Final Revision Set Изучать в сети: quizlet.com/_6vj5ed 1.
abduction: the action of forcibly taking someone away against their will
40.
ban: to prohibit
2.
abide by a law: obey the law
41.
beg: to make a very strong and urgent request
42.
beggary: the act of asking for food or money as charity
3. 4.
abolition: the act of ending an activity or custom officially
43.
be in line with: to be in accordance with
abuse a right: to use the right in a wrong way
44.
benchmark: standard of measure
5.
abuse of power: the misuse of authority for unethical reasons
45.
beneficiary: one who receives benefits
6.
accomplice: a person who takes part in a crime
46.
benefit: advantage; bonus
7.
accomplish a goal: to achieve your aim
47.
be related to: to be connected with
8.
accountability: willingness to take credit and blame for actions
48.
beset: to harass; to surround
9.
accountable for: responsible for
49.
beverage: drink; liquid for drinking
10.
account for: to explain the reason for something or the cause of something
11.
achievable: that can be reached
12.
achieve a goal: to accomplish a particular thing
13.
acquire: to get or obtain
14.
address challenges: to deal with problems
15.
address violations: to regard the abuse of some law
16.
adjacent: next to
17.
adjust: to adapt
18.
adverse: unfavourable, harmful
19.
advocacy: support of an idea or cause
50.
bias: an opinion or belief that is subjective
51.
bill of rights: a formal declaration of the legal and civil rights of the citizens of any state, country, federation, etc.
52.
binding decision: final verdict of a court that cannot be changed
53.
biodiversity: the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
54.
biodiversity loss: the disapperance of different species within the ecosystem
55.
blackmail: to demand money or another benefit in return for not revealing compromising or damaging information about them
56.
block access to something: to prevent from reaching or entering something
57.
boost: to increase
58.
brainwash: to make someone believe something by repeatedly telling them that it is true and preventing any other information from reaching them break the law: to do something illegal
20.
affect: to influence
21.
agenda: the program for a meeting; a list, outline, or plan of things to be considered or done
22.
aggregate: to gather, accumulate
23.
alleviate: to relieve
24.
allocate: to distribute
25.
allow: to permit
59.
26.
amendment: a change to the Constitution
60.
brevity: shortness
27.
appendix: material added at the end of a book
61.
28.
apply for a job: to make an official request for a job
bribery: the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage
29.
arbitrary arrest: arrest for no reason
62.
30.
assembly: a group of people gathered together in one place
budget estimate: approximation of the cost of an activity, or project, prepared for budgeting and planning purposes
31.
assessment: the estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something
63.
bully: to frighten or hurt a weaker person; to use your strength or power to make someone do something
32.
assign: to select for a position or for what has to be done
64.
burden: a heavy load, especially mentally
33.
asylum seeker: a migrant hoping to be declared a refugee in a foreign country
65.
campaign: a series of actions intended to accomplish a goal
66.
candidate: a person who applies for a job or is nominated for election
67.
capacity: ability
68.
capacity building: planned development of (or increase in) knowledge, skills, and other capabilities of an organization through training
69.
carbon emissions: carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide released in the atmosphere, produced by vehicles and industrial processes
70.
caring: displaying kindness and concern for others
34.
35.
attention span: the length of time a person can concentrate on any one thing attitude: feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that make us respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
36.
avoid: to stay away from
37.
awareness: knowledge or perception of a situation or fact
38.
background: the conditions that existed before a particular event happened, and that help to explain why it happened
39.
ballot: the list of candidates on which you cast your vote
71.
cast a vote: to vote in an election
106.
contents: the articles or parts contained in a magazine or book, with the number of the page they begin on
72.
cement: to stick together
73.
challenge: a demanding or stimulating situation; something difficult; a problem
107.
context: the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed
74.
charge fees: to ask people to pay for services
75.
checks and balances: a system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
108.
contradict: to speak against; to say the opposite
109.
contribute: to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people
child mortality rate: number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life
110.
controversial: arousing argument, dispute, or disagreement
111.
convince: to persuade
77.
citizenship: the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights because of it
112.
copyright violation: the use of works protected by copyright law without permission
78.
civil partnership: same-sex relationship giving the participants similar legal rights to married couples
113.
counseling: professional guidance in resolving personal conflicts and emotional problems
79.
clamour: loud noise
114.
courageous: brave
80.
clarify: to make clear
115.
coward: a person who lacks courage
81.
clarity: clearness
116.
credibility: the quality of being believable or trustworthy
82.
climate activist: a person who ardently promotes responsible attitude to the environment
117.
creed: a set of religious beliefs or principles
118.
criterion (pl. criteria): a standard for judgement or evaluation
83.
coercion: use of force to get someone to obey
119.
crucial: extremely important; vital in resolving something
84.
combat: to fight
120.
85.
commence: to begin
cut down: to make a tree or other plant fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom
86.
commit an offence: to do something illegal
121.
deal with an issue: to address a probem
87.
comparatively: being measured or judged by comparison; relatively
122.
death penalty: capital punishment
123.
88.
compelling: forceful, demanding attention, powerful
deception: a trick; an attempt to make someone believe something that is not true
89.
compensate a victim: to pay the person, who suffered from some injustice, money in exchange for the suffering
124.
declare: to make known; to state openly
125.
defamation: act of harming or ruining another's reputation
90.
competitiveness: how effectively an organization meets the wants and needs of customers relative to others that offer similar goods or services
126.
defend a right: to protect the right
127.
defiance: open resistance to an opposing force or authority
76.
91.
complexity: difficulty; intricacy
92.
comply with: to obey (a rule or an order)
93.
comprehensive: covering or including everything
94.
comprise: to include
95.
concept note: a part of the proposal that briefs the basic facts of the project idea
96.
concise: brief and to the point
97.
Congress: the legislature of the United States government
98.
conjure: to bring forth, especially through words
99.
consent: permission, agreement
128.
degrading: humiliating
129.
deliver: to take something to a person or place
130.
denounce: publicly declare to be wrong or evil
131.
dependence: the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else
132.
deprive of: to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
133.
determine: to decide, to find the only possible answer
134.
detriment: something that causes damage, harm, or loss
135.
dignity: self-respect
136.
direct democracy: a form of democracy in which the people vote firsthand
137.
direct discrimination: treating someone with a protected characteristic less favourably than others
100.
consequence: result
101.
consistent: regular, stable
102.
constant: something that stays the same
103.
consume: to use up
138.
104.
consumer: a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
disability: a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities
139.
disabled: having a mental or physical handicap
140.
disadvantaged: people who lack adequate resources that other people may take for granted
105.
content: the ideas that are contained in a piece of writing, a speech, or a film
141.
discriminate against: harm or treat differently from others because of color, race, age or religion
142.
dismantle: to take apart
143.
dispose of: to get rid of
144.
disseminate info: to spread info
145.
distribution: the arrangement of a feature in space
146.
district: a region or area that is bound together by specific rules, laws, resources, and/or money
147.
diversify: to give variety to; to vary
148.
diversity: variety
149.
divorced: no longer married
150.
durable solution: a reliable way out of a problem
151.
economic: relating to trade, industry, and money
152.
economical: careful about spending money or using resources
153.
effective: successful in producing a desired or intended result
154.
elections: a formal and organized process of electing or being elected, especially of members of a political body
155.
Electoral College: a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
182.
entail: to cause
183.
environment: the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
184.
environmental degradation: damage to or destruction of the natural environment
185.
environmental right: the protection of and access to natural resources for all Earth's Inhabitants
186.
equal: having the same value
187.
equality: the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities
188.
equity: the state or quality of being just, fair, or impartial; fair and equal treatment.
189.
essential: absolutely necessary; vital
190.
evidence: proof
191.
exercise the right: to use the right
192.
exhausted: coming to an end (about resources); very tired (about a person)
193.
exodus: a large-scale departure or flight
194.
expertise: specialized knowledge, expert skill expire: to come to an end
156.
electorate: the citizens eligible to vote
195.
157.
eligible voter: a citizen who has the right to cast his/her ballot
196.
exploit: to make use of
158.
eliminate: to remove
197.
facilitate: to make easier; to assist
159.
emancipation: the act of setting sb free
198.
160.
embark: to make a start
fail someone: to not help someone when you are expected to do so
161.
embrace: to hug
199.
fair: happening according to the rules; honest
162.
emerge: to come out
163.
emerge from: to come out of
164.
employ: to hire
165.
employee: a worker
166.
employer: a person or organization that hires people
167.
empower: to give power or authority to
168.
encompass: to include, surround
169.
encourage: to support or praise
170.
encourage citizen engagement: to involve local people in the activity
171.
200.
fair trial: an honest and timely public hearing in court
201.
feedback: the response to a message
202.
fight for the right: to use a lot of effort to defeat the right to something
203.
a figure of contention: a controversial person
204.
figure out: to understand, to realize
205.
file a complaint: to send a letter saying that something bad or illegal happened
206.
first-past-the-post system: An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins regardless of whether that person has a majority of the votes cast
endeavor: to try
207.
flare-up: an acute worsening of a condition
172.
enforce: to apply a rule or law
208.
flee: to run away
173.
enforce a ban on: announce something illegal
209.
flexibility: the ability to adapt easily
174.
enforce a right: to ensure that people can exercise some right
210.
fodder: food for horses or cattle
175.
enhance: to improve
211.
fossil fuels: coal, oil, natural gas
176.
enhance a skill: to improve your ability to do something
212.
foster: to stimulate, promote, encourage
177.
enjoy asylum: to use protection, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries
213.
framework: structure
214.
fraud: a deliberate deception intended to secure an unfair or unlawful gain
215.
freedom of association: the right to form parties, clubs, and other groups without government's control
178.
enjoyment of the rights: the exercise of the rights
179.
enormous: huge
180.
ensure: to guarantee
181.
ensure success: to guarantee success
216.
freedom of expression: the right to express one's ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms of communication but without deliberately causing harm to others' character and/or reputation
217.
freedom of speech: the right to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content
218.
fuel: material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power
219.
fundamental right: a basic right that is indispensable in a just system
249.
incomprehensible: impossible to understand
250.
independent judiciary: a system of courts separate from government
251.
indigenous: native to a certain area
252.
indirect discrimination: putting rules in place that apply to everyone, but that put someone with a protected characteristic at an unfair disadvantage
253.
infringe on: interfere with, trespass, violate
254.
infringe (on): to interfere with, trespass, violate
255.
in kind donations: noncash contributions or contributed services
220.
gain popularity: to become popular
221.
gain worldwide attention: to get prominence all over the world
256.
in order to: for the purpose of
222.
gender reassignment: a medical operation or series of operations that change a man into a woman or a woman into a man
257.
insult: to offend
258.
insurmountable: impossible to overcome
259.
intention: the aim or objective of a course of action
223.
genuinely: truly or sincerely
260.
intentional: done on purpose; deliberate
224.
gerrymandering: process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
261.
inter alia: among other things
262.
interchangeably: in a way that can be exchanged
get into a mess: to get into a difficult situation
263.
interdependent: depending on each other
226.
grant a right: to give a right or to allow
264.
227.
guideline: an official recommendation or advice that indicates policies, standards, or procedures for how something should be accomplished
interference: the action of intervening into a situation without an invitation or necessity
265.
interference with: an occasion when someone tries to get involved in a situation without being asked
228.
harassment: behaviour that annoys or upsets someone
266.
intervention: direct involvement
229.
harbor: to give shelter or refuge
267.
in the face of adversity: during the troubled period
230.
hate speech: words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities
268.
issue: an important topic or problem for debate or discussion
269.
have one's say: to give one's opinion
jail: to confine in a prison
231.
270.
232.
hearing impairment: any degree of hearing loss
judiciary: the department of government which administers the law relating to civil and criminal justice
233.
heat wave: a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather
271.
234.
hierarchy: ranking
keep an eye on: to watch or take care of something or someone
235.
host country: the country to which a refugee relocates
272.
legal remedy: the means for protecting the rights
236.
House of Representatives: the lower house of the U.S. Congress
273.
legislation: a law or set of laws
274.
237.
human trafficking: trafficking in persons
libel: a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation
238.
IDP: someone who is forced to flee his/her home but who remains within his/her country's borders
275.
limitation: restriction
276.
literacy rate: percentage of people who can read and write
277.
luxury: a very great comfort, especially among beautiful and expensive surroundings.
225.
239.
illegally: against the law
240.
illicit manufacturing: illegal production
241.
impact: an effect or result
278.
maintain: to support; to continue or keep in existence
242.
impartiality of justice: fair trial
279.
243.
implement: to put into effect; to carry out
244.
implementation: the process that turns a plan into action
majoritarian representation: the principle that a group's representatives should be those who receive the biggest support among the group
245.
implement disaster management: to deal with an emergency
246.
inalienable right: a right that cannot be taken away
247.
incentivise: to motivate
248.
inclusion: the act of making a person or thing part of a group or collection
280.
majority: the greater number
281.
make sense: to be logical
282.
make your point: to say what you want to say
283.
manageable: easy or possible to deal with
284.
mandatory: required, obligatory
285.
manufacturer: a person or company that makes goods for sale
320.
pep-talk: a speech that is intended to motivate a group and encourage you to do smth better or work harder
286.
marital status: state of being single, married, separated, divorced or widowed
321.
performance of military duty: doing the military service as expected or required by moral or legal obligation
287.
married: having a husband or wife
322.
permit: to allow
288.
maternity: motherhood
323.
persecution: persistent annoyance or harassment.
289.
mature: fully developed; behaving in the sensible way that you would expect an adult to behave.
324.
personnel: staff
325.
pesticides: chemicals that kill crop-destroying organisms
326.
physical disability: impairment in certain function(s) of the body
327.
pillar: column
290.
measurable: quantifiable
291.
measure success: to estimate the results of sth
292.
mental disability: a condition that limits a person's ability to use his or her mind
293.
milestone: an important event
294.
minority: a fewer number
295.
mitigate: to make less severe
296.
mixed electoral system: an electoram system that combines first-past-the-post and proportional representation election system
297.
mock: to make fun of
298.
mushroom: expand or grow rapidly
299.
mutual benefit: a win-win situation
300.
narrowly: only by a small amount
301.
near-complete overhaul of the system: the act of radical repairing or improving the system so that every part of it works as it should
328.
place limits on something: to put restrictions on something
329.
play a pivotal role: to be very important in a process
330.
policy: a proposed or adopted course or principle of action
331.
political tolerance: willingness of people to put up with political ideas with which they disagree
332.
polls: the place where people vote; surveys of people's opinions
333.
pollution: release of harmful materials into the environment
334.
pop into one's head / mind: to suddenly have an idea
335.
poverty: the state of being poor
336.
poverty rate: percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line
337.
precede: to come before
338.
pregnancy: expecting a baby
339.
preliminary: introductory, preparatory
340.
prevail: to dominate
341.
prevent: to stop from happening
342.
prevention: taking steps to keep something from happening or getting worse
343.
produce: products
344.
profess a religion: to confess one's faith in or allegiance to
345.
prohibition: the act of officially not allowing something
346.
project justification: documentation that includes the reason the project is being undertaken
347.
project proposal: a document that describes the purpose of a project and its requirements
302.
neatly: clean, tidy, and orderly
303.
news outlet: a television, radio, or publishing company
304.
nexus: a link, tie, or bond
305.
obedient: doing what one is asked or told
306.
obey the law: to follow the law
307.
obstacle: a thing that gets in the way
308.
obtain consent: to get approval
309.
offender: perpetrator
310.
offensive: causing someone to feel deeply hurt, upset, or angry
311.
officials: people assigned to a position in the government
312.
organic products: natural products
348.
prominence: importance (e.g. for a nation)
313.
outcomes: the possible results of an experiment
349.
promote: to encourage
314.
outline: to give a brief account or summary
350.
promote transparency: give access to information
315.
outreach: an effort to bring services or information to people where they live or spend time
351.
property: anything of value that is owned or controlled
overwhelmingly: primarily, predominatly
352.
316. 317.
palatable: pleasant or acceptable to the taste
318.
palate: 1. roof of the mouth; 2. taste or liking
proportional representation: an electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties according to the number of votes won in an election
319.
a peaceful rally: a public, free from violence, meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion
353.
prosperity: wealth or success
354.
protected characteristic: characteristics that cannot be used in the recruitment process to reject a candidate, such as age, disability, sex or gender, marriage status, pregnancy, race, religion or belief, or sexual orientation
355.
provide a systematic estimate: to assess regularly
356.
public procurement: government buying goods and services (e.g. police cars, military equipment)
357.
pull the emergency brake: to stop the movement in the event of failure of the main brake
387.
running mate: a person running for public office with another candidate. A political party's presidential and vice presidential candidates are running mates
388.
run out of something: to have no more of (something)
389.
sacrifice: something given up for the sake of another
390.
salary: a fixed amount of money paid to an employee for each pay period
391.
savvy: well-informed; sharp; experienced
392.
scrutinize: to examine carefully
393.
seizure of property: taking away someone possession by a legal process or by force
394.
self-congratulatory: showing you are very proud of what you have done, in a way that annoys other people
395.
self-explanatory: clearly explained by its own name or by the context in which it appears
358.
put somebody at risk: to make someone experience danger
359.
raise awareness of societal issues: to help people know about problems in their country
360.
raise money: to collect money, often for a cause
361.
ratify: to approve
362.
ratio: a comparison of two numbers by division
363.
rationale: a reason for doing something, explanation
396.
364.
reach a stalemate: to arrive at a position where no progress is made
self-reliance: independence; the capacity to rely on one's own capabilities and to manage one's own affairs
397.
Senate: the upper house of the U.S. Congress
365.
rebellion: open defiance of authority
398.
366.
receive the deserved accolades: to get the honour for someone's work
senior: having a higher level job or position than someone else; older
399.
sensible: reasonable and practical
367.
recruitment: the process of seeking applicants for potential employment
368.
refer: to mention
369.
referendum: a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision
370.
refugee: a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
371.
regardless of: no matter what
372.
regardless of their race: not taking their race into account
373.
relevant: closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand
374.
remediation: return a contaminated area to its original state
375.
repercussion: consequence
376.
representative democracy: a form of democracy in which citizens elect officials to govern on their behalf
377.
require: to need or demand
378.
requisite: required; necessary
379.
rescue: to save
380.
resort to violence: to use physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy
381.
resource allocation: assigning available resources, or factors of production
382.
respectful: showing politeness
383.
responsive: showing interest and understanding
384.
retaliate: to take revenge
385.
revenue: income
386.
revoke a right: to take back, to cancel a right
400.
sensitive: easily hurt or offended
401.
sequence: the order in which things happen or should happen
402.
servitude: slavery, forced labor
403.
signatory: a party to a contract, treaty or other legal document
404.
simplistic: oversimplified
405.
single: not married
406.
slander: the action of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation
407.
slavery: the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages
408.
smuggling: importing or exporting goods illegally
409.
societal: relating to human society and its members; social
410.
solar power: energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
411.
solicit: to ask for, to seek
412.
solid waste management: the collection, transportation, and disposal of non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to sewage sludge
413.
specific: clearly defined or identified
414.
squander: to spend foolishly, waste
415.
staff: a group of people who work for an organization or business
416.
staggered terms: not all offices are up for election at once; 1/3 of senate are up for election every two years
417.
stakeholders: any persons or groups who will be affected by an action
418.
stance: position
419.
stand for election: to be a candidate
454.
420.
stand out: to be noticeable, to be easy to see because of being different
trade union: an organization of workers with the same trade or skill
455.
trafficker: someone who does illegal trade in something
421.
start from scratch: start from the beginning
456.
transfer: to move from one place to another
422.
stateless person: someone who is not a citizen of any country
457.
transgressor: a person who breaks a law or moral code
458.
transparency: the clear presentation of facts and figures
423.
steady flow of funds: stable funding
459.
424.
strive (for smth / to do smth): to devote much energy or effort, try hard
treat fairly: to respect the rights and freedoms of a person or group of people
460.
unanimously: with everyone agreeing
425.
submit: hand over formally
461.
undergo changes: to be subjected to alterations
426.
subsistence: the minimum amount to sustain life
462.
undermine: to weaken; to ruin
427.
substantive right: a basic right of man, as life, liberty, etc., which exists independently from all man-made laws
463.
under-represented: not having as many representatives as would be expected or needed
428.
suffer: to feel pain or distress
464.
unfamiliarity: ignorance
429.
suffer consequences: to be punished for what one has done
465.
unintentional: accidental
430.
suffering: the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship
466.
urgent: needing quick action or attention
431.
suffrage: the right to vote
467.
urgently: to do something with quick action and attention
432.
support: to help someone emotionally or in a practical way
468.
use sparingly: use wisely, not more than you need
433.
suppress: to end an activity
469.
434.
suppress criticism: to inhibit the expression of disapproval of someone or something
valid: based on truth or reason; able to be accepted; having legal force
470.
valuable: worth a lot of money
435.
survey: the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
471.
value: the beliefs people have, especially about what is right and wrong and what is most important in life, that control their behaviour
436.
sustainability: the ability to keep in existence or maintain
437.
sustainable: able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
472.
438.
sustainable funding: sufficient and timely financing of a project
vanguard: the foremost part of an army; the leading position in any field
473.
vary: to be different
439.
tactically: carefully planned to gain an advantage
474.
venture: a risky or daring undertaking
440.
take into consideration: to keep something in mind when making a decision
475.
verifiable: able to be proven true
476.
via: by way of, by use of
441.
take measures: to do something to solve a problem
477.
viability: ability to exist independently; chance of succeeding
442.
target group: a particular group of people that is identified as the intended recipient of a product or campaign
478.
viewpoint: the way someone sees something
taxes: fees for the support of government required to be paid by people and businesses
479.
violate: break (a law)
443.
480.
444.
tease: to irritate, bother, annoy
visual impairment: a special need that involves significant loss of sight
terminate: to bring to an end
481.
vital: necessary or essential to life
445.
territorial integrity: the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states
482.
voracious reader: having a great appetite for books
446.
483.
vote: to elect or decide
484.
vulnerability: the state of being easily hurt or injured
485.
walkout: strike
486.
waste time: to do something that is not a good use of time
487.
well: deep hole drilled or dug into the ground to reach a reservoir of groundwater
447.
therefore: for that reason
448.
threaten: to be a danger to
449.
threshold: the minimum number of people needed to support a certain candidate
450.
ticket: a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices
488.
wheelchair: a movable chair mounted on large wheels
451.
time-bound: containing a date when a goal will be reached
489.
widespread: happening in many places or to many people
452.
timeline: a diagram that shows when events take place during a given period of time
490.
wildfire: a large fire that spreads quickly over a natural area
491.
wind power: power obtained by harnessing the energy of the wind
453.
tolerate: to put up with
492.
within the constraints of something: within the limits of something
493.
without prejudice: without detriment or damage to a legal right or claim
494.
withstand: to resist
495.
with trial and error: by trying different methods and learning from your mistakes
496.
wonk: a studious or hardworking person.