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During the process of my FMP I have abided by the structure of the double diamond model created by the design council. It has helped to define the structure of my project.
(Design Council, 2015)
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Initial research I started the project by looking at a variety of themes. These included the properties of exposure, masculinity and consumerism. I started generating a series of visuals which included the collection of shopping receipts and secondary imagery.
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Homelessness
Homelessness is a growing issue for the major cities in the UK. I was interested to learn more about the factors and conditions that homeless people experience. This may include things like social interactions and the weather. They are perhaps the most exposed and vulnerable people in society.
(BBC, 2019)
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Photographic Observations
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I continued researching the theme of exposure and it’s association with decay. This is a collation of photographs and wooden samples that I have created examining the exposing and peeling of layers.
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I compiled my findings into a small book in order to consolidate the exploration.
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Kieran O’Connor
During this unit, I attended a talk given by Kieran O’Connor. This reminded to critically analyse my thoughts and ideas. By looking at things from different perspectives I will be able to achieve a more sophisticated level of design.
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Long Exposure Photography As a development of the photographic exploration I captured a series of long exposure photos. The context explored the traveling of light, during this process I learnt about more the technicalities of using a DSLR camera.
Can this technique be applied furthur? What other forms of light can represented this way?
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Cyanotype The process of cyanotype was one of my earliest discoveries during my research. It works by using the sun’s UV rays to exposure and change the state of specialised chemicals on a surface such as paper or fabric. Being practical was something I found very engaging in the exploratory stages of my project.
I began by measuring and trimming the paper in which I was planning to create my prints on.
Then I mixed the chemcials at ratio of 50:50 and began applying it to the paper.
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A hair dryer was used to speed up the drying process.
To gain results and test the process I decided to cast a silhouette of myself onto the paper measuring 7 by 2ft. I was interested to explore a human element of my theme. After exposing the paper I had to fix the print by putting the paper into a tray of water.
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I experimented with the distribution of the water to gain an more indepth understanding of the process. I found you could create visual textures by fixing certain elements of the paper.
After fixing the test I noticed that the inks started to run and the colour became very faint.
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I began leaving the print to air dry.
I then decided that a more effective way to let it dry was to let it hang.
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This process did not give the results I had anticipated. Why? - I realised that the casting wasn’t done for long enough, I exposed the chemicals for 60 seconds. - I found that the chemicals had already partially exposed in the daylight. This was due to me applying them in the studio. It needed to be darker during the application. How was I going to improve the quality of the prints? - I planned to increase the time of exposure to 5 minutes. - Wait till the sun was at it’s strongest. - Apply the chemicals to the paper in the photography studio where it was dark. Plan of action: - Estimate when the sun was going to be at it’s strongest. I found this was going to be at midday on most days. I picked a date where this was going to occur. - Book the photography studio.
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Gathering of materials and mixing of chemicals.
Applying of chemicals. The application was much smoother this time round.
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Using a hairdryer to aid the chemicals during the time it took the paper to dry.
Examining the change in state from yellow to green.
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Sketch showing the process of exposure.
The paper after the chemicals had dried.
Filling a bucket with water in order to fix the print.
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Fixing the chemicals by placing the paper in water.
Fixing the chemicals by placing the paper in water.
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Leaving the print to dry.
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Removing excess chemicals with water bottle.
Noticing the visual textures on the edges? Creating an organic style. A work in progress
Summary: This round of printing was much more sucessful due to the observation and experimentation with the process. The longer exposure time helped to strengthen the quality of colour in the cyanotype print
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Further exploration I found this to be an incredibly engaging process to experiment with. I wanted to develop this furthur by casting the shapes of different objects. My testing phase helped me gain a good understanding of the cyanotype process. This would help for a more refined series of outcomes.
I began looking for influences from nature. The photo above shows the exposing of some small branches. This was something that I found to be accessible and able to deliver interesting results.
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Experimentation with media
I undertook a further gathering of materials to experiment with. I looked for things that I thought would provide both intricate and interesting prints. Factors such as the objects ability to pass through light was one of the things I considered throughout. I found objects such as packets, gloves and bags for this.
The following series shows the range of my outcomes.
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Collide In order to provide the an engaging route for my project I decided to collide my core theme with a combination of others in order to see the outcome. I believe this to be an innovative part of my design process.
Exposure
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List of themes: Light
Necessity
Colour
Change versus tradition
Phobia’s
Facing darkness
Dreams
Facing reality
Proximics
Fading beauty
Iconography
Overcoming
Photography
Power of wealth
Lost love
Power of words
Coming of age
Technology
Self-preservation
Beliefs
Communication
Betrayal
Reunion
Language
Danger
Symbols
Empowerment
Characters
Names
Form
Fear of failure
Tone
Optimism
Texture
Power of tradition
Chance
Immortality
Change
Inner versus outer strength
Democracy
Self-awareness
Desire to escape
War
Despair
Self-reliance
Anxiety
Physical beauty
Conservation
Temptation and destruction
Conspiracy
Capitalism – effect on the individual
Feminism
Will to survive Power
*Themes of interest highlighted in red
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Proximics Proxemics is the study of human use of space and
I had begun exploring the context of my theme in a
the effects that population density has on behaviour,
more visual way. I was interested to explore the social
communication, and social interaction. This theory was
contexts around the subject of exposure. The effects of
coined by Edward T. Hall, a cultural anthropologist in
the things that we are exposed to in our daily lives was
1963 (Littlejohn and Foss, 2009). To this point I knew that
something I wanted to explore.
https://laofutze.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/e-t-
Intimate distance – 6 to 18 inches (15-45cm)
hall-proxemics-understanding-personal-space/
Personal distance – 1.5 to 4 feet (45-120cm) Social distance – 4 to 12 feet (1,20m-3,50m) Public distance – 12 to 25 feet (3,50-7,50m)
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How do people react when they are exposed to an invasion of their personal space?
(BBC Three, 2017)
Can the space of an environment make someone feel more or less exposed? Does it cause someone to feel anxious or vulnerable? My findings suggest that changes in public space can cause behavioural changes in some people. People can indicate discomfort through a change in their facial expression and/ or move away.
What if I made it so they couldn’t move as part of a study?
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Proximics ideation I went round the AUB campus taking photos of spaces that I thought would provoke a thought or feeling some a variety of people. Associated themes include the fear of heights and lifts. I began visualising how type might fit into the environment.
Could these be vinyl stickers? Could there be multiple? Consider the use of perspective? Could they be anecdotes? Could they be statistics?
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Going up the stairs.
This sketch inspired me to look at the shape and composition of the type. Could this adapt to the environment it’s placed in.
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Experiment Proposal What am I investigating: - Are their rules on personal space? - How do boundaries play a role? - How does it make different people feel? - How can I monitor these effects or changes? - How will people react? Can they be predicted? - Where do people stand in the circle? Edge? Centre? This experiment will explore the concept of proximics in relation to the effects of exposure. I will ask a series of individuals to stand in an isolated space for a period of 5 minutes. There will be multiple circles placed in a variety of places that experience different volumes of traffic over time on the AUB campus. They are designed to be thought provoking so as the user takes part in the experiment they are prompted to consider their feelings and emotions.
Can this experiment make someone feel exposed? To what degree can someone feel exposed in this way? Will people look for distractions to avoid mentally being in the situation?
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Remotely quiet place:
(mock-up)
Moderatley busy place:
(mock-up)
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Person in frame
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Experiment Creation I decided to use the vinyl cutter to physically create my designs. This gave them a better presence and impact in the spaces I chose to feature them.
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Applying the vinyl to the ground
Setting up the fitbit to record the user’s heart rate
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Conducting the experiment Entering the circle
During the experiment
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Peak heart rate of 102bpm (Resting 69bpm)
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Participant responses After completing the experiment I asked people to give some verbal feedback on what they felt during the session. Here are some of the results.
“Like I shouldn’t have been there”
“I felt in a random place”
“People were staring at me”
“I didn’t care who looked at me”
“Felt like I was waiting for a friend”
“At the start of the experiment I felt out of place. I did feel like everyone was looking at me but after a while I didn’t mind so much.”
The users that took part in the experiment gave mostly consistent feedback. They all revolved around the feeling of being uncomfortable at first but as time passed they began to feel more comfortable. The degree of exposure brought them comfort.
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What reaction did it recieve? Shortly after the installation of my pieces I was notified by a friend that some individuals had started sharing photos of themselves stood inside the circles on their social media profiles. It made me question if what I had created had the potential to live online. Could this be a part of a campaign?
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Would this allow people to open up and share their fears without being too direct or making them come across as vulnerable? It could allow people to share their support to the improvement of mental health conditions in a developed form.
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Critique with industry During the process we had several members from industry visit us for a pin up critique. This gave me the opportunity to gain feedback on my ideation up till this point. The feedback from the critique highlighted a few avenues that my project could take. It also made me analyse my previous choices.
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What feedback did I gain?
Takings from the crit:
Do I have a user? Who might they be? Could my concept be expanded? What would happen if there was more than one circle? Could this be a system or network of shapes and compostions?
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Exposure to stimuli As a development of my previous of study into the human factors of exposure I decided to examine the the concept of reactions. To do this I complied a presentation of 10 videos and photos that were designed to provoke a variety of reactions. I set up a camera in order to capture this data. The experiment subject were not aware of what they were going to see. This helped to keep the reactions both authentic and genuine.
Planning the study and looking for appropriate stimuli:
Define Thrill
Shock
Disgust
Anxiety or happiness
Sadness
Disgust
Happiness and joy
Will everyone react in the same way? Will my predictions prove to be accurate?
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58 The following shows some of the stills from my video. It was fascinating to record these reactions from the number of participants. Refer to the full video for a better impression of the study.
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Findings and observations: - People generally reacted in the same way to most of the stimuli provided. - The air cabin provided mixed results as it caused some people to feel anxious due to their discomfort with flying. Others felt excited as it reminded them of going on holiday. - The car crash video provided the most intense reaction as it made people jump after the build up of anticipation. - It was interesting to note how after displaying such a strong sense of shock some people began to laugh as they realised what they’d seen was a real life experience.
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Google 5
During this unit I attended a talk from members of Google. This talk was incredibly insightful into the factors of the design process. I found it useful to see how they tackled briefs that were set by thinking critically and innovatively.
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Anxiety
(NHS, 2017)
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(TEDx Talks, 2017)
How does the factor of avoidance affect someone’s experience of anxiety? Do we avoid things that we shouldn’t? Would we feel better by confronting the things that we’re afraid of?
(mind, 2019)
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(Butler, 2005)
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Fears and phobia’s What stimuli makes people feel anxious when they’re exposed to it? List of the top fears: Social phobias: Social phobias are the most common type of fear. Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces. Acrophobia: fear of heights. Pteromerhanophobia: fear of flying. Claustrophobia: fear of enclosed spaces. Entomophobia: fear of insects. Ophidiophobia: fear of snakes. Cynophobia: fear of dogs. (ABC News, 2015)
Why do we experience fear? Fear is one of the most basic human emotions. It is programmed into the nervous system and works like an instinct. From the time we’re infants, we are equipped with the survival instincts necessary to respond with fear when we sense danger or feel unsafe. (Kids Health, 2019)
Symptoms of fear:
Fight or flight theory:
- sweating.
The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute
- trembling.
stress response, refers to a physiological reaction that
- hot flushes or chills.
occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying,
- shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
either mentally or physically. The response is triggered
a choking sensation.
by the release of hormones that prepare your body to
- rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to
- pain or tightness in the chest.
safety (verywellmind, 2019).
- a sensation of butterflies in the stomach.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
About:
Common types of OCD:
Around three quarters of a million people are thought
Checking.
to be living with severe, life impacting and debilitating
Contamination.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) here in the UK.
Mental Contamination.
(OCDUK, 2019)
Hoarding. Ruminations.
Dealing with OCD relies on the sustainability of factors including education on the condition, healthy living and treatment.
Intrusive Thoughts. (Intrusive Thoughts, 2019)
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Exposure Therapy Also known as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
The theory of systematic desensitization developed by Joseph Wolpe in 1969. He came up with the concept now known as desensitization. Reasoning that much of our behaviour, both good and bad, is learned, there was no reason why it could not be unlearned. Wolpe’s initial experiments were with cats. These animals were given mild electric shocks accompanied by specific sounds and visual stimuli. Once the cats knew to equate the unpleasant shock with these images or sounds, the images and sounds created a feeling of fear. By gradually exposing the cats to these same sights and sounds-with food being given instead of shocks-the cats gradually “unlearned” their fear.
https://www.psychologistanywhereanytime.com/famous_psychologist_and_ psychologists/psychologist_famous_joseph_wolpe.htm
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Virtual Reality How can ‘Exposure Therapy’ help to overcome people’s symptoms of anxiety?
Photos showing VR being used in exposure therapy
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(Emory Craig, 2017)
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User testing I purchased a standard VR player where you insert your phone playing a 3D video in order to simulate being in a certain environment. My research suggests that this is one of the ways in which certain fears can be treated by using exposure therapy. Over a number of sessions a user can learn to control their anxiety in a safe and controlled environment.
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https://store.google.com/product/google_cardboard
Google Cardboard is a foldable VR viewer that allows for people to experience virtual reality in an affordable way. It is both cheap and accesible online. By using a smartphone playing 3D videos you can use the device. Less expensive and easier to use VR headsets are helping to push the approach outside of universities and hospitals.
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Exposure to fear Everyone has their own unique set of fears and phobia’s. I spoke to a range of people to find out which ones they had. The fears we were discussing ranged from the fear of cats to getting on a bus. I went on to ask why those people why they think they had developed these partcular fears. Much of the reasoning developed from a traumatic experience as a child or young adult. These bad experiences cause the brain to connect these events with danger, hence why a natural instinct of avoidance occurs when faced with this situations again. One of the people I spoke to has a fear of lifts linked with the characteristics of claustrophobia, the fear of confined spaces. She agreed to take part in a round of exposure therapy as part of my study. I asked her to call for the lift whilst I measured her heart rate.
Resting heart rate
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User makes her way to the lift - heart rate increases
User approaches lift - heart rate increases further
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Lift is called for - heart rate reaches 100bpm
Heart rate reaches 103bpm
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Heart rate continues it’s peak at 103bpm
User calls steps in and presses a button - experiment ends as user withdraws.
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Summary The participant experienced an increased heart rate during the exposure to the stimuli of which they fear. The user experienced a case of fight or flight. Through regualr exposure it is likely the symptoms would become less extreme over time.
Mapping the data I decided to record the data from the fitbit on a simple line graph to notice and correlations or patterns. The heart rate increased rapidly over a short period of time, peaked at 103bpm and then gradually started to decrease after the exposure had taken place.
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I then revisited a process from earlier in the project to see the results. I printed the graph onto acetate and exposed it over the cyanotype chemicals. I did like the intricacy of the lines that it produced but I didn’t feel it would ever be refined enough to carry through to a final outcome.
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Other types of social exposure
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Proximics ideation revisited during tutorial Could my project be more anecdotal? People’s stories - making you less alone
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Facebook OCD support groups
I joined one of these support groups in order to identify
“Please don’t judge me”
the types of language people were using. People have the choice to publicly share their thoughts or stories
“Does sadness have medication too?”
with people who can relate to their situations. It aims to make people feel less alone with their issues. On the
“Do intrusive thoughts define me in any way?
right are some of the annonymous quotes from the page. I used some of these in the creation of my circles.
“Intrusive feelings and images cause me a lot of anxiety, disgust and shame.”
Upon reflection I felt this idea was greatly innovative. It didn’t solve anything by just sharing what already has
“ I can’t describe the way I feel.”
been said. I needed to interpret this or create some kind of tool to help people experiencing these mental health
“Become an observer.”
conditons. “Accept your thoughts and feelings, do not react to them.” “I am leaving this group for now but I may be back at some point.”
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Visualisation
Working with the concept of the circles I decided to visualise some of the statistics on instrusive thoughts. I photographed someone’s hand to symbolise the fact, it gave it more of a human visual.
4 in 5 people have intrusive thoughts
(Intrusive Thoughts, 2019)
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I then used a circle cutter to bring out the shape from the paper. I then began adding them to my board to build a body of work.
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Claustrophobia A child growing up with a parent who has claustrophobia may develop claustrophobia themselves, by associating confined spaces with their parent’s anxiety and feeling helpless to comfort the person they loved. (NHS, 2019)
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Buttons of a lift - associated with claustrophobia
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What forms of exposure therapy exisit?
(American Psychological Association)
(Anxiety Canada, 2018)
After searching for exposure therpay guides and materials I came across these sources from credible organisations specialising in the psycology of exposure therapy. They are incredibly informative and offer lots of tips and advice.
What can I provide as a graphic designer? How can I interpret this information? What good can I provide to someone undertaking a course of exposure therapy? Can this be simplified and made more emotive?
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Instruction manuals Instruction manuals are guides for the owner of a product. They are often very simple and informative with a varying complexity depending on the construction process of a product. They are very visuals and descriptive for the user. In addition, the visuals are very clean and concise.
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Emotive Exposure
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I aim to create a number of emotive graphic manuals that can act as tools of recovery for people suffering with mental health conditions. They will be more interactive than a traditional report on exposure therapy. I hope this will make potentially more effective. They will be part of a series titled ‘emotive exposure’.
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Illustrating for the manuals
These manuals take from my resaerch into phobia’s and fears, one being the use of a lift. Experimenting with different styles of illustration, mostly in a clean linear style that reflects the qualities of a guide or instruction manual. I created variations of the lift to find the best compositions.
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Isometric style - graphically striking.
Buttons of the lift - simple and clear. The composition was inspired by my primary recording.
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Prototyping
I felt that it was important to create prototypes of my outcomes in order to develop them to their highest potential. I found it a useful way to get a feel for what the final booklet might look and feel. I annotated these copies with improvements that I was going to make.
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Critical analysis
Annotations of improvements to be made to the lift manual. Evidence of self evaluation.
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The theme of exposure therapy is based on repetition so I decided to visualise this with my typographic application. In the lift manual I wanted to symbolise the sucess rate of exposure therapy. Exposure therapy has a success rate of 70% (Starling minds, 2019). Therefore I highlighted 7 of the 10 words in the booklet with a supporting quote.
DESENSITIZATION DESENSITIZATION DESENSITIZATION
Type visualisation
DESENSITIZATION DESENSITIZATION DESENSITIZATION DESENSITIZATION
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Screen Printing I undertook a screen printing session to experiment further with the visuals that I had been working with. This gave me a great understanding of the screen printing process as I learnt about the variety of meshed screens and inks available. I believe I was able to great some incredibly striking graphic prints during my session. During the process I enjoyed experimenting with the use of direction and pace throughout altering the position of the page between prints. The ability to create numerous prints quickly encouraged me to explore this. I chose the words optimism and desensitization as they are important factors in the structure and effectivness of exposure therapy.
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Screen print of the techincal lift drawing
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Screen print of the techincal pool drawing
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Floor Murals Pavement murals can be described as artistic markings on a pavement or flat public surface designed to driect the flow of traffic or to make a public statement.
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This development is looking at the creating boundaries for the purpose of direction. Do people act differently when there are boundaries in place?
https://mymodernmet.com/3d-crosswalk-iceland/
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Direction and navigation As I was screenprinting I began experimenting with direction and flow. The linear approach makes for a grid like system where these words can be composed, exchanged or rotated. All words associate to stages of exposure therapy or improtant qualities to have to make the treatment effective.
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Source of inspiration
Barbara Kruger
I really like the bold typographic style of these outcomes. The quality of the screen prints turned out really well and complimented the typeface well. I also looked at layering over certain pages.
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Environment visuals There is potential for the concept to exist in a physcial environment as well as in book form. It is part of the visual language of the ‘emotive exposure’ concept. The type acts as a reminder but isnt too obvious to nonsufferers. It has a level of respect and consideration.
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Risograph Printing
As an extension to the method of screen printing, I practised using the risograph printer to create a play on the repitition involved within exposure therapy but in print form. I enjoyed experimenting with both type and imagery in the same composition. It created some engaging graphic outcomes.
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Making of the master pages
Inside the drum of the printer - giving an insight into the process of printing
Integration of visual texture
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Testing on coloured paper
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Fear of Swimming (aquaphobia) I asked my anonmous partcipant to write an abstract to explain to me about their fear of swimming. They indicated several points to me which correlates with the theoretical research.
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Childhood trauma linked with adult anxiety
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Outcome planning
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Planning the proto
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Reference images
These secondary images were what I had planned to use to develop the look and feel of the pool. I liked the integration of type into the format of the book.
(Google images, 2018)
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Booklet prototyping The main feedback from another critique of my work is that the lane dividers dont’t resemble what they’re supposed to. I went on to change their format to give a better impression.
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These are a selection of my illustrations of a pool based on the same isometric style as used for the lift manual. I experimented with various styles in order to find the most appropriate one that suited the most.
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Printing and editing more prototypes.
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Creasing the prototypes to create the concertina styled booklet. Getting this was crutial to the finish of the piece. This was one of the reasons as to why I created numerous prototypes. I wanted a high level of accuarcy.
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I annotated each prototype in order to establish what needed to be improved during the next stage of the process. I considered things such as paper choice, weight colour and the composition of the illustrations.
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Creation I decided to then print the design onto blue paper as this further resembles the colouring of a pool.
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(Tsaousides, 2017)
Do you get better with exposure and experience?
Why are we afraid of it?
What skills make someone good at public speaking?
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Fear of public speaking (Glossophobia)
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Visualisation
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Illustrations These illustrations follow a similar appraoch to those of the previous guides. This helps to round them as a set and create consistency.
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Self Evaluation I feel through this project that I have managed to research, define and develop a series of outcomes that respond to my brief. I believe these outcomes to be of a professional standard due to the critical analysis that they were subjected to. I feel that I have played to some of my strengths during this project whilst also exploring many new techniques and processes that I had not worked with before. For example, I had not worked with screen printing or the risograph printer to date. I now feel that I have a much better understanding of how these processes work. I feel that I have created an effective identity for a series of guides that aim to help people cope with their anxieties and phobias. To improve the project, I could look into a digital means for the content that I have crated. I touched on this with the VR testing but I think this could be pushed further. I admire how this theme can become incredibly focused on certain fears or phobias but can still adapt and apply in many different forms. The ‘collide’ method was incredibly beneficial as it allowed me to pair certain themes together that may not have been graphically explored previously by many others. I feel this allowed for a great level of innovation within my design process.
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