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designing the design research >> eleonora lupo | eleonora.lupo@polimi.it

“…crea e plasma qualcosa che sia tuo per sempre…”

>> what is design > Herbert Simon definisce come design il processo attraverso cui : ‌[devise] courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones‌ [Simon, H., The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998, p.112]

>> what is design > la definizione di Ken Friedman ‌Design involves creating something new or transforming a less desiderable situation to a preferred situation. To do this, designers must know how things works and why. Understanding how thing works and why requires explanation, and it sometimes requires prediction. To explain and predict, we must construct and test theories‌ [Friedman,K., Theory Construction in Design Research. Criteria, Approaches, and Methods, in Durling, D., e Shackleton, J.(a cura di), Common Ground. Proceedings of the Design Research Society International Conference at Brunel University, September 5-7, 2002, Staffordshire University Press, Stoke on Trent-UK, 2000]

>> what is design > la definizione di Tomas Maldonado …progettare la forma significa coordinare, integrare e articolare tutti quei fattori che, in un modo o nell’altro, partecipano al processo costitutivo della forma del prodotto. E, più precisamente, si allude tanto ai fattori relativi all’uso, alla fruizione e al consumo individuale o sociale del prodotto (fattori funzionali, simbolici o culturali) quanto a quelli relativi alla sua produzione (fattori tecnico-economici, fattori tecnico-costruttivi, fattori tecnico-sistemici, fattori tecnico-produttivi e fattori tecnico-distributivi)…

[Maldonado, T., Disegno Industriale: un riesame, Feltrinelli, Milano,1991, p.12]

>> what is design > design è innovazione DIMENSIONE ECONOMICA

DIMENSIONE STORICO-SOCIALE

INNOVAZIONE

DIMENSIONE TECNICO-SCIENTIFICA

>> what is design > la tassonomia dell’innovazione innovazione incrementale innovazione radicale cambiamenti del sistema tecnologico cambiamenti del paradigma tecno-economico [Freeman, C., e Perez, C., Structural crises of adjustment: business cycles, in Dosi, G. (a cura di ),Technical change and economic theory, Pinter, Londra, 1988]

>> designerly way of knowing (Cross, 2000) HUMANITIES E ARTI LIBERALI SCIENZE SOCIALI

SCIENZE NATURALI SERVIZI E PROFESSIONI UMANE

TECNOLOGIA E INGEGNERIA

dominio della teoria

dominio della pratica

ARTI APPLICATE E CREATIVE

[Cross, N., Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science, in Pizzocaro, S., Arruda, A., e De Moraes, D. ( a cura di), Design Plus Research, Proceedings of the Conference at Politecnico di Milano,May 18-20, 2000, Milano, 2000]

>> designerly way of thinking (Cross, 1982) • designers tackle ‘ill-defined’ problems • their mode of problem-solving is ‘solution-focused’ • their mode of thinking is ‘constructive’ • they use ‘codes’ that translate abstract requirements into concrete objects • they use these codes to both ‘read’ and ‘write’ in ‘object languages’

[Cross, N., Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science, in Pizzocaro, S., Arruda, A., e De Moraes, D. ( a cura di), Design Plus Research, Proceedings of the Conference at Politecnico di Milano,May 18-20, 2000, Milano, 2000]

>> what is research > Friedman taxonomy: • basic research • applied research • clinical research • exploratory research • testing out research • problem solving research • doctoral research [Friedman,K., Theory Construction in Design Research. Criteria, Approaches, and Methods, in Durling, D., e Shackleton, J.(a cura di), Common Ground. Proceedings of the Design Research Society International Conference at Brunel University, September 5-7, 2002, Staffordshire University Press, Stoke on Trent-UK, 2000]

>> what is a design research > campi della ricerca di design (Cross, 2000):

FONTI DELLA CONOSCENZA

utenti

CAMPI DELLA RICERCA

epistemologia

processi

prodotti

prassiologia

fenomenologia

[Cross, N., Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science, in Pizzocaro, S., Arruda, A., e De Moraes, D. ( a cura di), Design Plus Research, Proceedings of the Conference at Politecnico di Milano,May 18-20, 2000, Milano, 2000]

>> typologies of design research > qualitative vs quantitative qualitative research implies an emphasis on the qualities of entities and on processes and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured quantitative research emphasizes the measurement and analysis of causal relationships between variables, in terms of quantity, amount, intensity or frequency. both approaches are used in design research but the qualitative one is the dominant in most of the cases [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> typologies of design research > approaches sciences and humanities research approach • systematic and methodical approach to research • training in ‘academic’ research [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> typologies of design research > approaches practice-based approach • action research through design practice • training in ‘situated’ research [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> typologies of design research > approaches practice-centered approach • product development processes and methods • training in ‘professional practice’ research [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> methodologies of design research “[…] comprises the skills, assumptions, enactments, and material practices that the researcher-asmethodologicalbricoleur uses in moving from a paradigm and a research design to the collection ofempirical materials.” “[…] connects researchers to specific approaches and methods for collecting empirical materials.” [ Denzin and Lincoln, 2000 ]

>> methodologies of design research > paradigms (ontology and epistemology of the reserach) • positivism • critical theory (Cultural Studies; Feminism; Marxist models; etc.)

• constructivism (the most used in design research) • participatory (recently introduced in design research) [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> strategies of design research . Ethnography . Case studies . Performance ethnography . Historiography . Life History . Testimonio . Phenomenology . Ethnomethodology . Grounded Theory . Participatory Action Research . Clinical research [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> methods of design research • collection methods (tools for the collection of empirical materials) • analysis methods • interpretation methods [Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> methods of design research* COLLECTION

ANALYSIS

INTERPRETATION

• interview (structured, open), focus group • obsevational methods • interpretation of documents and material culture (texts, records, cultural artifacts, etc.)

• visual methods (visual representations, visual narratives, photography, motion pictures, virtual reality, video recording etc.)

• researcher as subject

• content analysis (quantitative approach to media studies) • swot analisys • semiotics (structural tradition in literary criticism) • narrative (discourse analysis with the recent poststructural development in interpretive theory) • reports, descriptions of data

• linguistic tradition (text as an object of analysis itself) • sociological approach (text as a window into human experience) • visual approach (semantic maps, processes modeling)

* The list is not meant to be inclusive of all possibilities.

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods • apply the methods

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods • apply the methods • collects the findings

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods • apply the methods • collects the findings • articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education)

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods • apply the methods • collects the findings • articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education) • frame the appropriate theoretical contexts

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods • apply the methods • collects the findings • articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education) • frame the appropriate theoretical contexts • explain the limits of the research

>> structure of design research > process • identify an area of interest • articulate a research question • place the question in a wider context of inquiry • examinate what others have done to explore the question • explain the findings of prior researchs • identify appropriate research methodology and methods • explain and apply the methods • collects the findings • articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education) • frame the appropriate theoretical contexts • explain the limits of the research • suggest the further work to be done

>> structure of design research > index IMRAD system • introduction (what) • methods (how) • results (findings) • discussion (meaning)

>> structure of design research > in detail: • introduction/ abstract • motivation and aims for the research • problematic questions • background knowledge (literature survey) • focal knowledge • contribution /results • process description and explanation • methodology description and explanation • discussion • conclusion

>> esempio

phd research in design driven processes for Cultural Heritage valorisation Eleonora Lupo | FacoltĂ del Design I Politecnico di Milano

>> esempio > struttura

>> esempio >metodologia

>> esempio > metodi e strumenti

>> esempio > metodi e strumenti TIPOLOGIA STRUMENTI

FINALITA’ analisi

visualizzazione

organizzativi

comunicazione / condivisione

verifica

Documenti di progetto Calendario attività

metodologici

•Modelli di lettura Approcci: user centred design

progettuali

•Dossier di analisi del contesto • Interviste, survey, rilievo • report etnografici tecniche foto e video • SWOT analisi • casi studio

Format e Grafici di valutazione processo •Mappe e diagrammi di visualizzazione soluzioni e scenari di progetto • mappa semantica: (verbale ed iconica) di visualizzazione di elementi di progetto • Story board, self report, rappresentazioni di profili utente

•Griglia di posizionamento soluzioni di progetto •Posters •Sito web e piattaforme di progettazione • processes modeling

Questionari Test usabilità

Grazie >> eleonora lupo | eleonora.lupo@polimi.it