Maximum Yield Canada - March/April 2010 by Maximum Yield

CANADA March - April 2010

I N D O O R

G A R D E N I N G

ROSES

FREE

EXOTIC RESULTS IN THE GROW ROOM SOIL MICROBES Getting help from Mother Nature

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY Winning factors in the garden

AN ECO-FRIENDLY GROW ROOM Turning waste into results

Indoor Gardening Expo

montreal

2010 Quebec, Canada

June 5-6

contents March / April 2010

Features

Beneficial Soil Microbes

Temperature and Humidity: Winning Factors in the Garden

Pre-Veg: Your Missing Link to a Bigger Harvest

Unravelling Indoor Gardening’s Silent Epidemic

Top Six Greenhouse Gardening Tips

Your How-To Guide to Growing Irish Shamrocks

An Enviromentally Friendly Grow Room

Using Home Hydroponics to Grow Roses

60 65 68 70 74 74

You Tell Us

by Brian Mack

by Isabelle Lemay agr. and Mélissa Léveillé

by Erik Biksa

by Daniel Wilson

by Gary Pearson

by Matt LeBannister

by Lewis Dobson

30 Departments 6 8 10 12 14 20 54

From the Editor MaximumYield.com Letters to the Editor Ask Erik MAX Facts Product Spotlight

Check Your Growing IQ Max Mart Distributors Do You Know? Coming up Next Issue

Beginner’s Corner Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

FROM the editor March is nutrition month, making it a great time to expand your indoor garden with nutritious crops. This issue we share new grow projects such as hybrid roses, shamrocks and eco-ideas for your grow area, along with offering new ways to improve your current grow projects. Learning and perfecting your techniques is an endless journey, but a rewarding one. Writers this issue delve into some unique ways you can improve the way you grow by exploring a few winning factors that will influence your end results. We also welcome you to share your grow secrets by emailing us your “best advice” with the chance to be published in an upcoming issue. It is the constant learning and sharing of information that has been the root of growth for the indoor gardening industry. Take the opportunity to learn “hands on” at the upcoming Canadian Indoor Gardening Expo in beautiful Montreal – June 5-6, 2010. An impressive mix of the top manufacturers from around the world will be in attendance to showcase and demonstrate the industry’s latest products. Everyone is welcome to attend on general public day – Sunday, June 6th. Saturday, June 5th has been set aside for industry only. Admission is free and the show is open from noon until 5 p.m. More information to be found at www.indoorgardenexpo.com. Don’t miss this expo, which only comes to Montreal every two years!

Jessica Raymond, Editor editor@maximumyield.com

contributors Erik Biksa holds a diploma in

Matt LeBannister works at Homegrown Hydroponics, the manufacturer of the DNF line of premium nutrients and enhancement products. Matt manages the retail store at Homegrown’s head office in Toronto and as of late has been traveling the trade show circuit as their resident expert.

Isabelle Lemay is in charge of the technical support, customer service and research and development at Nova Biomatique Inc. (www.igrowing. com), makers of the PLUG’N’GROW climate controllers. She is an agronomist and holds a master’s degree in soil and environment studies, with a specialization in greenhouse production.

Brian Mack is a website designer

Daniel Wilson is President of Current Culture H2O, a progressively minded hydroponics company located in central California and inventors of the patent pending Sub-Current Culture (SCC) method. Daniel and Cheryl have also own and operate Tower Garden Supply, an organicallyminded garden supply and micro nursery in Fresno, CA.

Mélissa Léveillé holds a license in communication, writing and multimedia. She is the newest member of the Nova Biomatique Inc. Team (www.igrowing.com), makers of the PLUG’N’GROW climate controllers. She is responsible for Nova Biomatique Inc.’s communications.

agriculture with majors in fertilizer sciences and crop production. Erik has amassed over 18 years of indoor gardening experience and intensive research. Since first appearing in Maximum Yield in 1999, the “Ask Erik” column and numerous articles have reached growers throughout the world.

and marketer from Salinas, CA. In his spare time, he hikes and spends his afternoons gardening. He is a firm believer in good soil biology, and encourages soil biology in his garden by using mycorrhizae and azospirillum.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

on the web Speed Read 1. When plants are provided with the proper CO2 concentration, they can achieve optimal photosynthesis resulting in record growth. Choose the best enrichment method for your situation. 2. The next generation of LEDs is here and they’re invading grow rooms across the globe. What makes them so powerful and efficient? Find out on maximumyield.com 3. The composition of a nutrient solution determines the health and growth rate of plants in hydroponics. But it comes down to more than just macros and micros. In fact, more than 60 elements are required for plant growth.

I N D O O R

G A R D E N I N G

VOLUME 12 – NUMBER 6 March/April 2010 Maximum Yield is published bi-monthly by Maximum Yield Publications Inc. 2339A Delinea Place, Nanaimo, BC V9T 5L9 Phone: 250.729.2677; Fax 250.729.2687 No part of this magazine may be reproduced without permission from the publisher. If undeliverable please return to the address above. The views expressed by columnists are a personal opinion and do not necessarily reflect those of Maximum Yield or the Editor. Publication Agreement Number 40739092 PRESIDENT/PUBLISHER - Jim Jesson GENERAL MANAGER - Don Moores BUSINESS MANAGER - Linda Jesson SALES DIRECTOR - Lisa Lambersek EDITOR - Jessica Raymond jessica@maximumyield.com ADVERTISING SALES 250.729.2677 Linda Jesson - linda@maximumyield.com Lisa Lambersek - lisa@maximumyield.com Ilona Hawser - ilona@maximumyield.com Julie Madden - julie@maximumyield.com Gaby Morin - gaby@maximumyield.com PRODUCTION & DESIGN ads@ads.maximumyield.com

Behind the Lens – International Exposure Could Be Yours Attention Photographers: Have your pictures seen internationally by thousands of readers of Maximum Yield magazine. If your photo is chosen, it will be published on the cover of one of the following: Maximum Yield USA, Canada, French Canada, Australia, and UK. The Behind the Lens competition closes June 1, 2010. Flip to page 35 for more details.

Win Big! Grow Big! with Maximum Yield When it comes to growing HUGE yields, Maximum Yield has you covered. The Maximum Yield Win Big…Grow Big contest is open to all residents of North America with exclusive prizes from the biggest names in the industry including Green Air Products, Geohumus, Easy Grow and Lumatek. No purchase is necessary. If you want to GROW BIG in 2010, this is the contest for you. Enter by April 15 at maximumyield.com/winbig

2010 indoor garden expo tour Visit www.indoorgardenexpo.com today and check back often for updated exhibitor listings, venue information and registration forms for the 2010 Indoor Gardening Expo tour.

Tell us what you think at editor@maximumyield.com. We’d love to hear from you.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Pentti Tikkanen - pentti@maximumyield.com Alice Joe - alice@maximumyield.com Wes Cargill - wes@maximumyield.com ACCOUNTING - Lee Anne Veres leeanne@maximumyield.com

CANADIAN DISTRIBUTION Brite-Lite Group Biofloral Eddis Wholesale Greenstar Plant Products Inc. Hydrotek MegaWatt Quality Wholesale USA DISTRIBUTION Aurora Innovations BWGS BWGS East BWGS West General Hydroponics Hydrofarm Hydro International National Garden Wholesale / Sunlight Supply R&M Supply Tradewinds UK DISTRIBUTION Growth Technology Hydrogarden Northern Hydroponic Wholesale Nutriculture UK AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTION Futchatec Growth Technology Hydraspher

LETTERS to the editor Click and Share It I noticed with the past several issues of Maximum Yield a funky new look to your covers and the graphics used inside the magazine. I have some great shots from my indoor gardens that would work well on the cover or in your magazine and would be interested in submitting them for publication. Fred Dunn

Lighting the Future I just wanted to get some feedback on LED grow lights. Please e-mail me back any links or information. I want to know if what believers’ claim is true. Josh Adams You’ve come to the right place for answers. As LEDs are constantly evolving, we asked our resident expert Erik Biksa to detail this hyped up technology in his latest article on www.maximumyield.com, Next Generation LEDs: The Diodes Strike Back. His three-part series will examine first-generation LEDs and upgrades in technology available in this lighting option today. You may also wish to stop by Facebook.com/MaximumYield and join in on the LED Debate with hundreds of other MY fans.

I N D O O R

We encourage you to submit your high quality photographs for our first ever, reader-submitted cover contest – Behind the Lens. This contest is open to everyone until June 1, 2010. Five winning photos will be chosen and published on the covers of Maximum Yield USA, Canada, French Canada, UK and Australia. Please see our ad on page 35 for more information or visit maximumyield.com for full contest rules regulations.

Review and Praise My name is JC Gray and I recently picked up an issue of Maximum Yield (MY) at a local shop. At first glance I assumed it was a catalogue or just a magazine filled with products for sale. I soon discovered that everything in your publication is very educational and informative. I find Bob Taylor’s articles very helpful. The tips he provides are an excellent blueprint for anybody working “Everything in your with any system to start from. publication is very I just wanted to say thanks educational and for providing a resource filled informative.” with good nuggets! Thank you for your time, and again, excellent mag. Hope all is well at the MY headquarters. Much respect JC Gray 10

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

G A R D E N I N G

E&F Basics for the Beginner I just purchased an ebb and flow system with all the nooks and crannies. After spending almost $4000, I realized I have no idea what I’m doing. I have 12 clones coming to my home early next week and was hoping to acquire some knowledge before I’m forced into growing. I was told by multiple sources that you folks are the kings of this industry and just pointing me in a direction or any advice will be greatly appreciated. Regards Ryan Brown With 11+ years of how-to hydroponics articles to choose from, maximumyield.com is your #1 resource for all you need to know to get growing. Our world-renowned writers will assist you with choosing the correct medium, explain how to anchor your clones in pots and discuss which nutrients to consider. Keep reading Maximum Yield and keep growing!

Maximum Yield reserves the right to edit for brevity. We want to hear from you! Write us at: Maximum Yield Publications Inc. 2339A Delinea Place, Nanaimo, BC V9T 5L9 or Email us at: editor@maximumyield.com

ASK erik

Do you have a question for Erik? Forward it to editor@maximumyield.com with the words “Ask Erik” in the subject line, and your answer will be printed in an upcoming edition.

I am searching for information about frozen maize pollen. I want to use it to make some crosses, as sometimes we have a very late female or male. To make some crosses, it is very difficult but with frozen pollen, it is very easy. However, I don’t know if it’s possible. Cheers Franck

Franck, Most types of plants can be pollinated using pollen from a frozen state, provided it has been stored under favourable conditions. When pollination begins in your outside corn crop, collect the pollen when conditions are dry, and preferably at times when there is lower light intensity. Moisture from relative humidity in storage or during collection can quickly diminish the viability of pollen collected; moisture is probably pollen’s worst enemy. Collect pollen into sterile and dry vessels. When there is little breeze prevalent, you can shake the pollen onto a white sheet of paper, helping to reduce the collection of other plant particulates and materials which could potentially contaminate the stored pollen. Some breeders prefer to dry their pollen slightly, to remove any moisture that might be present before setting into storage containers. Do not expose pollen to direct sunlight for prolonged periods, or the UV may render the pollen infertile. The containers you store your pollen in should be air-tight, and preferably opaque.You can add a small piece of paper towel and/or desiccant (such as silica) to the vessel to help keep moisture from condensing onto the pollen. A small dose of CO2 gas into storage containers will further help to protect viability.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Store your pollen containers in a freezer that will not cease cycling until it is time to use the pollen for your breeding program. If the pollen thaws and is re-frozen it may lose viability. When it becomes time to disperse the pollen collected onto your select plants, you will need to cut of the stamen as they appear on the corn plant to be pollinated, as obviously, it would pollinate itself. The stamen are the male reproductive organs that typically appear on the tops of corn plants that release pollen to the silks below, emerging from each of the developing ears. Make sure you remove the stamen before they start to disperse pollen, otherwise it will be difficult to tell which plant was the “father.” Liberally shake your stored pollen over the corn plant, paying special attention to the silks. For every silk hair that does not receive viable pollen, you will see a gap in the formation of the kernels. Each silk leads to its own kernel. In theory, this makes it possible to develop more than one type of seed on the same ear. I hope this helps with the endeavour, and please be sure to let us all know how it works out for you and the breeding program. Highest Regards, Erik Biksa

MAX facts

Hydroponic news, tips and trivia from around the world

Vertical Growing for the Future Time Magazine has named Valcent one of the top 50 Best Innovators of 2009 for their vertical farming technology, VertiCrop. Vertical farming is part of a new era of urban agriculture that involves upward growing instead of outward, allowing for the expansion of food supplies without using more land. Developed in Valcent’s El Paso, Texas research facility, the VertiCrop system has plants on a rotational device, which gives the plants the precise amount of light and nutrients they need, while using less water than conventional farming systems. VertiCrop can support vegetables, herbs, fruits and flowers. VertiCrop is being employed in controlled glasshouses, polytunnels and warehouses, increasing production volume for field crops up to 20 times over. VertiCrop provides nutritionally superior products grown locally that are healthier for people and animals. (Source: www.cityfarmer.info)

Green Roofs Suck CO2 Recent research of green roofs revealed that one plot had the capacity to store 375 grams of CO2 per square metre. Although this number is not particularly high, green roofs transform traditional roofs, essentially wastelands with no carbon storage, into carbonsequestration sites. Through the Green Roof Research Program, 10 existing green roofs plus 20 one metre squared plots planted by a team of researchers were studied over a two year period. On average the plants’ leafy parts stored 168 grams of carbon per square metre; the roots and the soil respectively stored 160 and 300 grams. They calculated that if all of the roofs in a major metropolis were green instead of black, it would offset the carbon dioxide emitted by 10,000 SUVs. (Source: www.miller-mccune.com) Firehall in Whistler, BC Canada

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Dr. Jay Charitable Foundation On behalf of our valued wholesalers for 2009, Technaflora Plant Products Ltd. was proud to make a charitable donation to the Dr. Jay Charitable Foundation. The Dr. Jay Charitable Foundation’s mission is to respond to the needs of children living with cancer and to help families fight cancer with dignity and determination. The Foundation provides ongoing funding for pediatric palliative care throughout Canada. You can learn about the Foundation by visiting their web site at www.drjayfoundation.com We would like to thank the following wholesalers for their dedication and continued support:

Canadian Distributors: Eddi’s Wholesale Garden Supplies, Megawatt HydroCulture and Stellar Wholesale Inc. American Distributors: BGWS, Hydrofarm Inc., Micro Hydroponics, Sunlight Supply, Inc. and R & M Supply International Distributors: Pachamama Indoor Farming Culture and Planeta Organico

North American Indoor Gardening Expo Tour The 2010 Montreal Indoor Gardening is set for June 5-6 at the funky and fabulous Palais des congrès de Montréal. With the industry still talking about the 2008 event in Montreal, we know you will enjoy all we have to offer. Ongoing updates will be made to indoorgardenexpo.com so stay tuned for exhibitor listings, venue directions and more. And don’t forget about the 7th Annual San Francisco Indoor Gardening Expo set for July 24-25, 2010. Mark your calendars now for the biggest and best industry event, seven years running. We look forward to seeing you there.

MAX facts

Hydroponic news, tips and trivia from around the world

Hydrotek Launches New Website Hydrotek is proud to unveil its latest and greatest product - a new and updated website! A clearer structure, simplified navigation and improved search functions make finding Hydrotek’s products and information easier than ever. The new website features all of Hydrotek’s “best in class” indoor gardening products and supplies. It includes a full online catalogue featuring well known brands such as Philips, General Hydroponics, FIBRgro, Shark Cage and HESI, plus our exclusive ZETA nutrients, Pro-Cut leaf trimmers, Silverstar reflectors and much, much more. At Hydrotek, we’re proud of the strong business relationships we’ve forged over the years and we are committed to being the source for all your indoor gardening supplies and horticultural solutions. We invite you to visit our new site at www.hydrotek.ca and explore some of the new features in detail.

Vancouver Horticulture Researcher Named Educator of the Year Dr. Deborah Henderson, director of Kwantlen Polytechnic University’s Institute of Sustainable Horticulture (ISH), was named educator of the Year by British Columbia Landscape and Nursery Association (BCLNA). The award recognized her work in educating the industry and public about the horticulture industry. With the help of ISH, Dr. Henderson has established a conservation biocontrol trial garden, a valuable resource that provides class material and a living lab for students to practice and study horticulture. Under her direction ISH established a lab and precommercial scale production incubator for microbial insect pathogens, which provides growers with biological solutions to pest problems. This incubator facility is a first for Canada and has the potential to put B.C. in the forefront of development of new microbial biocontrol products. Dr. Henderson also helped to establish PlantHealthBC, featuring a program that assures consumers that their landscape professionals operate on an educated and preventative basis. (Source: www.greenhousecanada.com)

Future of Organic Ornamental Plants Eco-conscious Canadian consumers are showing an interest in purchasing organically grown non-edible crops like ornamental bedding plants and cut flowers. A recent report showed that organic nurseries and greenhouses have increased sales 83 per cent since 2004. But supermarket sales of organic ornamental plants are not keeping up with this growth. Some larger ornamental greenhouse growers are starting to integrate organic production into their facilities in anticipation of this growth in consumer demand. Organic growers surveyed identified their greatest production challenge insect and disease management and problems with fertility. Conventional growers were also surveyed, and indicated that they primarily avoid organic production techniques because they consider organic fertilization or organic insect management to be too big of a challenge. (Source: www.sciencedaily.com)

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

MAX facts

Hydroponic news, tips and trivia from around the world

Third “International Conference & Exhibition on Soilless Culture” (Singapore)

ISHS

The Third “International Conference & Exhibition on Soilless Culture – 2010” (ICESC-2010), will take place in Singapore March 8-13, 2010, with plans to host 500-800 researchers, growers and crop advisors from more than 60 countries. Also invited are serious health-conscious consumers, educators, suppliers, food processors, environmentalists, policy makers, property developers of eco-homes, potential investors and all environment-conscious people involved in the “sustainable” food network in one way or another. The theme of this event is “Futuristic Environment-Friendly & Sustainable Farming Technologies for Growing Any Plants Anywhere” through hydroponics, organics and aquaponics. The aim of this event is to create awareness, exchange information and foster collaboration amongst the participants on the importance of soilless culture (hydroponics and organic farming techniques) in growing plants for food, ornamental, medicinal and industrial purposes. Please visit www.icesc-2010.com to learn more. This event is sponsored by the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS).

Vineland Studying Consumer Buying Habits Leading researchers at the Vineland Research and Innovation Centre in Ontario are conducting a study on consumer responses to local, sustainable and organic food claims. They hope to determine how price, sensory experience, production practices and region of origin claims affect Ontario consumer decision to buy. The information gained from this study is necessary for the sustainability and expansion of the agri-food sector and the organic and local Ontario market. Ontario agri-food businesses, including growers and retailers, will be better able to deliver products that consumers want, and also tailor their labeling and marketing strategies to the advantage of Ontario producers. (Source: www.greenhousecanada.com)

Celebrate Food and Save Money March is Nutrition Month and a great time to think about ways to feed your family on a budget. Cooking meals from scratch will not only save you money but it will allow your family to experience good nutrition and enjoy a wide variety of foods. Where do you start? Plan meals for the week. Look for interesting recipes and make sure to include foods from all four food groups at every meal. Buy fresh vegetables and fruit in season in an amount you can easily use or grow only what you need in an indoor garden or greenhouse. Try less expensive meatless alternatives such as beans, lentils and tofu. Involve the whole family in preparing meals. It makes it easier for you and everyone is more likely to enjoy what they have helped prepare. Eat together. Families that share meals together are better nourished. More information on healthy eating is available online at www.breakfastforlearning.ca MY News Canada (Source: www.newscanada.com) 18

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

PRODUCT spotlight

See it. Want it. Find it at your local indoor gardening store.

Ecosystem 2 – Versatile Vertical Growing Once you try vertical, you’ll find it hard to imagine growing any other way! The Ecosystem 2 is the long-awaited sequel to the world’s most popular vertical growing system. Important improvements: • Fits 24 rockwool slabs instead of 20 in original Ecosystem. Compression fitting ensures leak-proof operation. • Improved dripper system. • Separate reservoir for ease-of-use and cleaning. • Multiple Ecosystem 2 can be fed from the same reservoir. • Turn-key air cooling system. • Can house pots using any growth media. • More accessible growing area makes unit easy to maintain. Unit opens up all the way or partially for easy plant maintenance. • Vastly increased airflow through the grow space thanks to a 40 centimetre gap between the bottom of the unit and the floor. • No Velcro required to hold slabs in place. • Simplified preparation. Convenient hose attachment for easy pre-soaking of rockwool slabs in the machine itself. Visit your local gardening shop to learn more about the Ecosystem 2.

Yield Master 8” and 10” The new Yield Master is airtight! With a heavy-duty gasket and tempered glass that is held firmly in place by retention bars, the Yield Master is completely sealed. This reflector is manufactured with a highly reflective European aluminum interior for excellent output and uniformity. Durable, white powder-coated finish provides maximum air-cooling with built-in 20 and 25 centimetre fittings and has a built-in socket and 4.5 metre lamp cord. In addition the EZ-Breeze™ aerodynamic junction box improves airflow and cooling of this airtight reflector making Yield Master an excellent choice for the serious grower. Ask for it now at your indoor gardening store.

Introducing Black Pearl™ from Grotek Grotek is proud to add Black Pearl™ to our product line up. This organic product is a blended powder that aims to build soil by replenishing nutrients. Black Pearl™ contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium to support vegetative growth, larger root systems, vigorous blooming and increased drought tolerance. This product also includes the benefits of a technical grade soluble kelp extract. Kelp has been used for centuries by coastal farmers to enhance soil nutrition. Black Pearl™ is high in organic matter, most of which comes from charcoal based carbon, a long lasting soil builder. This product is designed as both a soil improver and a plant nutrient. Ask for Black Pearl at your local hydroponics retail store.

Plug’N’Grow Presents the Heavy Duty Liquid CO2 Regulator The iGS-Regulator enriches your garden with CO2 without generating heat. • CO2 flows up to 50 SCFH; 2.5 to three times the maximum flow offered by competing products. • Ideal for grow rooms from 200 to 2300 cubic metres. • Features a heater to avoid regulator and valve freezing at high CO2 flow. • Includes an industrial solenoid valve from ASCOTM, continuous duty, 20,000,000 cycles life expectancy. • Works with any CO2 controller with a standard 110 to 120 volts, three-pronged outlet. • Standard connection for CO2 bottle and possibility to connect to multiple bottles. • Reliable and long lasting, covered by Plug’N’Grow’s three years warranty. For more details, please visit an indoor gardening store near you.

Ultra Sun 150, 250 and 400 Watt HPS Lamps These high-output HPS lamps are specifically engineered for plant growth. The Ultra Sun’s spectrum and output rival lamps that are significantly more expensive. Plus, the Ultra Sun HPS lamps have a one year warranty. A quality and performance line of lamps at an excellent price. • Ultra Sun 150 watt - 16,000 lumens • Ultra Sun 250 watt - 29,000 lumens • Ultra Sun 400 watt - 50,000 lumens Visit your local hydro store for more information.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Bud+ from Nutri+ Bud+ is the ideal flowering booster for any fertilizer program, specially designed to give you bigger harvests. As the newest Nutri+ product, Bud+ is sure to impress any gardener. Bud+ (0-15-40) increases flower density and weight. Its unique blend, rich in phosphorous, potassium, magnesium and amino acids, will give you amazing results that you can see and maximum bloom development. Bud+ is specially formulated to use midflowering and is meant to be used during blooming weeks three, four and five. Gardeners should expect to see increased flower density, improved aroma and greater overall weight. Available sizes: 130 grams, 500 grams, 2.5 kilograms and 10 kilograms. Bud+ comes with a 100 per cent money back guarantee. Order Bud+ from your local hydro store today.

Introducing the CSA Certified THP207 When your greenhouse has a power outage, hours can mean the difference between a healthy crop and one that does not make it to harvest. To be alerted to a power outage, the THP207 is your answer. When the power fails, the No Wire Nuts THP207 will emit a pulsating 86dB alarm and illuminate three LEDs to provide safety lighting. The THP207 can be removed from the 120 volt electrical outlet and used as a flashlight. A three position switch turns off the alarm and turns on the LEDs. The internal NiMh battery will maintain the LEDs for up to eight hours. To alert you, just plug the THP207 into a nearby receptacle while you are sleeping. Anywhere you have an electrical outlet and power failure is a concern, you should consider having a THP207 plugged in. It is CSA certified and economically priced. Ask your local retailer to carry the THP207 from No Wire Nuts.

House & Garden Algen Extract Algen Extract is a concentrated solution of Norwegian Sea Kelp (Ascophyllum nodosum). Plants in all phases love kelp for the many benefits it provides. Micronutrients, microbiology and macronutrients are all present in Algen Extract. Algen Extract growth stimulator is a product designed for use with sprouts that have rooted well. It ensures better leaf colour and stimulates the formation of root hair, leading to increased uptake of various trace elements. Great as a foliar spray and for root applications. It can also be used as a leaf wash in case of chemical pest control and dusting. Algen Extract is available from hydroponic retail stores. Maximum Yield Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x201A; |â&#x20AC;&#x201A; March / April 2010

PRODUCT spotlight

See it. Want it. Find it at your local indoor gardening store.

The Rock That Doesn’t Roll - Sunleaves Rocks

Take Control of Your Plants with the Beast

Sunleaves Rocks are a reusable growing medium with serious H20holding power for use in any kind of garden, and now gardeners can choose from two different sizes of this versatile growing medium! Both the small (0.5 to 1.2 centimetre) and large (1.2 to 3.8 centimetre) varieties are made by superheating shale to temperatures up to 1,100°C, rendering them pH-neutral and chemically inert. Gardeners can make their lives a little easier, take care of their plants and take it easy on the planet when they grow with the rock that doesn’t roll! Ask for Sunleaves Rocks at your local hydro shop.

The Beast is the first natural Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) available, originally used in the fruiting tree industry in South America. Based on all natural fruit enzymes, The Beast performs as well as its chemical competitors. The Beast can be used in two ways: 1. To stop vertical growth. Dilute The Beast in water without any other products. The Beast has every thing your plant needs. Your plant’s vertical growth will stop almost immediately. 2. The Beast can be applied two weeks before harvest to add size and weight to your flowers. Similar chemical products cause your plants stress resulting in wilted leaves and retarded growth. The Beast’s natural formula is much gentler on your plants, lowering the likelihood of stressinduced symptoms. Try The Beast, you will not be disappointed! The Beast comes with a 100 per cent money back guarantee. Order The Beast from your local hydro store today.

House & Garden MultiZyme House & Garden MultiZyme is an extremely useful growth stimulator that accelerates and simplifies the growth process and strengthens the plant’s immunity. The enzymes convert the nutrient into ready-to-use bits making it easy to assimilate by the plant. MultiZyme is a collective term for a wide range of useful enzymes, which are very important for plant processes and processes in the environment. They are small catalysts that trigger these processes and keep them running. There are enzymes that help to convert the plant’s nutrients, strengthen plants’ immune systems and help to dispose of residuals in the substrate. Use MultiZyme during the first three weeks of flowering. MultiZyme is available now from your local hydroponics retailer.

Equilibrium Natural 1-2-1 Plants must have accessible calcium and magnesium to successfully grow, fruit and flower. In thorough tests conducted by the Humboldt Nutrients team specific solutions of Ca and Mg dominated the competition in side-by-side trials. If you want to reap a large bountiful harvest your plants must receive the correct ratio of calcium to magnesium throughout it’s life cycle; but for that harvest to be flavourful, sweet and aromatic, one must ensure that the Ca and Mg you are feeding your garden is derived from high quality source materials. With our latest invention, Equilibrium Natural, Humboldt Nutrients offers the ease of a one part Ca-Mg additive with the quality that has come to be associated with our products. Try Equilibrium Natural today and see the difference it makes in your normal routine. Use Equilibrium Natural as part of one of our complete feeding programs and you will be hooked for life. Humboldt Nutrients, bringing equality to a garden near you. Contact your local hydro store to learn more. 22

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Clonex Comes to Canada Clonex, the ultimate rooting compound used by professionals and hobby gardeners the world over since 1989, is now registered and once again available for sale in Canada. It is a high performance, water-based, rooting compound developed by Growth Technology™ Ltd. Clonex is a tenacious gel that remains in contact around the stem, sealing the cut tissue and supplying the hormones (including .31 per cent IBA) needed to promote root cell development and vitamins to protect the delicate new root tissue. It has a full spectrum of mineral nutrients and trace elements to nourish the young roots during their important formative stages. Clonex is available in 100 millilitre and 250 millilitre formats. Also available in single use 15 millilitre packets. For more information contact your local indoor gardening retailer.

House & Garden Drip Clean House & Garden Drip Clean is an extremely useful agent for anyone working with a drip or aeroponic system. Drip Clean works like a magnet, removing dirt particles so that the piping remains clean. It gives plants a boost, improving their greenness and vitality. Drip Clean is a 100 per cent safe agent for your plants provided it is used in the correct proportion. It contains potassium and phosphorus compounds, two very powerful and useful elements in the nutritional plan of the plant. Drip Clean can be added to the nutrient container during the entire life of the garden, and should be added from the very first day of growth. Drip Clean will not work with a drip system that is already clogged. Drip Clean is available from indoor gardening retailers across Canada.

PRODUCT spotlight

See it. Want it. Find it at your local indoor gardening store.

Non-Dangerous pH Up and Down by Flairform Now Available pH Up and Down have traditionally been the most dangerous chemicals in the hydroponic industry. Flairform’s noncorrosive pH Up and Down provide the first and most effective alternative to this problem. • Equivalent working strength to most corrosive formulations. • Safer to use. • Easier to use: overdosing won’t drive pH to extremes; great for novice growers! • More environmentally friendly. • Simplifies freight and storage transport by air, road or sea is unregulated. Why trust a backyard chemist? Flairform: Analytical Chemists and Horticultural Consultants Since 1966. Ask for the new pH Up and Down from an indoor gardening retail store.

White Widow from Humboldt Nutrients White Widow is the newest and most powerful soluble mycorrhizal from Humboldt Nutrients. White Widow is a pure endo-mycorrhizal containing an extremely high and diverse amount of mycological spores. No other mycorrhizal on the market has more propagules per gram. A soluble mycorrhizal inoculant relies heavily on the amount of spores in the product and the ability of that product to become soluble in water. White Widow is a super-fine powder that quickly and easily dissolves into water. With White Widow the speed and aggressiveness of your plants’ root development is unprecedented. It is common to see large, furry, bright white roots shooting out of the bottom of containers only a week after transplanting. White Widow is bacteria free, making it ideal for hydroponic systems. White Widow can also be used in soil and soilless gardens. If you can keep things healthy on the surface, White Widow will handle the situation underneath. To learn more about White Widow contact an indoor gardening store near you.

Introducing ORCA Grow Film ORCA Grow Film brings the latest reflective microfiber technology to the hydroponic market. ORCA’s patent pending white plastic microfiber structure effectively scatters light from highly reflective crystalline structures within the substrate. The same principal is found in snowflakes, where the geometry of ice crystals reflects light. ORCA’s microfiber structure is naturally diffuse, a characteristic that is recognized by its highly reflective, ultra-matte surface. Diffuse reflection is important to hydroponic growers because it eliminates hot spots and creates an even, efficient distribution of light. In addition, ORCA’s reflective surface is consistent over the full spectrum of light. ORCA Film is colour neutral and has no colour shift or iridescence; this means the light reflected from its surface maintains the original colour spectrum/wavelength. Hydroponic growers now can be assured the reflected light their plants are absorbing is the intended light spectrum being produced from their grow lamps. ORCA Grow film is light tight, 12 millimetres thick, waterproof, recyclable and eco friendly, containing no halogens, plasticizers or VOCs. Ask your local retailer to carry Orca Grow Film today. Continued on page 64

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Beneficial Soil Microbes by Brian Mack

“Mycorrhizae is generally accepted as the essential factor in soil treatment for serious growers.”

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

When world record setting giant vegetable growers suggested that beneficial soil microbes had been a major factor in the setting of their new records, growers started cracking open their college biology books. After their fame became more widespread, there was an outpouring of praise by growers for the beneficial soil fungi Mycorrhizae. Competitive growers coast to coast began experimenting with the new found soil fungi and now Mycorrhizae is generally accepted as the essential factor in soil treatment for serious growers. As top growers began their own research and commenced experimenting with these notoriously beneficial soil microbes, the use of Trichoderma and compost teas started sharing the spotlight with Mycorrhizae. Growers continue to push the microbial envelope reaching for every pound and square metre Mother Nature can possibly provide. Only this past year a handful of competitivelyexperienced growers began experimenting with yet another promising soil microbe; it is many times smaller than even the microscopic fungi mycorrhizae, and it’s called Azospirillum.

“Already prevalent in India, Israel, Arab states, China, Brazil and the Philippines, Azospirillum is showing increased yields of five to 20 per cent.”

Azospirillum is making its mark globally; already prevalent in India, Israel, Arab states, China, Brazil and the Philippines, among other nations, it’s creating quite the agricultural spur. Over two decades in development, Azospirillum is creating records for increased yields in “real-world” field conditions often by five to 20 per cent. Increasing yields results in a decreased need for costly fertilizers, which has spurred the United Nations to recommend Azospirillum’s use in poor countries where a fluctuation in fertilizer cost can result in starvation, especially among the poorest subsistence farmers. Upon the initial discovery of Azospirillum, it gained praise for its ability to produce a form of nitrogen that plants can easily

use. Certainly this was the reason that the beneficial bacteria yields were higher than that of the control groups. However, in recent years research has shown that the increased root growth and overall plant vigour is not connected to nitrogen fixation alone; as is the case with nature, the answer is elegantly simple: Azospirillum’s nitrogen-producing gene was “turned off,” yet its ability to produce more root mass, higher dry weight, increased survivability, increased crop yield and increased root hairs remained constant. One factor after another was ruled out and it’s now an accepted fact that Azospirillum synthesizes the plant growth hormone called IAA (indole-three-acetic acid) in a way that is easily utilized by plants. Although many scientists have tried, none have been able to efficiently reproduce Azospirillum’s delivery method of IAA to the plant, a way which ensures maximum utilization by plants. IAA increases lateral root growth and root hairs, effectively boosting plants’ overall root surface area and increasing their ability to access nutrients. Furthermore, Azospirillum works symbiotically with Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae to maximize growth and production rates. This tripartite relationship provides leverage against natural events such as soil pathogens, drought, shock, stress and infestations. The relationship of these three microbes has been proven to increase farm production among the poorest farmers in the harshest of conditions, while delivering more food to the table for less than the chemical alternatives. Until recently, finding an American source for Azospirillum was nearly impossible. Now Azospirillum is available in the American marketplace, and expectations are high. The real

Beneficial Soil Microbes

“The symbiotic relationship of Trichoderma, Mycorrhizae and Azospirrilum has proven to increase farm production among the poorest farmers in the harshest conditions.”

world use of Azospirillum is long-established and studied, but its use by competitive growers is in its infancy. Companies are hoping to improve upon 20 years of positive results from throughout the Asian and South American continents by leveraging their technical know-how. Worldwide results show generally five to 20 per cent yield increases with substantially less fertilizer as the norm when using this microbe, but what will the experience of the backyard and indoor gardener be with Azospirillum? Expectantly, within a handful of years, competitive growers of North America will reach the generally accepted consensus on the bacteria’s usefulness to the sport of competitive growing. Until the jury is in on Azospirillum, the multi-decade proven track record of this beneficial microbe is undeniably worth taking a look at.

Over two decades in development, Azospirillum is creating records for increased yields in “real-world” field conditions often by five to 20 per cent.

More articles on mycorrhizae and other beneficial fungi can be found by searching the article archive on maximumyield.com

Further research Azospirillum's effect on common crops: pages 38-57 http://www.bashanfoundation.org/gmaweb/ pdfs/Azospirillumreview.pdf Increases root surface area by increasing root hairs: http://www.bashanfoundation.org/cassan/ cassangair.pdf Azospirillum and Vegetable Crop Production: http://www.bashanfoundation.org/barassi/ barassidynamic.pdf Azospirillum is a non-pathogenic bacteria for use on plants: http://www.bashanfoundation.org/gmaweb/ pdfs/azospirillum.pdf Azosprillum produces the plant hormone IAA: http://www.bashanfoundation.org/gmaweb/ pdfs/chlorella-iaa.pdf

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

temperature and

humidity: Winning Factors in the garden by Isabelle Lemay agr. and Mélissa Léveillé

There is on earth, amazing vegetal diversity! Species abound per millions and vary from one region to another in line with the climatic conditions, the soil quality, the luminosity and many other factors. For one moment, imagine yourself in the African Savannah - the blazing sun heats the atmosphere and the air is particularly dry. Around you long yellowish mature, grass-like wheat is growing. Here and there appear some stunted trees and bushes. Now, transport yourself to the north, in England - the clouds are rushing through the sky leaving only a few sun rays breaking through. The cold temperature, combined with the humidity, gets to the bones and gives you the shivers! But what magnificent nature! The intense green of the hills seems to radiate. These descriptions offer a gripping contrast, helping us understand that vegetal species from these respective regions are well adapted to their environment and would probably not survive in the opposite climate; each requires unique growing conditions.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

“Temperature affects the plant’s physical development by improving or limiting the tissues’ growth and the cells’ division.” Following this logic, it is essential to know the cultivated plants’ particular needs well to obtain good results. The aspects to consider are numerous but the climate, particularly temperature and humidity, certainly influence the growth and the yield (harvest quantity and quality) the most. So, what are the effects of climate on plants and which methods can be used to more efficiently control them in indoor gardening? Temperature’s role and its impacts Many aspects of plant functions and development are influenced by temperature. We can’t enumerate all of them because of their large number and their complexity but we will tackle the main ones. First, temperature influences certain processes, which directly affect the plant’s growth such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The temperature also affects the plant’s physical development by improving or limiting the tissues’ growth and the cells’ division. Some phenomena are also triggered at a certain temperature level like dormancy, blooming and seed germination. To simplify, remember that the temperature directly influences the harvest’s quality as well as the yield. There lies the importance of ensuring a good control of this factor in the garden in order to meet the cultivated plants’ needs. For each species, there is an interval of optimal temperature within which the growth is at its maximum. To complicate

GROWTH

TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON PLANTS GROWTH

20 30 40 TEMPERATURE (°C)

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Temperature and Humidity day. Depending on the scale of the variation, the effects on the crop might be different. Let’s take for example a tomato plant: a large difference of temperature between the light period and the dark period improves fruit production whereas a small variation promotes the leaves and stems’ growth.

“The optimal temperature diminishes with the plant’s age, but raises with high luminosity or high CO2 concentration.”

Avoiding extreme temperature and humidity variations As mentioned earlier, each plant has a range of humidity levels and temperatures where they’re comfortable. So it is important to maintain the garden’s conditions as close as possible to those values. Harsh humidity and temperature variations are to be avoided, since they severely stress the plants, which might result Ideal temperature and relative humidity level for day and night

things a little, this interval can change in time, even for one plant. Why? Many factors are involved; some belong specifically to plants, like the age or the development stage (growth, flowering), and others are external to the plants, like the growing conditions (luminosity, CO2 concentration). For example, the optimal temperature diminishes with the plant’s age but raises with high luminosity or high CO2 concentration. Depending on the plant’s state, it is a question of finding a balance between the luminous intensity, the CO2 concentration and the temperature. Humidity’s role and its impacts Many measurement units are used to calculate the humidity in the air but “relative humidity” is practical and commonly referred to. Expressed as a percentage, relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the air can “hold” at that temperature. When the air can’t hold more moisture, then it condenses as dew. It is important to know that the air temperature influences the maximal quantity of water vapour that it can contain; at equal volume, warm air could contain more water vapour than cold air. Humidity’s most significant impact on vegetal species is its considerable influence on plant’s transpiration, one of the most important mechanisms. In fact, transpiration, meaning a loss of water vapour from the stomas, creates the necessary suction to transport the water in the plant and draw water and nutrients through the roots. A high humidity level reduces the transpiration process as well as the absorption and circulation of water and nutrients. So it results into a diminution of the photosynthesis process and the growth, even if all the other conditions are perfect. Favourable conditions for light and darkness In nature, plants are submitted to a variable climate between day and night. Generally, they also need different temperature and humidity levels for light and dark periods. For their good development, the majority of vegetal species prefer a temperature that is a few degrees lower at night than during the 32

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Plant

T° - day (°C)

T° - night (°C) RH - day (%)

RH - night (%)

Tomato

21 - 25

15 - 18

60 - 80

Cucumber

72 - 28

19 - 22

65 - 85

Lettuce

14 - 18

10 - 13

60 - 85

Pepper

22 - 23

17 - 21

75 - 80

85 - 95

Roses

18 - 24

16 - 17

50 - 60

40 - 60

* The ideal temperature might vary depending on lighting, CO2 and the plant’s age.

in significant consequences, such as a major slowing down of photosynthesis and growth, some lesions on leaves or fruits or even the plant’s protein degradation. It is also important to avoid extreme climates as they are extremely harmful to plants. In the case of very cold or very hot temperatures, the crop’s yield and growth may diminish or stop completely. It could even cause the plant’s death. As for humidity, levels that are too high limit the transpiration and can provoke a deficiency towards mineral elements, especially calcium. The lack of calcium may lead to other disorders such as “tip burn”

Blossom-end rot on tomatoes caused by high or low humidity levels.

Temperature and Humidity

Tip b urn

garden and plants. As most equipment influences at once the temperature and humidity conditions, it is beneficial to combine their actions to obtain a climate that is as stable as possible. Here are some examples of equipment and their impacts on the garden: intake-exhaust fan

Modifies the garden’s temperature and humidity levels by either increasing or decreasing them depending on the outdoor air conditions.

air conditioner

Cools and dehumidifies air.

heating system

Heats and dehumidifies air.

• Each gram of evaporated water extracts 540 heat mist system calories from the air. or evaporative cooler • Based on this principle, they allow air cooling from the water evaporation. • Humidifies the air.

humidifier

Humidifies the air from the garden.

• Balance the garden conditions. mist system • The mixing discourages air stratification; for example, or evaporative cooler it protects against a difference of temperature between the bottom and the top of the plants.

Tip burn on cabbage caused by a high humidity level.

on the leaves or “blossom-end rot” on the fruits. In addition, a high humidity level generally tends to develop bacteria, fungus or moulds that reduce the harvest quantity and quality.

Besides judiciously selecting the equipments, it is still necessary to install them at the right location. The equipment should never be placed too close to the plants for prevention against extreme conditions and harsh climate variations. At all times, avoid directing warm or cold air on the plants in order to eliminate a considerable stress.

Inappropriate humidity level is harmful for the harvest A low humidity level brings some different problems, particularly transpiration, which might lead to wilting and plant’s death. To protect itself, the plant closes the stomas and the photosynthesis process is stopped. Also, abundant transpiration sends a lot of water towards the leaves and cuts off the calcium contribution towards the fruits. With all the disorders caused by a poor humidity and temperature management, we better understand the importance of managing these parameters in the garden properly. Which way is efficient? Choosing equipment for temperature and humidity control Certain equipment can be used to maintain the temperature and humidity levels in the most profitable range for the plant. It is necessary to identify which equipment is well adapted to the

“High humidity levels generally lead to the development of bacteria, fungus or moulds.”

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

“Transpiration creates the necessary suction to transport the water in the plant and draw water and nutrients through the roots.”

Taking advantage of controllers to combine precision and simplicity Thermometer and hygrostats are both reference tools essential for temperature and humidity control. Some gardeners choose to manually control these parameters, but they quickly realize that this method requires a lot of manipulations and, at the end, is not precise! A controller’s functioning is simple: with built-in sensors to measure the ambient temperature and relative humidity, they activate the appropriate equipment when the climate conditions are different than the ones programmed in the controller. Not only does it simplify the gardener’s work, the controller is also a beneficial investment allowing better harvest with high quality and maximum yields. To respond precisely to the plants’ needs, some controllers even offer a different setting for the light and dark periods (day/night). The models that include a light sensor considerably simplify the controller’s programming; the light activates the day set points while the absence of light activates the night set points. This way, the grower is able to avoid programming errors related to timing devices. It can also be really effective to use a combined controller, meaning that it simultaneously controls more than one climate parameter and can intelligently manage many pieces of equipment. In addition to improving climate stability, this type of controller allows for better exploitation of the combined equipments’ benefits. Most importantly, the controller simultaneously manages climate parameters that influence each other, like temperature and humidity, and also CO2 concentration (carbon dioxide), which has a major impact on the harvests’ yield. MY

Additional tips and CO2 secrets from Isabelle and Mélissa can be found in the article archive at maximumyield.com

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Pre-Veg: Your Missing Link to a Bigger Harvest by Erik Biksa

Most growers want to harvest a heavy yield as fast as possible; fair enough, as a grower why wouldn’t you want to? Well the truth is, sometimes in a rush to get the crop on the way to intensive growth before the bloom phase, it’s easy to lose sight of the fact that for an optimal reaction to occur, the conditions need to be “primed” first. Sometimes growers may get the reaction they anticipated, although never realizing it could have been a bigger “bang” than they received.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

e Pr : g e V

“Once all of the cuttings are showing some root development, and are able to stay hydrated without a humidity dome, they are ready to begin pre-vegging.”

As the title suggests, I’m recommending a “pre-veg” growth phase before shifting the crop into more intensive growing conditions and nutrient regimens. Now for those of you jumping out of your chairs asking how adding more cropping time can be a good thing, take a few moments and read ahead. You might find that pre-vegging doesn’t necessarily need to add any cropping time, it just changes the way you do things a little. On top of that, you can shave off a little of your electrical consumption and be able to use a slightly smaller growing area for the first couple weeks after your cuttings have rooted successfully. In the end though, it’s all about getting bigger and heavier harvests while maintaining healthier plants that can give the grower fewer problems. In terms of pre-vegging, look at building up the yield potential and health of your crop like building a home; it should start from the foundation up. In the case of plants, when we discuss the foundation, we are naturally talking about the roots. However, during pre-veg the roots are just part of the focus, as healthy and better developed root systems give way to more lush and vigorous shoot and leaf development. Experienced growers know that they achieve their best results when the crop comes “out of the gate” strong with no interruptions or “hiccups” through the development of the plants, starting early in the propagation/rooting phase. However, for the purposes of this article, we will be discussing pre-veg as it pertains to freshly rooted cuttings. Basically, once all of the cuttings are showing some root development, and are able to stay hydrated without a humidity dome, they are ready to begin pre-vegging. For soil/soilless growers, transplanting freshly rooted cuttings or germinated seeds in starter plugs or propagation cubes into pint-sized (beer cups) containers provides the ideal balance of moisture and growing medium to the newly developing transplant. Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Pre-Veg:Your Missing Link to a Bigger Harvest

Ready for Pre-Veg: This cutting is ready for pre-veg. Notice the fine white fuzzy hairs. Small, tender root systems like this one need to be handled gently when transplanting.

Hydroponic growers may set freshly rooted cuttings or germinated seeds for transplant on top of, or into larger rockwool blocks of 10 to 15 centimetres or net “Rough handling can setbaskets from eight to 15 back development by centimetres around filled several days as well as with their hydroponic creating an early “hiccup” medium of choice. in the rate of growth.” Be careful when placing tender transplants into new containers or larger cubes. Small roots and fine root hairs are easily damaged. Rough handling can set-back their development by several days as well as creating an early “hiccup” in the rate of growth, something that should be avoided to preserve the integrity of the harvest potential from the beginning stages. Pre-treat rooted cuttings and germinated seedlings before transplant with beneficial microbial inoculants, vitamins, humates, fulvates and root growth promotants. There are some great 100 per cent organic products that fit this bill, and they can be used throughout the pre-veg phase to encourage faster and healthier development of young plants before entering the intensive vegetative growth phase. When the rooted cuttings are pre-treated several hours before the actual transplant occurs, they are more resilient and are less prone to transplant shock. If using soil/soilless mediums, the texture should be moderately course, although able to retain a level of moisture for a period, as the volume of growing medium should be relatively small per plant in the pre-veg phase. If using coco, an additional ⅓ of the final volume in medium textured perlite helps to improve 40

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

drainage and allows for higher air ratios around the roots that help to encourage beneficial microbial growth in the developing root system Professional peat-based growing mixes that contain perlite are excellent for the pre-veg phase. Certain growers that create “living hydroponics” hybrid systems start their transplants in the pre-veg phase in peat mixes, before transplanting into 14 to 23 litre buckets that contain grow stones. By inoculating the plants with beneficial microbial products while they are smaller in stature while in a relatively small volume of organic growing medium, helps to carry on with healthy biological activity throughout the rest of the bloom phase. This combination of “Combination of biological activity in conjunction with the hydroponic growing medium helps to create a “hybrid system” of bio and hydro.” biological activity in conjunction with the hydroponic growing medium (grow stones), helps to create a “hybrid system” of bio and hydro. The results can be outstanding with careful management. Make sure that there is adequate drainage in the beercups or pint sized containers you use for pre-vegging soil and soilless plants. It’s important the roots can breathe, without Rockwool drying out during this phase for optimal results. Place the containers in nursery flats with a webbed insert, to further promote drainage and air circulation beneath the containers within the tray(s). Rockwool should always be pre-treated for a minimum of 24 hours before setting in freshly rooted cuttings or young seedlings. Rockwool is alkaline by nature, so it needs to be soaked in an acid solution of pH 5.0 for 24 hours prior to transplanting to help neutralize the alkaline pH charge that is inherent to rockwool. Adding

a transplant solution that will help to create no shock later in transplant to the pre-soak can also be beneficial. Fulvic acid is also a beneficial additive to include during the pre-conditioning of rockwool cubes, blocks and slabs. It helps to balance the chemistry in the medium Simply put, don’t and has proven to encourage squish the mix around healthy root development. Grow rocks often contain the plant too hard! micro-pore spaces. These micro-pores can be pre-treated with beneficial microbial inoculants prior to transplant freshly rooted cuttings or young seedlings. To accomplish this, pre-soak LECA stone and similar materials in a bucket of solution containing beneficial fungi and super-bacteria along with humic, fulvic and vitamins; which can be found as combined products in some 100 per cent organic additives. Add the growing medium and gently aerate. About four hours or so is typically long enough; remember those microbes want to live with roots, not under-water! Discard the pre-soak solution on house plants or outdoor soil plants. Now that your pre-veg medium is charged, it will encourage a quick-strike of roots through the growing medium once you transplant; keeping in the The first theme of “no interruptions watering is the in healthy and consistent most important! growth” to create

maximum yields months later. Gently transplant the freshly rooted cuttings or young seedlings into the pre-veg medium and/or containers. Place the containers in trays or chosen growth system. In soil and soilless growth mediums, take care not to over-compact the growing medium when filling up containers that have your transplants in them. The goal is to have sufficient contact between the roots and growth medium, while ensuring that there is plenty of pore space for air; which encourages healthy and robust development that leads to thicker and juicer roots in transplants. Simply put, don’t squish the mix around the plant too hard! The first watering is very important; it helps to fasten the roots of the transplants to the fresh growth medium. However, you don’t want to over-saturate soil and soilless mediums, reducing the pore space available for air, as it will be filled with water/ nutrient solution. Some crop feeding nutrient schedules and nutrient calculators include pre-veg formulas and combinations of nutrients. Typically, the overall EC/PPM is quite mild, approximately 0.5

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Pre-Veg:Your Missing Link to a Bigger Harvest

Pre-Veg Chamber: Plants in pre-veg won’t need a lot of room. Good quality light and gentle air-circulation helps to create healthy transplants that yield bigger later on.

EC/350 ppm. If using conventional crop nutrients, you will need to adjust the pH to the optimal range for your particular growth medium for best results. Some newer innovative technologies use a combination of self adjusting pH molecules and space-age chelates, reportedly eliminating the need to adjust the pH manually; the solution takes care of itself through a series of checks and balances of chemical reactions. Besides being of milder EC values, pre-veg feeding programs should contain a full spectrum of bio-active ingredients like humates, fulvates, root stimulators, vitamins and co-factors as

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

well as a full and balanced macro- and micro-nutrient pack from the base nutrient formulation. Microbial inoculants encourage faster and stronger root development, and help to protect tender young plants from potential diseases such as root and stem rot. Note that nutrient systems that offer a tailored micro-nutrient pack are preferred over formulas that use the same micronutrient pack for both growth and bloom phases. Research has demonstrated that plants in the veg and bloom phase have unique nutrient requirements, which includes micro-nutrients. In short, the goal of the nutrient regimen in pre-veg is to supply a mild, complete and balanced charge of nutrients, while providing a high degree of healthy biological activity in the root zone; low nutes, high bio-activity. By the end of the pre-veg phase the goal is to have gained several sets of healthy and very green leaves without over-fertilization, while creating a very prolific, vibrant, and microbial active root system. Plants that begin their life cycle fitting this description will later yield larger and better quality harvests, and are less prone to costly and harmful insect and disease issues. Over fertilization in preveg will produce soft, spindly transplants that while tall, are not going to give you the nutrient hungry monsters you are after. “The goal is to have gained several sets of healthy and very green leaves without over-fertilization.” Optimal temperatures in this phase are important to stimulate a high rate of bio-activity within the plant and root medium. Excessively warm and dry conditions create stressed plants that are prone to insect attacks, while cooler, wetter conditions provide an entry point for many types of plant diseases. Obviously, it can work the other way too, it’s important to understand the ramifications of growing crops outside of the optimal range of conditions. For pre-veg, a 24°C to 27°C temperature usually proves to be optimal, and should remain constant. At this temperature a high rate of bio-activity is encouraged without stressing out the less-developed newer plants. Humidity levels can be slightly higher at this time, depending on the strain and plant variety. Most gardeners find that 60 to 70 per cent relative humidity (RH) works best for pre-veg. The slightly higher RH level (versus other growth phases) helps to reduce water loss through the leaves, while the root system is still developing to support the needs of the shoots and leaves. If it is too dry, the increased rate of water loss may stunt growth, while higher humidity levels will reduce water loss through the leaves too greatly, creating “lazy” root growth.

Pre-Veg:Your Missing Link to a Bigger Harvest “For pre-veg, a 24°C to 27°C temperature usually proves to be optimal.″

Pre-Veg: The Results! Notice the significant difference in root mass that occurs during a 10 day pre-veg cycle; this plant will have an appetite!

Optimal lighting levels in pre-veg are relatively low, although higher than the levels of light intensity that are provided in the early propagation phase. Most growers find that T5 or CFL lighting is economical and practical for the pre-veg growth phase, although LED lighting could certainly be effective, provided it is supplied in more than just red and blue wavelengths. With fluorescent lighting, a balanced spectrum, higher in the blue bandwidth, for example 4500 kelvin is optimal for many strains and varieties of plants. However, growers are encouraged to experiment, as different strains appear to prefer different spectrums at different times in their development. If using a light metre (recommended) and T5 or compact fluorescent lighting of 1000 to 1200 lumens proves to work very well in supplying young plants in the pre-veg phase with adequate light levels, while not pushing the tender young plants too hard, causing stresses that may reduce yield potential or invite problems. Consider that after the pre-veg phase your army of young super-plants will be ready to maximize increased light levels and nutrients, making your more intensive inputs more effective. For more information on optimal lighting levels in other phases, consult the Maximum Yield online archive (www. maximumyield.com) on Controlled Environment Agriculture. If available, you may consider lightly elevating carbon dioxide levels in the pre-veg growth phase. Levels of 600-800 ppm (parts per million) of CO2 supply enough carbon dioxide to help catalyze a high rate of bio-activity in the developing transplants during the pre-veg phase. Bottled CO2 can be used efficiently in smaller areas that are using lower intensity lighting, as they don’t create as much heat that needs to be vented away versus HID lamps. LEDs are even more advantageous in this respect. Usually, the pre-veg phase lasts 10 to 14 days before transplanting into larger containers or the final growing system. During this time, gradually increase air circulation and nutrient levels, although you are advised to do so in moderation. The key is not to stress the plant, while not letting it get too “lazy” in the early developmental phase. At the end of this period, you should be rewarded with a healthy crop of lush, green 20 to 25 centimetres tall transplants that have vibrant and fuzzy white roots systems. These “super” transplants will usually need less time in the vegetative growth phase to reach their ideal stature before being induced to flower. They will develop more prolifically because they are ready to, and will need less time to adjust to more intensive conditions; in fact after pre-vegging, they are craving them! It’s usually a good idea to pre-veg a few more plants than you will need to transplant in order to fill your garden; this way you can pick the strongest and best developed, further helping you to ensure MY maximum yields every time you crop-out. To learn how to treat micro-pores contained in grow rocks, visit our Online Extra section on www.maximumyield.com

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

UnravelLing Indoor Gardening’s Silent Epidemic by Daniel Wilson

Long since the introduction of organophosphates in the early 1900s, farmers and gardeners have become accustomed to the convenient and complete annihilation of plant pests. But it wasn’t until the Green Revolution in the 1950s that the wholesale roll-out of these toxins took center stage on farms and gardens all around the world.

Thanks in large part to the proliferation of petroleum-based synthetic nutrients, crops began producing unprecedented yields. Unfortunately, plant pest populations also increased thanks to the lush growth provided by this new source of plant nourishment. It was this explosion in pest populations that drove the widespread use of organophosphates and other toxics as a means of controlling potentially detrimental pest activity. And not surprisingly, like all genies once let out of their bottle, the use of these non-specific neurotoxins skyrocketed. Today you can walk into any big box store and you’ll find a plethora of complex chemical pest and disease controls to do your bidding. Many of these patented formulas are adorned with misleading labels encouraging their use in the garden as a means of keeping your veggies clean and safe from pests. Just a stroll down the Pest Death aisle and you might find yourself with a headache or watering eyes. But don’t be surprised; these indiscriminate killers are just as toxic to you and me as they are to the insect kingdom.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Problem is we’ve just started to unlock the mysterious world of the living genomes and one thing seems certain, we are far more alike our insect counterparts than we are different. So with this said it seems that the likelihood of ridding the garden of pests while avoiding creating a toxic environment for ourselves, our pets and our world is pretty slim. As a result of our ever-increasing desensitization to the use of toxic chemicals, there’s been a sharp increase in the application of extremely toxic pesticides in food and medicinal herb production. These complex chemical compounds are being recommended for use in a variety of applications that should cause us all a great deal of alarm. Unfortunately it’s only when the government raises a red flag, as with DDT in the ‘70s and Methyl Bromide in the ‘90s, that we even hesitate before we dose. The sad fact of the matter is that even these governmental restrictions fail to convince people of the dangers lurking in the food chain when we use these killing tools.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Unravelling Indoor Gardening’s Silent Epidemic

So what’s the problem with the answer? Indoor gardeners are a very resourceful and determined group of humans. When posed with an obstacle it is commonplace for a solution to be unconventional, and more often than not it’s something intended to suit the needs of other more mainstream end-users. Indoor gardeners rely on their local shops to offer them solutions to a wide array of pest problems from fungus gnats and white flies to pythium and fusarium. But the pest that brings growers the most grief is without a doubt the two spotted spidermite and more recently the “Mendo” mite. These tiny plant vampires wreak havoc on plants by sucking away chlorophyll and Spidermites dehydrating plants, making them much weaker and more susceptible to disease. It’s in response to this threat that growers of all sorts have began to compromise their own health in an effort to rid their gardens of what in many cases is a crop failure in waiting. And though there are a wide variety of tools like neem preparations, pyrethrins, essential oil blends and beneficial insects, the restricted toxics have once again taken center stage.

"Due to the availability of harmful pesticides, more and more gardeners are being turned on to what is basically the right tool for the wrong job."

One commonly recommended poison has made a name for itself as a total and instant kill miticide. The active ingredient Abamectin is the by-product of a fermentation process from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. This toxin’s mode of action is the induction of insect paralysis and subsequent death due to starvation. An organically - derived product doen't always equal a safe product.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

The product label and MSDS sheets clearly state that it is approved for “ornamental” use only. Unfortunately the majority of growers seeking out controls in retail garden shops are growing food. This simple oversight has led to many being exposed to what even the manufacturer would recommend against. And though extremely effective, this microbiological derivative is often mistaken as a natural control given its relationship with the aforementioned micro-organisms. This unfortunately plays into the misconception that if it’s organically-derived it is somehow less harmful to mammals…wrong. Here’s a list of a few other “organic” organisms you may be familiar with: cholera, anthrax, small pox, malaria, stacchy botris. Any of these ring a bell? Here’s the bottom line: we currently have a silent epidemic amongst the

"In a world where we all live downstream from someone, do unto others…" indoor garden industry. Due to the availability of harmful pesticides, more and more gardeners are being turned on to what is basically the right tool for the wrong job. The new pesticide paradigm has the misinformed retailer exposing the less informed gardener and eventually the oblivious end-user to what equates to a slow poisoning and toxification through second hand exposure. This exposure is especially bad when fruits/flowers are ingested, or worse, when applied to plants with naturally occurring essential oils, which tend to encapsulate the poison until volatized into a gaseous form by heat. The reality is that in an industry that

services the food movement we’ve turned a blind eye to those who’ve chosen to intoxicate as opposed to educate. It’s clear that in the face of a mite outbreak growers are looking for the absolute answer. In a world where mites are considered the ultimate garden menace, who would you listen to, the person with a multitiered IPM approach or the person with the quick fix? What this has led to is the widespread dissemination of extremely poisonous chemicals. Another inconvenient truth But now we’re faced with an even more disturbing trend, and that’s the completely aware retailers and growers that

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Unravelling Indoor Gardening’s Silent Epidemic differentiate their products by whether or not it’s for personal or commercial consumption. The idea that toxic chemicals are acceptable if it’s commercial products is arguably the biggest problem facing the world’s entire industrial food chain. It seems that now it has found its way into what had previously been a very conscious and thoughtful community of small farmers and gardeners. The sad fact of the matter is that the eaters and end-users are the ones whom pay the ultimate price. And for those with compromised immune systems and terminal ailments the addition of these neurotoxins and endocrine disrupters can be the difference between life and death.

"Gardening and farming is a lifelong journey and information is the proverbial fuel for your vehicle." Sadly, since the pervasive nature of these chemical compounds lends to subtle side effects, it’s hard to know when you’ve been exposed. This unfortunately makes the covert use of this pesticide that much easier for those growers that decide to hide the use of it. So for those of you out there considering what to use to fight those tiny spiders remember this: in a world where we all live downstream from someone, do unto others as…you know the rest. What you can do As a means of controlling what has turned into a full-scale crisis, here are some things we can all do to bring this subject into focus: Learn! It’s in the absence of knowledge that we are the most susceptible to misinformation. Gardening and farming is a lifelong journey and information is the proverbial fuel for your vehicle. The more information we seek out and share, the further our journey will take us. Hold your mentors accountable. Whether it’s a professor or a retail shop staffer, be inquisitive. If you’ve been recommended something your not familiar with be sure the person recommending it actually knows what’s really up. To

Remember pests are part of nature and if you see them on your food, chances are it is pesticide free. That's a good thing.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

often the phrase “bro it works, trust me” is all it takes to get you to make the purchase. Expect more. If it’s sold under the counter you might end up six feet under. Though it may seem like your being done a favour, this under-the-counter fix is often more like a Trojan horse. More often than not there’s a valid reason you don’t have access to this miracle quick fix. Anyone naïve enough to sell a restricted product is probably not looking out for your best interest. Be your brother’s keeper. Take great care in what you decide to use on your garden. The sacred art of gardening is not something to be balanced like a profit and loss sheet, be thoughtful of the things you can’t see. Be more tolerant. Pests are a part of nature as much as the crop you are farming. It’s due to our intolerance of mite damage that there’s been a movement towards pest free at all costs. Fact is, if you see pests on what you’re consuming its likely pesticide free, and remember that’s good stuff. Report the illegal sales of controlled pesticides to your local agriculture department. This is not snitching it’s a public service. Do your part. Why grey is the new black and white In the world of IPM there is an understanding that no tools are off the table when necessity calls for results. If using a highly toxic pesticide is the means to an end then be sure to practice safe and thorough application techniques. Always wear protective gear (respirator, goggles, etc.) when applying pesticides and make it count. Dipping plants when young then following up with natural practices can eliminate problems and help avoid needing more acute controls in the future. But most importantly be accountable. If you feel the need to use restricted chemicals in your garden seek out the proper retailers and work closely with them. And if it’s necessary to achieve specific certifications before using something, take the time to seek out the training. If you take your garden seriously enough to use professional tools than take responsibility and MY educate yourself.

Visit www.maximumyield.com for a few of Daniel’s tips for staying on top of potential pest populations.

Top Six Greenhouse Gardening Tips by Gary Pearson In most ways greenhouse gardening is like regular gardening except for a few things.You are accountable for checking on the environment and the plants growing in the greenhouse but the fundamental skills required are the same. Six important tips for greenhouse gardening have been suggested below to help an amateur greenhouse gardener.

1. Plotting your greenhouse gardening location is much like plotting the location of your normal garden. Make sure that there is maximum light and minimum traffic. If your greenhouse is one that will be used throughout the winter, you will want to plot your greenhouse gardening for the winter light. 2. You should make sure that you have enough room to do your greenhouse gardening. Do not fill your greenhouse to the brim with potted plants and seeds. Make sure that you have enough room to move around and work on your greenhouse gardening. 3. Greenhouse gardening is largely different from regular gardening in that you have to monitor and control the environment. To do this properly you will need to install a thermometer near the middle of your greenhouse. If temperatures get too high for your plants to be healthy you will need to ventilate the greenhouse to cool things down for your greenhouse gardening. 4. Greenhouse gardening requires the same soil as typical gardening. However, your plants will not need as much watering as they would outside. This is because the greenhouse holds moisture in the air, and the soil does not dry out as quickly. Only do your greenhouse gardening and watering when the soil is dry. 5. It is also important to sterilize your greenhouse. It is a preventive as moulds tend to develop on the greenhouse walls. It is also essential to clean the greenhouse on a regular basis because humidity and heat give impetus to the growth of moulds. 6. The water which is given to the plants should be at room temperature as your plants inside can die due to the shock of very cold water. Generally there is chlorine in tap water so you should keep the water for a day for it to disperse before watering green house plants. MY

About the Author:

Gary Pearson is an accomplished niche website developer and author.

Maximum Yield Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x201A; |â&#x20AC;&#x201A; March / April 2010

Your How-To Guide to Growing Irish Shamrocks

“The shamrock’s trefoil-shaped leaves mean it was a sacred plant of the ancient Druids of Ireland.”

The Auld Sod Company is offering the perfect gift for indoor gardeners. The Auld Sod Box Set is an all-in-one pack that lets the recipient grow authentic Irish Shamrocks in a beautifully crafted Belleek bowl with Official Irish Shamrock seeds. The box set includes: an exclusive handmade Belleek fine china bowl, official Irish shamrock seeds approved by the Irish Government and a one pound pouch of official Irish soil. Visit www.auldsodgifts.com

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

For many gardeners, especially those who live in cold-weather climates like Canada, the weather can make gardening a bit of a challenge. The cold temperatures, short supply of sunlight and hard, frozen soil add up to a difficult hobby—unless, of course, you do it indoors and your crop of choice is shamrocks. The name shamrock is derived from the Irish “seamrog” meaning “summer plant.” It is Ireland’s most famous symbol and represents the Cross and the Blessed Trinity. Its trefoil-shaped leaves meant it was a sacred plant of the ancient Druids of Ireland and of other ancient civilizations around the world. The shamrock is forever connected to the teachings of the Three in One Trinity by St. Patrick in the fifth century and his banishment of serpents from Ireland. But not only Ireland stakes a claim; Montreal, Quebec’s flag has a shamrock located in the lower right quadrant, proudly representing its Irish heritage. In addition, not many people realize that the shamrock is also a revered plant in the Muslim world.

So how do you get started? • First, purchase some Irish shamrock seeds and place them in the refrigerator (not the freezer) for at least 24 hours. This tricks the seeds into thinking they have gone through a winter so they will germinate more quickly. • Select a pot or bowl to grow your shamrocks in and add your medium of choice - for real Irish shamrocks use authentic Irish soil - into the pot to a few centimetres below the rim. • Dampen the soil with water but do not overdo it (the extent of watering will depend on whether the pot or bowl has a drainage hole or not. For pots with no drainage you should water more sparingly; frequent misting is often best. • After 24 hours remove the seeds from the refrigerator, tear open and sprinkle evenly on the top of the damp soil. Real Irish shamrock seeds are actually coated in lime to add weight and to make them easier to see (without the lime coating they are virtually weightless and will be blown away by your breath). • Use as many of the seeds as you see fit. When you have done this, cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil and gently press down with the base of a glass or with your fingers. Moisten again and place in a bright location within the house but not in direct sunlight. • The seeds will germinate in a few days and seedlings

•

will appear. They will grow quite quickly provided the soil is kept moist. We recommend frequent misting with occasional watering as the best method of maintaining the damp soil. This simulates rain, which shamrocks are well accustomed to in Ireland! As the seedlings grow, you will notice that two leaves will appear. Have patience and faith, the third leaf of the trefoil will appear a few days after. The shamrock plants will turn toward the light source so try turning the pot the other way and watch the shamrocks twist. They actually move quite quickly. The shamrocks will also fold their leaves up and go to sleep at night. The plants will continue growing for many weeks and will produce a yellow flower after about six to eight weeks. When the plants become overgrown, cut them back with scissors, and if you keep the soil moist they will continue to grow.

Call it the luck of the Irish, but the spring months represent the ideal time for the indoor growing of shamrocks. With St. Patrick’s Day this March, a shamrock will be ready for picking and wearing with pride for the celebration. MY

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

BEGINNER’S corner

What is EC? by Grodan

Electrical conductivity, or EC, is a measure of the total salts concentration in a nutrient solution (drip, slab or drain). It is expressed in milliSiemens per linear centimetre (mS/cm) or microSiemens per linear centimetre (µS/cm) where one mS equals 1,000 µS. The conductivity of a given solution can change with temperature and for this reason most nutrient solution analysis is carried out at 20°C. The higher the total salts concentration in a substrate, the higher the EC. An EC will only be registered when inorganic ions are present in solution. Examples of inorganic fertilizer ions are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Urea, an organic molecule, will not contribute to the EC of a solution because it cannot conduct electricity the way a calcium (Ca) ion or a nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) ion can. The required EC for optimum plant growth will depend on the crop and variety being grown, the physiological stage of plant development and the prevailing environmental conditions both inside and outside the greenhouse. Interesting EC Facts It is possible to influence the growth of plants by increasing or reducing the EC in the slab. Often however, the EC itself is not 54

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

as easy to control as we would wish. All too frequently the EC goes up or down when this is not wanted. A better understanding of some aspects of EC can prevent this problem. Plants absorb nutrients in the form of ions. Ions are positively or negatively charged elements. The negatively charged elements are called anions and the positively charged elements are called cations. For example, the fertilizer potassium nitrate (KNO3-) breaks down into K+ and NO3- after dissolving in water. If more positive elements are absorbed than negative ones, the roots of the plant eliminate H3O+ in order to remain electrically neutral. If too many negative elements are absorbed, the plant secretes HCO3- or OH-, thus influencing the pH. As a result of the presence of positively and negatively charged elements, a saline solution can conduct an electric current. The EC is a measure of the conductivity of electric current by the solution and is expressed in milliSiemens per linear cm of solution (mS/cm). An increase in the number of charged elements present in the solution means the solution can conduct more current and the EC is higher. EC and Temperature It is easier for the solution to conduct the current when the

temperature of the solution is higher - even with the same concentration of elements. Consequently, the EC reading is higher at a higher temperature. Therefore, it is standard practice for the solution to be corrected to a fixed temperature, such as 20°C. Sum of Anions and Cations The EC corresponds roughly to the sum of the cations and anions, expressed as mmols, multiplied by 0.055.You can check this in your own analyses. Take into account the fact that divalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42-) are included in the sum twice and that, in the case of a high pH, the phosphate value is lower in the analysis than it actually is in the slab. This is because phosphate can be present in the slab in different forms. Some of these forms cannot be measured. EC and Plant Development The EC of the nutrient solution influences the growth of the plant. With a higher EC, it is not as easy for the plant to take up water. As a result, the cells in the plant do not take up as much water and, therefore, do not develop as much. They remain smaller and have a thicker, stronger cell wall. The plant then appears darker and shorter, with smaller leaves. In this situation,

the plants put relatively more energy into the formation of flowers and fruit (a generative response). This can be seen most clearly in tomatoes. If the EC is too low in poor light conditions (i.e. winter), the plant has too much leaf growth and too little fruit growth (too vegetative). When there is a great deal of incoming light, the plants grow more readily with a lower EC. When the EC is too high, water absorption is restricted. Therefore, a compromise must be struck between fruit quality and vegetative and generative development. EC and Quality Apart from affecting plant growth, the EC also influences production and quality. In general, a higher EC in the root environment leads to lower production and smaller fruit size. This is because the cells in the fruits take up less water, which results in a lower fresh weight. With a higher EC, however, the concentration of dissolved substances in the cells is higher. In the case of tomatoes, therefore, a higher EC gives a better flavour, quicker ripening and a longer shelf life. There is little evidence of a fall in production with MY tomatoes. For other plants, an EC of six mS/cm is best. Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

by Matt LeBannister

We seem to live in a more environmentally conscious world. We sort our garbage for recyclables and compostable organics. Most gardeners are environmentally friendly. It is only logical that the next step is to take the principals of recycling, reducing and reusing into the grow room. Things that are normally thrown away, recycled or composted can be useful to gardeners. Coffee grinds become fertilizer, and coffee cups become small pots for seedlings to mature in. There are many ways to recycle in the grow room. Each is good for the earth as well as the soul. If you have a fireplace or a wood stove you might find it interesting to know that ashes can be a great additive to soil and potting mixes. Paper ash will contain roughly five per cent phosphorous and two per cent available potash. Hardwood ashes can contain 10 per cent potash where softwood ashes only contain around five per cent. Either ash is beneficial to plants, especially those in the bloom phase since they require phosphorous and potassium to grow beautiful flowers and large, healthy fruit. Ashes can be applied as a top dressing at a rate of ¼ cup of ash for every 14 litres of soil or potting mix. Be careful not to over apply or apply too often. Ashes can make soil sticky and

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

poorly aerated. Ashes can also make soil too alkaline. To keep an eye on the soil pH one can test the water that comes out the bottom of the pot as well as the water going in. Used coffee grinds are something that many of us throw away on a daily basis. Coffee grinds also contain nitrogen and trace elements and can encourage acid-loving beneficial bacteria. This is an excellent organic additive for plants in their vegetative stage. Coffee grinds must also be used in moderation because of their levels of acidity.

Used paper cups are ideal for cloning and allowing seedlings to

Most indoor gardeners prefer a rotational crop. Clones or seedlings mature. Because the cup will break down over time, they can also be used to transplant into larger containers. will need to be started in order to maintain a continual harvest. This inevitably means the gardener will require small pots or containers for the clones and/or seedlings to mature before being transplanted into their final large containers. Why pay for these small pots? There are plenty of items we throw away that can be used instead of store bought pots. Used paper coffee cups are great for this purpose and can actually be transplanted along with the plant into the larger container if holes are punctured into the sides and bottom of the used paper coffee cups. The holes allow for the roots to penetrate through the coffee cup, into the larger growing container. The coffee cup will eventually break down if left long enough. Yogurt containers make excellent small pots for seedlings once a couple holes have been put in the bottom for water drainage. Since they are made of plastic they won’t break down, therefore, the seedlings should be removed, then transplanted. This also means that yogurt containers can be reused making them a very environmentally friendly choice. Recycling does not have to only exist at the curb on collection day; it can be part of every aspect of our lives. From the garden to the curb, let’s all make a difference. MY

Used coffee grinds, which are normally discarded, contain nitrogen and trace elements that make an excellent organice additive for plants.

Source Van Patten, George. Gardening Indoors: The Indoor Gardening Bible.Van Patten Publishing, 2002.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

YOU TELL US...

Maximum Yield explores the depths of vertical growing systems with Patrick Rochefort of Shark Cage. We discuss the benefits of this type of growing system and how their product can help maximize your crops.

MY: What makes the Shark Cage™ unique from other vertical growing systems available on the market?

Patrick Rochefort of Shark Cage

Patrick: The Shark Cage™ was constructed with durability in mind (all stainless steel bolts and rust-resistant aluminum and plastic materials). It is easy to assemble and dissemble without any tools necessary. Since there are no walls, it is easier to control the temperature of the rockwool and other substances (nutrients) used, plus the quantity and quality of the plants. Since the system has no bottom, the air circulation is improved. The Shark Cage™ is packaged in a small box, which facilitates transportation. It is also easily stackable and opens fully in two to give the grower easy access to plants. The ideal combination of 360° light adapted to a 360º sprinkler system makes the Shark Cage™ the best vertical and circular garden on the market, optimizing the quality and quantity of your vertical shoots.

“We are what we eat.” – Patrick Rochefort

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

The durable, stackable SharkCage™ opens fully to allow the grower complete access to plants. Designed to contain 20 to 140 plants, it represents a revolutionary way of growing.

The Shark Cage™ has a dualflector that is both a reflector and a deflector. It is also very lightweight, weighing less than 50 pounds. MY: Without walls, how can the grower maintain the light-impendent stage, i.e. the dark stage, of photosynthesis?

Patrick: The Shark Cage™ has no fixed walls; the installation of the rockwool— and the plants—are what form the walls, creating a circular formation in the cage. MY: Is the Shark Cage™ easy to use for the beginner and the advanced grower? How so?

Patrick:Yes, indeed, it is very easy to use for beginners and experts alike. The main features of the Shark Cage™, such as 360° watering, allows the rockwool to be watered evenly, and the reflector mounted on top of the device helps maintain the internal light. It is quickly tempered with double ventilation on the bottom and on the reflector. The supports that hold the rockwool securely in place allow the plants to grow big, while providing faster and better air and water circulation. Maintenance is easy since the two sides and the bottom is removable for easier access to cleaning. Anyone can do it! MY: How many crops can be grown in the Shark Cage™ if used to its full potential?

Patrick: Each Shark Cage™ can contain 20 to 140 plants. Everything depends on the size and variety of plants that are grown; certain varieties of plants take up more space than others. MY: How do you see the Shark Cage™ revolutionizing the way we grow food?

Patrick: The Shark Cage™ represents a green revolution in growing everyday food. It is so easy to use and people can be sure of the quality of what they consume: organic, biologic and pesticide-free food every time. After all, “We are MY what we eat.” Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Using Home Hydroponics to

Grow Roses by Lewis Dobson

Regardless of whether you love the smell of fresh roses, or making potpourri from the petals, there is nothing quite like growing roses in your own garden. Unfortunately, many regions don’t have a climate that will enable grafted roses to grow and thrive. Fortunately, you can easily grow roses with a home hydroponics system. Have you always wanted to grow a perfect blue rose, along with green, black and purple ones? As you may be aware, many of these exotic rose colours result from a variance in nutrients found in the soil. For example, if a blue rose is kept in a certain type of soil, it will take on a reddish colour. In a similar way, a red rose bush may produce yellow roses when the pH of the soil is not optimal. When you use a home hydroponics system to grow roses, you can be assured that each plant will get the exact nutrients that it needs. At the same time, you will always be able to control lighting and temperatures. This is especially important to consider if you want to experiment with grafting, as well as creating your own strains of roses. As you may be aware, successfully grafting roses requires a good bit of patience and effort. There is no question that growing roses challenges many gardeners. At the same time, if you go to a florist, you may not always enjoy the smell of roses that have been sitting in a refrigerator. Fortunately, when you grow with hydroponics, you will be able to do all kinds of fascinating experiments with roses.You may even find that you can create a stunning new rose colour, or even one with multi-coloured petals. About the Author Lewis Dobson is the director of the popular blog backyard-garden-and-patio.com. He is an expert on gardening and his blog contains stacks of information on things like homemade hydroponics and much more. Get free tips from his site today. MY

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

PRODUCT spotlight

See it. Want it. Find it at your local indoor gardening store.

Continued from page 24

Humboldt Nutrients Presents Hydro Deuce

Flame Defender

Humboldt Nutrients Hydro Deuce brings the power of the H.N. natural line to your hydro system. The high quality potassium used in our Deuce Deuce is now formulated in a lower viscosity (thickness) allowing this award-winning formula to function without issues in your pumps and reservoirs. Potassium is the great equalizer in plants, ensuring that numerous chemical interactions take place. Hydro Deuce has been crafted by the Humboldt Nutrients team using a specific ratio and grade of potash, which allows more complete absorption of potassium into your plants. Try Humboldt Nutrients Hydro Deuce today and experience the best of both worlds. Humboldt Nutrients has finally put high performance hydroponics and all natural organics hand-in-hand. Ask for it now at your local hydroponics store.

There are many electrical devices in today’s indoor growing environments. Power strips, CO2 generators, heat mats, lights, light movers, reservoir heaters, fans, pumps, etc.; and all of these devices can malfunction and cause a fire. Protect yourself, your growing environment and your home. Install a Flame Defender™ today! • • • • • • • •

Self contained – no plumbing or wiring required. Simply install by attaching vertically to the wall or ceiling. Automatic – extinguishing agent is automatically dispensed if the temperature probe on the unit reaches 68°C. Multi-purpose dry chemical extinguisher. Rated for A, B and C. Suitable for electrical fires. Discharges a hemispherical spray pattern in area under sprinkler. Available in three sizes to fit a variety of applications.

For more information on the Flame Defender, go to your nearest hydro retailer.

Straightforward and Simple - Sunleaves Ballasts Gardeners looking for reliable results from their HID lighting can look no further than the new Sunleaves Ballasts! The straightforward name highlights their easy operation, with headache-eliminating features like the common outlet and 120/240 volt dual-voltage capabilities. Choose from 400 and 1000 watt two-way (high pressure sodium and metal halide functionality in one ballast) and 600 and 1000 watt HPS options, all of which include a 120 volt power cord and a five-year manufacturer’s warranty. Ask for Sunleaves Ballasts at your local hydro shop.

Do you want to be included in the product spotlight? Contact the editor at 1-250-279-2677 or email editor@maximumyield.com

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

CHECKgrowing YOUR I.Q.

by Erik Biksa

1. Which of the following developments in plant nutrition/fertilizers may have a significant impact on crop production technologies for the years to come? a) sacharides b) poly amino alcohols c) all of the above d) none of the above 2. What are some of the beneficial effects that poly amino alcohols may have promoting plant growth? a) Plants resources such as amino acids and carbohydrates are no longer “tied-up” within the plant. b) Plant cell membranes are altered. c) Plants will need to shave less. d) None of the above. 3. While lowering temperatures in the ripening/ late flowering stage may help improve plant colourations, what may be a potential drawback(s) to this cultural practice? a) decreased essential oil production in some varieties b) lower nutrient availability c) decreased plant metabolic rates d) all of the above

ANSWERS: January/February 2010 quiz

4. What are some common sources of plant growth regulators such as auxins and cyctokinins? a) synthetic formulations b) plants c) secretions from beneficial bacteria and fungi d) shady guy at the train station 5. Based on question #4, which do you think would be the most effective source(s) and why? 6. For outdoor gardens, plants that have been grown vegetatively for longer durations will start to flower _________ versus plants that spent less time in vegetative growth. a) faster b) slower

1) a, b, c, d, e 2) glycine 3) b 4) a 5) b, 6) a large volume flush will disrupt the soil chemistry too greatly. Besides reducing fertilizer residues, flushing reduces other benefical compounds and micro-organims. Answers to this quiz will be printed in the May/June 2010 issue of Maximum Yield.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

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Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

MAXIMUMdistributors YIELD ALBERTA Double AA Garden Supplies Ltd. Bay 9 2820 Centre Avenue Calgary, AB T2A 7P5 403-273-9188

Fusion 5 Organic Gardens Inc. PO Box 5821, 120B 1 Street, SW High River, AB T1V 1P3 866-652-2594 Hydro-Lite 12249 Fort Road Edmonton, AB T5B 4H7 780-477-7860 Niloc Wholesale Inc. Box 82008 Yellowbird RPO Edmonton, AB T6J 7E6 780-885-4769 Quick Grow 1-1204 Edmonton Trail Road NE Calgary, AB T2E 3K5 877-426-4769 Smart Grow 2456 - 23 Avenue, NE Calgary, AB T2E 8J4 403-236-9999 Twins Greenhouse 13 - 2235 30th Avenue, NE Calgary, AB T2C 7C7 403-273-2881 BRITISH COLUMBIA A+ Gardening Supplies 1450 Venables Street Vancouver, BC V5L 2G5 604-876-4769 Advanced Garden Supplies 7979 Aspen Road Vernon, BC V1B 3M9 250-545-9545 Advanced Wholesale Superstore 406 - 1952 Kingsway Avenue Port Coquitlam, BC V3C 6C2 604-945-0174 AJs Pets & Things 3219 - 31st Avenue Vernon, BC V1T 2H2 250-549-3222 A.R.I. Research 120 - 4111 Hastings Street Burnaby, BC V5C 6Y7 604 433 6067 Art Knapp 2855 Wentworth Road Courtenay, BC V9N 6B7 250-334-3024 Aurora Lighting 750 3rd Avenue Prince George, BC V2L 3C5 250-564-9888 Backwoods Hydroponic & Garden 10590 Carlson Road Prince George, BC V2K 5E5 250-963-9541 BC Hydroponics 3 - 20092-93A Avenue Langley, BC V1M 3Y4 604-888-5716 Better Than Nature Enderby 1900 George Street Enderby, BC 250-838-5502

Blue Rose Garden Centre 1300 Fisher Road, RR 2, Cobble Hill, BC VOR 1L2 250-743-7757 BN Garden Supply 4493 Boundary Road Vancouver, BC V5R 2N3 604-431-2977 Buckerfields 587 Alberni Highway Parksville, BC V9P 1J9 250-248-3243 California Hydroponics 9509 120th Street Delta, BC V4C 6S3 604-930-0565 Canadian Garden Supply 1730 Highway 3 Castlegar, BC V1N 4W1 250-304-2911 Chilliwack Indoor Garden Centre Ltd. 311 - 44500 South Sumas Road Chilliwack, BC V9R 5M3 604-824-2944 Coastal Growers Supply 103 - 12824 Anvil Way Surrey, BC V3W 8E7 604-599-1778

Cowichan Hydroponic Supplies 4 - 2955 Jacob Road Duncan, BC V9L 6W4 250-746-0244 Double AA Garden Supplies Ltd. 2908 Commercial Drive Vancouver, BC V5N 4C9 604-876-8837 Duncan Plants & Ponics 6512 Bell McKinnon Road Duncan, BC V9L 6C1 250-746-5591 Excel Air Systems 200 - 20170 Stewart Crescent Maple Ridge, BC V2X 0T4 604-728-0757 Fat Eddie’s Systems 108 - 18760 96th Avenue Surrey, BC 604-888-2419 Garden Effects 200-2288 #5 Road Richmond BC V6X 2T1 604-214-6620 Garden King Supplies 7533 135 Street, Unit 109 Surrey, BC V3W OM8 604-598-1912 Garibaldi Nurseryland & Florist 38917 Progress Way, Squamish Industrial Park Squamish, BC V0N 3G0 604-892-3892 Good Guys Gardening Center 250 McKenzie Avenue, South Williams Lake, BC V2G 1C6 250-392-2069 Green & Clean Energy Co. Ltd. 2875 Cudlip Road Shawnigan Lake, BC V0R 2W0 250-732-7224

Better Than Nature Kelowna 725B Evans Court Kelowna, BC V1X 6G4 250-868-8978

Green Earth Garden Supplies Unit 5, 19300, Langley Bypass Langley, BC V3S 6K2 604-532-7106

Better Than Nature Penticton 101 - 78 Industrial Avenue, West Penticton, BC V2A 6M2 250-770-8978

GreenStar Plant Products Inc. 9430 198 Street Langley, BC V1M 3C8 604-882-7699

Better Than Nature Vernon 3506 25th Avenue Vernon, BC V1T 1P4 250-260-4466

Growing Solutions Box 650, 1150 Bowlby Road Errington, BC V0R 1V0 250-248-1101

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Happy Acres Greens & Backroad Hydroponics Equipment 2058 Cambie-Solsqua Road Sicamous, BC V0E 2V0 250-836-3878 Hygro Gardening Supplies Inc. 1791 Tamarac Street Campbell River, BC V9W 5Y7 250-286-0424 Indoor Jungle 2624 Quadra Street Victoria, BC V8T 4E4 250-388-5611 Interior Gardener’s Supply 221 - 1 McDermid Road, Box 1257 100 Mile House, BC V0K 2E0 250-395-3399 Jon’s Plant Factory 3925 East Hastings Burnaby, BC V5C 2H8 604-294-3000 Just-N-Tyme Greenhouse and Hydroponics Supply 1094 McKenzie Avenue Courteney, BC V9N 3C5 250-703-0476 Kamloops Sunshine Gardens Greenhouse Superstore 5 - 1744 Kelly Douglas Road Kamloops, BC V2C 5S4 877-372-2270 Kootenay Bubble Refinery PO Box 81 Slocan Park, BC V0G 2E0 250-226-7753 Kootenay Grower’s Supply Creston 1134 Highway 21 Creston, BC V0B 1G6 866-468-4988 Kootenay Grower’s Supply Nelson 721-G Front Street Nelson, BC V1L 4B8 888-422-8333 Long Lake Nursery Hydroponic Supply 4900 Island Highway, North Nanaimo, BC 250-758-5012 Mr. Fertilizer 9 Burnside Road, West Victoria, BC V9A 1B2 250-381-4644 Mylo’s 3837 Squilax Anglemont Hwy Scotch Creek BC V0E 1M0 250-955-0525 Natural Choice Garden Centre, The 5500 48th Avenue, SE Salmon Arm, BC V1E 1X2 250-832-7151 Nico’s Nurseryland 830 - 28th Street, NE Salmon Arm, BC V1E 2S7 250-804-2004 Northern Lights Greenspace 3 - 2706 45th Avenue Vernon, BC V1T 3N4 250-558-4757 Nutty Zone 5 & 6 - 33201 London Avenue Mission, BC V2V 4P9 604-814-2223 Oasis 12 - 1771 Cooper Road Kelowna, BC V1Y 7T1 250-763-4769 Omega Garden Inc. 1695 Peligren Place Qualicum Beach, BC V9K 2S3 250-752-1301; 888 976 6342 Pacific NW Garden Supply 109 - 20110 Lougheed Highway Maple Ridge, BC V2X 2P7

Pacific NW Garden Supply 107 Nicol Street Nanaimo, BC V9R 4T1 250-754-5292

Sundogz Garden Supply & Hydroponics 30 - 1365 Old Alberni Highway Parksville, BC V9P 2B8 250-954-2046

Jardins Notik Gardens 798 Gray Road St-Charles NB E4W 4N9 506-876-9100

Pacific NW Garden Supply 2137 East Hastings Street Vancouver, BC V5L 1V2 604-254-4765

Sunwest Garden Supply 2035 Unit B Louie Drive Westbank, BC V4T 1Y2 250-768-1636

Scott’s Nursery Ltd. 2192 Route 102 Highway Lincoln, NB E3B 8N1 506-458-9208

Pacific NW Garden Supply Unit 14- 104 Silica Street Nelson, BC V1L 4M1 250-354-4767

Trees Company Nursery & Garden Supplies G9 C17 RR1, 7030 Powell Road Winlaw, BC V0G 2J0 250-226-7334

Pacific NW Garden Supply Unit C1 - 1810 Kyle Court Kelowna, BC V1Z 3Z4 250-769-4791

Tridon Hydroponics 12 - 1708 Bowen Road Nanaimo, BC V9S 1G9 250-755-1900

Pacific NW Garden Supply 15374-103A Avenue Surrey V3R 9V8 604-588-4769; 800-443-4769

Triple Tree Nursery 20503 Lougheed Highway Maple Ridge, BC V2X 2P9 604-465-9313

NOVA SCOTIA Den Haan’s Garden World 12688 Highway 1, Brickton Annapolis County, NS B0S 1M0 902-825-4722

Valley Indoor Geenhouse Supplies 103 - 44195 Yale Road West Chilliwack, BC V2R 4H2 877-702-1169

Greenfield Grow & Brew 69 Wilson Mountain Road Murray Siding, NS B6L 4N7 902-897-6568

Van City Garden Supplies 6542 Victoria Drive Vancouver, BC V5P 3X9 604-322-8558

Plant Manager Gardening 12 Industrial Drive, Richmond County Industrial Park Lennox Passage, Cape Breton, NS B0E 1V0 902-345-2112

Pacific NW Garden Supply 1139B Industrial Road 3 Cranbrook, BC V1C 5E3 250-489-4761 Pacific Rim Indoor Garden & Lighting 170- 12111 Bridgeport Road Richmond, BC V6V 1J4 604-232-4468 PG2 1798 Nicholson Street Prince George, BC V2N 1V6 250-612-4769; 1-888-817-4769 Planting Plus Greenhouse Supplies and Hardware 22394 Dewdney Truck Road Maple Ridge, BC V2X 3J2 604-466-5949 Progressive Growth 111 - 1790 Island Highway Victoria, BC V9B 1H5 250-391-9519 Progressive Growth 41 - 1925 Bowen Road Nanaimo, BC V9S 1H1 800-405-4769 Quick Grow Kelowna 1945 Kirshner Road Kelowna, BC V1Y 4N7 877-861-4343 Raw World Organics 1 - 1455 West 14th Avenue Vancouver, BC V6H 1R4 604-902-2740 Rocky Mountain Greenhouse Supply 1043 Industrial Road 2 Cranbrook, BC V1C 4C6 250-489-5770 Room 2 Grow 901 Laval Crescent Kamloops, BC V2C 5P4 250-372-3663 S.A. Ecoline Products Ltd. 5671 Auto Road, SE Salmon Arm, BC V1E 4S1 250-833-4769 Skytek Indoor Solutions 833 4th Avenue Prince George, BC V2L 3H5 1-800-975-9835 Solar Greenhouse and Hydroponic Supply 4752 Imperial Street Burnaby, BC V5J 1C2 604-438-7244

Vancouver Garden Supply 4894 Fraser Street Vancouver, BC V5V 4H5 604-879-8167 Warehouse Garden Supplies & Hydroponic 109 - 8173 128 Street Surrey, BC V3W 4G1 604-543-3177 West Coast Gardens Equipment and Supplies 113 - 805 Notre Dame Kamloops, BC V2C 5N8 250-851-2992 MANITOBA All Grow Distributors 410 Madison Street Winnipeg, MB R3J 1J1 204-231-1694 Better Than Nature Winnipeg 2B - 2 Donald Street Winnipeg, MB R3L 0K5 204-453-3032 Gro Pro International Hydroponics 101-904 Porthee Avenue Winnipeg, MB R3G 0P4 204-956-1389 Kleen Gro Hydroponics 224 Osborne Street South Winnipeg, MB R3L 1Z3 204-475-7096 My Two Sons 2 - 2055 McPhillips Street Winnipeg, MB R2Y 3C6 204-339-3489 Nature’s Nutrition 1819 Portage Avenue Winnipeg, MB R3J 0G4 204-889-2979 Ready Set Grow! 375 Henderson Highway Winnipeg, MB R3C 2H2 204-668-GROW

Spruce Capital Feeds 1694 Quinn Street Prince George, BC V2N 1X3 250-564-6010

NEW BRUNSWICK Atlantic Hydroponics & Greenhouses Inc. 42 Brandon Street Moncton, NB E1C 7E8 506-858-0158

Sun Beam Central 3444 River Road Chemainus, BC V0R 1K4 250-246-1379

Craft N’ Grow 60 Micmac Road Eel Ground, NB E1V 4B1 506-624-9317

21st Century Gardening 20 Bayside Drive St. John, NB E2J 1A2 506-657-9982 Ultimate Hydroponics PO Box 1191 Hampton, NB E5N 8H2 506-639-5948

S&L Worx Hydroponics 135 Main Street, Unit 14 Dartmouth, NS B2X 1R6 902-434-GROW (4769) Steve’s Hydroponic Headquarters 131 Sackville Drive Lower Sackville, NS B4C 2R3 902-865-7764 Sweetleaf Smoke Shop and Hydroponics 3132 Isleville Street Halifax, NS B3K 3Y2 902-454-6646 Woodland Farm Nursery 3544 Highway 1, Annapolis Royal, NS B0S 1A0 902-532-7617 Woodin Nickel Hydroponics 3393 Central West, Highway 4 Pictou County, NS BOK 1H0 902-695-7640 ONTARIO Agrogreen Canada Inc. 1938 Hwy #20, RR#1 Fonthill, ON L0S 1E6 866-650-1136 AKA The Indoor Gardener 207 Exeter Road, Unit D London, ON N6L 1A4 519-652-4224 AKA The Indoor Gardener 3014 Highway 29 Brockville, ON K6V 5T4 613-342-2700 All Grow Hydroponic 391 Marwood Drive, Unit 14 Oshawa, ON 866-606-4723 All Seasons 1000 Dundas Street East Mississauga, ON L4Y 2B8 905-848-2619 Best of Hydroponics 360 Richmond Street London, ON N6A 3C3 519-858-1533 Bluewater Hydroponics 1173 Michener Road, Unit 12 Sarnia, ON N7S 5G5 519-337-7475 BMA Hydroponics 404A Maitland Drive, Unit 2 Belleville, ON K8N 4Z5 613-967-9888

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

MAXIMUMdistributors YIELD Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre 4373 Steeles Avenue West North York, ON M3N 1V7 416-663-2999

Hydro Culture Emporium Inc. 150 Robertson Rd Unit 22 Nepean, ON K2H 9S1 613-715-9472

Second Nature Hydroponics 4 - 2133 Royal Windsor Drive Mississauga, ON L5J 1K5 905-403-4769

Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre 1677 Cyrville Road, Meadowbrooke Plaza Gloucester, ON K1B 3L7 613-842-8999

Hydrogarden 1122 Paul Street Cornwall, ON K6H 6H5 613-360-6996

Supply For You 3615 Weston Road, Unit 6 North York, ON M9L 1V8 416-741-8062

Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre 1659 Victoria Street, North, Unit 6 Kitchener, ON N2B 3E6 888-670-0611

Hydrotech 2436 Kingston Road Toronto, ON M1N 1V2 416-267-4769

Sweet Hydroponic Gardens 776 Bruce Street Renfrew, ON K7V 3Z8 613-433-9600

Canadian Hydrogardens Ltd. 1330 Sandhill Drive Ancaster, ON L9G 4V5 905 648 1801

In-Home Gardens 279 Caborne St. Brantford, ON N3T 2H3 519-754-9090

Toronto Hemp Company 665 Yonge Street Toronto ON M4Y 1Z9 416-920-1980

Indoor Gardens Canada 2952 Thompson Road Smithville, ON L0R 2A0 905-957-6969

Vantage Hydroponics 1 Adelaide Street North London, ON N6B 3P8 519-451-4769

Indoor Harvest 3040 New Street Burlington, ON L7R 1M5 289-337-9169

Yield of Dreams Hydroponics 559 Steven Court 12 Newmarket, ON L3Y 6Z3 877-778-7960

J & C Hydroponics 343 Elgin Street, Unit A Cambridge, ON M1R 7H9 519-622-9969

QUEBEC Aeroplante 66 Rang Prenier Chaloupe Est Notre-Dame-Des-Praires Joliette QC J6E 7Y8 450-752-8883

D&M Gardens 2961 Main Street Blezard Valley, ON P0M 1E0 705-897-3727 Diatomite Canada 1938 Hwy #20, RR#1 Fonthill, ON L0S 1E6 866-650-1136 Envirotex P.O. Box 21069 Paris, ON N3L 4A5 519-442-1237 Frank’s Magic Crops, Inc. 480 Guelph Line Burlington, ON L7R 3M1 800-668-0980 Garden Depot 605 Justus Drive Kingston,ON Canada K7M 4H5 613-384-8882 Green And Clean 761 Barrydowne Road Sudbury, ON P3A 3T6 800-246-5503 Green Kingdom Hemp 1103 Cassells Street North Bay, ON P1B 4B3 705-494-7169 Green Thumb Hydroponics 3075 Ridgeway Drive, 25 Mississauga, ON L5L 5M6 Grow It All Hydroponics Inc. 165 Geary Avenue, Unit 3B Toronto, ON M6H 2B8 416-588-9595 Grower’s Choice Hydroponics 1621 McEwen Drive 14 Whitby, ON L1N 9A5 905-725-GROW Happy Hydroponics 68 Princess Street Hamilton, ON L8L 3K9 905-545-8434 Home Hydroponics 289 Rutherford Road, South 22 Brampton, ON L6W 3R9 905-874-GROW

Jungle Hydroponics 2215 Gerrard Street East Toronto, ON M4E 2C8 416-699-0861 Markham Hydroponics 95 Royal Crest Court 18 Markham, ON L3R 9X5 905-305-0698 Nature’s Elements Box 119 500 Mill Street Neustadt, ON N0G 2M0 519-799-5323 Northern Hydroponics 236 Simpson Street Thunder Bay, ON P7C 3H4 807-623-3666 Northern Lights Green Supply 1938 Highway 20 (at 406), RR 1 Fonthill, ON L0S 1E6 905-892-3743 Northern Lights Hydroponics 1185 Tecumsch Road Windsor, ON N8W 1B5 519-254-4015 Ontario Growers Supply 1540 Fanshawe Park Road West London, ON N6H 5L8 519-641-3992 Ontario Hydroponics 103015 Grey Road 18 Owen Sound, ON N4K 5N6 519-372-1144

d Secon NATURE HYDROPONICS

Amazonia Hydroponique 394 Boulvard Arthur-sauve St. Eustache, QC J7R 2J5 450-623-2790 B&S Electrique Inc. 2240 Pitt Street Montreal, QC H4E 4H1 514-931-3817 Benoit Dupuis Extincteurs Inc. 2503 Victoria Street Ste-Julienne, QC J0K 2T0 450-831-4240 Babylone Hydroponics 100 Duluth Avenue Montreal, QC H2W 1H1 514-284-6382 Biofloral 675 Montee, St. Francois Laval, QC H7C 2S8 877-38-HYDRO Boutique Grunge 364 rue Sherbrooke Magog, QC J1X 2S1 819-847-4141 Boutique L’Echologik 829, cote d’Abraham Quebec, QC G1R 1A4 418-648-8288 Boutique L’Echologik 790 St - Jean Quebec, QC G1R 1P9 418-648-2828

Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 26 Meteor Drive Toronto, ON M9W 1A4 416-242-4769

Ozone Environmental Technologies 361 Rowntree Dairy Road Unit 4 Woodridge, ON L4L 8H1 905-264-6618

Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 521 Dunlop Street West Barrie, ON L4N 9W4 705-721-8715

Paradise Gardens Hydroponics 2158 Chiefswood Road Oshweken, ON N0A 1M0 519-445-2275

California Hydroponic 12300 Rue de la avenir St. Janvier, QC J7J 2K4 450-433-3336

Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 5386 Greenlane Road Beamsville, ON L0R 1B3 905-563-6121

Peterborough Hydroponic Center 347 Pido Road, Unit 32 Peterborough, ON K9J 6X7 705-745-6868

Concept Hydroponique 1257 Boulevard St Antoine Rte., 158 Est St Jerome, QC J7Z 7M1 450-431-1488

Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 79 Woolwich Street South Breslau, ON N0B 1M0 519-648-2374

Planetary Pride 372 Queen Street East Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 1Y7 1-888-215-8970

Distribution De la Plante 5498 Hochelaga Suite 910 Montreal, QC H1N 3L7 514-255-1111

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

Brite Lite Hydroponics 940 Bergar, Laval, QC H7L 4Z8 450-669-3803

Espace Culture Boutique 17 boul. Ste-Rose Est Laval, QC H7V 3K3 450-622-2710

Hydromax Mont-Laurier 388 Rue Hebert Mont-Laurier, QC J9L 2X2 888-609-4476

Ferme Florale Inc. (Botanix) 2190 Blvd. Laurier (route 116) St. Bruno de Montarville, QC J3V 4P6 450-653-6383

Hydromax Montreal 9300 Lajeunesse Montreal, QC H2M 1S4 514-381-0111

Fernand Corbeil Produits Horticoles Horticultural Products 17 boul. Ste-Rose Est Laval, QC H7L 3K3 450-622-2710 Fleuriculture Hydroponique 3570 Boulevard Thibeau Trois Riviers, QC G8W 2H5 819-374-3666 Fleuriste Savard Inc. 1833 boul. Louis-Frechette Nicolet, QC J3T 1M4 819-293-5933 Fred’s Magic Garden PO Box 65022 Post Office Charlevoix Montreal, QC H3K 0K4 514-933-3753 G & L Electrique Inc. 13760 2 ième Avenue Saint-Georges, Bce, QC G5Y 5N1 418-228-3665 Gardins California 1689 Chemin Gascon Terrebonne, QC J6X 3Z6 450-492-7373 Gerard Bourbeau & Fils Inc. 8285, 1 re Avenue Charlesbourg, QC G1G 5E6 418-623-5401 Hydroculture Guy Dionne 8473 - 19th Avenue Montreal, QC H1Z 4J2 514-722-9496 Hydroculture Guy Dionne 1990 Cyrill-Duquet Local 150 Québec, QC G1N 4K8 418-681-4643 Hydro Expert 12752 Industriel Montreal, QC H1A 3V2 514-624-3091 Hydro Plus 149 avenue Principale A Rouyn Noranda, QC J9X 4E3 819-762-4367 Hydro Rive-sud 4721 Boulvard de la rive sud Levis, QC G6W 1H5 418-835-0082 Hydro Sciences 4800 de la Cote-Vertu Blvd. Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1J9 514-331-9090 Hydro Times 1533 Boulevard Cure Labelle Laval, QC H7V 2W4 450-688-4848 Hydrobec 2145 Lavoisier Suite 4 Ste-Foy, QC G1N 4B2 418-687-1119 Hydromax Gatineau 3-1695 Atmec (porte 6) Gatineau, QC J8P 7G7 819-663-7470 Hydromax Laval 295 Boulevard Curé Labelle Laval, QC H7L 2Z9 450-628-8380

Hydromax Terrebonne 1674 Chemin Gascon Terrebonne, QC J6X 4H9 450-492-7447 Hydromax Trois-Rivières 6157 rue Corbeil Trois-Rivières Ouest, QC G8Z 4P8 819-372-0500 Hydroponique de l’estrie 2980, ch. Miletta Magog, QC J1X 5R9 819-843-8680 Hydroponique du Millenaire 5700, rue Martineau, Local 7 Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8B1 450-253-5260 Hydroponique Plus Inc. 405 - 18 Avenue Lachine, QC H8S 3R1 514-634-3677 Hydrosphere 2400 rue Canadian, Suite 104 Drummondville, QC J2C 7W3 819-478-9791 Hydrotek 12300 Rue de l’avenir St. Janvier, QC J7J 2K4 International Hydroponique 5478 Hochelaga St Montreal, QC H1N 3L7 514-255-2525 Les Grands Jardins Lavel 2900, Boul. Cure-Lavelle Chomedey, Laval, QC H7P 5S8 250-729-2687 Les Serres Binette Inc 2568 Boul. Mercurre Drummondville, QC J2A 1H2 1-800-231-7195 MegaWatt Hydroculture 636 Route 364 Morin Heights, QC J0R 1H0 450-226-2515 Méristème Hydroponique 871 Dufferin Granby, QC J2G 9H8 450-991-1514 Momentum 11289 London Avenue Montreal, QC H1H 4J3 888-327-4595 Plant-O-Maxx 3169 Blais, Boisbriand, QC, J7H 1H2 514-968-7799 Pablo Jardinage Drummondville 2080 Joseph St-Cyr Drummondville, QC J2C 8V6 819-475-2525 Pablo Jardinage Intérieur 2 Des Ormeaux Suite 500 Trois-Rivières, QC G8W 1S6 819-693-6000 Plant-T-Plantes 3439 boulevard Fiset Sorel-Tracy, QC J3P 5J3 450-780-0008 Point De Vue 880 chemin St-Féréol Les Cèdres, QC J7T 1N3 450-452-2878 / 1-877-510-2991 Pousse Magique 515 rue Lanaudiere Repentigny, QC J6A 7N1 450-582-6662

P.P.M. Hydroponique 504 Rue du Parc St. Eustache, QC J7R 5B2 450-491-2444 Qué-Pousse - Laval 940 Bergar Laval, QC H7L 4Z8 450-667-3809 Qué-Pousse - Montreal 2215 Walkley Montreal, QC H4B 2J9 514-489-3803 Qué-Pousse - Mont. Tremblant 462 Montée Kavanagh Mont-Tremblant, QC J8E 2P2 819-429-6145 Qué-Pousse - Point-Claire 1860D Sources Blvd Pointe-Claire, QC H9R 5B1 514-426-5057 Qué-Pousse - Sherbrooke 4394 Bourque Rt. 112 Rock Forest, QC J1N 1S3 819-563-0353 Qué-Pousse - St-Constant 6264 Route 132 Ste-Catherine, QC J0L 1E0 450-635-4881 Qué-Pousse - St-Jerome 709A 14e Avenue, Sud Saint-Antoine, QC J7Z 4B8 450-436-3803 Sherbrooke Hydroponique 3545 King Est, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 5J4 819-829-9299 Summum Bio Teck 2100 Ontario Est Montreal, QC H2K 1V5 866-460-2226 Ultimate Controllers Inc. 76 rue d’Avila Laval, QC H7M 3Y6 Un Monde Sans Terre 565 Beausejour Alma, QC G8B 5V3 418-480-3274 Val d’Or Hydroculture 1261 3e Avenue Val d’Or, QC J9P 1V4 Vinexpert 6384 Beaubien est Montreal, QC H1M 3G8 514-354-8020 XXXtractor Inc. 1228 St. Marc Montreal, QC H3H 2E5 514-931-4944 SASKATCHEWAN B&B Hydroponics and Indoor Gardening 1404 Cornwall Street Regina, SK S4R 2H7 306-522-4769 Busy Bee Upholstery Box 811, 134 5th Avenue East Gravelbourg, SK S0H 1X0 306-648-3659 Waterboy Supply 401 Dewdney Avenue East Regina, SK S4N 4G3 306-757-6242 YUKON, NUNAVUT and NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Porter Creek Indoor Garden Centre 1307 Centennial Street Whitehorse, YT Y1A 3Z1 867-667-2123

ARE YOU CURRENTLY DISTRIBUTING MAXIMUM YIELD FROM YOUR RETAIL STORE? Email your contact information to: ilona@maximumyield.com to have a distributor listing in an upcoming issue of Maximum Yield.

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

COMING UP IN May - June 2010

Composting for Dummies And smart people too! It doesn’t get any easier when you have a kitchen composter. Save your leftovers from the trash and compost them instead with these easy tips. The Future of Indoor Lighting There’s been a huge fuss around LEDs in the past year; we help separate the facts from the myths. The Nutritional Health of Your Plants Nutrient supplements aren’t just for humans any more. With 60+ elements found in plants, which ones are your plants not getting enough of? Welcome to Beginner’s Corner This section is completely devoted to our new growers. Next month we examine the medicinal herb anise, why it’s good for you and how you can grow it at home. Industry Meet and Greet Plus Expert Advice Maximum Yield Canada features manufacturers, retailers and growers from this ever-expanding industry. Get to know your indoor gardening comrades in Talking Shop, You Tell Us and Your Best Advice. Plus Upcoming international events (Montreal!), exclusive contests, latest industry news, reader question and answer, best products and technologies, and much, much more.

www.maximumyield.com Maximum Yield May/June will be available May 1 for FREE at selected indoor gardening retail stores across Canada and on maximumyield.com

Maximum Yield Canada | March / April 2010

DO YOU know?

1 Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the air can “hold” at that temperature.

all products claiming to be organic have actually been 2 Not approved for organic production. Always check for a seal and the name of the certifying agency on the product package. levels can be slightly higher than average during 3 Humidity the pre-veg state. About 60 to 70 per cent relative humidity works best. is derived from the Irish “Seamrog” meaning “sum4 Shamrock mer plant.” tripartite relationship between Asozpirillum, Trichoder5 The ma and Mycorrhizae provides leverage against soil pathogens, drought, shock, stress and infestations, and has been proven to increase farm production amongst the harshest growing conditions.

6 Urea, an organic molecule, will not contribute to the EC of a solution because it cannot conduct electricity the way a calcium ion or a nitrate-nitrogen ion can.

7 The first watering of new transplants is very important, as it helps to fasten the roots of the transplants to the fresh growth medium.

8 When humidity is low, plants attempt to protect themselves from death by closing their stomas, which stops the photosynthesis process.

9 Corn needs warmth; cool temperatures will slow growth and can cause the seed to rot.