement,’ he added. ¢

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Understanding LED

MYTHS AND WONDER

By Nigel Parry

ED streetlights have, of course, been around quite a few years and are becoming common on our streets, as the UK leads the conversion in Europe to this new technology. As an industry, we were initially unfamiliar with how light was being delivered from the solid-state chip and, understandably, cautious in many cases about the claims of extraordinary long life and reliability that were being quoted. In general, during the last five years most of us have now developed a good understanding of the technology and, to date, we are seeing the claims being delivered. In part, this is because of the UK high standard of technical expectations and the fact many of the initial poor offerings were never adopted by the local authority sector. How we actually light the night-scene has not changed during this technical revolution and our practices have very often stayed the same. With the lighting requirements remaining constant, yet the technology deploying light in a different way, the industry wanted to be able to have standards and guidance to fully appreciate the LED light source and its nuances. www.theilp.org.uk

During this time, too, our general understanding has caught up and there is now a raft of standards that cover key technical issues and guidance on the questions to ask, typically, in tender submissions. Recently the Lighting Group in London (LOLEG) has produced a helpful guidance note. But there still remain some questions and uncertainties about LED – myths, if you will – that are commonly raised, and sometimes lighting professionals can struggle to answer. Here, to my mind, are some I find being raised from time to time.

1) IS CHOOSING THE RIGHT LED IMPORTANT? IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEDS, OR ARE THEY BASICALLY ALL THE SAME?

Like any commodity, there are differences in type and between manufacturers. Figure 1 overleaf shows the predicted lumen output of five different LEDs from top-tier suppliers. Three of these are what are known as high-power (solid line) and two are medium-power (dotted line). It is clear to see that the high-power LEDs tend to have a constant lumen output throughout life and medium-power

see a drop of around 20-30% over a given period of 100,000 hours. Let us not forget that these LEDs will go on giving light out for many years, and I believe the LED chip shown as the top line in the graph will only drop 10% at around 180,000 hours! Of course, the likelihood is that a new driver will be required at some point and there maybe a wiring fault that will cause an LED to fail. But in general LEDs are remarkably reliable and will continue to operate if looked after. So why choose anything but the top option? It’s the most sustainable option, as it won’t need replacing anytime soon! Well it’s not quite that simple. If you choose the medium-power LED (in other words, the bottom dotted line) it may have a higher initial lumen output, say 155 lumen per watt as compared to, say, 135 lumen per watt for the top line LED chip. But you will also see a 30% depreciation over the stated life. So, that’s where Constant Light Output option comes into its own. Taking an average of 25% drop in lumen output into account when designing a lighting scheme,

October 2017 Lighting Journal

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Understanding LED

the driver is programmed to make small incremental steps over a fixed period, and generally will be more energy efficient as the mid-point energy value will be used in UMSUG coding for a defined period. However, what isn’t made very clear is what happens when the driver reaches 100% output. The drive current will then remain constant but, from a steady light output up to that point, we will see a marked drop in output as the LEDs will continue to work and depreciate at the same rate. This is unless, of course, the whole luminaire is changed, or maybe just the driver. But if just the driver, then do you need to apply another 25% in your calculations? Which do you determine is best to use, and if so choose the best option? In 20 years’ time, will the CLO controlled luminaires be changed because they fall below the deisgn threshold? Or is it a consideration to keep the high-power LED and, with our new emerging smart city communications, be able to decide when to change as the lumen output slowly drops? The graph in Figure 2 opposite shows the top three lines indicating the lumen output and the lower two indicating percentage of power use. This shows the implications of choosing the right combination to provide initial power savings for a defined life against potential total life. As I mentioned drivers, then we are faced with more choices. There now seem to be so many drivers available but do they all do the same thing? We have a standard driver that will deliver a set current output and that’s it, we have 0-10 or 1-10v drivers that will allow dimming down to around 20%. Or we have DALI drivers that can be pre-programmed with multiple step dimming and of course CLO. We also have the option of direct drive circuitry that is part of the LED array. They all have their pros and cons, but it’s worth bearing in mind that, the more complex the drivers become, then more things that can potentially fail. And then, of course back to heat management, the cooler the driver and components, the longer its likely life. The oft-quoted ‘Arrhenius law’ states ‘10 degree increase will halve its life’. So, 10 degrees reduction may not directly double its life, but following the logic will, I’d argue, definitely help! Linked to the driver should be surge protection devices (SPD), and I won’t reiterate what has been covered in many articles, and indeed the LOLEG guide. Suffice to say that an appreciation of the clamping www.theilp.org.uk

Figure 1. Predicted lumen output of five LEDs from top-tier suppliers, ranging from high-power (solid line) to medium-power (dotted line)

Figure 2. Lumen output (top three lines) versus percentage of power use (bottom two lines)

Figure 3. Comparison of LED at 55C (top) and 105C

October 2017 Lighting Journal

voltage and maximum surge protection still requires clarification for many. One thing that is highlighted is recognising, when an SPD does fail (and by 'fail' I mean beyond its limits), what to do about it. Most SPDs are wired in parallel, so if they fail the luminaire continues to operate but stops protecting the driver. If we were to place the SPD at the base of the column and wire it in series, then when it fails it puts the luminaire out of light. The lighting manager maybe has an increase in the number of outages, but it would better protect the lantern and would be easy to change at the base of the column. Indeed, there is no reason not to place the driver and SPD at the base of the column, and thus protect them better from the heat of the LED source. Maintenance factors have been an issue since LEDs with a quoted 20-year life upset the usual lamp change cycle with HID lamps. So, how to decide what value and can we trust the predictions? As stated earlier, it is highly likely that LEDs will continue to work well beyond the defined life we are using of either 20 years or 100,000 hours, when chosen wisely and manged appropriately. So, when to do something about it? Some of you may recall the time when mercury lamps were common and lasted years, often just a dull glow at the end of life, and there were often instances that, as they continued to work, as they were not replaced. The ILP is in the process of producing guidance on this subject, and indeed ISO and CIE are working together to produce general guidance for both indoor and outdoor lighting. Watch this space! To conclude, there are a number of components in the current ILP consideration of the factors. These include: • Lx – the percentage of lumen deprecia-

tion of an individual luminaire’s lumen output at a given age • By – the percentage of a population of luminaires to fall below the Lx lumen • Cy(t) – time to abrupt failure • Fy or Fy(t) – the percentage of LEDs within a luminaire that will be expected to fail at the defined time Apart from Lx, the other values are trying to put a figure on when the LEDs, or some of the LEDs, will not be fully operational. So, considering the view that predicting lumen depreciation is based on a small numbers of hours testing, I doubt whether the accuracy of these extra measures will be of any great benefit to providing designers with an appropriate MF value. The early draft of the ISO/CIE report is suggesting that the key number is the Lx value and the others don’t really have a significant bearing on the maintenance factor itself.

2) IS THERE A PROBLEM WITH LED? IF SO, WHAT IS IT? AND IS IT EVEN IMPORTANT?

There is an old saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. We do seem to have focused on issues that were never a concern with HID lamps and spent a good deal of time trying to establish what is important or not. For example, we often see requirements concerning colour shift of LEDs and MacAdam ellipse steps being quoted to indicate how constant the LED will be through life (its long life). Yet this was rarely a consideration when relamping SON luminaires, as we often witnessed a myriad of shades from pink to gold as different lamps were used. So, why is it now important that the LED with a MacAdam ellipse of 3, and thus unnoticeable colour shift, be used? Is it just because

we can, so we do? However, it’s not just the LED to choose, it’s the driver and drive current and, associated to all of these, the heat management. Figure 3 opposite shows two graphs for the same LED chip, with the top graph at 55C and the bottom graph at 105C. You may notice that, at the higher temperature, the colour shift is more pronounced even at 6,000-hour life. But is this important in your streetlight? It would be if used in food-halls or clothing stores, as colour rendering and appreance are key. But in the street I’m not sure as, in my experience, the public will happily call to say a light isn’t working yet never to complain about a small colour shift over ten years or a lot less with HID lamps.

3) SO, DO WE STILL NEED MORE RESEARCH ON LEDS?

There are the questions about glare and flicker from LED sources and, although these were perhaps more pertinent with earlier products, I think today’s more mature market has addressed the glare issue in general. Flicker is, of course, driver-dependent. But the latest batch of drivers perform very well, with only 4% flicker compared to that of a tungsten lamp at 6.5%! Indeed, we do need a better understanding and research, and the CIE has several areas of current or future research on lighting, and many include the performance of LEDs. A short list is outlined below. • New metrics for LEDs (discomfort glare, tunnels, vertical illumination, EIR, Effect LED, road surface geometry, calculation/ measurement grid density, interpolation methods, multi-shadow effect) Adaptive/intelligent/dynamic lighting (average, uniformity, façade, safety and security) • Maintenance factors • Glare in mixed traffic tunnels • CCT – preferences • LED displays – billboards • Lighting Controls – (smart city, IoT, Li Fi). If anyone is interested in participating or contributing to any of these, then please initially contact Allan Howard at CIE-UK or via allan.howard@wspgroup.com Alternatively, please do feel free to email me directly at nigel.parry@orangetek.co.uk

Nigel Parry IEng FILP is principal at OrangeTek. He is a past President of the ILP and is CIE Division 4 editor and co-chair of ISO/CIE JTC11 Maintenance Factors ¢ www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Urban regeneration

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

mey has recently completed the core investment programme for Sheffield PFI. This is a multi-million pound project called ‘Streets Ahead’, a citywide project to improve the city’s roads, pavements, streetlights, verges, street trees, bridges and other ‘street scene’ infrastructure. One of the more unusual challenges Amey faced when completing this programme was the fact that 27 listed Victorian sewer gas destructor lamps still existed within the city, four of which were still burning gas! This article intends to show how this challenge was tackled and addressed. The lamps and columns were in varying stages of decay. Moreover, not only

were the columns listed, the residents of Sheffield, quite rightly, were fiercely protective of their architectural history. Indeed, the four columns that were still burning gas had been ‘adopted’, repainted and were being maintained by the local community. They, in fact, continue to burn gas to this day, as the solution here was simply to leave the lamps as they were. As for the other 23, what’s the problem, you may think? Surely replacement lanterns and a lick of paint was all that was needed to do the trick? Unfortunately, first off, there was no

available electrical supply to the columns as most of them were connected to the gas grid. Second, although neither the original nor present lighting designs relied on the sewer lanterns for light distribution, some Sheffield residents had been misinformed that they were going to be replaced with modern LED lanterns and were, naturally, concerned about the potential loss of heritage and impact of new lights. Third, there was the cost and associated disruption of connecting electricity supplies to architecturally sensitive areas to be considered, along with the gas supply company’s concerns in maintaining a safe supply on the street. This all meant an innovative and sensitive approach had to be taken. The job was originally considered to be a potential university project, but its complexities meant it quickly became clear this would not be practical. Jonathon Skill, principal operations manager at Amey, then approached us at Pudsey Diamond Engineering to see whether our recently developed solar bollard technology could be adapted and incorporated into the sewer gas lanterns to allow them to be in light, while remaining off-grid. This was a significant challenge. Because the columns and lamps were listed, it was important the exterior of the lanterns was not altered. Furthermore, the lanterns needed to be reworked where possible or repaired, and certainly not replaced with replicas. The project ‘journey’ therefore encompassed everything from colour temperature to paint colour; it combined bringing together LED modules with innovative solar capture units; it even meant the use of leading-edge 3D printing technology to create gas mantles within the lantern that satisfied both Historic England and the residents of Sheffield.

WHAT IS A SEWER GAS DESTRUCTOR LAMP?

Before we go any further, however, it is perhaps worth pausing for a moment to consider what a sewer gas destructor lamp actually was, what it was for and how they worked. After all, it is not only the aesthetics of these lanterns that is worth preserving but an understanding of why such an innovative piece of engineering needed to be created by

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Urban regeneration

Victorian engineers in the first place. Biogas forms in sewers via anaerobic digestion and can be a potentially foul-smelling and explosive hazard. In 1895 Victorian engineer Joseph Edmund Webb patented a solution that, he argued, could at a stroke remove sewer gases while at the same time being an innovative way to light city streets at night-time: the sewer gas destructor lamp. These lamps (not lanterns) were lit 24-hours a day, burning town gas to create heat (and a little light). The heat rising through the dome and chimney drew ‘air’ from the sewers below and safely burned excess methane and expelled it to the atmosphere. The lamps proved popular in many Victorian towns and cities, with 84 being erected in Sheffield alone between 1914 and 1935, the largest number in any British town. This was mainly because Sheffield’s famous hilly geography meant there were many areas where gas could be trapped. Today, of course, our sewers are well-ventilated, which means the build-up of methane is no longer a hazard and, therefore, this sort of technology is no longer required.

ASSESSING THE WORK REQUIRED

Once into the project, it was clear the original Victorian columns had stood the test of time rather well. They had been painted many times and were suffering from rust. But, being cast iron (and probably over-engineered in the first place), they were still capable of supporting the refurbished lanterns. However, they are not suitable for converting to mains power because there was no access door. Originally the column formed a pipe directly to the sewer, and a door would therefore have been difficult to seal effectively. Refurbishment and upgrade, it was self-evident, was going to create a number of challenges that needed to be overcome. To begin to get an idea of the actual work that was going to be required, one of the lamps was delivered to us as a kit of parts, and without any glass. This was fairly typical of the state of many of the lamps, with the rest generally having fewer parts remaining. Even the parts that did still exist were in various levels of decay, although where the bronze parts still existed they were in good condition.

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p One of the lamps as delivered to the Pudsey Diamond Engineering workshop, as a kit of parts but without any glass

p At 100 years old, the original gas destructor lamps were showing some wear and tear, in fact some were almost unrecognisable as gas lamps

p Bronze finials fresh from the foundry

• To ensure the overall Victorian aesthetic was preserved On top of the mechanical elements, we had to find a way of lighting the lamps without, of course, gas or mains electricity. Solar power had been suggested at one of the early meetings with Historic England and, while it was understood there was really no other choice, there was concern that solar panels would look out of place on a Victorian Lamp. The project remit was therefore outlined as follows: The project remit was as follows: • To re-use as many mechanical elements as possible • To ensure any new mechanical parts matched the old as closely as possible • To convert the gas lamps to solarpowered LED

In a nutshell, the aim was that at first glance (and possibly at closer inspection), the gas lamps should look as they did when first installed. We specialise in small-scale metal engineering, with mechanical refurbishment one of our core skill-sets. In addition we design and develop, in house, the electronics for illuminating and managing traffic bollards using solar power. To effect a solution, all these very different skill-sets would need to be brought together.

REPLACEMENT PARTS

It was inevitable that replacement parts for every element of the lamps would have to be created, indeed in some cases all the parts were missing. To achieve this, patterns were made from the existing parts so new castings

October 2017 Lighting Journal

could be created that exactly matched the originals. The castings were cast in the original materials too. Metal parts cast in the traditional method (in sand) have a rough finish and are not dimensionally repeatable. Each of the parts therefore had to be carefully machined so as to ensure they would not only fit to each other but, wherever possible, fit with the remaining original Victorian parts, too. All the machining was done by hand to ensure an accurate fit, despite variations from one part to another. The inner and outer dome at the top of each lamp was created using a method called spinning to create the smooth shape with no joins. The only difference in the modern version was that we used stainless steel instead of mild steel to ensure at least another 100 years of life.

FROM TRADITIONAL TO 21ST CENTURY

The original gas lamps were not intended to give more than a meagre amount of light; their primary purpose was to protect the sewers and the useful light was a by-product. There was therefore no need for the refurbished lamps to produce useable light. But they did need to illuminate so they would give the appearance of the original lamps at night. This minimal light output requirement made it possible to incorporate solar panels within the lamp housing (behind the glass). This means the panels are almost invisible from street level and, by virtue of their colour, even hard to spot from the top deck of a bus! One of the reasons we were approached for this project is the fact we have developed a solar-powered, illuminated, trans-reflective bollard for use where mains power is unavailable or where energy saving is of paramount importance. The gas lamps were an obvious choice for a re-use of this technology.

Installing this technology into the Sheffield sewer gas lamp did mean some upgrades and adjustments. The space available for batteries was limited and, whereas the bollards can use lead acid batteries in a box underground, for the gas lamps we decided it was best to use Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) batteries hidden beneath the solar panels, and actually within the lamps. Three LEDs within the mantles (of which more later) provide the modest light output. The colour temperature of these LEDs was chosen to match the colour temperature of gas burning within a mantle. The mantles never need to be replaced (although they can simply be unscrewed and replaced if they get damaged) and the energy source is free.

THE GAS MANTLES

A gas mantle is a roughly pear-shaped fabric bag, made from silk, ramie-based artificial silk, or rayon. The fibres were impregnated with rare-earth metallic salts so that, when the mantle was heated in a flame, the fibres burned away and the metallic salts converted to solid oxides, therefore forming a brittle ceramic shell in the shape of the original fabric. What the mantle does is aid the combustion process by keeping the flame small and contained inside itself at higher fuel flow rates than in a simple lamp. This concentration of combustion inside the mantle therefore improves the transfer of heat from the flame to the mantle. The mantle shrinks after all the fabric material has burned away and becomes very fragile after its first use. It will also glow brightly in the visible spectrum while emitting little infrared radiation.

p The inner and outer dome at the top of the lamps use a method called spinning to create the smooth shape with no joins. The only difference is on the modern versions stainless steel was instead of mild steel to ensure at least another 100 years of life

Before the invention of the mantle, gas lamps were very yellow and produced little light. Adding the mantle produced a whiter light at just about the perfect colour temperature (2,700 to 2,800K) that was kind on the eyes and the environment. To that end, the LEDs chosen for this project were 2,700K, therefore almost precisely matching the light from a gas mantle. But why add a complex mantle to a modern light source? Gas mantles produce light across their surface area which reduces the glare. LEDs by comparison are small point sources of high-intensity light. Adding a lens to concentrate the light and then

p The metal parts cast in the traditional method (in sand) have a rough finish and are not dimensionally repeatable. This meant each part had to be machined so they would not only fit to each other but, wherever possible, fit with the remaining original Victorian parts

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Urban regeneration

p Figure 1. Data showing battery voltages of gas lamps, which can provide useful analysis

p The mantles produced for the refurbishment were made from a resin-based polymer with no exotic metal oxides

surrounding it with a mantle meant we were able to produce the same light effect as the original gas lamps, in other words low glare. In addition of course, keeping the mantle meant it look like the real thing, which was the main driver behind this project.

THE MODERN MANTLE

As previously described, the original Victorian mantles were hardly what we might nowadays call eco-friendly or healthy. Some early mantles even used radioactive Thorium salts because of the superior colour temperature this produced! Our modern mantles, however, are made from a resin-based polymer with no exotic metal oxides. The LEDs produce no infra-red light but, in conjunction with the mantles, generate a soft warm light. A very non-Victorian manufactur-

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p A very non-Victorian manufacturing method, 3D printing was used to create the modern mantles

ing method is used to create these modern mantles, in fact cutting-edge 21st century technology: a 3D printer. It takes about four hours to ‘print’ 12 mantles, which is a perfectly acceptable manufacturing method for small production runs. Because the material used in the mantles benefits from post-curing under ultra-violet light, it was decided that what better way to do that than in a converted microwave oven!

HOW IT WAS AND IS NOW

The demise of the old sewer gas destructor lamps (other than those being curated by their communities) left their pathways dark. The refurbished gas lamps restore the Victorian ele-

p One of the finished gas lamps, lit beside a footpath in Sheffield

gance while bringing very modern illumination to the footway. But that’s not all. By using technology we developed for our solar bollards, we have given these ‘new’ gas lamps some additional capabilities. For example, short-range RF can be used to provide remote diagnostics, control and management of the lamp’s systems and functions using the Databoll system. Databoll provides remote checking of battery voltage, solar panel voltage, light sensor and temperature. It also allows remote control of LED brightness, dusk and dawn light thresholds and other functions. In addition, because the gas lamps keep a log of their battery voltages, Databoll can download this data for later analysis, as shown in Figure 1 top left. The Victorians built their devices to last; indeed, some of the lamps were still operating as intended in the 1980s. I am proud we have refurbished these gas lanterns re-using Victorian technology as appropriate but also ensuring they will last. The batteries will have to be replaced in a few years of course, but there is no reason why these beautiful, classic pieces of engineering shouldn’t still be pleasing the residents of Sheffield in another 100 years. ¢

Chris Angell CEng MIET is chief electronics engineer at Pudsey Diamond Engineering

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

Managing electrical disturbances

STRIKE IT LUCKY 31

A The introduction of complex electronic technologies into street lighting, not least LED, has meant managing the risk of electrical surges and disruptions, including lightning strikes, has become both more critical and more challenging By Jeremy Lester

s all lighting professionals will know only too well, outdoor lighting systems are subject to a variety of permanent, temporary or transient electrical disturbances. These disturbances represent a considerable threat to equipment connected to these networks and, furthermore, the age and often degenerative state of these networks serve to aggravate the problem. The threats are numerous and include lightning strikes and its secondary effects, switching overvoltages, network distribution problems â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for example loss of neutral, connection errors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and harmonic voltages. Although these disruptions can be present www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Managing electrical disturbances

on external networks, historically the equipment connected to them was usually sufficiently robust to tolerate the effects without incident. However, the introduction of complex electronic technologies on these networks has exacerbated the problem. So, disruptions are becoming a major and a real threat. An excellent example of this is the u

Figure 1, showing the effect of lightning strikes

Figure 2, showing the effect of impulse overvoltages

Figure 3, showing the effect of a connection error or neutral failure

change in recent years to LED technology in the outdoor street lighting market.

MAJOR HAZARDS FOR LED OUTDOOR LIGHTING

There are many potential problem areas when considering outdoor lighting systems and the potential hazards they face. These include:

• very sensitive equipment (electronic drivers, LED components and so on) • connection to disrupted networks • very long supply connections • large quantities of equipment dispersed externally • sensitivity on the part of the user/customer to the issue of network life duration and quality, and therefore the requirement for a large initial investment Accordingly, LED equipment will be subject to various disruptions that may seriously affect its performance and service life. And, of course, we recall with some irony that the latter was the major argument for switching to this technology! Transient overvoltages because of lightning is a well-known hazard, caused by a lightning strike effects on the distribution networks, in other words on overhead lines, ground potential rise, and electromagnetic radiation on the networks. The scenarios are numerous and will create very high amplitude transient overvoltages (several kilovolts) that are fatal to sensitive components and equipments such as LED lights, as shown in Figure 1. Electrical networks are full of inductive loads that can generate transient overvoltages of up to several kilovolts. A major source of switching overvoltages in outdoor lighting networks are the ferromagnetic power supply modules for discharge lamps that are used in LED lighting. Each start-up creates the impulse overvoltages that can find their way to the fragile LED equipment, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows a connection error (phase/phase connection) or a neutral failure on the supply network will generate almost twice as much AC voltage to the equipment, these temporary overvoltages being devastating for the connected equipment. Figure 4, meanwhile, illustrates how the active loads on the networks generate harmonic disturbances that are sources of faults and the cause of premature ageing of electronic circuits. In lighting circuits, discharge lamps and other neon tubes are powerful harmonic generators.

ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES

These phenomena are not linked to the quality of the distribution network but directly to the specific construction of the LED luminaire, and are a proven cause of system failures. Most of the outdoor luminaires in a few European countries are manufactured as www.theilp.org.uk

Surge protection from Switchtec

Type 1 surge protectors are designed to be installed where a direct lightning strike risk is high. Type 2 surge protectors are designed to be installed at the entrance of the installation, on installations without lightning rods. In the case of very sensitive or remote equipment, a secondary stage of surge protectors is required, these can be Type 2 or Type 3.

Surge protection devices for: * AC power * Photovoltaic * LED lighting * Dataline * Telecom * Coaxial RF SPDs

from Reliability in surge protection Switchtec Ltd, Brooms Road, Stone Business Park, Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 0SH Tel: 01785 818600 Fax: 01785 811900 E-mail: sales@switchtec.co.uk Web: www.switchtec.co.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Managing electrical disturbances

Figure 4, showing how active loads on the networks can generate harmonic disturbances

Figure 5, showing the effect of electrostatic charge at high voltages

Class II (protection against indirect contact by double insulation or reinforced insulation). These have a metal casing that contains the equipment and is not connected directly to the protective earth (PE), nor is it indirectly connected via a conductive support. A typical example is a lamp on a wooden or fibreglass mast. Accordingly, there is a risk that the metal casing will be electrostatically charged by the wind – friction with dust particles – with no facility to discharge it. This electrostatic charge can reach high voltages (kV), and in certain conditions transfer its energy to internal components, as illustrated in Figure 5.

PROTECTIVE SOLUTIONS FOR OUTDOOR LED LIGHTING

As we have seen, the problem of external LED lighting systems being sensitive to surge voltages are now well-known, and therefore solutions must be provided. One possible solution is the use of reinforced drivers in order to withstand the high surge voltages. Accordingly, some LED luminaire manufacturers are beefing up their drivers with the ability to withstand 8kV to 10kV in impulse voltage (1.2/50microseconds waveform). However, even if this method strengthens the LED luminaire, its effectiveness is still below the ‘driver + external surge protector’ solution. Figure 6 opposite compares and explains the different options, the best solution being the external SPD, as it is able to www.theilp.org.uk

withstand the worse case scenario – a 20kV surge voltage – at an equivalent total cost and simultaneously easing the maintenance process. Surge protection devices, or Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS), for low voltage networks are a mature, reliable and standardised technology (NF EN 6164311). They are very effective at providing protection against voltage transients such as lightning and switching surges. A good supplier of surge protection devices will be able to offer versions suitable for use in luminaires to be fitted either in the junction box at the foot of the mast or integrated into the head of the luminaire. In certain technical guides used in Europe, the need to use surge protection devices is integrated (rules for the installation of external low-voltage networks) and is based on a simplified risk analysis. Surge

Figure 6. Different options for managing high surge voltages

protection devices should be integrated into the control cabinet as well as the supervisory/control networks when applicable. Regarding protection against temporary overvoltages and loss of neutral, for these potentially very damaging situations there are special surge protection devices that are designed to sacrifice themselves (controlled end-of-life mode) and disconnect the terminal equipment thereby ensuring its protection. Alternatively, this can achieved by using industrial frequency overvoltage protective devices, for example Citel’s VM230 (and, full disclosure, we are the UK distributer of Citel surge protection equipment). Eliminating the risk of electrostatic charge in Class II luminaires should be covered during manufacture. Nonetheless corrective or complementary action can be undertaken using specific discharge devices, sometimes included in the surge protection devices – for example, Citel’s MLPC2-230L-R/ESP.

CONCLUSION

The rapidly changing technology of equipment installed in outdoor lighting networks is a major problem in terms of reliability. To ensure reliability and a desirable service life, it is critical to understand the distributed nature of these systems, their vulnerabilities and the very specific protective measures that are required. ¢

Jeremy Lester BEng is managing director of Switchtec

Premier Member Advertorial Designs for Lighting invites you to a Colour Temperature Workshop:

Colour Temperature What are the issues? You decide! Warm White or Neutral White? – the debate continues. Colour temperature selection is undoubtedly one of the hottest topics for debate within the street lighting industry. Designs for Lighting is hosting a series of workshops on the subject, to discover what the preferences are both in the lighting industry and in the wider public domain. This is an important part of DfL’s ethos to play a key role in improving the quality of public lighting and increasing awareness of the associated issues that impact the end user. DfL has been paying close attention to the research in this area and feel that an unbiased airing of the various arguments is long overdue. In November 2016, Ryan

2,500–3,500K

3,000–4,000K

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Carroll of DfL presented his paper “Warm White or Cool White, A Neutral Comparison” as part of an ILP western region mini-paper competition. This was followed by an article in the Lighting Journal and more recently interactive workshops hosted at the ILP summit in June, one at the ILP London region on 7th September and the most recent event at ILP Lightscene on 5th October. Questions posed via a live onscreen poll were short and simple: “Do you think the public notice the difference in colour temperature?”; “Which colour temperature would you chose?” “Which luminaire appears brighter?” You can find full details of the results of the online poll here at http://www.designsforlighting.co.uk/news-resources/de-

6,500–8,000K

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signs-lighting-host-interative-workshop-cct “We are aware that there are questions being raised around potential health implications for the use of cooler colour temperatures within exterior lighting applications and are keen to see the scientific research developing further. The original paper is evolving to include further discussion surrounding the use of light sources with Spectral Power Distributions (SPD) comprising of high levels of short-wavelength light. We will be presenting our findings at future events.” Says Ryan Carroll of DfL. Continue the debate by emailing Ryan on ryan@designsforlighting.co.uk or continue the conversation on our company Linkedin page https://www.linkedin.com/ company-beta/742737

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Public art

‘Shadowing’, an innovative public art project currently on display in London, uses streetlights to play with our perceptions of light and shadow, in the process creating a sense of mystery, fun and interaction as people pass along the street By Nic Paton

emember those times as a child when, like Peter Pan, you sometimes played with your shadow, even pretended it was a make-believe character? No? Perhaps that was just me. Of course, what happens is we grow up, we get busy and preoccupied with adult ‘stuff’, and we end up walking the streets wrapped up in our thoughts or, at night especially, just focused on our destination. An innovative public art project currently located around Barbican and Smithfield in London is working to challenge this, to shake passing pedestrians out of their adult complacency and to create a sense of playfulness, mystery and fun as they pass through the street light. The ‘Shadowing ’ project by design studio Chomko & Rosier works by locating an infra-red (IR) light and camera within the lamp. www.theilp.org.uk

PLAYING BACK ‘SHADOWS’

The IR camera then picks up and records movement (whether human or animal) through the light, which it then plays and projects back as ‘shadows’, but with a twist, as Matthew Rosier explains. ‘If someone stands beneath the lamp, it will instantly play back the shadow of the previous person who has stood or walked under the lamp. At the same time, it will record your movements and then play that back, either when you are still under the light or when the next person comes by. ‘There is also a “dream” mode where, if no one has interacted with it for a while, the lamp starts to cycle back through previous shadows,’ he adds. The project can currently be found at six sites: on freestanding streetlights on Silk Street, on the corner of Silk Street and Moor Lane, on West Smithfield, and on corner of Golden Lane and Cripplegate

Street. Then, a shadowing lamp has been attached to two building-mounted streetlights on Silk Street and looking towards Long Lane.

‘CULTURE MILE’ INITIATIVE

However, if you happen to be in the vicinity of these streets, don’t delay. The installation is only in London until 22 October, after which it will next be seen in Austin, Texas, in November. It has previously graced the streets of Bristol (for which it won Watershed’s ‘Playable City’ Award in 2014), among many others. Within London, it is part of the City of London Corporation’s ‘Culture Mile’ initiative, an ambitious plan to transform the north-west corner of the City (a mile between Farringdon and Moorgate) into a major destination for culture and creativity. ‘One of the key features of Shadowing is its adaptability; it is almost “plug and

October 2017 Lighting Journal

play”, although we do need to be there to calibrate it initially. It is all about finding the perfect site and context,’ explains Matthew Rosier. ‘It is remarkable how people figure out how it works so quickly. There is sometimes an accompanying bit of text with the name of the installation, but not a lot else. ‘We installed it recently in Tel Aviv which was great because the area it was in had a lot of families and children, and it is always the children who spot it first; they’re always the quickest to get it. And then their parents are saying “nah, you didn’t see anything” until they insist and then they see it themselves; it is great fun’ he adds. You can go to http://chomkorosier. com/shadowing.php to find out more about the Shadowing project. To find out more the Culture Mile initiative, go to www.culturemile.london/ ¢ www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

The ILP’s ‘How to be brilliant’ lectures

COLIN ARGUED THAT HEEDLESS MODERN LIGHTSPILLING WON’T JUST HIDE THE STARS IN THE NIGHT-SKY, IT WILL RISK OBSCURING FROM US THE VERY (AND SUBTLE) SOURCES OF OUR CULTURE AND MEANING

Colin Ball, lighting director at BDP, wowed his audience at the most recent ILP ‘How to be brilliant’ lecture in July with a wideranging talk about how the lack of light at night has been almost as important throughout history as the opposite. Here, three participants reflect on what they took away from the evening By Paul Spence

nyone who have ever attended one of the ILP’s ‘How to be brilliant’ talks will know these are not formulaic CPD stocking-fillers; they are challenging and left-field, and for me at least, a welcome addition to the day-job. Colin Ball’s ‘Archetypes of Night’ was no exception. Part of his magnum opus ‘Sacred Light’ project, this was a whistle-stop tour of pretty much everything under the Sun (except quotidian lux-measuring, which was materially absent). Colin’s lecture was split into two halves, the first summarising all six parts of the Sacred Light series, the second focusing on part four, ‘Archetypes of Night’. To attempt to do justice to the mass of material he presented would be futile in this brief space. But, in Colin’s own words: ‘My aim is for us as a profession and a society to recognise the meaning of what we do. It is very important that we increasingly recognise the deeper and more prowww.theilp.org.uk

found level of the mind than just the automotive circadian rhythms of the brain’s hormone balance.’ Given that our understanding of the effects of what we do as lighting professionals are as yet imperfect, to go further and try to apprehend the meaning of what we do, now that is a challenge!

HOW LIGHT HAS SHAPED US

Colin’s presentation roamed over how our relationship with light has shaped human culture and psychology and has evolved over aeons, how (at least before the late industrial era) there was less light available locally to humans and therefore human culture, belief systems, language and metaphor all evolved in a darker context. If I understood Colin correctly, he also argued that heedless modern light-spilling won’t just hide the stars in the night-sky, it will risk obscuring from us the very (and subtle) sources of our culture and meaning.

Colin’s presentation used a mass of material, some derived from his wide research and some related to his own lighting projects. He provided examples of how meaning and light have been embedded in physical artefacts across cultures, from the solar alignment of ceremonial sites to the intentional use of light within medieval cathedrals, mosques and Hindu temples. He ranged on into the immaterial: how binary metaphors of light/dark, conscious/unconscious, enlightened/unenlightened have underpinned conceptions of mind throughout history; how from that medieval world came the polymathic alchemical progenitors of the scientific method, who perceived an interconnected world and whose philosophic treatises on ‘opticks’ led us to this place here. Colin’s talk fizzed with ideas and allusions, made connections, pointed at possible ways ahead, and best of all, challenged. I, for one, am keen to hear what Colin has to say next in ‘Part 5 – Why the Blues?’, which is set to be a tangential take on the hot topic of ‘blue light’. Paul Spence is a street lighting engineer at Hampshire County Council

October 2017 Lighting Journal

‘COLIN SHOWED HOW LIGHT IS FEELING, AND HOW WE ARE ALL CONNECTED TO IT JUST AS MUCH DURING THE NIGHT AS WHEN THE SUN IS PRESENT’ By Alana S Pulay

olin Ball’s presentation of ‘Archetypes of Night: Our Lost Stellar Environment’ was ‘brilliant’ (yes, pun most definitely intended). As someone not familiar with the London lighting industry (I was on holiday visiting from the States), I was pleasantly surprised not only by the warm welcome I received but also by Colin’s presentation itself. Colin is a world traveller and shared his stories and photos about ancient places. He showed how light (yet not necessarily lighting) was central to their culture, beliefs, and building techniques. Yet, in his studies of these ancient ruins, he also discovered that the absence of light was just as important as its presence.

IMPORTANCE OF NIGHT

For example, as Colin showed in his discussions of light within cathedrals and other religious institutions, it is the lack of lighting that creates drama, mood, hierarchy, and movement throughout the space.

www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

The ILP’s ‘How to be brilliant’ lectures

He also highlighted how many cathedrals located within England are built with an orientation to lunar patterns, and not necessarily to solar patterns as once thought. Colin also explained how lunar patterns were depicted in inscriptions of night-sky constellations and how we can see the moon’s various stages in cave-wall paintings located throughout France and Egypt. He also suggested that parts of Stonehenge are aligned with lunar patterns, in addition to the solar patterns with which we’re all familiar. Colin showed how light is feeling, and how we are all connected to it just as much during the night as when the sun is present. I very much thank the ILP for having me at this event and, if I am ever lucky enough to visit London in the future, I most definitely will attend another ‘How to be brilliant’ lighting event.

Professor Alana S Pulay PhD NCIDQ LEED AP is assistant professor of design, housing and merchandising at Oklahoma State University in the US

‘I CAME AWAY WITH A CERTAINTY THAT WE ARE ENTERING A NEW ERA IN DESIGN – THE ERA OF LIGHT’ By Elmira Magomedova

e all sat quietly looking both at the screen and Colin as he began telling us a story of light. Starting with the fundamental concept of light being good and darkness bad, Colin took us on a journey through thousands of years, through different cultures, beliefs, philosophies; lighting up the bridges between them. In a modern world, light is often used as a tool to catch the attention of the viewer but, with so much light around us, our attention is often taken by things that are less important; our sense of light is blunted, we begin to neglect the potential properties of light to change our emotional and physical wellbeing, especially in our everyday life. With technology within the lighting industry developing so fast, we are exposed to new ways of using it: more efficient and accessible, of course, yet something very fundamental is often lost – the true meaning of light. Colin reminded us about that meaning. He gave us all an opportunity to look at light from a different perspective – from the side of darkness. Ever since electricity has become instantly available, we have led ourselves to believe that light only has practical purpose. The ability to read, to perform necessary tasks is important, of course, but it is also important to consider how light affects us, how it makes us feel. Every design exhibition I attend shows the dramatic development in the industry

of light, making it even more exciting for architects and interior designers to integrate new lighting solutions into their concepts. Nevertheless, it is the meaning of light that we need to remember when we decide what is to be illuminated. Our environment today is contaminated with light and, in many cases, has lost its narrative. Bringing that narrative back should become the purpose of lighting designers, and I am very positive they will succeed. After Colin’s talk, I came away with a certainty that we are entering a new era in design – the era of light.

Elmira Magomedova BA (Hons) is an independent interior designer ¢

HOW TO BE BRILLIANT… The aim of the ILP’s ‘How to be brilliant…’ series is very simple: to allow lighting professionals to meet an inspiring expert in an informal, convivial setting, who will talk and inspire about lighting in a way formal education doesn’t always cover.

www.theilp.org.uk

The lectures, which all take place at The Shed in Haggerston, east London, for the rest of the year are: 19 October – How to be brilliant, on ‘Lighting Design: a reflection’, with Simon Thorp of LAPD

30 November – How to be brilliant with smoke and mirrors, with Graham Rollins and Ingo Kalecinski of GNI Projects For more details go to www.theilp.org.uk/brilliant

Premier Member Advertorials

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Coming soon to the resources page is our downloadable knowledge base. This section will include documents and videos with tips and instructions for using and getting the very most out of our product range.

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October 2017 Lighting Journal

LuxLive 2017

CAMPUS LIVING The digital revolution driving connected lighting will be at the heart of this year’s LuxLive in November. And don’t forget to check out the new smart spaces ‘campus’ devoted to connected outdoor lighting By Anna Preedy

n Hampshire, the streetlights tell the local authority when to salt the roads in winter. In Helsinki, they’ll find you a parking space. At Atlanta Airport, lights can track wheelchairs and other equipment. And in Singapore, the lights guide customers to bargains in a shopping mall. Lighting, clearly, is changing. Thanks to digital technology, it’s moving beyond illumination and creating exciting possibilities that were undreamt of a few years ago. This revolution is transforming light fittings into smart devices which can monitor and control our environment. The lighting in our buildings and cities is set to form the backbone of a digital network that can engage and inform on an unprecedented scale.

DIGITAL FUTURE

To help get a grip on these bewildering possibilities, this year’s LuxLive is bringing together the experts and the technology at ExCeL London on 15-16 November. There, visitors can experience no less than the digital future of lighting for themselves. So, what can visitors expect this year? LuxLive is, once again, being supported by the ILP. At the heart of the show will be the Gooee IoT Arena. This centrepiece stage and technology zone is where the digital future of lighting comes to life. www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Demonstrations, presentations, discussions and break-out talks will focus on connected lighting and the exciting possibilities it’s opening up to engage occupants and control our world. By contrast, the lightspace arena – in association with Amerlux – will focus on the quality and design of light. It will feature two days of curated content on architectural lighting including debates and presentations from inspirational designers and architects. Keynote speakers for 2017 will include Mark Major of Speirs + Major and Mark Middleton of Grimshaw.

OUTBOOR LIGHTING ‘CAMPUS’

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT: LuxLive 2017 WHERE: ExCeL london WHEN: 15-16 November 2017 HOW: admission is free, though pre-registration is required. For more information go to www.luxlive.co.uk

One new area this year that is likely to be especially of interest to ILP members will be the ‘Smart Spaces Campus’. Powered by Holophane, this zone will have a specific focus on connected outdoor lighting and will include a wide range of presentations and workshops. There will also be sophisticated lighting systems with advanced features on show, such as environment monitoring, asset management, parking information, lamp and ballast failure reporting and integration with third party systems and software. You may also want to check out the ‘LiFi Experience’, where start-up companies will be demonstrating how they are transforming lighting into a backbone for information and communication. At a time of heightened concern about building safety, the ‘Escape Zone’ will focus on emergency lighting requirements and standards, including advice and guidance on how to do a risk assessment, best practice procedures, the latest innovations and how to ensure you installation is compliant with the regulations. Another one to watch out for will be The Lighting Industry Association’s ‘Lighting Academy’, a special educational programme that will take place each morning where LIA tutors will talk to delegates about the fundamentals of light, light sources and lighting design. Finally, for any lighting professional interested in the financing of lighting companies, this year there is the ‘Strategies in Light Investor Forum’. Here, chief executives of innovative lighting companies will unveil their market strategies before an audience of venture capitalists, fund managers, investors and industry leaders. ¢

Anna Preedy is marketing manager at LuxLive www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Light on the past

THE DARKENING STORM 44

ar was unavoidable and the government had to prepare. That was the view prevailing by the final years of the 1930s, and the government swiftly started rearming and recruiting. The Home Office quietly and effectively began arrangements for dealing with potential airborne attacks by the enemy, including collecting guidance and procedures under the blanket banner of Air Raid Precautions (ARP). It was agreed that some form of blackout would be required to deter and confuse bombers, and the Home Office wanted

www.theilp.org.uk

street lighting extinguished totally during the war. But the practicalities of such a drastic policy – in particular how to mitigate the total removal of street lighting – would require experimentation. Luckily, Leicester’s practical and amicable public lighting engineer, Thomas Wilkie, was on hand to offer his services for this unique and necessary experiment. Wilkie was, in many respects, an obvious choice. He had written lengthy articles about his work and often welcomed visitors to tour his home city. Such visits often ended up at the lighting department itself, where he would proudly point out his centralised control system, where all the electric streetlights on the network could be controlled by a switch. Despite his enthusiasm for this control, he was also prag-

matic and installed gas lighting if the conditions and economies dictated. Therefore, the lighting in Leicester was a microcosm of the country as a whole.

TRYING TO ACHIEVE BLACKOUT

The type of lighting wasn’t of concern to the Home Office, as it simply wanted everything turned off for the duration of the war. But Wilkie fundamentally disagreed with this policy and, personally, I wonder if he volunteered to host this experiment in a bid to conduct his own experiments and perhaps change the minds of the Home Office. Therefore, he used this opportunity to confirm and judge the suitability of his centralised control

October 2017 Lighting Journal

system, believing the ability to quickly extinguish and restore lighting to be far more practical in times of war. The blackout experiment took place from 1am to 3am on the 28 January 1938. Certain streets were chosen for the blackout, and 200 special constables diverted normal traffic away from the test routes. Tests involved determining how quickly a blackout could be achieved (which was Wilkie’s primary interest), the suitability and effectiveness of various screens and louvers to reduce visibility of permitted light sources, and how essential traffic could navigate the darkened streets. The weather was initially dry, but it started to rain early in the morning, an unexpected blessing as it allowed drivers to test variable weather conditions. The street lighting was totally extinguished, traffic light signals were partly obscured with black metal discs, fixed bollards were fitted with metal louvers, portable bollards of Home Office design were tested and car lighting was similarly modified with lamps of reduced intensities. The test streets were divided into 18 sections with each section treated in a different manner in accordance to the wishes of the Home Office. Various patterns of white lines, reflectors, painted kerbs, trees with white bands, and columns with black and white painted stripes were judged for their effectiveness. A total of 59 drivers drove

the route and completed a survey to determine their preferences. The results of the experiment were summarised in a Home Office Circular, which was distributed on the 14 February 1938. Confirming Wilkie’s concerns, the advice was absolute: ‘Normal street lighting would not be permitted in time of war.’ Other recommendations included the use of reflectors and white markings to make the darkened streets more navigable with reduced headlights and for approved masking devices to be fitted to traffic lights. The Home Office then drew a line under proceedings, stating that no further experiments were necessary but that a modified type of screened lighting might be considered if required.

MORALE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES

Wilkie continued to argue his case. He felt that continued street lighting would improve the morale of civilians as months of darkened winter nights during hostilities would have devastating effects. He also pointed out that street lighting was even more necessary after a raid, as emergency services would require adequate lighting

to quickly reach damaged areas. He continued to push for centralised control with the aim that rapid extinguishing and resumption of street lighting could become part of the ARP’s procedures. He wrote a paper about the whole experiment and gave it at the Association of Public Lighting Engineers’ annual conference in Bournemouth in 1938. The association had been oddly quiet about the preparations for war, and Wilkie’s paper and his own views on centralised control remained the only document on the subject. During the conference discussion, it became apparent that, if war was declared, then most of the public lighting engineers were happy to follow the ARP guidance to the letter, and turn off their lighting. Wilkie remained convinced that some form of lighting would be required during the war and Leicester was alone in taking precautions for the conflict. He convinced the council’s Watch Committee of the urgency and necessity of his plans and, later the same year, they recommended the complete electrification of the city’s street lighting. The preparations for war had begun. ¢

www.theilp.org.uk

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Light School 2018

LISTEN AND LEARN The ILP is once again supporting Light School at the Surface Design Show in February. So sit up straight, eyes to the front and pay attention… By Nic Paton

t’d be fair to say that lighting professionals aren’t generally that great at shouting out to the rest of the world about why what they do matters or the positive contribution they make to our exterior and interior built environment. And, when we say ‘world’ we’re not even just meaning the general public, but also architects and interior designers, commissioners and specifiers, politicians and municipal authorities. That’s why Light School at the Surface Design has such value, and why the ILP is, once again, supporting it when it returns to London’s Business Design Centre in Islington, north London, from 6-8 February 2018. Light School, now in its fifth year, allows lighting professionals to communicate and engage with – to educate – an audience far beyond the lighting world. As in previous years, the 2018 Light

School is being presented by Light Collective and is set to comprise two familiar elements, Light Talks and Product School, and one new one, Poster Display.

LIGHT TALKS

Light Talks is very much the focal point of Light School. Located in a ‘school room’ within the Surface Design Show, Light Talks is two-and-half days of CPD presentations where architects, designers and others can come to listen and learn. Full details of the speaker line-up will be revealed within Lighting Journal closer to the time.

PRODUCT SCHOOL

Product School is where manufacturers and suppliers come together to display their architectural lighting in a simple and cost-effective format. For 2018, some 15 companies will be se-

lected to exhibit in Product School displaying the very latest lighting designs.

POSTER DISPLAY

New to Light School, and replacing the Light School Newspaper, is Poster Display. This, technically, will be a display of postcards, but it will also boast a fascinating display of lighting projects and products from both speakers and exhibitors. Finally, the Surface Design Show itself, which saw more than 5,000 visitors attending last year, will have a specific focus on design and materials for both transport and residential projects, highlighting materials suitable for different modes of transport and types of transport hubs. For residential, the focus will be on different materials specified for the highend sector while comparing them to innovative materials being used in lowcost housing. ¢

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW WHAT: Light School 2018 WHERE: at the Surface Design Show, London’s Business Design Centre, Islington WHEN: 6-8 February 2018 HOW: find out how to register at www.theilp.org.uk/events www.theilp.org.uk

Lighting

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Consultants

This directory gives details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Steven Biggs

Stephen Halliday

Anthony Smith

Skanska Infrastructure Services

WSP

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

Simon Bushell

Philip Hawtrey

Nick Smith

SSE Enterprise Lighting

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

www.skanska.co.uk

MBA DMS IEng MILP

Portsmouth PO6 1UJ T: +44 (0)2392276403 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

www.sseenterprise.co.uk Professional consultancy from the largest external lighting contractor maintaining 1.5m lights in the UK and Ireland. Exterior lighting/electrical design for Motorways, Highways, Architectural, Car Parks, Public Spaces and Sports lighting. From advice on carbon reduction strategies to delivering the whole installation package.

www.wspgroup.com

BTech IEng MILP MIET MHEA

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: 07789 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@wsp.com

www.wsp.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting. Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

Allan Howard

it does Lighting Ltd

WSP

Milton Keynes, MK19 6DS

T: 01908 560110 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

www.itdoes.co.uk

Alan Tulla

London WC2A 1AF

Alan Tulla Lighting

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies. Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Euan Clayton

Alan Jaques

Clayton Fourie Consultancy Ltd

Atkins

Edinburgh, EH15 3RT

T: 07722 111424 E: claytonfourie@aol.com

www.clayton-fourie-consultancy.com Internationally experienced multi-disciplinary consultants. We provide design and technical advice on all aspects of exterior lighting, hazardous area lighting, traffic signals and other highway electrical works.We also provide Planning Advice, Road Safety Audits and Expert Witness Services

IEng MILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

www.atkinsglobal.com

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Mark Chandler

Tony Price

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

EngTech AMILP

Reading RG10 9QN

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

John Conquest

Alistair Scott

4way Consulting Ltd

Designs for Lighting Ltd

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

www.4wayconsulting.com

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

www.nicksmithassociates.com

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

IEng MILP

Sutton Coldfield B72 1PH

Lorraine Calcott IEng MILP IALD MSLL

www.staintonlds.co.uk

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE Winchester SO23 7TA

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

www.designsforlighting.co.uk Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

www.alantullalighting.com Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

Go to: www.theilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Lighting

Directory CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training Standards CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training • AutoluxLighting • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Design Techniques • •AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) •• AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Lighting Reality Light Pollution • Lighting Reality • Lighting Reality • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards CPD Accredited Training • Tailored Courses please ring CPD Accredited Training • •AutoluxLighting Standards • AutoluxLighting Standards • AutoluxLighting Lighting Design Techniques Standards Accredited Training • •Lighting Design Techniques •CPD Lighting Design •Venues Lighting Techniques by Design arrangement AutoCAD (basicTechniques or advanced) Light Pollution • •Light Pollution • Light Pollution • Light Pollution Lighting Reality • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Tailored Courses please ring Contact Nick Smith • Tailored Courses please ring please ring • Tailored CoursesStandards please ring • Tailored Courses • Lighting Reality •AutoluxLighting AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Nick Smith Associates Ltd Venues by arrangement • Lighting Design Techniques 36 Foxbrook Drive, Venues by arrangement •Reality AutoluxLighting Standards Venues by arrangement Venues by arrangement Lighting ••Light Pollution Contact NickChesterfield, Smith • Lighting Design Techniques • Tailored Courses please ring Contact Nick Smith S40 3JRNick Smith Contact Nick Smith Contact

CPD Accredited Training • AutoluxLightingNick Standards Smith Associates Ltd

Nick Smith Associates Ltd t: 01246 229 444 Nick Smith Associates Ltd • Light Pollution Nick Smith Associates Ltd 36 Foxbrook Drive, • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Venues by arrangement • Foxbrook Lighting Design Techniques 36Chesterfield, Foxbrook Drive, f: 01246 270 Drive, 465 36 Drive, 36 Foxbrook • Tailored Courses please ring Chesterfield, e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Chesterfield, Chesterfield, S40 3JR Contact NickPollution Smith • Light • Lighting Reality S40 3JR 229S40 w: www.nicksmithassociates.com S40 3JR 3JR t: 01246 444 Nick Smith Associates Ltd t:by 01246 229 444 t:•01246 229 444Venues t: 01246 229 444 arrangement Tailored Courses please ring f: 01246 270 465 36 Foxbrook Drive, f: e01246 270 465 f: 01246 270 465 f: 01246 270 465 • AutoluxLighting Standards : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Chesterfield, HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC : mail@nicksmithassociates.com e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com www.nicksmithassociates.com Contacte w: Nick Smithe : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 3JR w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Venues by arrangement w: www.nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com t: 01246 229 444 • Lighting Design Techniques INSTRUMENTS LTD Nick Smith Associates Ltd f: 01246 270 465 36 Foxbrook Drive, eContact : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Nick Smith • Light Pollution Suppliers of a wide range of quality Chesterfield, w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Nick measuring Smith Associates Ltd light S40 3JRand photometric • Tailored Courses please ring equipment. 36 Foxbrook Drive,229 444 t: 01246

Chesterfield, f: 01246 270 465

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 PO Box3JR 210, Havant, PO9 9BT w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Tel: 07900 571022 t: 01246 229 444

Venues by arrangement

E-mail: enquiries@hagnerlightmeters.com

f: 01246 270 465

Contact Nick Smith e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Nick Smith Associates Ltd www.hagnerlightmeters.com

36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 UK Lighting Division f: 01246 270 465 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com Road Lighting

Feeder Pillars

Hazardous Area Lighting

Distribution Panels

Industrial & Commercial

Cable & Cable Joints

Lighting

Lighting & Electrical

Decorative Lighting

Design Services

Barry Morrison UK Lighting Manager

Tel Email

01236 458000 barry.morrison@dnow.com

www.maclean.co.uk

Are you interested in advertising in the Journal? Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

This space is available. Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk

European distributors of StormSpill®, only system specified by: • London 2012 Olympic Games • Glasgow 2014 Commonwealths

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk

If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

Meter Administrator Power Data Associates Ltd are Power Associates the leadingData meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve Ltd are the leading accurate energy calculations meter administrator assuring you of a cost effective quality in service. Great Offering Britain. We independent consultancy advice achieve to ensure correct accurate inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and energy calculations impact of market developments.

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Patented Raised Lamppost Banner System that significantly reduces loading on columns and prevents banners twisting and tearing. Column testing and guarantee service available.

quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market development

The most approved system by Highways Engineers

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0208 343 2525 baymedia.co.uk

info@PowerDataAssociates.com

www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 5HR

Technical Field Sales Engineer (Midlands, South Wales & South West) Mallatite Limited, manufacturers of street lighting and highways equipment, are seeking to appoint a Field Sales Engineer to cover Midlands, South Wales & South West. Applicants shall have a broad experience of products such as Signage, Bollards, ANPR, Traffic Counters, V.M.S Signage, Traffic Control and Management Equipment together with an established customer portfolio across, contracting, house builders, local and central government. The Role:

The Requirements:

• Selling into Local Authorities and main contractors for highway electrical products.

• A strong technical awareness of product and design standards.

• Establishing new customer relationships, and maintaining existing relationships. • Managing and interpreting customer requirements. • Calculating client quotations. • Offering after-sales support services.

• A high level of literacy and numeracy. • The ability to learn about new products quickly, and adapt to a changing marketplace. • Excellent interpersonal skills. • A positive, professional, customer focused approach.

• The ability to build relationships with clients quickly. • A demonstrable track record within sales through hitting and exceeding set targets and KPI’s. • Resilience and tenacity. • Negotiation skills. • Ability to provide regular sales forecasts and reports. • A full driving licence.

A generous package commensurate with a FTSE 250 PLC business is offered to the successful team player, demonstrating a strong mind-set with robust commercial skill set and a self-motivated desire to succeed. If you would like to apply for this position, please forward your CV together with a covering letter indicating current salary for the attention of Jennifer.chantry@mallatite.co.uk

This space is available. Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

October 2017 Lighting Journal

Diary

THE DIARY 19 October

How to be brilliant, on ‘Lighting Design: a reflection’, with Simon Thorp of LAPD Venue: The Shed, Haggerston, east London

19 October

Irish Region Autumn 2017 Seminar, including three technical papers Venue: Belfast Crowne Plaza

01 November

LuxLive, 15-16 November at the London ExCeL. This year’s exhibition will include a smart spaces ‘campus’ devoted to connected outdoor lighting

Fundamental lighting course Venue: The ILP, Regent House, Rugby

01 November

Western Region technical meeting Venue: Nailsea RFC

01-04 November

Professional Lighting Design Convention Venue: Palais des Congrès de Paris, Paris, France

13-17 November

Exterior Lighting Diploma – module three (autumn 2017) Venue: The Draycote Hotel, London Road, Thurlaston, Nr Rugby, Warwickshire

15-16 November

LuxLive Venue: ExCeL, London

16 November

North Eastern Region technical meeting Venue: Radisson Blu Hotel Durham

22 November

Northern Region technical meeting Venue: Wetherby Whaler, Otley Road, Guiseley

30 November

How to be brilliant with smoke and mirrors, with Graham Rollins and Ingo Kalecinski of GNI Projects Venue: The Shed, Haggerston, east London For full details of all events, go to: www. theilp.org.uk/events

IN THE NOVEMBER/DECEMBER ISSUE PASSIVE PROTECTION

Understanding the importance of passive safety, including the business case for testing, and what the future holds

www.theilp.org.uk

DIMINISHING RETURNS

How to make the right choices, and ask the right questions, when it comes to lumen depreciation

NIGHT-TIME ECONOMY

Should shops keep their lights on after closing time, so streetlights could be dimmed?