Lighting Journal September 2018 by Matrix Print

Professional best practice from the Institution of Lighting Professionals

September 2018

IMPERIAL DELIGHTS Chester’s successful balancing act in upgrading to LED while preserving its heritage lighting ENGINEERING A HIGHER STANDARD How the Engineering Council’s changes to CPD recording will affect ILP members RISK ASSESSMENT Inside the ILP’s updated TR22 Managing a Vital Asset: Lighting Supports

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Contents

06 RISK ASSESSMENT

The ILP’s TR22 Managing a Vital Asset: Lighting Supports is getting an update as the profession prepares for the arrival of the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice from the UK Roads Liaison Group next month. Peter Harrison and Allan Howard explain what’s in it

12 CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

The new London headquarters buildings of property developer Land Securities combine flexible, controllable working spaces with areas designed to act as food for thought for clients as to how they can better control the lighting in their own projects, writes Tom Niven

A 16 ENGINEERING HIGHER STANDARD

Next year will see the introduction of mandatory recording of continuing professional development for lighting professionals who want to remain registered with the Engineering Council. Alan Jaques outlines what this will mean for ILP members

AS A 20 GROWING PROFESSIONAL

32 IMPERIAL DELIGHTS 40 OPPORTUNITY KNOCKED?

A £20m redevelopment, including the creation of an additional jetty, has led to new high-mast lighting being installed at the Port of Nigg in Scotland

A new LED street lighting has been at the heart of an ambitious plan to slash Chester’s carbon footprint. But it also had to complement, and be sensitive to, the historic city’s existing heritage lighting, explain Ian Jones, Alan Robson and Liz Hudson

Especially where people are working on design-related technologies, restrictive covenants can be a valuable way for employers to protect themselves commercially when an employee moves on, write Jane Laidler and Howard Crossman

24 SEE THE WORLD

36 COMMUNITY NARRATIVES

‘INCREDIBLE 44 THE DECADE’

HIGH VISIBILITY

LS16, or the 16th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Lighting, was held in Sheffield in June. Stuart Mucklejohn and John Stocks report on the latest thinking in lighting research

28 PASSIVE INVESTMENT

Making the right choice in terms of whether to invest in a passive safe lighting pole or a non-passive safe alternative is critical decision. But, as Ian McDonald writes, you also need to be thinking about the right classification of pole and the positioning of any crash barriers

October’s LewesLight festival in East Sussex this year has the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War as a key theme. But it also aims to question and interrogate the role of the lighting designer in modern-day life, says Graham Festenstein

38 ILP NEWS

The ILP has lobbied ministers over the government’s new Road to Zero infrastructure strategy, and the Exterior Lighting Diploma now includes a practical feature lighting trial element

The 1930s was a decade of radical developments in lamp technology, new theories and ideas on street lighting, changes in legislation and new funding schemes, as Simon Cornwell explains

50 DIARY

p COVER PICTURE

One of Chester’s new heritage LED streetlights. The scheme has involved striking a balance between modernising the city’s urban infrastructure and reducing its carbon footprint while remaining sensitive to Chester’s history and heritage

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Editor’s letter

Volume 83 No 8 September 2018 President Colin Fish IEng MILP Chief Executive Tracey White Editor Nic Paton BA (Hons) MA Email: nic@cormorantmedia.co.uk Editorial Board Tom Baynham MEng MA (Cantab) Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Kevin Dugdale BA (Hons) IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD Nathan French John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Alan Jaques IEng FILP Lora Kaleva MSc Assoc IALD Gill Packham BA (Hons) Nigel Parry IEng FILP Paul Traynor Richard Webster Graphic Designer Sacha Robinson-Forster BA (Hons) Email: sacha@matrixprint.com Advertising Manager Andy Etherton Email: andy@matrixprint.com Published by Matrix Print Consultants Ltd on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2018 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

t is of course impossible to know how the ILP’s urging of transport minister Chris Grayling to invest in highway lighting infrastructure as part of the government’s new Road to Zero strategy, as we highlight in this edition, will be met within Whitehall. But, whatever the outcome, this lobbying by the ILP is absolutely right. The Road to Zero strategy sets out lots of exciting ambitions, including that electric vehicle (EV) charge points should be installed in new-build homes and on new lighting columns. Just as with London mayor Sadiq Khan’s equally ambitious London Plan, it is vital the ILP takes the lead in calling politicians to account to ensure the role of lighting and lighting design within infrastructure planning is not overlooked. As then President Alan Jaques made clear back in the spring, in the rush to progress lighting must not become ‘consigned to the margins of planning policy’ (Lighting Journal, May 2018, vol 83, no 5). This all feeds into the discussions we saw at the Professional Lighting Summit in June and over the summer of the need for the ILP to become more outward-facing and confident in its role as the industry authority. It is also possible to make a connection between chief executive Tracey White’s letter to Mr Grayling and another other theme of this edition: the ILP’s new TR22 Managing a Vital Asset: Lighting Supports guidance. This, as Peter Harrison and Allan Howard show, is set to be a vital document in the context of helping lighting professionals prepare for, and comply with, the arrival next month of the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice from the UK Roads Liaison Group. But TR22 emphasises an important wider point. With the non-destructive test houses reporting growing numbers of lighting columns now either ‘red’ or ‘amber’ in terms of degradation and lifecycle, making the argument and business case for investment in asset and inventory management cannot and must not be overlooked, even in the current tough financial climate. As a discussion point, asset and inventory management may not be as ‘sexy’ as column EV charging points or smart city technologies. But without the former, the latter becomes a non-starter, not to mention all the other important health and safety aspects of course. This is a message that needs to be disseminated not just to Mr Grayling but to municipal and local authority budget holders generally. And lighting professionals – and the ILP – are perfectly placed to be leading this important debate.

Nic Paton Editor

q SUBSCRIPTIONS

ILP members receive Lighting Journal every month as part of their membership. You can join the ILP online, through www.theilp.org.uk. Alternatively, to subscribe or order copies please email Diane Sterne at diane@theilp.org.uk. The ILP also provides a Lighting Journal subscription service to many libraries, universities, research establishments, non-governmental organisations, and local and national governments.

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Asset management

The ILPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s TR22 Managing a Vital Asset: Lighting Supports has been one of its bestsellers over the years. But now it is getting an update as the profession prepares for the arrival of the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice from the UK Roads Liaison Group next month. Here is what members can expect By Peter Harrison and Allan Howard

www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

R22: Managing a Vital Asset: Lighting Supports has been a document which has been a bestseller by far for the ILP for many years. The first edition was produced in 1997, the second edition was subsequently published in 2002 and included a risk assessment approach that was developed by Transport Research Laboratories (TRL). It was further enhanced with an amendment in 2007, where the TRL risk assessment was updated and it also included a condition indicator. Over 900 copies – and probably near 1,000 – of this document have been sold to our industry. It has been adopted by just about everybody as their method of managing the condition risk of lighting supports. It is the basis of just about every PFI project. And there has been training and development ongoing from that, not just delivered by the ILP but also by the HEA for operatives and contractors. So, why the change? If this document has sold 1,000 copies, why do we need to change it? It is all because of the publication in 2016 of Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice by the UK Roads Liaison Group (UKRLG). Lighting is just a part of the highway infrastructure, which is governed to some extent by the UKRLG. The UK Lighting Board is a part of that, as is the structures, as is the highways. This is due to come into effect from next month (October) – and there will be an article on it specifically in next month’s edition of Lighting Journal – and therefore it was decided the ILP needed to update TR22 to respond to and re-

flect this new code of practice. The traditional method for the ILP to update documents has been to get willing volunteers round tables in darkened rooms. But because of the October deadline we didn’t have that time. There was a real need for us to get something in place so that we could amend and update our current practices to align with the new highway risk management structure. So the project was tendered and it was won by a consortium of WSP and Free4m, who both have extensive experience of developing other codes of practice for highways colleagues. We were lucky enough to get co-operation from the UK Lighting Board, Transport for London and the HEA, who became funding partners to deliver this particular document. The project brief, as it stands, was to develop new step-by-step guidance. Because

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Asset management

We’re now looking at the rail sector as well as retail and utility organisations. The rail sector is really interested in this – they’ve got a lot of columns and signal posts out there. There have been four sets of rail signals that have failed just recently; one was across a track that was seen in time because the driver knew the route and realised the signal was missing and wondered why and stopped the train before hitting it. Another bounced off the train as the train went past and sucked it in and it snapped. So, when we’re looking at understanding the assets, there is a lot there for the ILP to develop in its approach and its attitude into the wider lighting community. But we’re also looking at wall mountings, we’re LOW LEVELS OF AWARENESS looking at catenary systems, although It requires all local authorities to review we’re not looking at high masts because their processes and record and document they’re specifically covered elsewhere. those processes. So it is a little alarming The new report is also addressing the that the awareness of the document has implications of becoming smart citybeen almost non-existent, given that it ready; all the other things that are going to comes into force so soon. But our hope is be attached to lighting columns because the new TR22 will help to raise awareness. they’re going to form the backbone of the We are also looking to a broader church smart cities. Already, 5G has started to here. TR22 in the past has been seen as pritake an interest in lighting columns – how marily a road lighting document. With the can we put something on these lighting new document, we have already introcolumns to take them forward and so on? duced it to the gas sector, because there We’ve got car charge points going in; was concern about columns they had in we’ve got all sorts of other bits and pieces their processing plants. that are going to be attached to what at the end of the day is the humble lighting column. Separately the ILP technical committee is looking to produce a guidance document that discusses the humble lamppost. The more information we have, the more information we can look at to inform our understanding of the life, degradation and Corrosion initiation period management of our assets as we go forward.

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the new code of practice is based around asset management – so, understanding the condition of the asset, how it survives, its degradation, and interventions – we needed to be looking at issues such as lifecycle assessment techniques, inspection, assessment and testing, interventions, timescales, risk management, consequences, and all the other associated bits and pieces that lie in those areas. It will be a free download document, which obviously is a benefit of being an ILP member. Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure has been a bit alarming because at workshops we’ve said, ‘can you just let us know who knows about it?’ and no hands have gone up.

TOLERANCE FOR RISK

Another important element within this is understanding your organisation’s tolerance for risk. This will sit differently with different asset owners. A little parish council might have a different risk profile to Highways England because risk and consequence is different in their environment. If a column comes down on a strategic motorway it is going to have potentially a much bigger impact than one that falls down in a little parish. On the other hand, if a column comes down across the rail network and takes out a train that again is going to have a much bigger impact. So, it is all about understanding the risk as an asset owner. Lighting is, of course, a highly valuable and visible asset, and it also is very beneficial to the social and economic wellbeing of an area. Risk is based on the probability of

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www.theilp.org.uk

In terms of the document itself, there is (obviously) an introduction and some background. It discusses CDM and competency, especially if the client is not understanding this and how to consider the competencies required in the companies and people they need to select. The crux of the document is, of course, columns: so inspection, testing and degradation modelling and risk management. Then we pick up on wall mounted and catenary systems because they’re just as important. Finally, it is all supported by a range of appendices, where we discuss the various inspection and non-destructive testing that can be considered. Ultimately, what we’re looking to develop through this new document is a mid- to long-term strategy for the management of the asset column stock.

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Asset management

failure against consequence. So, you’ve got to look at what is the acceptable range of risk for you as the owner of the asset; you’ve got to look at where it becomes unacceptable, and through this we can help build and understand the life we want of the asset, and the interventions over the lifetime. In summary, what we’re looking to do through this new TR22 is to move to a new asset management approach. But rest assured, we’re not throwing the baby of TR22 out with the bath water. There is a lot of valuable information from the original document that is being captured and is kept or put in annexes. Our goal is to ensure you can develop a

structured, cost-effective inspection and testing regime, which you can use to understand the condition of your asset throughout its life through modelling and when you need to do interventions. And that, therefore, you have got the risk-based criteria, identifying and analysing the risk and the other bits and pieces that go with it. Why is this important? In 2017 the non-destructive test houses reported that, on average, from the work they are doing across tens of thousands of columns, 3.5% are classed as ‘red’ or critical under the current TR22. They also reported a growing number of amber-assessed columns. In 2010 11% were amber. In 2016, 37% of those tested were now amber. Think about it: 10% of amber-assessed columns have turned red or critical over three years. What we’ve got is a cliff moving towards us. We’re not investing and upgrading enough in our column stock to address this issue going forward. And if we look at PFIs, then they’ve been replacing 80% of their stock over a five-year period. So potentially, they’re all going to life-expire over a five-year period, which is going to need a considerable investment and how is that going to be done? This is why we’re updating TR22: to get this information out there and to encourage the uptake of column inspection and testing. At the end of the day, understanding your asset has never been more important for you to consider what state it is in and the risk going forward. Peter Harrison is technical services manager at the ILP and Allan Howard BEng (Hons) CEng FILP FSLL is technical director lighting and energy solutions at WSP. Allan will be examining the changes within Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure: a code of practice in more detail in the October edition.

ASSET MANAGEMENT IN THE SPOTLIGHT Asset management, including the new TR22 and Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure code of practice, will be a key discussion point at next month’s ILP Lightscene CPD event. ‘Lightscene: The A to Z of Asset Management’ will take place on Tuesday 09 October from 10am until 16pm at Rotherham United Football Club. Issues such as the diversification of street lighting assets, smart city technology, EV

www.theilp.org.uk

supplies and the challenges of maintaining a quality inventory in the current tough funding climate will all be under the spotlight. The day will encompass a range of free-to-attend CPD seminars alongside an exhibition of companies aiming to help you get to grips with this enormous subject. Bookings for the event opened in August, both for visitors and exhibitors. More details can be found online at the ILP website www.theilp.org.uk

PREMIER DEBATE The new TR22 document was the focus of a forum discussion for Premier members in June, writes Nic Paton. Premier members were talked through the new document by Allan Howard, who argued that ‘understanding your asset has never been so important. It is a matter of understanding what is going on so you can manage and understand risk and consequence.’ This was followed by a question and answer session. This highlighted the challenges for the ILP, and industry as a whole, to get its voice heard in Parliament, especially now the All Party Parliamentary Lighting Group no longer exists. The decline of specialist local authority-employed lighting departments was also a factor in the lack of priority this issue – and street lighting in general – often received. Columns were too often seen by local authorities as simply a cost whereas in fact the message needed to be promoted that a) urgent action needed to be taken but that b) by doing so, savings could be made further down the line, argued ILP President Colin Fish. ‘We’re last on the list, to be honest, with local authorities,’ agreed past president and regional manager north with Urbis Schréder Kevin Grigg. ‘It is a matter of bringing the profile forward. Or is it going to be that we will have to wait for another death? We cannot afford that. We have to go through the right channels to make it as important now’. It was also important for the ILP to be focusing on ensuring there was the right academic knowledge and information within local authorities, the right competency levels, to fulfil this document’s requirements, highlighted David Lodge, technical director at CU Phosco Lighting. Issues such as the bonus system for operatives out on the road – often based on number of lamps changed – also potentially needed to be addressed. ‘He needs to know he can walk away from the job, to go back to his supervisor, and not get reprimanded for it,’ agreed Colin Fish. ‘We’ve got to educate the contractors and the clients. Perhaps we need to be putting in place a day’s competence training or course on this area, around specifying a column and protecting what we’ve got? But I do think we have a golden opportunity here to change things, or at least get started,’ he said.

We use a range of non-destructive testing techniques to detect and estimate corrosion damage near and below ground level, and check for cracks in welds in lighting columns and other supporting structures such as Traffic Mast Arms, Gantries and Safety Barriers Our Standard NDT technique is firmly rooted in a risk management process allowing results to be warranted to specified â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;re-test periodsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; meaning you can more effectively manage all your Steel Rooted Columns in an ongoing manner Link asset ass surveys with our services and you can develop an integrated, cost effective and sustainable solution for your asset management programmes We are committed to raising the standards in our industry and are:

- Jointly Certified to ISO9001:2015 and The National Highway Sector Scheme 8 - Certified to OHSAS 18001: 2007 for Occupational Health & Safety incorporating SSIP - Registered to the Highway Electrical Registration Scheme - SafeContractor Approved

Our approach app and testing techniques are aligned to, and compliant with, TR22 Our Specialist NDT engineers are qualified to PCN Level 2 by The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing Engineers available across the UK

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Office lighting

p Photos by Tim Soar and Tom Niven

CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT The new London headquarters buildings of property developer Land Securities combine flexible, controllable working spaces with areas designed to act as food for thought for clients as to how they can better control the lighting in their own projects By Tom Niven

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and Securities is the UK’s largest property developer and has been a longstanding client of BDP’s. Back in 2016, we were asked to the lighting scheme for its headquarters buildings in Victoria, London, a 5,000m2 refurbishment is split between two buildings, 80 Victoria Street and 100 Victoria Street. The project was completed in January 2017 and, from a lighting professional’s point of view, one of the most interesting aspects of it was the opportunity it gave us both to test and to showcase different control technologies, such as Bluetooth, Power over Ethernet (PoE) and wireless. The fact the project also won the office refurbishment and fit-out category at the 2017 BREEAM Awards for sustainability has, naturally, been very pleasing. Of the two buildings, 80 Victoria Street is the staff side of the headquarters complex, while 100 Victoria Street is more client-facing. Land Securities wanted something that was clean and contemporary, but not over the top or wasteful. They wanted the buildings to be office space that worked effectively for their teams but also spaces they could show to potential clients thinking about their own development plans and what they might be able to do in the future. To that end, they wanted to trial various new technologies and selected products, mainly around control and energy efficiency Taking 80 Victoria Street first, the open plan office space is based around exposed services, which required a high level of detailing to ensure co-ordination, and painted concrete soffits with suspended fittings. The emphasis is on both direct and

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Office lighting

indirect lighting. For control, it uses a DALI Simmtronic system, with every group of four desks controllable.

CONTROLLABLE LIGHTING

It is all, as you might expect with a modern office, completely open plan, mobile and flexible in terms of the working arrangements. Everyone operates from laptops or mobiles so there is very little technology on the desks themselves. You have a QR code on the desk to log you into the system, which recognises where you are within the building and then gives you control. It is in the meeting rooms of 80 Victoria Street that different control technologies – Bluetooth, Power over Ethernet (PoE) and wireless – have been showcased. It is about staff having access to these technologies but also very much about being able to showcase them to potential clients, to be able to test and demonstrate how different technologies work when they are thinking about large fit-outs or their own projects. We did not have an opportunity to do anything architecturally with the façade. But it is a very deep floorplan. When you get 7-8m away from the façade you lose any daylight benefit. So there is a tuneable backlit hub area where you can mimic what is going on outside, with lower levels and warmer lighting in the morning, rising to around 5000K at lunchtime and then tuned down again every evening. Many office spaces today are so different to what they were even five years ago. Work happens across a building, all over the place, as well as outside the building. So it is about reflecting that evolution and creating spaces for people within this diverse environment. No longer is it about lighting a uniform

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array of, say, 200 desks in a space. It is about providing uniformity across the working plane, especially across the desk, but also recognising that diversity and variety of activities taking place across the building.

SUBTLE AND SUBDUED TONES

Within 100 Victoria Street, the aim has been for more subtle and subdued tones and warmer colour temperatures, with integrated cove lights, integrated LED profiles, and tuneable white in all meeting rooms. Overall, the aim has been for a very clean, minimal, muted palette. As a lighting professional, this is the sort of project you always like because it is gives you an opportunity to explore and try out different things, to say ‘what can we do to improve that?’. Generally, for example, PoE is not something we’ve found that manufacturers are currently looking at. It is not something we are suggesting to our clients, either. It can be too limited in

terms of luminaire specification and power consumption, and we do a lot of work with large, corporate clients, especially technology clients. Finally, when it came to sustainability, across both buildings there has been a strong focus on the use of natural light and air quality. A high percentage of recycled materials have also been used. But let me leave the final word to Caroline Hill, head of sustainability at Land Securities: ‘We are delighted with our new headquarters and so are our employees. A Leesman workplace satisfaction survey demonstrated that satisfaction with lighting rose 25% and air quality levels by 40% when compared to our previous office. Furthermore, 88% of our staff now feel that the office design enables them to work productively, up 20% from our former office and significantly higher than the global average of 67%.’ Tom Niven is lighting associate at BDP

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Understanding competency: the changing role of CPD

ENGINEERING A HIGHER STANDARD

Next year will see the introduction of mandatory recording of continuing professional development for lighting professionals who want to remain registered with the Engineering Council. But what will this change mean for ILP members? By Alan Jaques

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

rom January 2019 the Engineering Council is making the recording of continuing professional development (CPD) mandatory for all registrants. On page 20, Ben Jones of the Engineering Council explains some of the council’s thinking behind the change, and why it matters both in terms of professional development, competency and growth, but also in terms of the perception of our profession. But what will be the ILP’s role in this change? And what will it mean for you, the ILP member? First, it is important to emphasise that, by making this change, the council is trying to improve the regard that the engineer and the engineering profession as a whole is held in. Registrants are defined as persons who hold either chartered, incorporated or engineering technician status with the Engineering Council. Many other professions, of course, have had a mandated requirement for the recording of CPD, and have had for many years. A good example would be nurses or midwives through the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The NMC’s CPD requirements, by comparison, are: • You must have undertaken 35 hours of CPD relevant to your scope of practice as a nurse or midwife in the three-year period since your registration was last renewed, or when you joined the register. • Of those 35 hours of CPD, at least 20 must have included participatory learning.

the Engineering Council states that ‘professionally active registrants who persistently do not respond to or engage with requests for CPD records from a Licensed Member risk removal from the Engineering Council Register’. The mandating of recorded CPD will assist in improving competencies across many sectors, including lighting. Competency is the ability to perform activities to the standards required in employment, using the appropriate knowledge, skill and attitude. Undertaking CPD is important at every stage of your career, no matter what your role, especially as we are going through a period of unprecedented innovation within the lighting sector. The ILP has, of course, promoted and encouraged the recording of CPD for many years. Each year it also requests the completed CPD records from a sample of the membership for review. Currently the ILP audits 20% of registrants annually. However, from 2021 all registrants CPD records will be audited. Once the recording of CPD has been mandated, the ILP is required to ensure that all registrants engage with the request to provide completed CPD records, possible sanctions for failing to engage could include the loss of post nominals. A requirement of the ILP upgrading process includes submitting two-years’ worth of CPD records plus a CPD plan for the coming year. The ILP’s new National Curriculum, which commences in June

next year, will ensure that high-quality CPD training is available to the ILP’s membership, no matter where in the UK you are based. The ILP’s Competency for Lighting Professionals document has been designed to provide all the information required for any lighting professionals to assist themselves in developing their career. This document defines four levels of competency as listed below: Level 1 • little or no knowledge of topic • little or no individual responsibility • works with supervision and guidance Level 2 • developing knowledge of topic • some individual responsibility • supervised for non-routine tasks Level 3 • sound knowledge of topic • significant individual responsibility • able to work without significant supervision Level 4 • advanced knowledge of topic • significant individual responsibility • able to develop and train others in the topic Assessing your level of competence will generally require a discussion with your

Failure to comply with this requirement means your registration will not be revalidated. The NMC’s view is that you don’t remain competent without relevant ongoing development. This current move from the Engineering Council very much echoes this approach and ethos, and is long overdue; it will, in essence, begin to bring engineering into line with other respected professions.

LICENSED INSTITUTIONS

The Engineering Council has 35 licensed professional engineering institutions, with the ILP being one of them. As already highlighted, it will be the responsibility of these licensed bodies to ensure that the recording of CPD is being carried out by registrants by January 2019 at the latest. The professional engineering institutions are required to undertake annual random samples of registrants’ CPD records. And members should be aware that www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Understanding competency: the changing role of CPD

line manager or mentor. No-one, of course, is fully competent across all aspects of lighting, therefore your level of competency will vary depending upon the task being assessed. One of the key attributes to competency is having the knowledge and understanding of your limits of competence. Where your experience and knowledge leaves a gap you should consider what training and skills you could focus on for future development. For example, the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges sub-document GD2/16 covers the quality management system for highway design activity. Paragraph 8.8 (vi) requires design organisations to produce a quality plan which assures the client bodies of the competencies of the personnel involved with the design and review of the deliverables. Therefore, design organisations must have a process in place to access, review and document the competencies of their staff, no matter at what stage they are in their career. The design organisation’s process for accessing competence and allocating them to projects should comply with its own ISO9001 process and satisfy the client organisations that a robust process of staff allocations based on competencies is being deployed on their schemes. Being able to demonstrate professional competence is becoming ever more important and this new requirement will be good for the standing of engineers within the UK. However, different countries view engineering and engineers in differing ways.

THE CANADIAN MODEL

In Canada for example, to become a professional engineer (PE) there is a very structured process, at the end of which you become a

qualified PE. Becoming a PE does not allow you to practice across the whole of Canada; you are registered by province and in order to practice in another province you need to gain registration there. The process is simplified for gaining PE registration in additional provinces, however it must be strictly adhered to. To become a Canadian PE you need to have gained a Washington Accord fouryear degree in the relevant subject; this is equivalent to a Master’s degree in the UK. You then need to be supervised by a PE for a period of two years, then for a further period of two years you need to gain experience across a number of specific competencies. Finally, you are required to pass an ethics and law exam before becoming a PE. This examination is called the Professional Practice Examination. It is designed to test your knowledge of the laws that affect the engineering profession both directly and indirectly, the professional standards to which you will be held accountable, and ethical standards in Canada as well as other topics such as contracts, patents, trademarks and copyrights. There is a set of ethics that Engineers Canada has set, however each province may have its own code of ethics which you will need to be aware of. Being a chartered engineer in the UK is not recognised in Canada, any work that you did would need to be signed off by a PE for that province. Typically, it would take a competent foreign engineer around 18-22 months to become licensed as a PE, provided that your degree was accepted as being equivalent to a Washington Accord 4-year degree.

CPD IN THE USA AND AUSTRALIA

The United States of America also has licensed professional engineers. But the process is not the same as in Canada, even though it is very closely aligned. Again, the licencing is by state, so for any state that you want to practice you must be licenced separately. Australia is also rolling out the mandatory registration of engineers. Last year a bill was passed by the government of Victoria to create a register of engineers. The legislative framework has been provided to provide assurance to the public, government and industry that engineers working in Victoria meet the professional standards and have the qualifications expected of the profession. The Engineers Registration Bill 2017 will require engineers who are providing professional services, or who are exporting professional engineering services from Victoria, to be registered. Engineers Australia CEO Peter McIntyre has stated that the legislation is one step closer to bringing Australia into line with global efforts to establish the reputation of engineering as a critical profession. As he has said: ‘Many countries see engineering as a critical profession, whose practitioners are recognised and registered by government.’ Victoria is the second territory in Australia to have a register of engineers, the other being Queensland, as mandatory registration is progressively enacted across country. The status of engineering and engineers in countries such as Canada is much higher than in the UK; they are seen to be more in line with the legal profession. Hopefully the initiative that the Engineering Council is taking by mandating CPD will be a step in raising the status of engineering within the UK. The document Competency for Lighting Professionals is available to download from the ILP website, at https://www.theilp. org.uk/careers/competency/ Alan Jaques IEng FILP is the ILP’s Immediate Past President and practice manager for lighting systems at Atkins

www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Understanding competency: the changing role of CPD

The Engineering Council’s requirement that registrants carry out and record CPD is about underpinning and emphasising the value of your professional title, whatever your role within the lighting industry. And, in a fast-changing lighting world, it is something all lighting professionals should be embracing By Ben Jones

C I HOPE THAT MY PASSION AND EXCITEMENT FOR MY DISCIPLINE CAN INSPIRE MORE GIRLS AND LGBT PEOPLE TO ENTER THE PROFESSION t

KIMBERLY BARTLETT

www.theilp.org.uk

ontinuing professional development (CPD) isn’t just something that crops up at appraisals and when you’re looking for a new role; it’s the way you grow and develop as a professional. As registered engineer (Eur Ing) Guy Harding BSc CEng FILP MSLL and chair of the ILP’s membership committee, puts it: ‘Always record your CPD at whatever stage you are in your career. In a fast-moving technological world, you are always learning something new. Being able to demonstrate that you are up-to-date with your chosen subject is essential.’ CPD at its most basic is the process through which professionals maintain and develop their competence. Starting from your learning needs, you develop a plan to achieve them, carry out development activities, record them, then reflect on what you’ve learned. A CPD action plan sets out your learning and development goals and the actions required to achieve them. Your plan will be influenced by long- and short-term career goals, your employer’s business objectives, existing levels of experience and personal interests, as registered lighting engineer

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Kimberly Bartlett EngTech AMILP MIET explains: ‘My goal is to get young people interested in STEM and specifically engineering. ‘I was recently profiled as a successful Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) engineer role model by InterEngineering, which was a true honour. I hope that my passion and excitement for my discipline can inspire more girls and LGBT people to enter the profession,’ she adds. CPD can also help in ways that might not be immediately obvious, as Guy Harding outlines. ‘I was employed as an expert witness in a lighting design copyright case. Although I was employed by a former employer, my duties were to the court to provide impartial technical advice. The fact that the judge followed my advice on several areas of the design rights was particularly pleasing.’

DIFFERENT METHODS OF CPD

A huge variety of methods of carrying out CPD are available – you may choose to use webinars, sharing of best practice techniques with colleagues or reading around the chosen subject in journals and technical publications. CPD is definitely not only about attending formal training courses or conferences; it includes self-development, such as widening your range of transferable skills in leadership or project management. It is a personal choice whether you decide to learn through formal or informal experiences and training, but the content must be relevant to your career. For example, taking part in committee meetings and developing guidance for members, or organising a regional conference could be ideal CPD for members at all levels. Further study in IT could help take advantage in the growth of smart lighting and may be just the boost for an incorporated engineer when searching for a new technically advanced role. An architectural lighting manager registered as a Chartered Engineer may find increased knowledge of LED lighting advantageous when bidding for large-scale public space installations, such as the recent London Bridge Station work, as highlighted in the July-August edition of Lighting Journal. Becoming a mentor to help less experienced engineers develop can be done at any level, such as an engineering technician advising an apprentice, and enhances personal confidence which is a benefit in all interactions with colleagues. An additional benefit of CPD activities is the opportunity to increase your profes-

IN A FASTMOVING TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD, YOU ARE ALWAYS LEARNING SOMETHING NEW. BEING ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT YOU ARE UP-TO-DATE WITH YOUR CHOSEN SUBJECT IS ESSENTIAL. u

GUY HARDING

21 sional reputation and widen your career networks. Kimberly, for example, says she finds her volunteer work as a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) ambassador ‘incredibly fulfilling’ and adds: ‘I also mentor my colleagues to help them attain higher grades of membership in our institutions and professional registrations with the Engineering Council.’ However, whichever subject or method you chose, it is essential that CPD is a documented process. After taking part in a development opportunity, it is important to take the time to reflect on what has been gained from the activity and to record it.

RECORDING YOUR LEARNING

For the past two years, ILP members have had free access to mycareerpath, a tool developed by us at the Engineering Council and available via the MyILP Portal on the ILP website. It is designed to plan, record and report any activity that contributes to CPD, supporting you in keeping a record of the time spent participating in work-related learning. All Engineering Council registrants commit to maintaining their competence through CPD when they become registered. This process is led by the registrant; you decide what you need to learn and the best method to achieve that. The ILP carries out random sampling

checks on members’ CPD records and this process will be mandatory for all Engineering Council registrants from January 2019. You can find the Engineering Council’s CPD Code for Registrants and a useful video on carrying out CPD at https://www. engc.org.uk/cpd Well-thought-out planning of CPD will bring a number of benefits, at every stage of your career. Each CPD activity will introduce new ideas, expand your understanding and support your development. There is increasing emphasis within the lighting industry on competence, with professional judgments needed on important matters such as health and safety. A commitment to continue with professional development throughout an engineering career underpins the value of your professional title, as well as enabling wider society to have continued confidence in both you as an individual and the engineering profession as a whole. Ben Jones is professional development executive at the Engineering Council To find out more about the benefits of being a professionally registered engineer or technician, the council has a range of case studies (including Guy Harding and Kimberly Bartlett) at https://www.engc.org. uk/news/case-studies/ www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Lighting transport hubs

HIGH VISIBILITY

ith more than 900m of deep water quayside, the Port of Nigg in the Cromarty Firth, Scotland, caters for some of the world’s largest vessels, and is a linchpin facility for the renewable energy sector and the North Sea oil and gas industry. The harbour comprises an industrial multi-user facility providing manufacturing and support services to a range of energy sectors. Back in 2015, the port undertook an extensive £20m redevelopment project. This involved resurfacing of the entire www.theilp.org.uk

length of the quayside front and adding a new West Finger Jetty to the complex which, of course, needed to be illuminated. For this, Port of Nigg turned to luminaire manufacturer Holophane Europe, who supplied 52 High Mast Advanced Optic (HMAO) LED luminaires with a combination of six-head and 10-head frames assembled on 30m masts, delivering approximately 61,000 lumens. With space at a premium in the busy yard, and the number of masts needing to be kept to a minimum, the company’s Highmast 2 system was chosen as the solu-

A £20m redevelopment, including the creation of an additional jetty, has led to new high-mast lighting being installed at the Port of Nigg in Scotland By Nic Paton

tion. But there were still challenges to be overcome. The main challenges of the project were that the high-mast positions were fixed. Holophane had to ensure that the fitting used had enough flexibility to work for the site based on the fixed locations – the end result was such that the proposal succeeded in delivering the target spec required on site.

GLASS REFRACTOR TECHNOLOGY

PrismaLED glass refractor technology is used with HMAO luminaires, so as to accurately control the light output, reduce

September 2018 Lighting Journal

q Holophaneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highmast lighting at Port of Nigg in Scotland. One key challenge was to keep glare to a minimum, as this had been an issue for the local community in the past

glare and deliver the required vertical illumination while also maximising column spacing. The optical assembly is rotatable for onsite alignment, which makes the installation simple, ensures the light output is directed to the right areas, and that the luminaire weight is distributed evenly over the headframe. The PrismaLED technology also ensures nearby residents are not adversely affected by glare or light pollution, which was an important consideration for this this project, as this had been a bone of con-

tention with residents with the previous lighting. Holophane had to ensure that there was minimal glare from the fittings so it would not affect the local residents who lived near the port. The local authority gave the final approval on the lighting design to ensure there was no negative effect on the local residents. The site also wanted a fitting that was not only energy efficient but reduced maintenance. The high mast columns provided make it easy to access the fittings as you can lower the headframe.

Finally, an advanced thermal management system was installed to ensure long product life. The gear housing draws heat away from the critical components to keep the drivers and LEDs cool. The low static glass used therefore works in conjunction with the flow of heat around the refractor so as to achieve a self-cleaning effect further. This, of course, has further reduced the need for maintenance and so helped to keep down running costs.

www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

The 16th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Lighting

SEE THE WORLD 24

LS16, or the 16th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Lighting, was held in Sheffield in June. Lighting Journal was there to get an overview of the some of the latest cutting edge thinking in lighting research By Stuart Mucklejohn and John Stocks

he 16th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Lighting (LS16) took place between 1722 June at The Diamond Conference Centre within the University of Sheffield. The symposium has a 40-year history of providing a forum for scientists and engineers worldwide, in academia, national laboratories and industry, to share and exchange the latest progress on the science and technology of lighting. LS16 was organised by the Foundation for the Advancement of the Science and Technology of Light Sources (FAST-LS) in conjunction with The Centre for GaN Materials and Devices at The University of Sheffield. The CIE was the technical co-sponsor and the principal sponsor was Nichia. The subjects covered provided a multidisciplinary look into lighting science and technology behind the safe and efficient delivery of both visual and non-visual light energy from UV-C to infrared for a diverse range of applications. In addition to this, The Optical Society (OSA) Color Technical Group and the Colour Group (GB) put together a special joint session on Colour Science and Technology. The week started off with a fascinating talk by Robert Karlicek from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the US, who looked to the future, seeing a world where lighting systems are attuned to the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities, adjusting to suit the task or atmosphere. With the lighting linked to the Internet of Things, the building learns to adapt to its ever-changing uses. In contrast, maritime signals consultant Ian Tutt provided an insight into how lighthouse lighting has developed and continues to follow technological progress, helping to warn and guide seagoing vessels safely away from hazardous areas.

SOLID STATE LIGHTING IN CHINA

p The Diamond Conference Centre at the University of Sheffield

www.theilp.org.uk

Ling Wu, secretary general of the Chinese SSL Alliance, provided an insight into the rapid development of solid state lighting in China, where white light LED chip efficiency has risen from 20 lm/W in 2003 to a reported 180 lm/W in 2017 with an industrial output of 653.8 billion RMB and a growth rate of 25%-35% per annum. This growth rate is supported by continued investment, with RMB70bn going to LED-related industries in 2017. The focus is now moving from general lighting to

September 2018 Lighting Journal

smart lighting systems, visual light communication and more specialist applications. LED use in areas such as horticulture, animal breading, aquaculture and UV applications are being implemented and developed. Understanding mechanisms of the interactions of light and biological systems is key to progress in this area. A focus on human health and how light can impact is also viewed as an important area for study and product development. With all this rapid growth, standardisation is lagging behind and it is becoming increasingly important to develop global standards to ensure compatibility of systems across the world. The symposium had many papers on the developing area of nitride semiconductors based on InGaN and AlGaN. Yoichi Kawakami, of Kyoto University, explained the opportunities for the development of nitride-based 3D structures for polychromatic LEDs to provide a phosphor-free approach to generating white light with the potential for improved efficiencies. The key is managing the growth of the structure and controlling the indium content within it. Sir Colin Humphries, of The Nanoscience Centre at Cambridge University, discussed how GaN LEDs, though highly efficient, had a major issue in that the costs to produce them are high. A way to address this has been developed that uses silicon as a base material rather than sapphire. This also has the potential benefit that the driver electronics and the LED can be produced on the same chip, further reducing the cost. Work to address problems such as a tendency to crack by developing methods to reduce the dislocation density have proven to be successful and work on silicon discs larger than the standard 6” is providing opportunity for further cost reductions. Plessey, based in Plymouth, has commercialised this and is selling millions of these chips annually into the global market.

p Horticultural lighting and (below) the effect of blue light on health were two topics discussed at the symposium

GROWTH OF HORTICULTURE LIGHTING

Horticulture lighting is an area that has become of increasing interest over recent years. An afternoon session dedicated to this confirmed the need for a greater understanding of the action spectra required for plant growth. It was highlighted that in the natural world plants evolved under many varying light conditions and cycles, so the ‘one-spectra-does-all’ approach will not provide the optimum lighting condition for all plants or for individual plants throughout the full growth cycle. It was pointed out that, as well as the commonly used red and blue spectra, green, far red, UV-A and UV-B all had contributions to the development of certain aspects of plants from germination, biomass development, flowering, seed and fruit development to colouration and nutritional content. All life on earth has evolved in line with the natural environment. The creation of artificial light has enabled humans to carry out activities when the sun goes down. Our bodies however have evolved to take environmental signals from the light conditions to activate our rest/sleep periods which are essential to our health and wellbeing. Mariana Figuero, of the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, presented some research showing how important it is to tailor lighting applications to ensure our day/night cycles (circadian rhythms) are maintained. The work shows how this is possible and how carefully designed lighting systems can stimulate circadian entrainment, alertness, positive mood, healthy sleep and contribute to general health and wellbeing. These themes were also raised in the special session of the Colour Group. Annette Allen, of the University of Manches-

ter, described how recently identified photoreceptors in the eye iPRGC (Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells) act to entrain the circadian clock, control pupil restriction and impact our daily rhythm of rest/activity. The release of melanopsin which is key to these cycles is triggered through light spectra. The increasing use of screens, including televisions, mobile phones and tablets, at night can disrupt the generation of melanopsin which in turn leads to a suppression in melatonin levels. By understanding what wavelengths act to suppress melatonin screens can be developed where these wavelengths are eliminated or reduced in the evening while maintaining the visual appearance. Early work indicates that this has excellent potential to help control melatonin release and maintain our circadian cycle.

CLOSING THE EFFICIENCY GAP FOR HIGH CRI LEDS

Xavier Denis, from Nichia, demonstrated the progress made recently in developing phosphors to close the efficiency gap for high CRI LEDs. Although CRI >80 can be achieved for LEDs at 5000K, 4000K and 3000K, there has been a significant reduction in efficacy at the lower colour temperatures. This fall off has now been addressed and ultra-high LED chips can now be made with Ri >90 for all 15 indices in the CRI scale. Measurement and standardisation challenges were a theme that is high on the agenda for the whole of the lighting industry. The original CIE eye response curve, V(λ) , was developed in the 1920s based on a small group of people in their 30s. Luke Price described how this has been updated in 2013 by the CIE and there is now work www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

The 16th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Lighting going on to provide non-visual response functions to account for the photoresponse of iPRGC. Gareth John, from the LIA (Lighting Industry Association), in his talk provided an insight into how light measurement equipment in the new era of solid state lighting with its high emission levels in the blue and UV regions can provide misleading results. It was pointed out that the spectral sensitivity characteristics of a detector should be carefully compared to the spectral luminous efficiency function of the human eye, i.e. the V(λ) curve, particularly in the blue region where many white LEDs have a significant peak.

OUTDOOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS

The design of outdoor lighting systems with a focus on energy saving and minimising environmental disturbance was discussed by Allan Howard, of WSP. He presented some fascinating work being carried out in Scandinavia where street and road lighting is being trialled that keeps the pedestrian or vehicle in a ‘light bubble’ during passage along it. Light is only present when and where required.

It was also pointed out that lighting systems are only a part of a sophisticated ‘smart’ environment where lighting columns will be used as car charging points and part of the communication infrastructure in the future. Light as a method of communication has been around for years, from the use of beacons to semaphore and more recently fibre optic communication. With Wi Fi being a core aspect of our communication networks now and the possibility that the bandwidths will not be adequate to meet future demand, the potential for Visible Light Communication (VLC) is being investigated. Harald Haas, of the University of Edinburgh, Anton Alexeev, of the Technical University of Eindhoven, and Sujan Rajbhandri, of Coventry University, all presented work in this field. Steve Fotios, of Sheffield University, gave a virtuoso performance when describing the importance of precise experimental design in lighting research. For example, careful attention has to be paid to experimental conditions to avoid unintentional range bias in subjective assessments. In particular, the infamous

Kruithof Curve describing the range of illuminance and colour temperatures that are considered to be comfortable to an observer, was shown to be based on unreliable research methods. LS16 provided leading edge information on the latest science and technological developments in lighting across a whole range of disciplines. This allowed the participants to understand the impact that different areas of lighting have on each other. The biological interaction with light whether it is human factors, plant responses or environment, impacts luminaire design and measurement methodologies which in turn impacts light source design and optimisation. When all areas are brought together in harmony truly efficient lighting can be achieved.

Chen-Hao Lee, Yeh-Wei Yu, Tsung-Hsun Yang and Ching-Cherng Sun, of the National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, for their work titled ‘Adaptive street lighting for curved roadway’. The runners up were ‘Color & therapeutic lighting: an alternative treatment for the Sundowning Syndrome’ (Estelle Guerry et

al, from Université Paul Sabatier in Toulouse, France) and ‘Emission performance on remote phosphor LED lighting with phosphor applied to lens’ (Nicola Trivellin et al, from LightCube). Prizes for the poster competition were generously donated by Tom Spicer of Springer.

Stuart Mucklejohn BSc PhD C.Chem FRSC FIMMM FSLL is technical operations leader and John Stocks is head of quality and supply chain at Ceravision Limited

ILP AWARD Finally, the ILP award for the best communication of a project went to Takahashi, Yuyama and Tozuka, of the Kanagawa Institute of Technology in Japan, for their poster ‘Effect of color temperature change programs on work efficiency’. The winners of the poster competition were Xuan-Hao Lee, Ivan Moreno, www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Passive safety

INVESTMENT With the volume of traffic on our roads increasing every year, making the right choice in terms of whether to invest in a passive safe lighting pole or a non-passive safe alternative is critical. But that decision is just the start – you also need to be thinking about the right classification of pole and the positioning of any crash barriers By Ian McDonald

vid readers of Lighting Journal may recall that a little over a year ago, in the November/December 2017 edition, (Passive Protection, vol 82, no 10), I outlined an overview of the past, present and future of passive safe public lighting. But what happens when an actual crash occurs? Visitors to this year’s Traffex ‘Seeing is Believing’ show in June were given the opportunity to view numerous crash tests and see the behaviour of a column upon impact with their own eyes. This was not only passive safe columns, but also the potential consequences of an impact with a traditional, non-passive safe column, as shown overleaf. www.theilp.org.uk

With the volume of traffic increasing every year, making the safest choices is becoming more crucial. But in which scenario do you use which type of passive safe light pole? It is vitally important to choose the right classification for the different road situations. In addition, the positioning of a crash barrier must be considered in each situation. This depends to which extent the pole is deemed an obstacle, but also what is behind the pole. Light poles for which the obstacle effect remains within acceptable standards do not have to be protected. These poles can be positioned in the obstacle-free zone in the verge of the road.

DETERMINING THE SAFETY CLASS

The easiest choice is generally to install a crash barrier. However, this is expensive, is aesthetically undesirable and does not always fit within the design of the road layout. If you decide to use passive safe light poles, there are several different options available to you. The best choice for one scenario may not necessarily be the best/ safest option for another. The safest pole for a particular road situation depends on the speed limit, the importance of occupant safety and the presence of obstacles/objects (such as bridges/walls).

September 2018 Lighting Journal

The Figure 1 overview above describes the main safety classifications. The degree of occupant safety should be the first consideration, so when designing a new scheme or specifying a product for use, you should start with the top two lines of classifications. If there are no products here that meet your scheme specific requirements, there are other options available to you. If the aim of the light pole is to decelerate a vehicle travelling at high speed and thus reduce the possibility of secondary incidents, you should choose a safety class displayed in the column on the right. For vehicle occupants, 100NE3 is the safest option. But if the background is not ‘empty’, concessions will have to be made. In these instances, 100LE3 or 100HE3 are then the best alternatives.

NE (NO ENERGY ABSORBING)

Poles with an NE classification perform excellently if there is an ‘empty background’ behind the pole. The poles are designed not to slow the vehicle upon impact and allow the driver to regain control of

the vehicle and bring it to a stop in a controlled manner. In addition, the backfill in which these poles are installed must be at least as stable as the backfill in which it was tested. On bends, often side-on collisions are realistic and NE3 will be the best performing class in these situations. The highest NE class (NE3) can be achieved by engineering the pole with an additional shear off system.

LE (LOW ENERGY ABSORBING)

HE3 or NE3 are the two ‘extremes’ in passive safety. It is also possible to choose an intermediate solution: LE3 poles. LE poles often naturally exhibit acceptable qualities and require no extra engineered solutions, which makes them very cost-effective. At high speed, LE poles slow the vehicle upon impact, but do not stop it, again allowing the driver to bring the vehicle to a stop.

HE (HIGH ENERGY ABSORBING)

If there is an increased risk of a secondary collision with a structure situated behind the pole, HE poles are the best choice if a

Figure 1. The main safety classification. Note 1: The 3 after NE is better for occupant safety than the 3 after LE or HE. Note 2: Normally an NE class performs better for the occupants than a higher energy class. So 100NE2 is normally better then 100LE3 or 100HE3

crash barrier is not being used. The occupant safety level should be as high as possible (HE3 is better than HE2). High Energy absorbing poles are designed to ‘arrest’ the vehicle and bring it stop in a controlled fashion, taking control away from the driver of the vehicle. Care should be taken when specifying HE poles, as not all poles achieve the HE classification in the same manner. Determine from manufacture data, crash test reports and videos how the poles perform and choose the one which best suites each location. Particular attention should be paid to the distance it takes from point of impact to when the vehicle is arrested by the pole and becomes stationary.

High speed 60mph impact into a 10m steel lighting column installed with standard, planted root section. Turn over to page 30 for the test results

www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Passive safety

CRASH DEMONSTRATIONS AT TRAFFEX SEEING IS BELIEVING At Traffex Seeing is Believing, multiple crash demonstrations showed the behaviours of the different safety classifications. The crash demonstrations are explained below. High speed 60mph impact into a passive safe 12m hinged lighting column, installed with an NE3 base plate t

REASON FOR THE DEMONSTRATION

â&#x20AC;˘ To demonstrate the lack of intrusion into the vehicle and subsequent death or serious injury to the occupants that can result from impacting a similar, traditional structure as opposed to the significantly reduced risk resulting from impacting into a passive column. â&#x20AC;˘ To show hinged solutions that help operatives maintain the infrastructure in a safe manner can also be passive safe.

BEHAVIOUR

The column slipped away from its base at point of impact, with very little reduction in speed, taking the column with it, away from the point of impact and the road. The base plate was left behind and could be unbolted and the column safely and quickly replaced.

CONCLUSION When designing your lighting scheme, a well-considered decision on the type and performance of the passive safe poles will significantly increase the overall safety level throughout the scheme without introducing further risks to the road user and others within that environment.

www.theilp.org.uk

Slow speed 20mph impact into a passive safe standard 4m sign post u

REASON FOR THE DEMONSTRATION

There is a lack of understanding in the industry of the way aluminium poles perform when impacted at slow speeds in an urban environment. This should help inform the industry and dispel any myths surrounding the use of passive safe structures in built-up areas. Although slow speed tests for certification are mandatory, this demonstration had never been performed in public before. The pole was installed in a NAL retention for easy replacement on site.

BEHAVIOUR

The pole stopped the vehicle, replicating slow speed impact in urban environment.

THIRD CRASH TEST

High speed 60mph impact into a 10m steel lighting column installed with standard, planted root section (image on page 29).

EXPECTATION OF THE DEMONSTRATION

The vehicle will come to an abrupt halt, resulting in significant damage/intrusion with the probability that any occupants would have experienced serious injury or death.

BEHAVIOUR

The column folded around the car upon impact, almost destroying the complete car.

Ian McDonald is national sales manager for pole products at Hydro Extruded Solution

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Heritage lighting

IMPER AL DELIGHTS

Switching to LED street lighting has been at the heart of an ambitious plan to slash Chesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s carbon footprint. But any new lighting scheme had to complement, and be sensitive to, the historic cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing heritage lighting By Ian Jones, Alan Robson and Liz Hudson

www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

p Chester’s heritage street lighting has been given a modern, yet sympathetic, LED makeover

riginally a Roman fort known as ‘Deva’, the historic city of Chester dates back to AD79. It is also wellknown for its eclectic historical architecture, thriving tourist trade and enthusiastic nightlife – not to mention having been the venue for the ILP’s Professional Lighting Summit back in 2015. Preserving the look, feel and atmosphere of this ancient city is therefore, naturally, an important ongoing priority for Cheshire West and Chester Council. As part of helping to meet the Paris Agreement climate change targets, as well as simply cutting down its own carbon footprint, the council in 2014 launched a five-year carbon commitment goal. Part of this, in turn, was focused on the conversion of the city’s street lighting to LED, which was identified as one of the five key ways the council could meet its carbon reduction targets. This article intends to illustrate how Cheshire West and Chester Council, in collaboration with Carbon Reduction Technology, worked successfully to combine heritage street lighting with modern LED technology. Chester, of course, isn’t lit exclusively with heritage lanterns. In some of its more modern, styled areas straightforward LED streetlights are used widely. Heritage lighting is most prevalent in the well-preserved spots, such as the Cathedral, the

Walls, the Groves along the riverbanks, the shopping district and a number of outlying villages with a similar vintage feel, including Christleton, Malpas and Farndon. For its 2014/2015 fiscal year, Cheshire West and Chester Council’s public assets emitted 45,543 tonnes of carbon dioxide, of which approximately a quarter (23%) was generated through street lighting. The council’s goal therefore was to reduce its total overall emissions by 30%, emitting no more than 31,880 tonnes per year by April 2020. The good news is that, following a number of highly successful projects supported by Salix, the council’s lighting department looks set to smash this target by a considerable margin.

KNOCKBACKS ON EARLY TESTING

The first testing stages for the project actually pre-dated the carbon reduction initiative, happening back in 2009. The aim was to establish a colour balance which supported the historic atmosphere, provided the energy and carbon savings the city needed and kept Chester residents happy, a priority of course for the council’s lighting team. To test the impact of a cooler light on older architecture and cobbles, a test lantern was retrofitted on an older residential street alongside the river. This test light was a cool light spec, and high on the blue spectrum at 5000K.

Keen to keep Chester looking stunning and personally to test the effect of the retrofit from the perspective of a resident rather than a supplier, Carbon Reduction Technology even had a trial lantern installed close to Alan’s home in Chester. This test quickly established that, while white light would work on some of the bigger, busier roads, it was not going to cut it against a heritage backdrop. In short order www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Heritage lighting

a complaint was also received from local residents, reinforcing the teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s finding.

challenges. In addition to the large variety of models included in the project brief, the housings varied quite widely in age, and many had desiccated seals that could not be repurposed and so needed to be replaced. Furthermore, two lanterns that looked the same from the outside and which shared the same mounting plate dimensions could be quite different on the inside, with holes in slightly different places. To ensure the retrofitted lanterns remained watertight to the original standard of the housings, every installation therefore needed very specific and correct seals. To that end, a survey of every heritage lantern within the project was undertaken, using using a combination of on-site visits and visual inspections via Google Earth. This was a crucial step in ensuring that the gear tray mounting plates were the correct size, shape and orientation when they arrived for fitting. With the technical specifications under control, the team was able to focus on calibrating the lenses for each lantern to get the correct shape and spread of light. When lighting ancient city walls and historical architecture, the position of shadow is just as important as the use of light, so a one-size-fits-all solution to lens configuration was simply not going to cut it. After a huge amount of intricate work, Cheshire West and Chester Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lighting team have produced a scheme that showcases Chester at its best.

BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD

The team therefore returned to the drawing board. After reviewing temperature options of 5000K down to 2200K, the team settled on a warm 3000K, which they felt nicely balanced ambience with the energy and carbon savings that the team required to make the project viable. With the colour temperature now close to the original sodium, plus a cleaner, clearer light, the team finally got the local thumbs-up. The temperature tested on the Groves area became an outstanding feature of the project, lending a Dickensian postcard quality to many of the spots where the Carbon Reduction Technology gear tray was retrofitted into lanterns.

OVERCOMING CHALLENGES

But that was just the start. Chester and its surrounding villages have approximately 2,000 heritage-style streetlights. While some had been replaced prior to the five-year carbon commitment, the bulk still remained. These were divided into 12 different lantern models. Whilst a full replacement would have provided the opportunity to introduce a uniform style, it would have attached a far larger carbon footprint to the project and taken approximately four times longer to see a return on investment. However, while there are huge benefits to retrofitting a new gear tray into an older housing, there are still some hoops to jump through to ensure that, once the new technology is in place, the whole installation still meets critical standards, such as IP ratings and a valid CE mark. For Chester, the seals on the lantern housings proved to be one of the biggest

Ian Jones is principal lighting and traffic signal control engineer at Cheshire West and Chester Council, Alan Robson is director at Carbon Reduction Technology, and Liz Hudson is head of marketing at EW Business Development & Marketing

WHAT WERE THE RESULTS? Failure rate. At the time of publication, the project will be fully installed, with a number of the retrofitted lanterns now in operation in excess of eight years. To date, there have been no failures and the new gear trays are expected to outlast 20 years. Energy saving. Although visually stunning, going with a warm colour temperature comes with a risk of losing out on higher energy savings. Across the full 2,000 units, Cheshire West and Chester Council has been able to re-

www.theilp.org.uk

duce its energy requirement from an average of 60 watts to 28 watts. This equates to a 65% saving in energy expenditure, comfortably exceeding the project targets. Carbon saving. Heritage lanterns constitute only a fraction of the public luminaires in the Cheshire West and Chester authority. Nevertheless, the retrofit project contributes 171-tonnes per year carbon saving to the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s carbon commitment plan.

Payback. By using the cost savings generated through much lower energy expenditure, Cheshire West and Chester Council estimates that it should see a full payback on the project in well under five years. The Chester charm. By choosing to go very low with the colour temperature and through careful lighting scheme design, Chester has successfully transitioned to more eco-friendly lighting without losing any of its old-world appeal.

September 2018 Lighting Journal

The 2018 LewesLight festival of light

COMMUNITY NARRATIVES Next monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s LewesLight festival in East Sussex is, yes, a fun event for all the family, and this year has the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War as a key theme. But it also aims to question and interrogate the role of the lighting designer in modern-day life By Graham Festenstein

www.theilp.org.uk

ewesLight, which this year is taking place from 12-14 October, is a festival of light in the East Sussex town of Lewes on the South Downs. Most similar festivals begin life either as arts festivals or develop from community religious or pagan traditions often based on fire, lanterns or candles. LewesLight is somewhat different. It was started and developed by lighting designers with a view to explore public space with lit installations; it has expanded and grown into an event that reflects the diverse nature of contemporary life and poses questions that are very pertinent to our professional lives as lighting designers. Namely: who are we ultimately working for and who benefits from our work? How can we use technology to enhance our work rather than allowing it to drive us? And when as designers do we become artists and in this time of cross collaboration between disciplines does this really matter? You might ask why does any of this matter, a lighting festival is just a bit of fun, isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t it? And, of course if you do, you are right. LewesLight is about creating an enjoyable event for those who take part or visit; it is also a community-run festival that aims to engage with and involve as many

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Image - James McCauley

designers that simply were not available to a small event of this kind a few years ago. Some festivals take pride in big, statement installations. LewesLight is more interested in simplicity and using technology to help deliver concepts subtly rather than it being the starting point.

q Images from last year’s LewesLight: this year’s festival will explore themes around the anniversary of the end of the First World War and the vote for women

ROLE OF LIGHTING CONTROL

local people as possible of all ages and backgrounds.

LIGHTING AND INTERPRETATIONS OF SPACE

It is however also a curated event that chooses its locations and backstory and briefs its contributors accordingly. LewesLight aims to deliver a number of individual installations but also ensures they connect, providing both a cohesive visual representation of the overall spaces and a joined-up narrative, drawing on the context of the place, it’s people and their stories. In this way, we aim to demonstrate how lighting can make a huge difference to the interpretation of space, starting from the perspective of understanding and appreciating what is there; feeling comfortable, seeing colour, texture and contrast and details that are often missed by day but can stand out when lit at night. These are, of course, all principles of great importance when designing permanent lighting for public space but, in a festival context, can be delivered in a bolder way, and in spaces that would normally not be given a detailed lighting treatment. This is especially the case in these days of austerity, where poor lighting of public

space is sadly on the increase, disappointing after many previous years of positive improvement. Many people still consider public lighting as a means simply of finding their way home at night after a visit to the pub and spend little time experiencing the public realm at night. We aim to challenge this perception by showing how good lighting enhances public life and communities and how it is also good for the evening economy, especially in a town such as Lewes with an historic past and significant tourism. I mentioned technology earlier. There have been the most dramatic advances in lighting and projection technology over the past few years and this has made possible some incredible artists installations using projection mapping for example. But just because it is there should we use it? In many cases much of this technology is still prohibitively expensive, taking it out of reach of a small local festival in the same way that it is out of the reach of most permanent lighting projects, except for large commercial developments. That said, the equipment and software is much more affordable than it ever was and this does provide opportunities and challenges, generating tools for artists and

We are also interested in the environment and demonstrating how efficient lighting and control is beneficial to all our lives, with the practicable by-product of allowing simpler, more discreet low-powered electrical installation. The festival was started by lighting designers and, whilst the core of our contributors are still those working in architectural lighting, they have been joined by visual and digital artists, as well as engineers and scientists. It is interesting to observe the approach taken by artists and designers; there are some differences in working practice but, in essence, the same brief elicits the same process and equally unpredictable and diverse outcomes. There are many things this year that remain the same. The festival will still be working with students and young people; there are plans to develop the opportunities for mentoring through the design process and also to train specific skills such as event production and practical electrical skills. We will still be working with the community which remains at the heart of the project – local musicians, local businesses and residents, volunteer stewards and guides and as before our local historians who help us develop our ideas and concepts, that provide the source material for our designers and artists. This year, however, LewesLight will explore themes around the 100th anniversary of the end of the First World War and the vote for women, looking at the impact felt from these on life in the town and surrounding villages by drawing on stories (both fact and fiction) of people living at the time. Without giving away too much – expect to experience sheep, lost gardens, distant childhoods, mysterious puzzles, personal tragedies, dinosaurs and nightingales! Details of the festival, our contributors and supporters – both within and outside the lighting industry are available on the festival web page www.leweslight.uk. I look forward to seeing you in Lewes between 12-14 October. Graham Festenstein is festival director of LewesLight and the ILP’s VP Architectural www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Inside the ILP

ILP URGES GOVERNMENT TO INVEST IN HIGHWAY LIGHTING INFRASTRUCTURE

T 38

he ILP has called on transport minister Chris Grayling to invest in highway lighting infrastructure as part of the government’s new Road to Zero strategy. The strategy, published in July, set out plans to enable a massive expansion of green infrastructure across the country, including reducing emissions from the vehicles already on the UK’s roads and driving the uptake of zero emission cars, vans and trucks. Measures announced include a push for electric vehicle charge points to be installed in newly built homes and for new lighting columns to include charging points, potentially providing a massive expansion of the plug-in network. In a letter to Mr Grayling, ILP chief executive Tracey White emphasised that the ILP had long advocated the need to ‘future proof’ UK infrastructure and therefore welcomed the strategy as an important step forward. However, she added: ‘We have been concerned for some time that pressure on local government budgets has led to invest-

NEW SPORTING EVENTS GUIDANCE

he ILP’s GN2/16 Guidance for lighting of televised sporting events has been superseded by new guidance note, GN2/18, and is available as a free download. The document is written for those involved in the provision of arenas, stadia and sport facilities that require artificial www.theilp.org.uk

PRACTICAL FEATURE LIGHTING ELEMENT ADDED TO DIPLOMA ment in energy saving initiatives but a lack of investment in new highway lighting infrastructure. ‘This has created the position that, despite millions of pounds of investment into highway lighting to reduce energy, the problem of an ageing lighting lamppost inventory across the UK has not been addressed. ‘Research that we have compiled from extensive structural testing programmes suggests that some 3.5% of current lampposts are at significant risk of collapse, with another 37% predicted to move into this “red” category over the next few years,’ she said. For the strategy to be successful, ‘due consideration’ needed to be given ‘to providing the necessary upturn in investment to ensure highway lighting infrastructure can safely provide the charging points envisioned,’ Tracey added. The full strategy document can be viewed online at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/724391/road-to-zero.pdf

lighting in order to broadcast televised events in the UK. The revised document has been updated and improved by means of a ‘lighttouch’ to align it more with changes in standards and best practice recommendations since its original publication, the ILP said. The guidance note can be downloaded at https://www.theilp.org.uk/documents/guidance-note-2-lighting-oftelevised-sporting-events/

he ILP has extended the Exterior Lighting Diploma to include a practical feature lighting trial element. The element, included within Part C of the diploma, is designed to give trainees some hands-on experience of the sorts of challenges they might be faced with when it comes to lighting the exterior of a building. ‘Students can experiment with different light sources, different luminaires and optics,’ explained ILP VP Architectural Graham Festenstein. ‘They can see how the effect light can have on things like the texture of a building, or how it can enhance different architectural features; how different features respond to different light. This is a skill that is particularly important in the context of heritage lighting, but it can also be valuable when working with new buildings and when trying to develop or implement new ideas,’ he added. A practical session on lighting control has also been added to the diploma, and which is designed to help students to better understand control protocols, whether DALI, DMX or analogue.

p The ILP’s Exterior Lighting Diploma now includes a practical feature lighting element

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

he enforcement of restrictive covenants in employment contracts will almost invariably be problematic in any area of lighting, but this is particularly the case where, as will be seen below, a design element is involved. In many cases, the thinking behind such covenants is a desire by the previous employer to put commercial pressure on their former employee so as to dissuade them from activities which may be considered damaging, or potentially damaging, to the business after the termination of their employment. Restrictive covenants do not give employers carte blanche to restrict what employees go on to do or where they can next work. In fact, the underlying legal principle is that a restrictive covenant in a contract of employment is void if it is deemed to be restraining an individual in pursuing their trade. However, a restrictive covenant may be upheld if it is considered to be reasonably required for the protection of the previous employerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s business and it is not too widely drawn. As this article intends to show, there have been recent examples of the courts supporting employers in their

Restrictive covenants tend not to be routinely included within employment contracts within the lighting industry. But, especially where people are working on designrelated technologies, they can be a valuable way for employers to protect themselves commercially when an employee moves on By Jane Laidler and Howard Crossman

www.theilp.org.uk

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September 2018 Lighting Journal

Legal issues

efforts to enforce such covenants. One legal remedy in this area that may also be helpful for employers to know about in this context is what is known as ‘Springboard Relief’. This is an injunction that can be used to prevent a former employee who has used confidential information (for example perhaps in respect of a certain lighting technology) or who has breached a restrictive covenant to his own advantage (for example by gaining a head start in launching a competitor). Its basis is that the court imposes the injunction in effect to neutralise an unfair advantage that the employee has obtained unlawfully.

CASE EXAMPLE – DYSON TECHNOLOGY VS PELLEREY

In the recent case of Dyson Technology Limited v Pellerey, the High Court (in England) held that just such a springboard injunction was appropriate where an employee had breached an express term in his contract that required him to notify his employer of an offer of employment with a competitor. As a result, he had gained access to confidential information to which he would not have had access if he had complied with www.theilp.org.uk

the notification term. This example has clear analogies with what can take place in the lighting industry.

BACKGROUND

Mr Pellerey worked for Dyson Technology as a motor drives engineer involved in designing the next generation of Dyson’s digital motors for its vacuum cleaners. His employment commenced in March 2013 and his contract of employment contained a restrictive covenant preventing him from competing with Dyson for a period of 12 months after termination of employment. Crucially, it included the following notification provision: ‘You agree that if any person approaches you in connection with offering you employment which is or potentially may be in competition with the Company or any Group Company, then you will immediately inform the Company of that approach. In addition, you will disclose to any new potential employer before accepting such an offer of employment the extent of your notice period and the obligations after employment which you owe to the Company and any Group Company, and will confirm to the Company that you have provided that notification.’ However, in November 2014 Mr Pellerey

was contacted by a recruiter from a leading manufacturer of electric cars based in the United States (Tesla). Some four months later, in March 2015, Tesla offered Mr Pellerey a job as a staff drive motor engineer, which he accepted, and Tesla began the process of applying for a visa for him. Mr Pellerey did not, however, inform Dyson of this conditional offer of employment that he had received, or the fact he had accepted it. Mr Pellerey continued in Dyson’s employment pending the outcome of the visa application but, in May 2015, he and two colleagues at Dyson were told that Sir James Dyson intended for the Dyson Group to develop an electric car, and they were to be assigned to this new project. They were instructed that this project, known as ‘Project E’ was, naturally, highly confidential. It was accepted by the court that Dyson’s concern regarding the sensitivity in commercial terms of Project E was such that, if Mr Pellerey had told Dyson he had accepted a conditional job offer with Tesla and was waiting for visa clearance, he would not have been allowed to become involved with the project. In June 2015, Tesla made Mr Pellerey an offer of a job based in Europe, thereby

September 2018 Lighting Journal

q A recent case involving an employee who moved from Dyson to Tesla highlighted employment contract issues that could be equally relevant for the lighting industry

avoiding the problems with his US visa application, and Mr Pellerey resigned from Dyson by giving due notice in accordance with his contract.

ered that the notification clause became relevant when Mr Pellerey learned of the existence of Project E, at which point the employment Mr Pellerey had been offered by Tesla was likely to be in competition with Dyson. Although Mr Pellerey argued that the notification term was invalid because it was an unreasonable restraint of trade, the court considered that a clause of this nature does not actually restrict an employee’s ability to take a new job. The notification term in this case was drawn narrowly to limit it to a requirement to notify Dyson of an approach from a competitor rather than being an overall requirement to notify Dyson of all approaches from prospective new employers. As such, the clause was not therefore an unreasonable restraint. The judge acknowledged that, in most cases of breach of a notification term, it would not be appropriate to impose an injunction to restrict the employee from taking up new employment. In this case, however, the breach by Mr Pellerey of this term in his contract meant he had access to Dyson’s confidential information regarding Project E, and he would not have learned of this information if he had told Dyson of the job offer he had received from Tesla. Dyson sought only an injunction for the period of 12 months in the underlying non-compete covenant. However, it would have been open to the court to consider

enforcing such a notification term for as long as any confidential information learned during the time whilst the employee was in breach remained confidential to the employer.

CONCLUSION

Clauses of this nature are not included routinely in contracts of employment in the lighting industry, but the value of such a provision is clear. This is particularly the case in the context of contracts of employment of key technical or business employees who may be exposed to critical and valuable confidential information. However, it is also important that careful consideration is given to limiting the scope of the restrictions to the extent only that they may genuinely be required to protect the employer’s business and no further. To conclude, therefore, both employers and employees, and particularly those in the area of design-related advancement in lighting technology, should be aware of the scope and enforceability of such restrictive covenants. Howard Crossman ( hcrossman@greenwoods.co.uk) is head of construction and Jane Laidler is senior partner at Greenwoods GRM. With offices in London, Cambridge and Peterborough, Greenwoods GRM is a UK commercial law firm providing legal advice and pragmatic solutions to local, national and international clients.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Following Mr Pellerey’s resignation, Dyson commenced proceedings for an injunction to prevent Mr Pellerey from taking up employment with Tesla for a period of 12 months after the termination of his employment with Dyson. This was on two grounds: (i) the enforcement of the covenant not to compete with the company for a period of 12 months after termination; and (ii) springboard relief for breach of the notification term. The High Court accepted that the commercial purpose of the notification term in Mr Pellerey’s contract was to ensure Dyson became aware of any attempt to induce him to leave by an offer of competitive employment. It was also for the prospective new employer to be made aware of the restrictions in the employee’s contract with Dyson. In this case, therefore, the court considwww.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Light on the past

THE ‘INCREDIBLE

DECADE’

The 1930s was a time of radical developments in lamp technology, new theories and ideas on street lighting, changes in legislation and new funding schemes. In fact, for lighting, it was a decade like no other

By Simon Cornwell

he Association of Public Lighting Engineers (APLE) planned to hold its annual conference in Glasgow on the fourth of September 1939. The four-day event was to include networking opportunities, manufacturer exhibitions (including street installation displays) and several technical papers. These presentations included the usual range of hot, new topics and pragmatic assessments of current practice. Yet the association didn’t reflect on the incredible www.theilp.org.uk

decade that was just ending. This saw radical developments in lamp technology, new theories and ideas on street lighting, changes in legislation and the advancement of new funding schemes. No other decade could claim such fundamental change and advancement in this subject. The catalyst for this sudden progression was the final commercialisation of the discharge lamp. Discharge lighting was well known in the laboratory, but creating reliable and cheap lamps was an exacting exer-

cise in inorganic chemistry, material design and manufacture – especially when dealing with the highly corrosive nature of sodium. However, almost in unison, the General Electric Company (GEC) and Philips Lamps Limited developed the Medium-Pressure Mercury Lamp (MA) and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamp (SO) within months of each other. Prototype installations appeared in the suburbs in late 1932, followed by the first commercial installations in 1933. The era of discharge lighting had begun; and the spread of the new ‘oddly coloured’ lamps started their unstoppable march across the UK.

‘THE DRIVER’S LAMP’

These new lamps saw steady improvements over the decade. Philips was quick to introduce a family of wattages for their SO lamps, ensuring that low-pressure sodium could be used in any situation from residential through to major arterial routes – although they quickly gained a reputation, thanks to their use being mainly concentrated on traffic routes, as ‘the driver’s lamp’. The MA lamp was more problematical, as it was only efficient at higher wattages, but the development of a quartz discharge tube in 1936 allowed the smaller wattage MB lamp to be developed, which allowed side-streets to be lit with this technology. A low-pressure tubular version of the mercury-based lamp was being researched in 1938 which would eventually emerge as the fluorescent tube. However, its development would be heavily influenced by war-time restrictions. The introduction of the new discharge lamps, with their higher efficacies, prompted new research into ‘the mechanism’, the previously unknown missing factor that had eluded lighting engineers for a decade. The ‘mechanism’ caused some installations to work perfectly and others to suffer from intolerable glare and dark-patches. The early discharge lanterns were therefore designed with a certain amount of guesswork: GEC’s lighting engineers approached the new MA lamp with despair, as it could only be burnt vertically. They thought it would cause insufferable glare, but the first installation along Watford Road in Wembley exceeded all expectations and performed excellently. It finally gave GEC ample opportunity to research ‘the mechanism’ on a street that was virtually on the doorstep of their research labs. Experiments along Watford Road pointed to the importance of the road surface, and it was the luminance of

September 2018 Lighting Journal

the road that was key – and not the illumination upon it.

‘BRIGHT PATCH’ STREET LIGHTING

New photometric practices followed, concentrating on the patterns of lumination created by lanterns with different distributions, a practice known as the ‘bright patch’ basis of street lighting. By combining site visits to Watford Road with scale models and photographic double-projection techniques, Jack Waldram and his team at GEC determined methods for coalescing these ‘bright patches’ together, using a combination of lantern distribution and column siting. By merging the individual areas together, they made the road surface uniformly bright, reduced the effects of discomfort glare, and hence developed the ‘silhouette’ theory of street lighting; thus finally solving the question of ‘the mechanism’. A firm understanding of this ‘mechanism’ couldn’t have come during a more opportune moment. The continuing popularity and growth of the number of motorcars required a central governing authority to take control of the expanding road infrastructure and coordinate the q The cover of the Final Report of the Departmental

Committee on Street Lighting. Issued in 1937, it was used as an unofficial specification and guide by many lighting authorities. The MoT would only offer grants for schemes that conformed to its standards. It was the basis for the post-war British Standards Code of Practice 1004, which was issued in 1952 (traffic routes) and 1956 (other roads)

An advert showing the Earley scheme, which was the first to receive a grant from the MoT. This section of the A4 was lit by low-pressure sodium lamps in open-refractor lanterns. Concrete columns and brackets became more popular in 1930s, with Stanton Ironworks joining Concrete Utilities as a major manufacturer. Concrete would become an important material after the war, as it was used in lieu of steel, which was subject to stringent restrictions

design and construction of the trunk road network. Perhaps foreseeing that it would be asked to fulfil this role, the Ministry of Transport (MoT) set up a Departmental Committee on Street Lighting in June 1934. This had the remit to ‘examine and report what steps could be taken for securing more efficient and uniform street lighting with particular reference to the convenience and safety of traffic and with due regard to the requirements of residential and shopping areas, and to make recommendations.’ It was an extraordinarily timely intervention. Work started promptly in 1934, spurred on by the new ‘silhouette’ theory and the opportunities presented by the introduction of discharge lamps. An Interim Report was issued in 1935, and this firmly laid the foundations for street lighting practice for the next twenty years. It developed the concept of Group A and Group B lighting, solidified mounting heights, spacing, light distribution and other variables. The Final Report was issued two years later and confirmed the findings of the Interim Report; this was after further experiments by Waldram in Barnes in 1936 to solidify and expand his own theories.

‘REVEALING POWER’ CONCEPT

This unique outdoor laboratory had span wires with three lanterns on each, which could be switched to produce 15 arrangements of lanterns. Waldram used it not only to confirm his theories of coalescing ‘bright patches’ and silhouette theory, but to start work on his ideas of ‘Revealing Power’, and how the effectiveness of a street lighting installation could be measured. The MoT took control of all the nation’s traffic routes after the passing of the Trunk Roads Act in 1936. It was Section 6 (4) that gave the ministry the authority to enter into agreement with the local lighting authorities along trunk roads to help improve the lighting by financial assistance. But it wasn’t until the final report was issued in December 1937 that the MoT declared the rules under which funding

would be provided: namely they would provide 50% of both capital and maintenance expenditure. To qualify, the planned scheme would have to meet the conditions of the Final Report and, almost as an afterthought in 1938, it added the stipulation that all columns and brackets had to be approved by The Royal Fine Art commission. Uptake was slow, despite the generous offer by the MoT to fund half the scheme. It wasn’t until the penultimate year of the decade that the first installation to receive approval and a grant from the MoT was actually installed: a low-pressure sodium www.theilp.org.uk

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Light on the past

scheme by Philips in Earley, Berkshire, which lit a section of the A4. The British Standards Institution, now faced with a discredited Street Lighting Specification from 1927 (which was based on an earlier illumination model), now took the MoT Final Report as the basis for its new specification. Work started in 1938 and a Draft Specification was circulated, but progress was interrupted by the war. The MoT Final Report wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t finally ratified until 1952 and 1956 when the two parts of British Standards Code of Practice 1004 were issued. Therefore, all post-war rebuilding was based on a document prepared under the guidance of the MoT back in 1937. The Ministry of Transport wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t the only large authority to become associated with street lighting in the 1930s. Thanks to early Acts of Parliament, particularly various Lights and Watching Acts, more than 8,000 lighting authorities (ranging from borough and urban district councils through to humble parish councils) lit the roads using funds raised through the rates. This led to a patchwork of small installations, installed using local ad hoc rules or to the now obsoleted British Standard BS 307. These differences were amplified by

q A REVO advert from 1939 showing one of the developments of the low-pressure sodium lantern. The cut-off designs of the original lanterns were quickly joined by open-reflector and open-refractor variants

the introduction of the discharge lamp, which threw two different coloured lamps into the mix. In one oft-quoted example, there was a stretch of arterial road near London that was 13 miles long yet where there were 27 different standards of lighting. Travelling along it at 30mph, one experienced a change of lighting every 30 seconds. This was not surprising as there were 35 different lighting authorities in London alone. It was believed the answer was to consolidate existing lighting authorities, or give large administrative bodies the ability to become lighting authorities themselves. The first steps in this process started in 1934 with a new Road Traffic Act. In Section 34, a county council could act as a lighting authority, but only if it had the sanction of existing, smaller lighting authorities. This was seen as an essential way of preventing inadequate or patchy systems of street lighting on important roads. But it only had a small impact as county councils showed little interest in taking on street lighting schemes. The legislation pointed the way to future developments and was a solution to the huge number of local, small authorities acting as lighting authorities. But real progress was not made until new legislation was introduced in the 1960s. Nevertheless, it was an important first step. Given all these epochal changes throughout the 1930s, it would have been

understandable if the association therefore raised a glass to its achievements and advancements over the past decade, and then toasted similar events for the next at its 1939 meeting. Yet the conference never took place, as it was dramatically cancelled at the eleventh hour. These public servants, who had spent their professional lives ensuring the lighting of the streets for safety and convenience, were rapidly called back to their desks. After spending decades lighting the streets and making so much progress during this incredible decade, these same lighting engineers were now obliged to turn everything off. The triumphant 1930s finished with the streets plunged into darkness as Great Britain declared war with Germany, and all the street lighting was turned off. Simon Cornwell BSc (Hons) is an R&D development senior manager at Dassault Systems

www.theilp.org.uk

Lighting

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Consultants

This directory gives details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Steven Biggs

Allan Howard

Alan Tulla

Skanska Infrastructure Services

WSP

Alan Tulla Lighting

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

www.skanska.co.uk

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies. Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Simon Bushell

Alan Jaques

Michael Walker

SSE Enterprise Lighting

Atkins

McCann Ltd

MBA DMS IEng MILP

Portsmouth PO6 1UJ T: +44 (0)2392276403 M: 07584 313990 E: simon.bushell@ssecontracting.com

www.sseenterprise.co.uk Professional consultancy from the UK’s and Irelands largest external lighting contractor. From highways and tunnels, to architectural and public spaces our electrical and lighting designers also provide impact assessments, lighting and carbon reduction strategies along with whole installation packages.

IEng FILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

www.atkinsglobal.com

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Lorraine Calcott

Tony Price

it does Lighting Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

IEng MILP IALD MSLL ILA BSS Milton Keynes, MK19 6DS

T: 01908 560110 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

www.itdoes.co.uk

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE Winchester SO23 7TA

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

John Conquest

Anthony Smith

4way Consulting Ltd

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

www.4wayconsulting.com

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

IEng FILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

www.staintonlds.co.uk

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

Stephen Halliday

Nick Smith

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting. Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

www.wspgroup.com

www.mccann-ltd.co.uk Design for all types of exterior lighting including street lighting, car parks, floodlighting, decorative lighting, and private lighting. Independent advice regarding light trespass, carbon reduction and invest to save strategies. Asset management, data capture, inspection and testing services available.

Peter Williams EngTech AMILP

Williams Lighting Consultants Ltd.

Specialists in the preparation of quality and effective street lighting design solutions for Section 38, Section 278 and other highway projects. We also prepare lighting designs for other exterior applications. Our focus is on delivering solutions that provide best value.

Designs for Lighting Ltd

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP

Nottingham NG9 6DQ M: 07939 896887 E: m.walker@jmccann.co.uk

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

IEng MILP CMS.

Bedford, MK41 6AG T: 01234 630039 E: peter.williams@wlclighting.co.uk

Alistair Scott

Reading RG10 9QN

Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

Oxted RH8 9EE

Mark Chandler EngTech AMILP

www.alantullalighting.com

www.nicksmithassociates.com

www.wlclighting.co.uk

This space available Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

Go to: www.theilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

Lighting

Directory CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced)

With 25+ years of experience in structural testing, we offer straight-forward, professional advice and solutions to all those involved in street lighting and highway asset management

• Lighting Reality CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training Standards CPD Accredited Training CPD Accredited Training • AutoluxLighting • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Design Techniques • •AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) •• AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Lighting Reality Light Pollution • Lighting Reality • Lighting Reality • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards CPD Accredited Training • Tailored Courses please ring CPD Accredited Training • •AutoluxLighting Standards • AutoluxLighting Standards • AutoluxLighting Lighting Design Techniques Standards Accredited Training • •Lighting Design Techniques •CPD Lighting Design •Venues Lighting Techniques AutoCAD (basicTechniques or advanced) by Design arrangement Light Pollution • •Light Pollution • Light Pollution • Light Pollution Lighting Reality • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Tailored Courses please ring Nick Smith • Tailored Courses please ring please ring • Tailored CoursesStandards please ring •Contact Tailored Courses • Lighting Reality •AutoluxLighting AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Nick Smith Associates Ltd • Lighting Design Techniques Venues by arrangement 36 Foxbrook Drive, •Reality AutoluxLighting Standards Venues by arrangement Venues by arrangement Venues by arrangement Lighting ••Light Pollution Contact NickChesterfield, Smith • Lighting Design Techniques • Tailored Courses please ring Contact Nick Smith S40 3JR Contact Nick Smith

CPD Accredited Training Nick Ltd Smith • AutoluxLightingNick Standards Smith Contact Associates

Nick Smith Associates Ltd Nick Smith Associates Ltd t: 01246 229 444 • Light Pollution Nick Smith Associates Ltd 36 Foxbrook Drive, • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) Venues by arrangement • Foxbrook Lighting Design Techniques 36Chesterfield, Foxbrook Drive, f: 01246 588604 36 Drive, 36 Foxbrook Drive, • Tailored Courses please ring Chesterfield, e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Chesterfield, Chesterfield, S40 3JR • Light Contact NickPollution SmithReality • Lighting S40 3JR 229S40 w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk S40 3JR 3JR t: 01246 444 Nick Smith Associates Ltd t:by 229 444 t:•01246 229 444Venues Tailored Courses please ring 229 444 t: 01246 arrangement f:01246 01246 588604 36 Foxbrook Drive, f: e01246 588604 f: 01246 588604 • AutoluxLighting Standards f: 01246 588604 : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Chesterfield, HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC e w: : mail@nicksmithassociates.com e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk Contact Nick Smithe : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 3JR w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk arrangement • Lighting Design Techniques t:Venues 01246 229by 444Nick INSTRUMENTS LTD Smith Associates Ltd f: 01246 588604 36 Foxbrook Drive, eContact : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Nick Smith • Light Pollution Suppliers of a wide range of quality Chesterfield, w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk Nick measuring Smith Associates Ltd light and photometric S40 3JR • Tailored Courses please ring equipment. 36 Foxbrook Drive,229 444 t: 01246

f: 01246 588604 Chesterfield,

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com S40 PO Box3JR 210, Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk

Venues by arrangement t: 01246 229 444

E-mail: enquiries@hagnerlightmeters.com

BSI Cert No. FS607666 | BSI Cert No. OHS 660317 HERS Reg No. SSR539

f: 01246 588604 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com Contact Nick Smith w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk

Nick Smith Associates Ltd www.hagnerlightmeters.com 36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 UK Lighting Division f: 01246 588604 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.co.uk Road Lighting

Feeder Pillars

Hazardous Area Lighting

Distribution Panels

Industrial & Commercial

Cable & Cable Joints

Lighting

Lighting & Electrical

Decorative Lighting

Design Services

Barry Morrison UK Lighting Manager

Tel Email

01236 458000 barry.morrison@dnow.com

www.maclean.co.uk

The new 2018 ILP Lighting Journal Media Pack is now available. Please call Andy on 01536 527297 or email andy@matrixprint.com for more details

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Kiwa CMT Testing Meter Administrator Inspection and Non-destructive Testing of Lighting Columns on vulnerable areas including the root, base and swaged joint connection. Techniques used include the Relative Loss of Section Meter and Swaged Joint Analyser supported by Ultrasonics where appropriate. Other services include full visual inspection of concrete columns, data capture of highway assets with GPS capability and structural calculations for the installation of column attachments. All test data is recorded and reported electronically with recommendations on each column tested in accordance with guidance given by TR22. Kiwa CMT Testing are UKAS accredited (ISO 17025) for the Structural Testing of Lighting Columns

Kiwa CMT Testing Unit 5 Prime Park Way Prime Enterprise Park Derby DE1 3QB

T: E: W:

01332 383333 cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk/cmt

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories

Power Data Associates Ltd are Power Associates the leadingData meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve Ltd are the leading accurate energy calculations meter administrator assuring you of a cost effective quality in service. Great Offering Britain. We independent consultancy advice achieve to ensure correct accurate inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and energy calculations impact of market developments.

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quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market development

Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk

If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

01525 601201

info@PowerDataAssociates.com

www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 5HR

HOW MANY AMBERS MAKE A RED?

September 2018 Lighting Journal

Diary

THE DIARY Image - James McCauley

27 September

YLP technical session 3 Venue: INDO Lighting, Southampton

08 October

12-14 October – the LewesLight festival of light takes places in Lewes, East Sussex

18 September

Landscape industry trade show Venue: Battersea Park, London

20 September

‘How to be brilliant’, with Rebecca Hutchison, of John Cullen Lighting Venue: Darc Room, Nicholls & Clarke Building, Shoreditch, London

26 September

Lighting for Health and Wellbeing Conference Venue: Cavendish Conference Centre, London

25-27 October

Professional Lighting Design Convention (PLDC) Venue: Marina Bay Sands, Singapore

Exterior Lighting Diploma module B Venue: Draycote Hotel, London Road, Rugby

07 November

09 October

14-15 November

Lightscene: The A to Z of Asset Management Venue: Rotherham United Football Club.

11 October

Fundamental Lighting course Venue: ILP, Regent House, Rugby LuxLive Venue: ExCeL, London

15 November

North East Region committee and technical meeting Venue: Durham County Hall

North East Region technical meeting Venue: Thorn, Spennymoor

12-14 October

Exterior Lighting Diploma module C Venue: The Draycote Hotel, Rugby

LewesLight festival of light Venue: Lewes, East Sussex Details: www.leweslight.uk

17 October

‘How to be brilliant’, with with Lauren Lever, of Light.iQ Venue: Body & Soul, Rosebery Avenue, London

19-23 November

28 November

‘How to be brilliant’, with Magdalena Gomez of Elektra Lighting Design Venue: Body & Soul, Rosebery Avenue, London For full details of all events, go to: www. theilp.org.uk/events

IN THE OCTOBER ISSUE CODE READ?

How ready are you for the arrival this month of the new Well-Managed Highway Infrastructure code of practice?

www.theilp.org.uk

COLOUR CHANGE

Helsinki in Finland has installed nearly 2km of LED streetlights that change colour temperature during the night

GAS POWER

How crash-resistant bollard technology led to an LED gas lantern-style heritage retrofit module

Valmont Stainton is proud to announce a full range of integrated Electrical Vehicle charging options: • Developed in partnership with ubitricity • New EV Integrated Column design 5 to 12m • Retro fit options available • Standalone bollard

Valmont Stainton Ltd Dukesway Teesside Industrial Estate Thornaby Stockton-on-Tees TS17 9LT Tel: (+44) 01642 766242 Email: stainton@valmont.com www.valmont-stainton.com

Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t change the street scene... Just switch your light source

Find your retrofit solution www.INDOlighting.com/geartrayrange