Maximum Yield Cannabis | Canadian Edition | Vol. 02 Issue 01 2019

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This is an indictment of prohibition. The reason that people don’t know about the dangers of pesticides is because we don’t have a legal and regulatory market for this product.

Cannabis needs to be available, but it also needs to be safe.”

Features

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Expert Advice for a Better Harvest

by Lee G. Lyzit

You have some great-looking plants ready for harvest. Don’t blow it now.

Take a deep breath and make sure you get the best quality possible from the plants you worked so hard on with these four tips to make the most out of your harvest.

Smoking, Vaping, and Your Health

by Jessica Zimmer

There is little peer-reviewed science available on how smoking and vaping cannabis grown with pesticides affects human health. However, most experts agree that inhaling anything burned is not recommended, and pesticides can exacerbate health risks.

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Contents

First Feed

Grow Cycle

14 From the Editor

38 Keep Bugs Off Your Nugs

16 Bare Roots 18 Branching Out 20 Ask a Grower 24 Good to Grow 62 Stash Box

Chronicals 36 Cut and Dried 56 Ask a Nurse 97 Baking a Fool of Myself

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44 Red Light, Blue Light 58 How to Winterize Your Growroom 64 Smoking versus Ingesting 68 What to do With Seeded/Pollinated Plants 72 Benefits of Cannabis Juicing 78 A Look Inside Cannabis Container Cultivation 84 Sun Parlour Cannabis Grower Supply

Prior to legalization, much of the debate centered around the history of racist drug laws and political views on the plant. It should have focused on the science of marijuana, particularly its effects on the adolescent brain.”

from the EDITOR TG Toby Gorman

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S

ince our last issue of Maximum Yield Cannabis, marijuana became legalized federally in Canada, the second country on the planet behind Uruguay to do so. Other countries, including Mexico and a number of South American countries, are on the brink of legalizing it.

The Canadian government, under the rule of the Liberal party, legalized cannabis to fulfill its campaign promise in 2015 prior to the federal election. Its reasons to end prohibition were many: keep profits out of the hands of criminals, reduce backlog on the criminal justice system, and keep pot out of the hands of young people.

That latter reason is, by far, the most important. Prior to legalization, much of the debate centered around the history of racist drug laws and political views on the plant. It should have focused on the science of marijuana, particularly its effects on the adolescent brain. We are still gathering baseline information on how cannabis affects various ailments, but we know for certain its mind-altering chemical

delta-9 THC has a negative impact on the neuro-wiring of young minds (cannabidiol, for its part, is relatively safe).

What do we know? We know that teens who used marijuana heavily from puberty to their mid-20s are less likely to graduate from high school, have a higher likelihood for addiction to alcohol or harder drugs, and suffer more from depression. The potency of delta-9 THC in modern strains can only exacerbate these statistics if not controlled properly.

We won’t go into the neuroscience here — the information is widely available online — but the discussion now needs to be, and should have been all along, how legalizing marijuana will affect our youth and, ultimately, their future and the future of our communities.

The Canadian government has said one of the key objectives of legalizing marijuana was to keep it out of the hands of youth.

Time will tell if it’s successful, and it will only be successful if laws are based on good science and enforced. Needless to say, the world will be watching.

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bare ROOTS Featured Contributors

LL

Lee G. Lyzit has been involved

in the medical cannabis industry for nearly 15 years. His passion for natural healing drives him to learn as much as he can about the miraculous cannabis plant. Lee breeds his own strains of cannabis to create concentrated glycerine and coconut oil extracts. Aside from cannabis education and consumption, Lee enjoys playing music, gardening, hiking, and cross-country skiing.

JZ Jessica Zimmer is a California, Florida, and New York-licensed attorney and reporter based in Sonoma County, California. She has a background in cannabis defence. One of her primary interests regarding cannabis is understanding its medical uses.

Contributors

+

Ian Ashdown Chris Bond Luis Cordova Lindsay Engle Tom Forrest Gibson Lannister Karen Lloyd Alan Ray Eloise Theisen Treefrog Rami Vardi Watermelon

METAL HALIDE

VOLUME VOLUME2 1NUMBER NUMBER1 4 December January/February 2018/January 2019 2019 Maximum Yield Cannabis is published bi-monthly by Maximum Yield Cannabis is published bi-monthly by Maximum Yield Inc. No part of this magazine may be Maximum Yield Inc. No part of this magazine may be reproduced without permission from the publisher. If unreproduced without permission from the publisher. If undeliverable please return to the address below. The views deliverable please return to the address below. The views expressed by columnists are personal opinions and do not expressed by columnists are personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect those of Maximum Yield or the editor. necessarily reflect those of Maximum Yield or the editor.

Publication Agreement Number 40739092 Publication Agreement Number 40739092 Printed in Canada Printed in Canada 2339 A Delinea Place, Nanaimo, BC V9T 5L9 2339 A Delinea Place, Nanaimo, BC V9T 5L9 Phone: 250.729.2677; Fax 250.729.2687 Phone: 250.729.2677; Fax 250.729.2687

Maximum Yield Cannabis is now available onYield magazine stands Maximum Cannabis is now across Canada! available on magazine stands across Canada!

Maximum Yield Cannabis is distributed direct to retailers, Maximum Yield Cannabis is medical clinics, and dispensaries with distributed direct to retailers, distribution support from our partners: medical clinics, and dispensaries with Distribution Biofloral distribution supportGSfrom our partners:

gsdistribution.ca biofloral.com Biofloral Homegrown Hydroponics Brite Lite Group biofloral.com hydroponics.com hydroponix.com Brite Lite Group Quebec Imports Growers Paradise hydroponix.com quebec-import.com growersparadise.ca Green Planet Wholesale Ltd. Green Planet Wholesale mygreenplanet.com Ltd. mygreenplanet.com Growers Paradise growersparadise.ca

Maximum Yield Cannabis will be at: GS Distribution O’Cannabiz Conference & Expo gsdistribution.ca December 10 - 11, 2018 | Vancouver, BC Homegrown Hydroponics Lift & Co. Cannabis hydroponics.com Business Conference & Expo January 10Imports - 13, 2019 | Vancouver, BC Quebec quebec-import.com

Maximum Yield Cannabis will be at: Cannabis & Hemp Expo September 29 & 30, Winnipeg, MB Weedstock October 26-28, Toronto, ON Montreal Cannabis Expo October 26 & 27, Montreal, QC Cannabis & Hemp Expo November 24 & 25, Ottawa, ON

Metal Halide (MH) lights produce a high-intensity discharge (HID). MH bulbs utilize an electric arc encased within a small discharge tube. Mercury vapour within the bulb creates an exceptionally bright light. Halide salts add a bit of necessary colour spectrum to the light. MH lights are beneficial during the vegetative growth stage of the cannabis plant because they produce a soft blue light that the plants adore. They can be used throughout the plant’s lifespan, all the way to harvest time and are generally considered a better option for cannabis plant growth than fluorescent tubes.

Check out Rami Vardi’s article on page 38 for more information.

Cover and feature photos courtesy of 16

Maximum Yield

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branching OUT

Article Archives

@kristensaldrich This is one of the best ads I have seen in a long time.

Can’t recall that great gardening recommendation from a few months ago? Look it up online. We have hundreds of indoor gardening articles available at maximumyield.com.

Ask a Grower

Stumped by something strange happening in your garden? Fill out our Ask a Grower form and we will find you answers.

Free Digital Subscriptions

Sign up for our free digital subscription and you will receive Maximum Yield Cannabis to your inbox every other month. You will also receive a monthly digital newsletter so you can be the first to know what’s happening in the industry. Prefer the print version of the magazine? Use your digital subscriptions as notifications for when a new issue is available at your local grow shop. Sign up online at maximumyield.com/subscribe.

Matt S. From personal experience, its so much more satisfying to see that little sprout from the seed and watch it grow. Its a must for first-timers.

@GreenBoxGrown Always stoked to be apart of the @Max_Yield community! Thank you for sharing and as always… happy growing!

@cannhempexpo The @Max_Yield team will be at our #Winnipeg expo this weekend. For over 20 years, they have been the go-to source of info for controlledenvironment cultivation for growers worldwide. Be sure to go to them for all your growing questions!

Do you want to be featured?

Send your email or post to:

@puffsalotdr I have seen with my own eyes the power of Rick’s oil.

There is no substitute for the real thing.

editor@maximumyield.com @maximumyield @max_yield @maximumyield @maximumyield maximumyield

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DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION FOR A GROWER? Email editor@maximumyield.com to get an answer.

ask a GROWER Q

I just put in a 10K bulb (finisher bulb) as it adds lots of UV. What’s your opinion on using the 10K bulb during veg?

Steve

a

This is short question with a long answer. It may be true that a 10K finisher lamp adds “lots of UV,” but it is important to ask what this means. Several academic studies have shown exposure to UV-B radiation promotes the production of THC in Cannabis sativa. A 1987 study reported the THC content of floral tissue increased by 30 per cent when the daily UV-B dose over 70 days was increased by 13 times. More recently, an unpublished study by Seoul Semiconductor demonstrated that five hours of exposure to UV-B in the final three weeks prior to harvest increased THC content by nine per cent (interestingly, total terpene content was increased by 48 per cent). This, however, is for UV-B radiation, which ranges in wavelength from 280 nm to 315 nm. There do not appear to be any academic studies regarding the effects of UV-A radiation, with wavelengths of 315 nm to 400 nm, on cannabis. This is unfortunate, as most of the commercially-available finisher lamps produce plenty of UV-A radiation but basically no UV-B radiation.

IA

20

There is plenty of anecdotal evidence available on the internet claiming finisher lamps are effective in increasing THC content. However, “lots of UV” comes with considerable risks. Exposure to UV-A can enhance photosynthesis, but excess UV-A can inhibit it.

Depending on the species, UV-A exposure may enhance or inhibit the production of terpenoids — it depends on the species. For cannabis, we simply do not know.

Perhaps more important is the risk of eye damage from both UV-B and UV-A radiation exposure — you can literally sunburn your retinae, a painful condition called photokeratitis that is not noticed until several hours after exposure. UV-blocking sunglasses are available and should be worn when working with finisher lamps. As for the question of whether finisher lamps are useful during veg … well, the jury is still out.

Thanks, Ian Ashdown

Ian Ashdown is a horticultural lighting research engineer who is developing lighting design software for greenhouses and plant factories. He has forty years of experience as an architectural lighting research engineer, and holds more than 140 patents and patent applications in LED-based lighting and for predictive daylight controllers.

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Dehumidifiers

Anden AV-Series dehumidifiers range from 210-300 pints per day of moisture removal.

Components utilize materials designed for the most extreme conditions and demanding enterprises, while sensors and controls can be custom-configured for each facility. Anden AV-Series units are recommended for large, high-volume industrial facilities. Anden dehumidifiers are designed to prevent humidity spikes when lights are turned off and temperature drops by utilizing a TXV valve to achieve full capacity quickly and hold capacity until lights are turned on.

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2 | Pur PD-900DW Air Purifier

A five-stage air purifier, the PD-900DW is perfect for either home or commercial applications.

It’s designed to be installed on the return air duct of a heating or cooling system. It can also be used as a selfcontained wall-mounted unit. The five stages include HEPA filtration, a pleated carbon pre-filter, UVC germicidal light, photo-catalytic oxidation filter and a carbon/ potassium permanganate final filter. It will remove cannabis and smoke odours as well as bacteria and mold spores.

3 | Cutting Edge Solutions pH Up & pH Down

The new CES pH Up and CES pH Down from Cutting Edge Solutions are more concentrated, and don’t contain those unwanted dyes. The pH Down is an acidic buffer that lowers water and nutrient solution pH. It contains both phosphoric acid and citric acid. The pH Up product is an alkaline buffer for raising nutrient solution pH. Both are highly concentrated, yet can be shipped without HazMat fees. These products are potent, so add to nutrient solutions carefully.

4 | Xtrasun LT1 Lighting Controller

The Xtrasun LT1 provides dual-zone lighting control for use with Xtrasun double-ended fixtures.

Xtrasun DE systems offer reliable technology at a reasonable price, and the LT1 can control up to 160 of these fixtures (80 per zone).

It is specifically designed to be used with the Xtrasun XTDEKT1 and XTDEOKT1 fixtures, which use 0-10V dimming and have proper RJ14 ports for compatibility.

The LT1 controller offers temperature-based dimming, auto shutdown for extreme temperature situations, sunrise/sunset simulation, and connections for external equipment such as dehumidifiers and A/C systems.

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Reiziger Bloom Minerals boast a formulation tailored to give blooms the energy they need to thrive. To achieve a plentiful harvest, this formulation is made for high-metabolism, flowering annual plants in hydroponic systems. The fast-acting formula feeds through roots and leaves to promote aggressive and quick-flowering bud set and formation. It has a fully balanced blend of rapidly absorbable, proprietary phosphorus and potassium. Bloom Minerals contains no nitrogen, making it an ideal source of minerals for late applications to fruiting plants when nitrogen applications need to be controlled.

6 | Age Old Nutrients

Hydrofarm now offers Age Old Nutrients brand products. Age Old Nutrients strike the beautiful balance between the natural and synthetic worlds — embracing the “Age-Old” ways of growing, while weaving in specific technologies that enhance the growth of plants in a sustainable way. With a profound respect and appreciation for the old ways, along with a culture that thrives on research and innovation, Age Old continues testing and developing plant nutritional products that bring solutions for growers.

7 | Remo Roots Propagation Gel

Start your plants off the right way with Remo Roots. This blue-colored gel packs a big punch into a small container and the unique formula is one of the only propagation gels to contain two different rooting hormones: IBA and NAA. Normally, these two hormones repel each other and won’t bind together in a gel format, but Remo’s proprietary mixing method successfully binds the two together for maximum rooting potential. Remo Roots is registered with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA).

8 | Ushio America NaOClean Electrolyzed Water System

Ushio America introduces the NaOClean electrolyzed water system for commercial, on-site, and indoor use to enhance plant growth and potentially suppress certain diseases and plant microbes, including powdery mold and mildew. The NaOClean technology utilizes electrolysis and a unique mixing process of pure salt and tap water to create a safe and effective pHneutral electrolyzed water solution of hypochlorous acid, which is effective in controlling plant diseases while not harmful to crops or workers. The system generates 1.136 litres per hour of electrolyzed water.

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Expert Advice for a

BETTER HARVEST

by Lee G. Lyzit

photos courtesy of Broken Coast Cannabis

You’ve done everything right and have some great-looking plants ready for harvest.

Don’t blow it now. Take a deep breath with Lee G. Lyzit and make sure you get the best quality possible from the plants you worked so hard on.

H

photo by Gary Lund

arvest time is an especially exciting time for a novice cannabis grower. After all, being able to experience the fruits of one’s labour is what makes growing your own cannabis so rewarding. Up to this point, first-time cannabis growers have been focusing their efforts primarily on the actual growing process. Dialing in the atmospheric conditions of a growroom, in addition to providing the plants with adequate lighting and nutrition, is usually more difficult than most rookie growers expect. However, once the garden is up and running, the bright light at the end of the tunnel is harvest time.

Harvesting cannabis plants is a relatively straightforward process. Still, there are certain tricks of the trade that can make all the difference in the quality, flavour, and aroma of the finished product. Cannabis enthusiasts who educate themselves on proper harvest techniques can avoid the common (and costly) mistakes made by many new growers.

It is not just the quality of the flowers that needs to be kept in mind during the harvest process. Inefficient methods can lead to increased labour costs and the loss of valuable byproducts that could be used to increase a grower’s overall return on investment. Essentially, each step of harvesting should be studied individually to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of the overall harvesting process.

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photo by Gary Lund

“THERE ARE CERTAIN TRICKS OF THE TRADE THAT CAN MAKE ALL THE DIFFERENCE IN THE QUALITY, FLAVOUR, AND AROMA OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT.” BE PATIENT The number one mistake made by first-time cannabis growers is harvesting too early. I must admit, I was just as guilty of this offence as anyone. As Tom Petty noted, “the waiting is the hardest part.” This couldn’t be truer for first-time cannabis growers, but believe me, it’s worth the wait. In fact, most of a cannabis plant’s essential oil and terpene production happens in the final weeks of flowering. It is also during the later stages of flowering that cannabis plants pack on flower density. In other words, harvesting early not only severely impacts the quality, odours, and flavours of the flowers, it can also drastically reduce the crop’s overall yield. The ideal time to harvest cannabis plants depends on the strain. The average flowering time for a cannabis plant is eight weeks.

However, to decide on the best time to harvest, a grower should pay close attention to the trichome development on their flowers. With a jeweler’s loupe or pocket microscope, a grower can closely examine the trichomes on their cannabis flowers. As the flowers ripen, the trichomes turn from clear to milky to amber in colour. For maximum THC potency, the optimal time to harvest is when the majority of the trichomes are milky. At this point, most of the pistils (little hairs) will have turned from white to brown or orange. Growers who wait until their plants (more specifically, the trichomes) are fully ripe are rewarded with the most potent buds.

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TRIMMING

There are many different approaches to trimming cannabis flowers, including wet trimming methods, dry trimming methods, and automated trimming methods. There are multiple acceptable ways to trim and high-quality buds can be obtained with all types of trimming. That said, another common mistake made by first-time growers is inefficient trimming methods. If the cannabis flowers are handled more than they need to be, it can cause a reduction in quality and an increase in labour costs. When trimming, a good rule of thumb is to not disturb anything until necessary. Every time the flowers are recut, transported, shifted, or jostled, a grower runs the risk of losing some potency. Although there are different ways to approach trimming, the best methods seem to take a systematic approach. For example, first remove the large fan leaves while minimizing any contact with the flowers. Next, carefully remove the leaf material close to the flowers, touching and bumping the flowers as little as possible. There is no reason to get too crazy with this. Growers shouldn’t be afraid to touch the flowers; it is just a good idea to get into the habit of handling the flowers as gently as possible during the harvest process. Flowers handled gently will retain the highest amounts of terpenes and essential oils.

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“CURING OFTEN TAKES ANYWHERE BETWEEN TWO TO EIGHT WEEKS, AND SOME CANNABIS VARIETIES SHOW THEIR FULL POTENTIAL ONLY AFTER A FEW MONTHS OF CURING.” will retain the highest amounts of terpenes and essential oils.

LEFTOVER TRIM MATERIAL Don’t throw away all that trim material! Another mistake commonly made by some growers is deciding which trim materials should be kept and which should be trashed.

Generally, the large fan leaves are not worth the effort.

However, the leaf material that was trimmed away from near the flowers will contain a good amount of essential oils. In fact, many of these leaves will have trichomes visible on them at harvest time. So, any of this leaf material that is not brown or dead and that has visible trichomes should be saved for making extracts or edibles.

DRYING, CURING, AND STORAGE Second to harvesting too early, the biggest harvest mistake made by beginner cannabis growers is in the drying and curing process. More specifically, many first-time growers dry their marijuana flowers too quickly. The two biggest culprits of undesirable drying are air movement that is too vigorous or dehumidification that is too aggressive. It is very important to dry cannabis slowly. Cannabis flowers should be dried for seven to 14 days in a room kept at a temperature of 18-24°C and a humidity range of 45-55 per cent. This humidity level ensures the flowers dry at the proper rate. The drying room should also be kept in total darkness. Ultraviolet light from the sun or artificial light sources will degrade the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other components in the essential oils.

Once the plants have dried to the point where the stems snap instead of bend, the flowers are ready to be removed from the stems and placed in containers for curing. The curing process allows the remaining moisture in the cannabis flowers to dry over an extended period of time. Once the dry flowers are placed in the airtight containers, they should be “burped” every few days during the first week or two to bring fresh oxygen into the containers to allow the flowers to breathe.

Curing often takes anywhere between two to eight weeks, and some cannabis varieties show their full potential only after a few months of curing. A proper cure also extends the shelf life of the cannabis flowers. Properly cured cannabis flowers can be stored for a year or more without losing quality or potency.

FINAL THOUGHTS After waiting eight (or more) long weeks for a cannabis plant to mature, it is extremely difficult to extend one’s patience through the harvest process. However, growers who wait until the trichomes on their plants have fully developed automatically set themselves up for a larger yield and a more potent product. To retain the powerful flavours and odours of the plants, a horticulturist must dry and cure the flowers slowly yet effectively. Trying to take shortcuts during the harvest process is a great way to turn flowers that smell like fruity, skunky goodness into ammonia, hay-smelling nastiness. But don’t be deterred if that happens, though. As with most things in life, growing quality cannabis takes practice. There is no reason to get discouraged during the first few attempts. As they say, experience is the best teacher. A cannabis grower gets better and better each and every time a crop is harvested.

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SMOKING,

VAPING and Your Health

by Jessica Zimmer There is little peer-reviewed science available on how smoking and vaping cannabis grown with pesticides affects human health.

However, most experts agree that inhaling anything burned is not recommended, and pesticides can exacerbate health risks.

T

here is little data about how smoking and vaping cannabis containing pesticides affects respiratory and overall health, yet available information about pesticides and cultivation practices has led cannabis testing labs and medical professionals to agree about what is healthier for patients.

“Most people who use cannabis for medical purposes have chronic conditions with ongoing symptoms. They don’t need to develop additional concerns,” says Dr. Ethan Russo, a boardcertified neurologist and director of research and development at the International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute in Prague.

“Up to 70 per cent of pesticides on cannabis will be transferred in the smoke to the lungs and into the bloodstream. They will not get burned up. There’s a great potential for (developing) cancer as well as a chronic cough, too much phlegm, and bronchial problems.”

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Pills, sublingual applications, tinctures, and transdermal patches containing organic cannabis are likely to prove more beneficial for patients than smoking or vaping cannabis grown with or contaminated by pesticides.

Russo adds many patients use cannabis smoke or vape because these methods offer quick, almost instant relief. Instead, he says, patients should maintain therapeutic blood levels of cannabinoids by taking a pill or tincture three times a day.

Josh Wurzer, president and co-founder of SC Laboratories, a cannabis testing lab in Santa Cruz, CA, says there is no way to determine how pesticides will affect a patient once inhaled.

“There’s just no data on the respiratory dangers of these pesticides. There are no studies on what happens when a pesticide combusts, either. So few crops (other than cannabis) are smoked. In addition, no two pesticides are exactly alike,” says Wurzer.

He added there is also little information about how the chemicals in one pesticide and in multiple pesticides interact with one another when ingested, and that chemicals may interact differently when burned together.

Outdoor growers should beware of the risk of contamination of pesticides from nearby pesticide sprays on close-by commercial crops or other applications.

Robert Martin, Jr., co-founder and chief executive officer of CW Analytical Laboratories, a cannabis testing lab in Oakland, says very few barriers fully protect outdoor-grown cannabis plants.

“All it takes is for the wind to drift over from the wine (or other) fields,” he says.

Home growers should also grow with clean soil, according to Mary Lynn Mathre, an RN and president and co-founder of Patients Out of Time, a non-profit organization that educates health care professionals and the public about the therapeutic uses of cannabis.

“The cannabis roots pick up everything from the soil, including heavy metals,” she says.

Mathre advises that plants be organically grown without the use of toxic pesticides. Growers should also take care in the curing and storage process to prevent mold. But burning cannabis to ingest it introduces another level of risk according to Jeff Raber, CEO of The Werc Shop, a cannabis consulting firm based in Los Angeles.

“Hot air can be a superirritant to the airways.

For some patients, just inhaling cannabis smoke that contains pesticides could exacerbate their medical issues,” says Raber.

“Many patients

use cannabis smoke or vape because these methods offer quick, almost instant relief.”

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“A patient should document in a

journal what (strain) they take in, how much, how they take it, and what their doctor said about their use.”

Raber and Russo agree long-term exposure to pesticides on cannabis through repeated smoking or vaping is likely to lead to a slow build-up of harmful chemicals.

“It will help if patients determine their minimum effective dose,” says Raber. “Patients should start low and work their way up to more. It’s also good practice for a patient to keep track of how they are using cannabis. (Over time), a patient should document in a journal what (strain) they take in, how much, how they take it, and what their doctor said about their use.”

Uncleaned smoking devices and some rolling papers containing toxic chemicals may pose additional problems. Mathre advises that when smoking cannabis, a patient shouldn’t hold the smoke in their lungs.

“The therapeutic properties in cannabis are readily absorbed, but the longer one holds their breath, the greater the risk of absorbing toxic chemicals in the smoke,” she says, adding vaping a clean cannabis product can possibly mitigate potential problems incurred in smoking.

Fortunately, the ability to detect pesticides in plants is improving, according to Martin.

“Now we’re using NASA-grade machines, which has opened up a whole new way of looking at cannabis,” he says. “We are able to identify really low levels of pesticides in mature plants.”

Testing, however, remains complicated because different parts of a cannabis plant may have different amounts of pesticides. In addition, cannabis plants grown in the same bed may have different amounts of a pesticide. This is because some cannabis plants may be closer to the source of the contamination.

What’s more, patients using cannabis concentrates such as hashish or oil should be extra careful because it is likely pesticides in them will be concentrated as well.

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Russo said awareness of the dangers of pesticides is growing, but patients need to learn more. He advised patients who grow and obtain safe medicine educate themselves and others about the risks posed by pesticides.

“This is an indictment of prohibition. The reason that people don’t know about the dangers of pesticides is because we don’t have a legal and regulatory market for this product. Cannabis needs to be available, but it also needs to be safe,” says Russo.

cut and DRIED

by Gibson Lannister

SOURIS SKIES “CIG has perfectly cured their Souris Skies and it breaks up so easily.”

S

ouris Skies is a wonderful, indica-dominant strain from Canada’s Island Garden (CIG).

It is part of their Craftgrow Collection and is grown on Canada’s east coast in small batches.

This boutique bud has THC levels ranging from 10-14 per cent and CBD levels measuring less than one per cent. Souris Skies is rich in a variety of terpenes such as myrcene, pinene, caryophyllene, and lemonene.

The buds may be small, however, Souris Skies is a very eye-catching strain. The compact buds have a thick coating of orange hairs and shimmer with crystals like frost on a windshield.

The scent profile is mostly earthy with notes of pine and leather. CIG has perfectly cured their Souris Skies and it breaks up so easily.

My preferred method of cannabis consumption is vaporization. Souris Skies vaporizes as smooth as butter. I had a terrible cough and sore throat while writing this review and this was the only strain that didn’t hurt or irritate my throat to vaporize. It even helped with my congestion. Souris Skies is extremely calming, with a light body buzz, and mild dry mouth.

The effects last about two hours with a clean come down. I would recommend it for evening and nighttime use, although it is mild enough to use during the day.

Souris Skies is best suited for treating insomnia and sleep deprivation, stress, anxiety, depression, and can improve one’s appetite.

Overall, I enjoy Souris Skies a lot. It really hits the spot when you are looking for something effective but not too strong.

Souris Skies is a great strain to cultivate for beginner and advanced cannabis gardeners alike.

It has the classic shape of an indica: short, squat, and under 76 cm in height, making Souris Skies an ideal candidate for indoor gardens. Flowering lasts between seven and nine weeks after which you will reap a high yield for such small plants.

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Growing your marijuana plants indoors definitely has advantages. But once a pest insect population takes hold, Mother Nature won’t be able to help. Follow Alan Ray’s tips for inspection and eradication, and your plants will live happy and productive lives.

KEEPS BUG

A

h, the advantages of growing your strain of choice inside. The upside seems so obvious: access to the garden 24/7, protection against the forces of Mother Nature, and practically no chance some fur-bearing creature will break in and destroy your garden. Sounds like the ideal growing situation, so what could possibly go wrong? In truth, lots. Indoors doesn’t mean invincible.

OFF NUGS

by Alan Ray

YOUR

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While growing inside gives you control and protection from the elements, Newton’s Third Law can dull that edge with an equal and opposite reaction. These same indoor perquisites can also prove problematic. Without rainfall and wind there is nothing to help wash away the little parasites that make their way into your growroom. Beneficial insects like ladybugs and parasitoid wasps also won’t be around to help.

What’s more, in an enclosed environment like a house or greenhouse, many pest insects can build up an immunity to pesticides very quickly. The best way to keep your plants free of unwanted pest colonies is to be vigilant and practice good clean habits in your grow space.

Essentially, there are five pest insects appearing on the marijuana marquis of undesirable garden guests.

Those names include thrips, fungus gnats, aphids, and whiteflies, with the headliner being spider mites.

These seemingly ubiquitous little sap suckers are the bane of an indoor grower’s existence and need to be dealt with immediately upon detection. Let’s begin with the dreaded spider mite.

“ HAVING

a control strategy that incorporates good cultural practices like regular inspections and effective pruning to remove injured areas of the plant can forestall or even derail an invasion.”

SPIDER MITES The twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch), which seems to be the most prevalent of spider mites, infests some 200 species of garden plants both indoors and out. Be it greenhouse, warehouse, or basement, they will find your Eden. Their specialized sharp mouths penetrate the skin of the leaf and suck the sap from it, leaving a skeleton in its stead and photosynthesis impossible in severe infestations.

At 1/50 of an inch long, these tiny terrors can be hard to spot with the naked eye, so a good magnifying glass is needed. Small as they are, they still leave telltale signs of their presence if you know what to look for.

Early indicators are the appearance of stippling (small dots) on the underside of the leaves. They also weave a gossamer thin webbing on the plant, hence the name. These cobwebs become the highway on which they travel from leaf to leaf and plant to plant. If left unchecked, your plant can become mummified in a short period of time. This is why you should check your plants early and often, before an infestation takes hold.

To scan for unseen mites, take a piece of white paper and place it below your plant. Now give the plant a little shake. Look for moving mites, their eggs, or larvae that have fallen onto the paper. Specks of black frass (fecal matter) may appear as well. If you detect spider mites, you need to take action.

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ERADICATING SPIDER MITES Always isolate any infected plant from the others.

Insecticidal soap or horticultural oils can be applied to the leaves to kill the mites. To make your own soap, simply combine two teaspoons of mild dish soap with 3.5 litres of warm water. Stir it up and use a small brush or atomizer to apply to both sides of the leaves.

Mites prefer warm, dry climates. As a preventive measure, mist your plants (leaf undersides too) to create a higher degree of humidity that will help thwart their advance. A moist grow medium will also help. Rinsing your plants afterward with cool water will help dislodge the mites. Do this outside if feasible to avoid them running to another plant once rinsed off. Treatment once a week is recommended.

THRIPS Thrips are slender, winged pests that dine on your plants in much the same way as mites. They pierce the leaf and suck out its essential sap. Treating thrips can be tricky, however.

Having a control strategy that incorporates good cultural practices like regular inspections and effective pruning to remove injured areas of the plant can forestall or even derail an invasion.

“ WITHOUT

rainfall and wind there is nothing to help wash away the little parasites that make their way into your growroom.”

ERADICATING THRIPS Clean up the infected debris and promptly remove it from your grow areas. Applying neem oil and/or insecticidal soap are quite efficacious in controlling thrips. Neem oil is a vegetable oil extracted by pressing the seeds and fruits of the neem tree of India. Dish soap works well, but only if there are all-natural products available.

In their defence, there are some good thrips that prey on plant-eating bugs. If you have the time and patience to differentiate them, you can apply the live-and-let-live approach.

Most growers don’t.

WHITEFLIES Whiteflies bring with them the same devastation as the others mentioned here and in the same way. White and winged, they are yet another of the sap-sucking plant predators that love their greens. Aside from seeing the insects themselves, evidence of whiteflies on your plants can be the sticky film they leave behind on the leaf. Other indicators may be shriveled or yellowing leaves.

The real damage, however, is done by the nymphs — their immature offspring. They are wingless, legless, and, for the most part, motionless. They are content to munch away at your plant while awaiting their full development. In a perfect world, ridding your plants of whiteflies would be done by predatory insects like green lacewings, ladybugs, big-eyed bugs, and others.

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ERADICATION OF WHITEFLIES If you don’t have a stash of those beneficial bugs handy you’ll have to take action yourself. This can be done by pruning yellowed or damaged leaves, picking the flies off manually, and by wiping the leaves with a mild soap and water solution. Of course, there is always the old standby, neem oil.

APHIDS

“ IN

a perfect world, ridding your plants of whiteflies would be done by predatory insects like green lacewings, ladybugs, big-eyed bugs, and others.”

Aphids are nasty little creatures that, like their brethren, drain the life-giving fluid from a plant’s leaves. All these little buggers do primarily the same thing. They damage, or, if unchecked, kill your plants. Aphids graze in groups which increases their devastation. Aside from the actual damage caused by their feeding, they also leave behind a sticky exudate called honeydew that can encourage a soot-coloured mold fungus to form on the residue.

Aphids also carry viruses with them that can be transferred from plant to plant. Some aphid species inject a toxin into the plant causing the leaves to yellow and distort in shape.

ERADICATION OF APHIDS Aphids are quite easy to spot and controlling them can be as simple as brushing them off by hand or rinsing them off with a stream of water. Careful with the pressure though. You don’t want to damage your plant in an effort to help it. Applying a one to two percentage of neem or canola oil to water works best. This method smothers them.

As always, be sure to target the underside of the leaves. This application will need to be repeated daily until the aphids are gone.

FUNGUS GNATS Fungus gnats are tiny, winged insects that love moist, organically-rich soil like compost or potting soil and decaying vegetable matter. These gnats are probably the least damaging of the five pests listed here but still can be devastating to a plant. They don’t really bite or eat the leaves, but the larvae are born in the soil, and, being underground, go undetected.

These little devils dine on the roots of the plant, so in large numbers they can be a serious problem causing root damage and stunted growth, especially in younger plants.

ERADICATING FUNGUS GNATS Purchase and use only potting mix or soil that has been pasteurized. Since they thrive in moisture-rich conditions, keep your grow area dry. Clean up water spills and let the top of the soil dry out before watering. Improve the drainage of your pots by decreasing the amount of perlite or by adding sand to more clayey soil.

Use sticky traps. Yellow sticky traps are great against flying insects like fungus gnats and whiteflies. Tip: the traps can be cut into smaller pieces and put on sticks, so you can place them into separate pots.

By following these simple steps of prevention and taking proactive measures, you’ll help ensure this travelling troupe of trouble won’t be attacking your cannabis plants any time soon.

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by Rami Vardi

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L

ight-emitting diode (LED) technology offers revolutionary improvements to indoor horticulturalists. However, as with other emerging technologies, the higher initial investment is a hurdle that slows adoption despite a lower total cost of ownership.

Yet as the medical marijuana industry has evolved, growers’ pockets have deepened such that an initial cash outlay doesn’t preclude any equipment purchase. Cultivators and investors now take the long view on profitability, and they’ve moved toward more efficient, multi-million-dollar facilities. From this broader perspective, it’s clear LEDs offer a financial benefit. LEDs dramatically increase efficiency, create minimal heat production, offer 50,000-hour service life, and require low maintenance, making them an obvious choice over traditional high intensity discharge (HID) technologies.

LIGHT “ MANY DESIGNERS

WERE ONCE ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT THE POTENTIAL OF BLUE/RED LEDS TOO,

but philosophies have evolved with experimentation. Based on real-world experience, many now champion fullspectrum white lights.”

So why hasn’t LED technology been widely adopted by growers and greenhouses? The answer lies in how the designers of the new grow lights manipulated the light spectrum — and how photometric unit conventions changed to favour these new products.

Within the grow community, LEDs have a dubious track record and questionable reputation. Given the design of many products on the market, that reputation is largely deserved.

Cannabis industry groupthink holds that LED-produced light can’t match the all-important product quality yielded by traditional HID lighting. Lackluster performance and a handful of bad anecdotes from first-generation LED products perpetuate these beliefs. The reason for these problems was designers’ deviation from what worked (e.g. high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH) spectrums) in favour of a supposedly ideal blue/red combination. This new spectrum was intended to give plants precisely the light they needed and nothing more.

Omitting “unused” wavebands of light was thought to save energy. For reasons we’ll discuss later, the existing system of light measurement didn’t favour the new spectral profile championed by this design philosophy. These manufacturers imposed a change in the units of light measurement, and product comparisons became complicated.

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THE BLUE/RED SPECTRUM RATIONALE

The new blue/red designs were well-intentioned and not without logic. Two loosely-defined spectra of light — blue and red — drive much of the action of photosynthesis. This much is true. Dr. Keith J. McCree, a pioneering researcher and founder of the McCree Curve, described these two spectra as peaking around 440 nm and 620 nm — blue and red, respectively. A wide body of research has confirmed this data, though subsequent research has found the absorbance maxima to be slightly different. The action of so-called “chlorophyll A” demonstrates a peak at 430 nm and 662 nm, while “chlorophyll B” is driven by 453 nm and 642 nm light.

The first generation of LED designers went wrong by forcefully reducing the plant growth spectrum to just these two segments of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Many light designers were once enthusiastic about the potential of blue/red LEDs too, but philosophies have evolved with experimentation. Based on real-world experience, many now champion full-spectrum white lights.

Light-emitting diodes are often more electrically efficient at red and blue wavelengths, so it logically followed to reduce the output of horticultural lights to these two colours if plants preferred them as well. By doing so, no resources were expended on “wasted” portions of the PAR spectrum. After eons of sunlight,

Figure 1

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“

THESE MANUFACTURERS IMPOSED A CHANGE IN THE UNITS OF LIGHT MEASUREMENT, and product comparisons became complicated.”

Figure 2

light designers thought they had discovered just what plants needed after all: pinkish-purple light. By excluding the inefficient and electrically wasteful greens, yellows, and oranges, spectrum engineers thought they could grow better plants and do so more efficiently.

Much of this thinking stemmed from the McCree Curve, the camel-backed spectral profile that shows plant metabolic response peaking at blue and red. McCree established this illustrative tool in his 1970 study of dozens of plant species at Texas A&M University. His work has served as the central tenet of spectrum science and the foundation for other research building upon his key observations.

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But the McCree Curve is not a recommendation for an ideal horticultural lighting spectrum and, by McCree’s description, was orchestrated to provide a basis for the discussion of the definition of PAR — not the optimization of a growth spectrum.

It explored if plants responded to the various colours of light and what was — and was not — part of the PAR spectrum. Accordingly, the experiment took a reductionist angle. McCree’s team tested plant response to one wavelength of light at a time, isolated in 25 nm intervals between 400 nm and 700 nm. A single cut leaf was placed in an isolation chamber and exposed to coloured light while the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels were measured to deduce the metabolic response.

So, the exalted McCree Curve, while useful, isn’t a depiction of an ideal growth spectrum or a recommendation for light design. It’s simply a set of isolated data points stitched together into a smooth line.

It isn’t holistic. When considered as a unified spectrum, it’s foreign to plants that are hardwired for sunlight.

A PARADIGM SHIFT: LUMENS VS. MICROMOLES PER SECOND

Before the introduction of LEDs, horticulturalists measured light output in lumens and lux, with lumens representing the rate at which a bulb produces light and lux referring to the rate at which light falls on a particular area. In this era of light measurement, product comparisons were straightforward. Growers understood the brightness of their lighting and fewer lighting spectrums were in use.

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WHILE THIS “RED-HEAVY

SPECTRUM CREATES AN IMPRESSIVE EFFICIENCY NUMBER,

the results per watt will be disappointing upon harvest.”

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“BY SKEWING THE PAR

MEASUREMENTS WITH EXCESSES OF CERTAIN COLOURS OF LIGHT,

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But the new technology of LEDs didn’t align with the prevailing frame of measurement, so the units were stated differently. Micromoles per second (μmols/sec) became the standard for assessing the quantity of light, and the change in units created lots of confusion. The reason for the change centred on the luminosity function built into the lumens/lux measurement scale. Lumens take into account the sensitivity of the human eye to particular wavelengths of light — namely those centred around 550 nm (green light). A micromole, by contrast, is a quantity of photons. The lumen system’s weighting of the spectrum allows us to assess the brightness of a light as we experience it rather than as a PAR meter would experience it. A PAR meter registers photons (measured in μmols/sec) within the PAR range of 400-700 nm. In many ways, this flattened approach to the lighting spectrum makes sense, and for blue/red grow light manufacturers, it’s essential for marketing their products. Because of the absence of green light in their designs, the new products didn’t fare well when measured in traditional lumens. The increased blue and red light looked good when expressed in μmols/second of PAR, but not so good when compared to the system of measurement used by the proven technology of HID lamps.

Many believe technology should accommodate plants, not the other way around. This means designing products by assessing what works and has worked traditionally — rather than what should work in theory. Proponents of full-spectrum LEDs sometimes battle against those that dismisses the technology as a whole. Full-spectrum light and lumens-based measurement was (and is) producing great results, so it makes sense to use what works.

some designs demonstrate efficiencies that don’t carry over into benefits for plants.”

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Implementing LEDs creates significant efficiency improvements regardless of wavelength. But by skewing the PAR measurements with excesses of certain colours of light, some designs demonstrate efficiencies that don’t carry over into benefits for plants.

Note the following example: The two boards pictured look similar, but the first board — let’s call it Board A — incorporates six 660 nm LEDs, while Board B employs 24 of the 660 nm diodes. Because the physical characteristics and silicon doping of a 660 nm LED naturally create a more efficient chip at the red wavelength, Board B tests as significantly more efficient.

Within the PAR range of 400-700nm, Board A achieves 1.64 μmol/watt. Board B, however, emits 2.15 μmol/watt because it takes advantage of the efficiency of red diodes. Yet this 31 per cent increase in efficiency isn’t all that meaningful because it goes beyond nature and creates an overdose of red light. Plants don’t benefit as much from this light as much as that final efficiency number does when the results come back from the testing lab. While this red-heavy spectrum creates an impressive efficiency number, the results per watt will be disappointing upon harvest.

Furthermore, an absence of green light in Board B may cause imbalances. Conventional thinking wrongly asserts that plants don’t use green light. Based on the green appearance of many plants, some people assume plants aren’t using green, yellow, and orange wavebands of sunlight. A broad consensus of research shows otherwise, however, and McCree himself noted plants do indeed use green light — and they do so with efficiencies nearing that of blue wavebands.

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“ WHILE THIS

RED-HEAVY SPECTRUM CREATES AN IMPRESSIVE EFFICIENCY NUMBER, the results per watt will be disappointing upon harvest.”

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SPECTRAL NEEDS OF PLANTS ARE COMPLEX, “ THE INTERWOVEN, AND DICTATED BY MILLIONS OF YEARS OF FULL-SPECTRUM SUNLIGHT;

we shouldn’t presume to discard half of the natural spectrum in expectation of better results.”

Blue/red theorists insist plants don’t use green light, but their insistence neglects the rationale by which the lumens/lux measurement was discarded: if humans perceive green light more readily, objects (like plants) are more likely to appear green.

Though modern botany has benefited horticulture tremendously, we can’t assume to have mastered the metabolic complexities of plants, and we can’t succeed at gaming the light spectrum. The spectral needs of plants are complex, interwoven, and dictated by millions of years of full-spectrum sunlight; we shouldn’t presume to discard half of the natural spectrum in expectation of better results. The ability of LED technology to manipulate the lighting spectrum should be used sparingly and in service

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of mimicking natural diurnal and seasonal changes. These versatile new LED products offer tremendous improvements in efficiency — even without packing a board full of red diodes.

To limit their application to a less effective spectrum does the entire technology a disservice.

When replacing 1,000W HPS lights with LEDs, look for an output exceeding 60,000 lumens and a proven light spectrum.

Building on the previous successes of horticultural lighting design makes more sense than imposing radical changes on our plants, especially when those changes go against millions of years of evolution. There’s a reason why growers continue using HPS lights despite higher lifetime costs: quality is priceless, and it’s best achieved with full-spectrum light.

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DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION FOR A NURSE? Email editor@maximumyield.com to get an answer.

ask a NURSE Q

Can medical marijuana relieve the pain associated with shingles?

I’d rather not take a prescription for the pain.

Angie F.

a I

n most cases, the symptoms associated with shingles last about one month and resolve on their own. In these instances, cannabis (via inhalation or ingestion) can be an effective analgesic and can also help take your mind off your pain.

Some shingles patients, however, suffer from ongoing pain called post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). PHN affects nerve fibres and the skin, and can lead to chronic peripheral neuropathy, which is chronic pain in the body leading up to the spinal cord and brain. Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by: • Microbial infections, such as the varicella-zoster virus (which causes chicken pox and shingles).

• An underlying disease or condition, such as diabetes, shingles, or HIV/AIDs. • Nutritional deficiency such as lack of vitamin B12.

• Chronic degenerative conditions that include autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, and cancer.

• Adverse effects of numerous pharmaceutical drugs.

Studies demonstrate that cannabis can effectively treat neuropathic pain. For example, researchers at UC Davis Medical Center performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to study the effects of low and medium-dose vaporized cannabis for the treatment of neuropathy (the low dose contained 1.3 per cent THC and the medium dose contained 3.5 per cent THC).

ET

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Patients reported that vaporized cannabis, even at the lowest doses, provided relief for those with treatment-resistant neuropathic pains.

A review of 15 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted on more 1,600 patients with chronic neuropathy found that cannabinoids worked significantly better compared to the placebo in reducing neuropathy. Ten of the studies used a plant-derived, 1:1 oromucosal spray, three studies were with nabilone and dronabinol, and two studies used cannabis flower.

The delivery method you use to consume cannabis will influence the benefits that you derive from cannabis medicines, and understanding the delivery methods and corresponding absorption sites can help you identify which products are best suited to treat neuropathy. For example, a topical can provide local relief with few (if any) side effects, while a cannabis edible can provide longer, systemic relief and, over time, can reduce inflammation. Inhaling cannabis can relieve pain quickly and can give you the most control over your dose.

Finally, when treating shingles, it’s important to get enough sleep and avoid stress, and small doses of cannabis can help alleviate stress, help facilitate sleep onset, and extend sleep duration.

Eloise Theisen, AGPCNP-BC, has been a dedicated and patient-focused nurse practitioner specializing in aging, cancer, chronic pain, dementia, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia, and various auto-immune and neurological diseases for more than 17 years. The founder of Radicle Health, she started her career at John Muir Medical Center caring for patients suffering from cancer, terminal illnesses, respiratory failure/complaints, drug overdoses, acute alcohol ingestion, gastrointestinal bleeds, traumatic brain injury, and multiple traumas and from there worked her way up to management. Following that, her work with Aunt Zelda’s and the American Cannabis Nurses Association gained her an extensive knowledge of the Endocannabinoid system and how cannabis and cannabinoids can be used successfully to treat patients.

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WINTER YOUR GROWROOM HOW TO

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C

hanges in the weather can be challenging for indoor growers who want their plants to experience the same “season” year-round in their rooms. To keep a handle on environmental stresses and to remain efficient, even the most sophisticated growrooms will need to be reconfigured a little between seasons. With a well thought out room design, configuration changes to the growroom can be kept to a minimum by choosing equipment that allows for the desired temperature and humidity, regardless of what’s happening with the outside elements. However, if your room’s budget doesn’t allow for all the bells and whistles, consider using can-style inline fans and changing the direction of airflow to blow hot air outside or keep hot air inside, depending on the season.

GREENHOUSES

Nowadays, with innovations in greenhouse technology, cultivators are using the sun to grow quality indoor cannabis all year.

They have to deal with the same issues as indoor growers as they prepare and winterize for the cold months.

WINTER INDOOR GARDENING TRICKS (HOW TO HELP WITH HEATING COSTS)

With some planning, indoor growers can utilize the heat created from their cannabis garden to heat other areas of the building. The grow lights are hundreds or thousands of watts and thus, create an equal amount of heat. Think of a 1,000watt light as a 1,000-watt heater. Energy in equals heat going out and most of that heat will end up leaving the growroom.

Why not capture it and utilize it since that energy is a fixed cost? Just put the heat in other areas of the house or building. Use inline can-style fans and flexible ducting equipment to move the air where it is needed. This can be in the crawl space, between floors, or from one room to another. In the summer veteran growers might have been putting the heat out of the window, but in the winter that warmth can easily be used to increase the overall efficiency of the building’s heating system by redirecting it inside.

RIZE M

by Treefrog

by Treefrog

With proper preparation and knowledge, winter doesn’t have to be a cold and dark season inside your growroom. There are many tools and tricks to keep your indoor garden warm on those long, cold winter days and nights, and your plants will be all the happier for your hard work, effort, and planning.

CHANGING ROOM CONFIGURATIONS BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER

If using a non-sealed room, growers will need to preheat cold air coming in from outside. This might have worked in the summer or cooler months, but when it is extremely cold outside the extreme temperature can really damage cannabis and most other types of plants. Consider bringing the air through a window into a spare room, such as a closet or laundry room, before entering the growroom. In the summertime it might be better to bring the cool air from the house in through the growroom and out through a window instead of the other way around. It just depends on the garden’s access to windows and cool air. In sealed rooms, air conditioning is used year-round.

WINTER AIR IS DRIER

Seasoned gardeners keep in mind that winter air is drier than summer air. This will cause gardens to fluctuate in humidity from season to season. Although they can withstand larger fluctuations, cannabis plants mostly enjoy a humidity range between 40 and 50 per cent, so adjustments may need to take place to regulate humidity between seasons. Although winter air is drier, often the decreased need for ventilation of heat during winter will help increase humidity. It is best to be aware of humidity levels across all seasons and invest in the proper equipment to control it. A hygrometer will measure the garden’s humidity and trigger fans on and off to increase airflow and thus lower humidity. Consider a room controller to handle all aspects of the growroom environment.

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HOW COLD IS TOO COLD IN A GROWROOM?

In a growroom, if it’s too cold for human comfort, then it’s too cold for cannabis plants. That is the best rule of thumb, as most plants thrive close to room temperature. For example, humans tend to become quite uncomfortable below 16°C or above 29°C and so do most plants. For us to really sit in comfort, air needs to be somewhere between 19-23°C and cannabis plants thrive in the same settings.

TEMPERATURE PREFERENCES OF CANNABIS VARIETIES

Different cannabis strains react in different ways to environmental stresses. Most marijuana varieties have been crossed and hybridized to enjoy high THC levels, similar flowering periods, and a general indoor environment, however, before human intervention this wasn’t the case.

Tracing cannabis genetics back to land-race strains shows that indicas typically evolved in colder, mountainous areas with shorter grow seasons. The flower times are shorter due to later frosts in the spring and earlier frosts in the fall, compared to sativas that evolved in warmer areas near the equator with longer grow seasons, such as Hawaii. So, another way to help protect your growroom against the cold is to select indicas or indica-dominant hybrids.

FOR WHEN IT’S EXTREMELY COLD

If it is extremely cold outside, it may be necessary to completely close the air flow off from the outer areas until temperatures come up above freezing. When it is not possible to buffer the air coming in, it is best to close off external air completely. If a cold spell is prolonged, consider supplementing extra CO2. Consider the use of space heaters only if other options have failed and be sure to keep them well clear of any obstructions or flammables. Turn them on a low setting to prevent excessive amperage draws that may trip circuits or increase fire hazards. Check your local grow store for controls, accessories, and other environmental equipment.

LOSS OF POWER

When power is disrupted, it is incredibly destructive to the garden. Anything from pumps, fans, air conditioning, dehumidification, lights, or any other major players in your garden can be completely wiped out until the power outage is corrected. Depending on how it is configured, total crop loss can occur from power outages. There are ways to protect against this type of loss such as providing backup power, watering by hand, or using dimmer, battery-powered lighting to minimally control the photoperiod and at least wake up plants that should be awake when there are temporarily no lights. The main goals should be to prevent crop stress and to restore power or create alternate power as soon as possible using a generator, extension cords, etc. Remember to account for wind, snow, and ice storms by planning for the storm and the days following the storm.

THE COLD OF WINTER CAN “ BE SEEMINGLY DAUNTING AT

FIRST, HOWEVER, WITH THE PROPER PLANNING AND TOOLS, YOU CAN ACHIEVE THE SAME SUCCESS, OR GREATER, AS OTHER TIMES OF THE YEAR.”

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LITTLE THINGS THAT MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE

Sealing gaps and cracks with spray foam, caulk, or other sealant will prevent cold air drafts that can quickly chill your room below comfortable temperatures. Use weather stripping under and around doors to prevent overlooked air leaks.

Basically, anywhere there may have been light leaks needs to be insulated. Also insulate walls that connect to outside walls to further protect your growroom from the outer elements.

Although you may have stopped using exhaust fans during extremely cold periods, remember to continue to run oscillating fans to prevent stagnant air and still benefit from the heat of the grow lights.

Remember the literal power, as stored heat energy, of thermal masses. Use concrete in floors and walls, water in reservoirs, and even some grow systems as thermal masses to store heat during daylight hours and slowly radiate it into the growroom throughout the colder dark periods.

If you are having trouble heating your entire space, consider making your growing area smaller by separating it from other areas such as workspace or storage.

WHEN WEATHER GETS WARM AGAIN (BACK AND FORTH FROM COOL TO WARM)

Be ready toward the end of winter to begin to cool your room again as warmer spring temperatures come around. This can be extremely challenging if you aren’t ready for the back and forth temperature swings that occur before springtime. Depending on your geographic location, you may want to pay attention to the weather forecast and invest in the proper equipment to handle larger hot/cold swings that can occur between seasons. Don’t forget to plan for the first frost in autumn and the last frost in spring.

Every season brings about its own set of unique circumstances with problems to solve. The cold of winter can be seemingly daunting at first, however, with the proper planning and tools, you can achieve the same success, or greater, as other times of the year. Winter-grown cannabis often yields higher quality than summer grown cannabis because cold is generally less harsh to cannabis plants than heat. By utilizing the tools at your disposal, you will be able to customize to fill your needs and achieve the success you desire. Don’t let the changes in weather cause changes inside. Pick and choose the tips and tricks discussed here and you’ll be on your way to wintertime success.

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They are a perfect and delicious way to help treat anxiety, pain, stress, and sleep-related issues. CBD is a non-psychoactive component of cannabis to support a wide range of therapeutic benefits.

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How you choose to consume your cannabis will have vastly different effects on how your body absorbs it. Read on to learn about the differences in the effects between consuming edibles or smoking cannabis.

Is It Best to Eat or Smoke My Cannabis?

Cannabis is such a diverse plant that it can be smoked or eaten, and each consumption method can have vastly different effects on the body and mind.

Smoking cannabis is often predictable in its effects, which happen quickly, and for this reason is easier to control.

However, smoking cannabis will negatively affect a user’s health.

When eating cannabis, the high is often intense and longer lasting, but takes a while to occur and is therefore less predictable in its effect. This occurs mainly due to how cannabis is absorbed, its potency, and dosage amount.

Absorption of Cannabis

When smoking cannabis, Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is rapidly transferred directly from the lungs into the blood stream. The blood then carries THC throughout the body and ultimately effects sensations of the central nervous system.

Due to the rapid transfer of THC, the effect is felt quickly (minutes). However, smoking cannabis is relatively inefficient in delivering the full range and amount of cannabinoids unless you take into account vaporization. Vaporizing cannabis allows users to receive a larger amount and range of cannabinoids.

A smoker can also set a vaporizing temperature range to capture specific types of cannabinoids that can positively affect the cannabis experience.

When cannabis is consumed in edible form, the absorption rate is vastly different when compared to inhalation because edibles must settle in the stomach where they are slowly broken down. The cannabinoids in the edible are then transferred to the liver where they are converted into 11-hydroxy Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC).

11-OH-THC is the main metabolite of THC and results in a maximum amount of THC in the body.

“Cannabis is such a diverse plant that it can be smoked or eaten, and each consumption method can have vastly different effects on the body and mind.”

Due to the metabolic process, effects are often experienced within one to two hours after ingestion.

After ingestion, THC is absorbed into every part of the body but is decreased in the plasma of the blood. The tissue distribution is followed by a slower redistribution of THC into the blood by means of deep fat tissue. Redistribution of THC can occur for many hours in a cyclic fashion, increasing the duration of the effects.

Duration and Potency

As mentioned before when cannabis is smoked or vaporized, the effects are felt almost immediately.

Depending on the strain of cannabis, the amount smoked, and the type of cannabis inhaled (flowers or concentrates) the effects range from relaxing to energetic. However, when cannabis is smoked, approximately 23-27 per cent of the THC is absorbed by heavy users and 10-14 per cent by occasional users. This assumes 30 per cent of the THC is lost in burning the cannabis. The remaining 43-56 per cent is thought to be lost to high temperatures of burning and be unavailable in the body as it was not converted to usable THC. After smoking cannabis, the effects are immediate but then peak after approximately 15 minutes. Cannabis rapidly decreases in the body after three to four hours. After the effects have worn off, 90 per cent of the remaining THC is circulated in the blood stream, taking between two to seven days to be eliminated from the plasma. This can decrease the potency of THC when cannabis is smoked again as a tolerance is built.

Ingesting cannabis is different from smoking cannabis in many ways. Due to how the body breaks down edible cannabis, the effects can take between 30 minutes to two hours. This is mainly due to the absorption of THC and its transfer into the plasma of the blood. The effects on the body are similar to smoking in terms of having an energetic or relaxing effect. However, the availability of THC is thought to be approximately four to 12 per cent available for absorption. In some people the peak plasma concentration can occur more than once, making a user feel higher for a longer period of time. The longer duration is mainly due to THC and other cannabinoids being stored in deep fatty tissues. The fatty tissue then repetitively releases the cannabinoids, making the user feel the effects longer. It has been observed that higher concentrations of 11-OH THC occur after ingestion due to its storage in the body when compared to smoking.

Therefore, the potency and duration felt by a user is often stronger as well as longer.

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“It is important to know what type of cannabis you are buying and the THC concentration it boasts.”

Dosing

Smoking cannabis is much easier to dose as a user can inhale small amounts in one sitting, then smoke more if needed. It is important to know what type of cannabis you are buying and the THC concentration it boasts. Knowing the concentration will ensure you don’t smoke all your product without feeling any effect.

Dosing edibles is much more difficult for homemade products but easier to understand for commercial products. Commercially, most edibles are tested in a laboratory and labelled with their THC concentration. Knowing the concentration allows a user to know the correct dose they will need or are buying. The most common commercially available concentration is 10 milligrams of THC per serving. While some products may be sold as a 100-mg bar, they are often divided into 10-mg pieces. However, commercial cannabis products may not be the correct dosage for every user. This is a result of factors such as body weight, tolerance, and food consumption prior to use. These factors influence the strength at which the edible will affect the user. While dosing information is useful for all products, it is not a guarantee the concentration is exact for every batch of edibles. This is mainly due to how lab testing is done. Small amounts should be taken initially, then more can be taken later, if need be.

Which is Better… Smoking or Eating Cannabis?

The answer to this question is complex as it comes down to user preference.

For people who have lung infections or other conditions, smoking cannabis may not be the best option and eating cannabis is a better alternative. For users who can’t wait for edible cannabis effects to kick in, smoking cannabis may be their best option.

With the large amount of commercially available cannabis products, edibles are longer lasting, stronger, can be taken in small amounts, and are healthier. For these reasons, edibles are the most economical choice.

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Wi o d o t t Wha

/ D E D SEE INATED P LL TS PLAN

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g bud, in w o r g male If you’re npollinated fe ost nt u n the m s e v you wa e , r e metime ev o w s o n H a . c s t wers plan ere’s hed gro s li p m lants. H o p d acc e d e ou. with se ens to y p end up p a h do if it what to

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“

If you have no interest in saving seeds, you can pluck them off as soon as they appear.”

After about six weeks, the seeds start to shed off. Once you have collected all of them, get the seeds into a cool, dry place for long-term storage if you don’t plan on using them in the very near future. It’s also at this point that you can let the mother plants go quietly into the great beyond or yank them out to begin anew.

If you have no interest in saving seeds, you can pluck them off as soon as they appear. It won’t totally save your crop, but depending on when the seeds formed, there may still be some usable flower left to harvest. The quality probably won’t be premium, but you could keep it for yourself, give it away, or even sell it at a bargain price (inferior weed is sold all the time, just not usually to discriminating consumers). It may not be ideal, but when life gives you lemons…

INSPECT YOUR CROP

E

ven in a growroom full of females, there is always the possibility that a plant or two could inadvertently get pollinated. While this situation is potentially devastating to a crop, all is not necessarily lost. Read on to see what you can do to mitigate your losses and ensure your next crop is safe if this happens to you.

HARVEST THE SEEDS If you want, you could save the seeds (unless your plants were pollinated by a hermaphrodite; more on that below). The seeds could be sold to other growers, used to propagate new plants, or even eaten. If you don’t know which strain you have, there may not be much commercial value in the seed, but you will at least be able to grow several more plants with marketable buds — or have a tasty snack.

You can’t, however, harvest the seeds right when you first discover them. You should leave the seeds on the plants for about six weeks.

During this stage of seed development, the plants divert most of their energy to this function.

It is important to not let up on care of your plants during this time, as you want to produce vigorous seeds with the greatest amount of stored nutrients and potential energy as possible.

If your cannabis plants start producing seeds, you should take the time to discover how they became pollinated. If your crop is grown indoors and you are not growing male plants intentionally in another part of the building, you likely have at least one hermaphrodite (hermie) or mixed gender plant among your crop. Hermaphrodites produce separate male and female buds on the same plant, while mixed gender plants have flowers with both organs on the same bud. Both hermaphrodites and mixed gender plants produce pollen that can easily be dispersed and pollinate other females growing near it.

If you started growing your crop from seed, it could also be possible you didn’t dispose of the male plants before they spread pollen. You cannot tell if a cannabis plant is a male, female, hermaphrodite, or mixed gender plant during the vegetative stage. You must wait until they begin to develop buds before the flowers on your plants start to present sexual dimorphism. Male cannabis plants produce stamens, which appear different than the female pistils. On cannabis plants, these stamens are sometimes referred to as bananas or nanners, as they do appear banana shaped, sometimes appear in clusters, and are usually yellow to light green in colour. Any plant that has these should be bagged to reduce the chance of spreading pollen, removed from the growing area, and thrown out.

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FIND THE EXTERIOR SOURCE If you are sure that there are no males or hermaphrodites among your plants, then it is very important to try locate the source of the pollen that pollinated your females. If you can’t, there is no guarantee it won’t happen again.

If you grow outside, there is little you can do to prevent pollination if there is a male plant in the area and it may become necessary to move your grow indoors. If you already grow indoors and live in a warmer climate, you need to look at your exhaust/filter system and security protocols. You need to make sure they aren’t breached, and then you need to maintain them to keep your growroom as sanitary as possible to avoid unwanted pollen from drifting in. If you live in a climate that experiences winters, you can also wait until after the first killing frost to restart your grow to ensure there is no male pollen around that could find its way in from the outside.

“

If your crop is grown indoors and you are not growing male plants intentionally in another part of the building, you likely have at least one hermaphrodite or mixed gender plant among your crop.”

Whether or not you are able to locate the offending male, hermie, or mixed gender plants, it is a good idea to thoroughly clean your growing area before starting again.

Any pollen that floated in likely won’t still be viable if you were to start a new grow, but it’s still a good idea to spray everything down with a bleach solution or hydrogen peroxide. This should be done in between grows regardless, but it’s especially important if unwanted pollination occurred and you are going to use the same grow space again right away. If there’s anything problematic pollen still lurking around, this will kill it. Better safe than sorry.

STARTING OVER Once the unwanted seeded plants are out of your life and your growroom is clean, there are a couple of things you can do to keep the chance of this happening again to a minimum.

Starting your crop from clones instead of seed will ensure that you only have females, as clones are genetic copies of female cannabis plants. If you want to use seeds, avoid the 50-50 chance of getting a male by using only feminized seed. These do not produce male plants and any reputable seed source will offer this type of seed.

Seeded plants aren’t the end of the world but they’re enough of a hassle that you want to avoid them. To make sure you never end up with seeded or pollinated plants again, be wary of obtaining seed from unknown sources, leave breeding to the professionals, keep a clean growroom, keep your plants from becoming too stressed, and be watchful for males, hermies, or mixed gender plants among your crops.

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Benefits of

cannabis juicing You don’t have to smoke or eat cannabis to enjoy its wideranging benefits. Making a cannabis smoothie will provide all kinds of healthy nutrients and CBDs in liquid form.

T

here are plenty of health benefits from juicing any fruit or vegetable and the market for juicing is growing in popularity around the world. It’s no surprise that medical cannabis patients and healthcare professionals are looking into the health benefits of juicing the misunderstood plant.

Vegetables usually consist of roots, leaves, stems, and flowers of a plant. Technically speaking, cannabis is a vegetable with similar nutrients found in other leafy greens (fibre, calcium, and iron). Cannabinoids are unique to the cannabis plant; they can improve cell function and reduce damage caused by free radicals.

When cannabis is juiced, it is a nutritionally dense, medicinal compound without the psychoactive components that are normally activated when the plant goes through decarboxylation. Decarboxylation is basically the heating of the cannabis plant; it is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide.

There is a high concentration of raw cannabinoid acids and the perfect amount of fatty acids in juiced cannabis. This can reduce inflammation and improve two-way communication with nerve cells.

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How to Juice Raw Cannabis

Carrots and Cannabis: A Juicing Match

Really, you can’t just get dried flower, throw it into a juicer, and expect magic healing potion. When juicing you want raw, freshly-picked, and properly grown cannabis. It is important to avoid any plant material that may have been exposed to pesticides or other microbiological contaminants.

Like most vegetables, when it comes to juicing fresher is better. Do not juice cannabis that has been dried and prepared for smoking, it is not suitable for juicing. Since most local dispensaries do not have a supply of raw cannabis, many patients and caregivers grow their own medicine to ensure quality material for juicing.

When juicing, it is recommended that people juice 15 large fan leaves, 30-40 sugar leaves, and two large (5-10 cm long) raw buds per day. Raw buds are flowers that are harvested while the trichomes are clear rather than amber.

Mixing another vegetable juice to cut down on the bitterness of raw cannabis is highly recommended. A popular choice is carrots — a ratio of one-part cannabis juice to 10 parts carrot juice is a good rule of thumb. When you have your juice, split it into three parts and drink with each meal or store it for up to three days refrigerated in a sealed container or in the freezer for several months.

Carrots and carrot juice in ancient practice were used as therapeutic agents. Carrots are rich in biotin, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, organic sodium, and more. Most of a carrot’s nutrients are concentrated just beneath the skin, so it’s important you try not to peel the skin off. You can simply brush the carrot’s skin with water until the dirt is cleaned off.

The cannabis leaves and buds contain much needed cannabinoid acids: tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THC-A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A). These acids found in cannabis have been shown to reduce or eliminate epileptic seizures, and assist in the management of many other health issues. Cannabis is a complete protein and natural source of healthy omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids.

When carrots and cannabis are juiced they have a great deal of fibre. This fibre can create a foam at the top of your drink and most people consider this too thick to drink with ease. If you can get past the unpleasant texture, you will be doing your body a favour.

Juice derived from carrots contains more vitamin A than nearly any other juice. Vitamin A assists the liver in flushing toxins out of the body, making this a great recipe for detoxing.

“ There is a high concentration

of raw cannabinoid acids and the perfect amount of fatty acids in juiced cannabis.”

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Health Benefits of Juicing Raw Cannabis The cannabis plant is more than a psychoactive drug.

In raw form cannabis leaves and buds are loaded with non-psychoactive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer nutrient compounds known as cannabidiol (CBD). CBD is proving to be a “superfood” capable of preventing and reversing a host of chronic illnesses.

The human body has a built-in endogenous cannabinoid system, complete with cannabinoid receptors. Using CBD from cannabis can help normalize the body’s functional systems, including cell communication and proper immune function.

CBDs bridge the gap of neurotransmission in the central nervous system, including the brain, by providing a two-way system of communication that completes a positive feedback loop. The unique two-way transmission system engaged by cannabis CBDs mimics the body’s own natural two-way communication system.

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“ One of the best ways to acquire CBDs is to juice raw cannabis leaves and buds.”

Juicing Provides Ample CBDs One of the best ways to acquire CBDs is to juice raw cannabis leaves and buds, according to Dr. William Courtney, who runs a clinic in Luxembourg that provides raw cannabis medicinal services to patients in need.

“CBD works on receptors, and as it turns out, we have cannabinoids in our bodies — endogenous cannabinoids — that turn out to be very effective at regulating immune functions, nerve functions, bone functions,” says Dr. Ethan Russo, a Washington area physician who is also a senior advisor to GW Pharmaceuticals, a British drug company that is utilizing CBDs healing powers in a new epilepsy drug called Epidiolex.

More Variety, More Nutrients Fibre is a very important part of our diet because it contains nutrients that help with digestion but when we juice, more nutrient absorption happens because the gut doesn’t need to digest all that fibre.

Juicing makes getting the recommended vegetable serving possible and introduces nutrients directly to the bloodstream.

Minimize high fructose fruits like apples and strawberries.

Our bodies only need 15-25 grams of sugar daily. A good ratio to follow would be 80 per cent vegetables and 20 per cent fruit.

Of all the apple varieties, green apple has the lowest sugar content. As you become accustomed to the taste of green juice, lessen the fruit to the bare minimum.

People new to juicing can find it tough because drinking vegetable juice isn’t palatable. If you mix lemon to the strong flavour of dark greens the taste is less bitter, and lemon has low fructose content.

Juicing will have you consuming vegetables you didn’t think you would eat, cook, or enjoy. When you juice before every meal you can use four or five different vegetables per day that may include dark leafy greens or different cannabis varieties.

More variety means more nutrients.

You have lots of options in terms of recipes and your only limitation will be your garden or your grocery store availability.

Juicing can inspire us to choose new vegetables and create a new juice each time.

Carrot&Cannabis Juice Recipe This takes about 5 minutes or less depending on your juicer. The recipe makes 2-3 servings, is vegan and gluten free. Using a masticating juicer when juicing cannabis is best, they operate at lower temperatures and retain the most nutritional benefits of the plant.

WHAT YOU NEED:

• 7-10 raw cannabis leaves, freshly picked (within 2-3 days)

• 6 swiss chard leaves

• 2 cups chopped organic carrots • 1-in. fresh ginger root • ½ green apple

• 1 slice of lemon

DIRECTIONS

1. Soak the cannabis leave in cold water for a few minutes and then drain

2. Start by slicing the carrots until you have about 2 cups 3. Cut one slice of lemon and remove any seeds

4. Remove the skin from the ginger root and add it to the juicer

5. Add the ingredients and be sure to mix in spurts so the cannabis inside the juicer does not overheat 6. Pour over ice and enjoy

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KEEP IT

CONTAINED A Look Inside Cannabis Container Cultivation

by Tom Forrest

When it comes to growing cannabis inside containers, whether commercially or as a hobby, there are plenty of variables to consider from HVAC to irrigation to automation, says Tom Forrest.

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ultivating cannabis in upcycled shipping containers is not a new revolution, nor is it an incredibly far-fetched concept.

Curious different legal requirements for medicinal cannabis cultivation and botanical parameters for cannabis breeding have seen it become a viable solution for growers around the world. Container cultivation has a strong history of practice in the dark prohibitionist days. Many a pioneering farmer thought a concealed or underground container provided a perfect blackmarket cannabis production factory.

Modern solutions are a little different. Cultivators are no longer hiding from police helicopters and bandits, but now security from theft and prevention of pests is paramount. Many growers have installed creative solutions for effective container facilities and several pioneering businesses now have turnkey containers as a genuine revenue stream. There is, however, a vast difference between the efficacy and functionality of a clever container grow and an insufficiently planned retrofit.

Many growers have invested and lost significant sums based on poorly designed container cultivation concepts.

Successful container upcycling requires consideration of many topics. In this article we will cover container spacing and figuring your ideal facility layout, HVAC considerations, horticultural lighting options, fertigation, automation, scalability, and overall container cost. If these factors have been addressed, then the classic container can provide the ultimate cannabis cultivation conditions.

Facility Layout and Spacing

Appropriate facility layout and spacing is essential regardless if a facility has four or four hundred containers. The most important factors to consider are efficient workflow, the mechanical prevention of pest and disease, alongside the planned scale for the facility; are you planning on adding more containers?

Effective prevention of pests and disease is paramount.

This reduces the need to use pesticides of any kind.

In protected cropping this is achieved using air-locks, decontamination zones, and clever workflow practices.

Ensuring there is a positively pressured room prior to entry into the cultivation area allows for staff to safely neutralize chances of unwanted microscopic guests as they follow specified decontamination practices (i.e. washing hands, wearing booties, or putting on a protective lab coat).

The other key factor to consider with facility layout relates to the planned scale of your business. Is the warehouse or ceiling height sufficient for tiered containers and ample HVAC equipment? How many containers or zones can be added to that location without sacrificing effective workflow?

Containers need to be arranged in a manner that is both immediately practical for a successful initial growth cycle and production, while also considering subsidiary equipment.

The layout of the containers must account for their relation to essential ancillary equipment such as external HVAC and fertigation equipment, water tanks, soil handling, harvesting, and processing areas. The loading and unloading zones for deliveries, trucks, and contracted labour must also be considered for both security and biohazards. Preventative facility design should include separate zones for unloading consumables such as substrates, fertilizers, lamps, and all the ongoing essentials. This should act as a decontamination zone and prevent unwanted personnel entering cultivation areas.

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HVAC — Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning

Healthy airflow is the key to a successful container grow.

The correct temperature, humidity, air movement, and air quality will provide the greenest growth with disease-free crops. We understand the general parameters for cannabis to thrive alongside the differences in ideal environment for varying stages of growth (i.e. a higher humidity for the vegetative areas), but how do we achieve this efficiently in a shipping container?

Although we are only part way through this article, we have hit the bottom line. At this stage in container design your budget becomes a determining factor.

At one end of the spectrum we have facilities that utilize multimillion-dollar central HVAC systems. Enabling mass heating and cooling for multiple areas as containers become almost plug-and-play within the facility. Other premium designs use complex air-conditioning, heating, dehumidification, and evaporative cooling systems, alongside multiple sensors to provide clinical climate control.

Utilizing the latest in sensory technology, data collection, and computer automation allows for remote and precise automation (more on automation further in the article).

“THE CORRECT temperature, humidity, air movement, and air quality will provide the greenest growth with disease-free crops.”

Alternatively, many facilities have successfully harvested using simpler and more affordable designs.

Separating HVAC from fertigation control systems while using more basic climate control mechanisms can still effectively grow cannabis if the cultivation team is diligent and vigilant. Split-system air-conditioning units installed alongside dehumidifiers and rudimentary evaporative coolers can control temperature and humidity within the container. These still need to be calculated, calibrated, and commissioned to ensure the hardware can remove all the heat generated from grow lights and the excess moisture created as plants transpire.

Internal airflow in containers is usually achieved using oscillating wall fans. Clever solutions for horizontal air-movers and novel ducting designs are rapidly coming to market to prevent any stagnant pockets of air that can cause headaches for a grower. Fresh air needs to be appropriately filtered, sourced from a suitable inlet, and distributed efficiently throughout the canopy.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is usually added to container rooms using prefilled tanks, regulators, and solenoid valves. These should be set on precise sensors for the safety of both plants and staff. Ambient outdoor CO2 floats around 400 ppm. Most facilities supplementing CO2 aim for around 800 ppm to enhance plant growth. Anything more than 1,500 ppm is not particularly useful while anything above 2,500-5,000 ppm becomes dangerous.

Effective distribution of CO2 gas is easily achieved using PVC piping along the length of the container wall with small outlets for the CO2 to escape. The output of CO2 needs to be at appropriate times (during daylight hours) but also balanced with the air input and exhaust from air conditioning and ventilation fans. The amount of CO2 added to the container directly influences the lighting intensity required for effective cannabis growth. This means we need to select our horticultural lighting fixtures appropriately.

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Lighting

All indoor cannabis lighting consulting inevitably leads to the question: LED or high pressure sodium (HPS) or ceramic metal halide (CMH)? Your choice depends entirely on you and where your facility of containers is located. I can’t go into the LED versus high intensity discharge (HID), or the HPS versus CMH debates, but at least note that the location and climate surrounding the facility is a big deciding factor. Regardless of your luminaire, we still need to achieve desired micromole levels during each stage of cannabis growth (with the correct spectrum that the crop will respond to).

We’ve seen a lot of issues with heat load and light intensity management in containers, especially those using 1,000W double-ended fixtures. This exponentially increases the cost and complexity of the necessitated HVAC system, and the greater distance to canopy required will therefore limit the plant height. It’s a curious Catch-22 — higher wattage lights could mean shorter plants.

Lighting plans need to be calculated for the wall reflectance, the cultivation methodology, and the desired cultivation area.

Is a portion of the container going to be used for decontamination or irrigation zones? Ensure that an engineer provides lighting plans specifically for your cultivation facility detailing the resulting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and uniformity. This also needs to account for the layout of the crop, desired canopy height, and the type of lights used (including the specific bulb for HID fixtures). Tiered cultivation of cannabis in containers (aside from propagation) is generally not recommended due to the limited working height.

We’ve seen containers successfully using 315W CMH fixtures, 750W HPS fixtures, and certain LED luminaires, but the ideal solution depends on the other aforementioned parameters.

“THE INDIVIDUAL irrigation of each plant and whether the drainage is captured or run-towaste will also depend on the preferred growing methodology and accordingly influence the tray-table build design.�

Irrigation & Drainage

Fertigation of crops in containers is set up either with a central facility irrigation zone providing the correct nutrient and water to each container. Individual tanks, pumps, and monitoring equipment in each container is also an option. This is determined by the budget, the type of cultivation system, and the plant size and spacing, alongside the outer facility design constraints. The individual irrigation of each plant and whether the drainage is captured or run-to-waste will also depend on the preferred growing methodology and accordingly influence the tray-table build design.

Several facilities I have visited captured waste water in an external zone for filtration and re-use, while others have used wet-vacs to remove run-off. Horticultural trays are best set up with tanks to capture drainage. The drainage water can be pumped back to the main reservoir or into a waste water recycling system using float valves.

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“HIGH-END container facilities utilize multiple probes, sensors, and data generating equipment to ensure every aspect of the container is dialled to perfection.”

“GREAT CONSIDERATION needs to be given for workflow and practical access, especially for contractors and ongoing system maintenance.”

Automation

The level of automation in a facility is again determined by budget. At a minimal level, the containers will have lighting and A/C controllers, humidification control, and evaporative cooling operating according to programmed parameters. The more invested in each container, the more precise the control becomes. Advanced horticultural lighting, fertigation, and climate control can all be automated through a central computer system. This can be pre-programmed to replicate seasonal changes and to follow specific nutrient feed regimes.

High-end container facilities utilize multiple probes, sensors, and data generating equipment to ensure every aspect of the container is dialled to perfection. The more data generated, the more accurate the cultivation can become. These sensors predominantly measure light intensity, air temperature, humidity, CO2, vapour pressure deficit, leaf temperature, moisture of substrates, fertigation liquid pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature, while digital computer mechanisms coordinate these variables into a finely tuned machine.

Scalability

The question of whether advanced automation is worth the cost is mostly determined by the scale of the facility. A handful of containers may not warrant a $400,000 control system. This also applies to the HVAC components of the containers. Large-scale container facilities generally use a central HVAC system while smaller, research, and breeding container setups may have central computer but individual container control systems. The physical location of the containers also influences the potential for growth.

More containers will require larger peripheral spaces for equipment storage, consumables, and processing. Several facilities have successfully implemented tiered containers, however, great consideration needs to be given for workflow and practical access, especially for contractors and ongoing system maintenance.

The Bottom Line…

In deciding whether containers are appropriate and what kind of container design suits your needs, we come back to the budget of your project. Poorly retrofitted containers rarely work. Containers designed with an expert team of engineers including agricultural, cannabis, and HVAC specialists are the industry standard. However, for those operating in the pharmaceutical space, designs compliant with good manufacturing practices and good agricultural collection are the norm. These are ISO-conforming plans and every aspect of the project, build, pharmaceutical production, and manufacturing is adhered to, while the budget reflects the beautiful precision of these options.

Regardless of whether you are operating as a cannabis business start-up, researcher, breeder, or planning a commercial facility, hopefully this has helped unbox the secrets of what hides inside a successful cannabis cultivation container.

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AU TO M AT I O N Automated nutrient fer�ga�on system for the cra� grower

NEVER MIX A FORMULA AGAIN

THINKTANKAUTOMATION.CA

230 County Road 31, Leamington, Ontario, Canada | 519-326-8681 | sphomegrower.com

GROWING SUPPLIES FOR HOME OR COMMERCIAL USE

Number of years doing business: 51 YEARS Cannabis division: 2 YEARS Company motto:

“GOOD THINGS GROWING ON”

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As an established supply warehouse for the greenhouse industry in Leamington, Ont., Sun Parlour decided to expand into the cannabis supply industry by doing everything from propagation to harvest while assisting growers of all sizes. The company also has a retail side designed to appeal to the home grower and has now progressed into the wholesale market assisting large grow operations with all their needs. Jordan Carnevale explains what’s next for Sun Parlour’s growing list of cannabis services.

Sun Parlour has been going strong for some time, hasn’t it?

Yes, we have been in the greenhouse supply industry for 51 years before we opened our cannabis division two years ago.

Why make the jump to cannabis?

With our proven knowledge and understanding of the greenhouse industry, we knew that entering the cannabis space would make a great fit for us as Leamington is quickly becoming a major hub for cannabis production in Canada.

What was your first step opening the cannabis side?

When we first opened the division there were just two of us that were involved directly. I was involved with customer and wholesale development and my colleague, Tracey, was also involved with customer development and procurement.

GOOD THINGS GROWING ON

GROWING SUPPLIES FOR HOME AND COMMERCIAL WHOLESALE USE.

Offering lighting, climate control, plant nutrients, plant care, growing blocks and lots of accessories.

SPHOMEGROWER.COM

Who in the market is Sun Parlour targeting?

The main products that we focused on initially were for the home grower. We do not manufacture our own hardline goods, but we have extensive experience in bulk fertilizer and nutrient production as we stock all the raw materials. We also have a lot of versatile products from our agriculture greenhouse business that have proven to be interchangeable with the cannabis industry.

What were some of your struggles as Sun Parlour opened its cannabis side of the business?

The first struggles we had were getting the community of Windsor-Essex on board with the idea that we would be selling cannabis supplies. We strive to provide professional advice and product knowledge with the motto that no customer is too big or too small. With all the research and the many cannabis operations going, the community has really started to embrace the economic opportunities.

Our background and strong reputation in the greenhouse industry really pushed us to the forefront of the market locally.

“WE ARE ABLE TO BRING IN SPECIALTY PRODUCTS ON REQUEST AT VERY REASONABLE PRICES.” How is the cannabis division doing now?

We have expanded our staff and our product and service offerings in the last six months. We now have dedicated staff to help with the day-to-day operation of the cannabis division.

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What is your current product line?

We carry a large product line so that we have something for each customer’s needs.

Our products focus mainly on growing medias, lighting, ventilation, nutrients, and lots of products for harvesting. Due to our size we are also able to bring in specialty products on request at very reasonable prices.

Where is your client base?

We have a very large warehouse based out of Leamington with a storefront as well, so our initial reach is the Windsor-Essex area. But, as we expand we are starting to move into the Niagara region as well as the Greater Toronto Area and Ottawa regions because we can facilitate such large orders.

How many people now work in the cannabis division?

We now have four full-time employees in the administrative/sales part of the cannabis division as well as two other part-time employees that help when needed. Our warehouse staff can assist for large shipments that need heavy duty packaging and shipping.

What are Sun Parlour’s strengths?

Our company’s strength is definitely the size of our facility and the relationships we have with our suppliers. We can bring large quantities in and have the storage for it.

Also, we tend to stick with the suppliers we know and trust, and build great relationships before we commit to them fully.

Any feel-good stories so far?

With all the attention the cannabis industry is getting it’s always great to hear from a medical patient that comes back telling you that you helped them. Whether it was suggesting a certain grow media or just giving a little advice on nutrients, when they come back to tell you how much things work for them it really hits home. Nothing is more satisfying for us than helping our various customers reach their goals.

What significant things have you learned so far about the industry?

One thing that we have learned is that this industry can help people from all walks of life. This isn’t just about the big money corporations or the everyday patient or home grower; this industry is inclusive of every individual and has established a tremendous amount of excitement, innovation, and economic opportunity.

“NOTHING IS MORE SATISFYING FOR US THAN HELPING OUR VARIOUS CUSTOMERS REACH THEIR GOALS.” What have you learned so far about the cannabis space?

At every corner there is something to be learned and you must be open to it. With this becoming so mainstream these days, there is new knowledge and advancements coming out daily and we need to be open and ready for such information.

What words of wisdom can you share about the future of the industry?

I feel like this is just the very beginning of a major venture not just across Ontario but worldwide. We are just scratching the surface of what this industry can really bring to so many different fields including the medical field. So, strap in and get ready because this is about to become huge.

Any cool experiences along the way?

One of my favourite stories was the first trade show I went to. It was pretty much my welcometo-the-industry moment. As I stepped outside

for a smoke break there were already hundreds of people outside that were attending or presenting at the show. Among these people were elders, men and women in business attire, there was the hobbyist grower, and many more different types of people that all came together as one for the love of the industry. Not many things can bring so many walks of life together at one time and that show really opened my eyes that as a whole we are not that different.

What makes your employees so awesome?

The passion that our employees have not just for the industry, but for being able to genuinely help others with their knowledge.

We have people who will go out of their way with customers to help them in any way possible and it’s hard to find people with that all-around passion for both.

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taking a

stand.

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a newsstand.

Maximum Yield is excited to announce that Maximum Yield Cannabis is now available on select magazine stands across Canada!

growing with you since 1998

subscribe today and never miss an issue! subscriptions@maximumyield.com Maximum Yield

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distribution LIST

retail stores are listed alphabetically by city in each province ALBERTA GrowLife Unit 113 - 2323 32 Ave. NE CALGARY, AB T2E 6Z3 403-452-9990 ----------------------------------------------

IncrediGrow Garden Centre 103-7500 MacLeod Trail SE CALGARY, AB T2H 0L9 403-255-0740 ---------------------------------------------Quick Grow 1-1204 Edmonton Trail Rd. NE CALGARY, AB T2E 3K5 877-426-4769 Twins Greenhouse 13 - 2235 30th Ave., NE CALGARY, AB T2C 7C7 403-273-2881 ----------------------------------------------

every body get happy

Hydro-Lite North 12249 Fort Rd. EDMONTON, AB T5B 4H7 780-477-7860 ----------------------------------------------

Hydro-Lite South 4365 - 99th St. EDMONTON, AB T6E 5E4 587-499-7555 ---------------------------------------------Niloc Wholesale Inc. Box 82008 Yellowbird RPO EDMONTON, AB T6J 7E6 780-885-4769 T & T Hydroponic 14925 112 Ave. NW EDMONTON, AB T5M 2V6 780-452-9868 ----------------------------------------------

Green Thumb Hydroponics #2 5019 4th Ave. EDSON, AB T7E 1T4 780-725-0064 & 780-556-9333 ----------------------------------------------

Northern Lights Indoor Gardening Centre 10108 100th Ave. GRANDE PRAIRIE, AB T8V 0V5 780-538-3277 ---------------------------------------------Happy Grow Supplies 3514 9th Ave. N. LETHBRIDGE, AB T1H 5E6 403-380-2847 ----------------------------------------------

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Jon’s Plant Factory 3925 E. Hastings St. BURNABY, BC V5C 2H8 604-294-3000 ----------------------------------------------

Dragon’s Lair Garden Center 1690A Maple St. CAMPBELL RIVER, BC V9W 3G2 250-850-1010 ----------------------------------------------

Hygro Gardening Supplies Inc. 1791 Tamarac St. CAMPBELL RIVER, BC V9W 5Y7 250-286-0424 ----------------------------------------------

Canadian Garden Supply 1730 Hwy. 3 CASTLEGAR, BC V1N 4W1 250-304-2911 ----------------------------------------------

Sun Beam Central 3444 River Rd. CHEMAINUS, BC V0R 1K4 250-246-1379 ----------------------------------------------

Valley Indoor Greenhouse Supplies 103 - 44195 Yale Rd. W. CHILLIWACK, BC V2R 4H2 877-702-1169 ----------------------------------------------

Cowichan Hydroponic Supplies 4 - 2955 Jacob Rd. DUNCAN, BC V9L 6W4 250-746-0244 Duncan Plants & Ponics 6512 Bell McKinnon Rd. DUNCAN, BC V9L 6C1 250-746-5591 ----------------------------------------------

Green Island Joe’s Garden Supply 994 Errington Rd., Unit 4 ERRINGTON, BC V0R1V0 250-586-2000 ---------------------------------------------Sunshine Gardens Greenhouse Superstore 5 - 1744 Kelly Douglas Rd. KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 5S4 877-372-2270 ----------------------------------------------

West Coast Hydroponic Garden Shop 113 - 805 Notre Dame KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 5N8 250-851-2992 ---------------------------------------------Aqua Gro Hydroponics Supplies Suite 101 2689 Kyle Rd. KELOWNA, BC V1Z 2M9 250-769-7745 Better Than Nature Kelowna 207 Asher Rd. KELOWNA, BC V1X 3H5 250-868-8978 ----------------------------------------------

Pacific Northwest Garden Supply -Kelowna Unit C1 - 1810 Kyle Ct. KELOWNA, BC V1Z 3Z4 250-769-4791 ---------------------------------------------Quick Grow Indoor Garden Center 1945 Kirschner Rd. KELOWNA, BC V1Y 4N7 250-861-3434 ----------------------------------------------

Sundogz Garden Supply 1824 Alberni Hwy. COOMBS, BC V0R 1M0 250-954-2046 ---------------------------------------------Art Knapp 2855 Wentworth Rd. COURTENAY, BC V9N 6B7 250-334-3024 ----------------------------------------------

Green Earth Garden Supplies 5654 Production Way. LANGLEY, BC V3A 4N4 604-532-7106 ----------------------------------------------

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Pacific Northwest Garden Supply - Maple Ridge 109 - 20110 Lougheed Hwy. MAPLE RIDGE, BC V2X 2P7 604-465-4768 ---------------------------------------------Planting Plus Greenhouse Supplies and Hardware Unit 2 - 23382 River Rd. MAPLE RIDGE, BC V2X 3J2 604-466-5949 Triple Tree Nurseryland 20503 Lougheed Hwy. MAPLE RIDGE, BC V2X 2P9 604-465-9313 Gro Green Garden Supply 7260 Park St. MISSION, BC V2V 6G8 604-814-4345 ----------------------------------------------

Pacific Northwest Garden Supply - Mission 5 - 33111 London Ave. MISSION, BC V2V 4P9 604-820-8815 ----------------------------------------------

Hub City Hydroponics 105-50 Tenth St. NANAIMO, BC V9R 6L1 250-591-8150 ----------------------------------------------

Progressive Growth 41 - 1925 Bowen Rd. NANAIMO, BC V9S 1H1 800-405-4769 ----------------------------------------------

Tridon Hydroponics 12 - 1708 Bowen Rd. NANAIMO, BC V9S 1G9 250-755-1900 ----------------------------------------------

Pacific Northwest Garden Supply - Nelson Unit 14- 104 Silica St. NELSON, BC V1L 4M1 250-354-4767 ---------------------------------------------Buckerfields 587 Alberni Hwy. PARKSVILLE, BC V9P 1J9 250-248-3243 Better Than Nature Penticton 101 - 78 Industrial Ave., W. PENTICTON, BC V2A 6M2 250-770-8978 AV Garden Supply #4 - 2945 Alberni Hwy. PORT ALBERNI, BC V9Y 8R3 250-735-1005

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Progressive Growth 2459 Cousins Ave. COURTENAY, BC V9N 3N6 250-334-8425 ---------------------------------------------Top Crop Garden, Farm & Pet 2101 Cranbrook St. N. CRANBROOK, BC V1C 5M6 250-489-4555

Interior Gardener’s Supply 221 - 1 McDermid Rd., Box 1779 100 MILE HOUSE, BC V0K 2E0 250-395-3399

Sunset Seed Company 1628 Canyon St. CRESTON, BC V0B 1G0 250-428-4614

The Grow Zone #7 6850-52 Ave. RED DEER, AB T4N 4L1 403-356-9663 ----------------------------------------------

maximumyield.com

TLC Hydroponics and Garden Supplies 3395 Okanagan St. PO Box #543 ARMSTRONG, BC V0E 1B0 250-546-9391

Canngro Garden Supply Ltd. 104 - 5498 267th St. LANGLEY, BC V4W 3S8 604-607-7263 ---------------------------------------------Pacific Western Garden Supplies 5785 203A St. LANGLEY, BC V3A 1W7 604-510-4839; 778-898-5888 Excel Air Systems 200 - 20170 Stewart Cres.

MAPLE RIDGE, BC V2X 0T4 604-728-0757

West Coast Hemp Inc. 3473 3rd Ave. PORT ALBERNI, BC V9Y 4E4 250-724-6060 ----------------------------------------------

Suncoast Hydroponics Inc. 105-7105 Duncan St. POWELL RIVER, BC V8A 1W6 604-489-1944 ----------------------------------------------

Quality, Proven Products Since 1998

YIELD OF DREAMS Central Ontario’s Hydroponic Superstore

Years in Business 1998-2018

PLANNING A SMALL PERSONAL GARDEN? THAT’S OUR SPECIALTY. MEDICAL GARDEN? NO PROBLEM. WE HELP YOU GROW.

WE ARE THE INDOOR EXPERTS Follow us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter: @yodhydroponics

559 Steven Court, #12 Newmarket, Ontario yieldofdreamshydroponics.com │ 1.905.954.1476 TOLL FREE 1.877.954.1476 We Buy & Sell Used Equipment

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Grow King Hydroponics & Gardening Ltd. 833 4th St. PRINCE GEORGE, BC V2L 3H5 250-612-5173 ---------------------------------------------Pacific Northwest Garden Supply 1822 Aberdeen Rd. PRINCE GEORGE, BC V2K 1G6 236-423-2122 ---------------------------------------------PG2 1798 Nicholson St. PRINCE GEORGE, BC V2N 1V6 250-612-4769; 1-888-817-4769 Spruce Capital Feeds 1694 Quinn St. PRINCE GEORGE, BC V2N 1X3 250-564-6010 Omega Garden Inc. 1695 Peligren Pl. QUALICUM BEACH, BC V9K 2S3 250-752-1301; 888-976-6342 Garden Effects 200 - 2288 #5 Rd. RICHMOND, BC V6X 2T1 604-214-6620 Natural Choice Garden Centre, The 5500 48th Ave., SE SALMON ARM, BC V1E 1X2 250-832-7151 ----------------------------------------------

S.A. Ecoline Products Ltd. 5671 Auto Rd., SE SALMON ARM, BC V1E 4S1 250-833-4769 ----------------------------------------------

Nico’s Nurseryland 830 - 28th St., NE SALMON ARM, BC V1E 2S7 250-804-2004

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Keating Hydroponic Supplies 6765 Veyaness Rd #100 SAANICHTON, BC V8M 2A7 778-351-3022 ----------------------------------------------

Pacific Northwest Garden Supply -Surrey 15374-103A Ave. SURREY, BC V3R 7A2 604-588-4769; 800-443-4769 ---------------------------------------------BN Garden Supply 4493 Boundary Rd. VANCOUVER, BC V5R 2N3 604-431-2977 ----------------------------------------------

Suncoast Hydroponics #101-1862 Cosyan Pl. SECHELT, BC V0N 3A1 604-885-6661 ----------------------------------------------

Pacific Northwest Garden Supply - Squamish #101-39279 Queens Way SQUAMISH, BC V8B 0T5 604-567-2227 ----------------------------------------------

Coast Pet & Plant Supplies Unit 6 12342 83A Ave. SURREY, BC V3W 0L6 604-599-1778 ---------------------------------------------HT Ballast Gardening 8299 - 129th St. #103 SURREY, BC V3W 0A6 604-503-5255 PK Garden Wholesale 108 - 18760 96th Ave. SURREY, BC V4N 3P9 604-888-2499

Pacific Northwest Garden Supply - Vancouver 1772 Renfrew St. VANCOUVER, BC V5M 3H8 604-254-4765 ----------------------------------------------

Fraser Valley Greenhouse Supplies Ltd. 45653 Lark Rd. VEDDER CROSSING, BC V2R 3N7 fraservalleygreenhouse.com 604-858-0455 ---------------------------------------------Advanced Garden Supplies 7979 Aspen Rd. VERNON, BC V1B 3M9 250-545-9545 AJs Pets & Things 3219 - 31st Ave. VERNON, BC V1T 2H2 250-549-3222 Better Than Nature Vernon 506 25th Ave. VERNON, BC V1T 1P4 250-260-4466

Northern Lights Greenspace 3 - 2706 45th Ave. VERNON, BC V1T 3N4 250-558-4757 ----------------------------------------------

OK Garden Supply 12-4601 23rd St. VERNON, BC V1T 4K7 778-475-6075 ----------------------------------------------

Mr. Fertilizer 9 Burnside Rd., W. VICTORIA, BC V9A 1B2 250-381-4644 ----------------------------------------------

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Good Guys Gardening Center 250 Mackenzie Ave. S. WILLIAMS LAKE, BC V2G 1C6 250-392-2069 ----------------------------------------------

Halls Organics Inc. 107 Falcon Rd. WILLIAMS LAKE, BC V2G 5G7 250-398-2899 ----------------------------------------------

MANITOBA Advance Hydroponics 1230 Sherwin Rd. WINNIPEG, MB R3H 0V3 204-632-1155 Better Than Nature Winnipeg 414 Gertrude Ave. WINNIPEG, MB R3L 1Y8 204-453-3032

Progressive Growth Unit #111-1790 Island Hwy. VICTORIA, BC V9B 1H5 250-391-9519 ----------------------------------------------

The Greenhouse Hydroponics 1096 Goldstream Ave. VICTORIA, BC V9B 2Y5 250-590-8845 ----------------------------------------------

Canadian Wholesale Hydroponics 9-1559 Brookside Rd. WINNIPEG, MB R2R 1V6 877-226-4769 Crazy Hydroponics Supply 840 Ellice Ave., WINNIPEG, MB R3G 0C2 204-783-6345 Gro Pro International Hydroponics 101-904 Portage Ave. WINNIPEG, MB R3G 1Z3 204-956-1389 Kleen Gro Hydroponics 218 Osbourne St. S. WINNIPEG, MB R3L 1Z3 204-475-7096

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My Two Sons 2 - 2055 McPhillips St. WINNIPEG, MB R2Y 3C6 204-339-3489 ---------------------------------------------Northern Lights Hydroponics 129 Regent Ave. E. WINNIPEG, MB R2C 0C2 204-415-5106 ----------------------------------------------

Ready Set Grow!

375 Henderson Hwy. WINNIPEG, MB R3C 2H2 204-668-GROW ----------------------------------------------

NEW BRUNSWICK Canadian Green Products 811 Central St. CENTERVILLE, NB E7K 2B7 506-276-3555 ----------------------------------------------

Dieppe Hydroponics 988 Champlain St. Door #3 DIEPPE, NB E1A 1P8 506-384-4769 ----------------------------------------------

Scott’s Nursery Ltd. 2192 Route 102 Hwy. LINCOLN, NB E3B 8N1 506-458-9208 ----------------------------------------------

HUBCITYHYDROPONICS.COM 250-591-8150 115-50 Tenth St. Nanaimo BC info@hubcityhydroponics

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Atlantic Hydroponics & Greenhouses Inc. 42 Brandon St. MONCTON, NB E1C 7E8 506-858-0158 Greencorner 212 Halifax St. MONCTON, NB E1C 9S2 506-854-6508

Lahave Street Hydroponics 8927 Commerical St. NEW MINAS, NS B4N 3E1 902-681-4770 Valley Hydroponics 8759 Commercial St., Unit 1 NEW MINAS, NS B4N 3C4 902-365-3557

Jardins Notik Gardens 798 Gray Rd. ST. CHARLES, NB E4W 4N9 506-876-9100

Lahave Street Hydroponics 2304 Hwy. 325 OAKHILL, NS B4V 0E6 902-541-GROW (4769)

NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR

Howie’s Happy Hydroponics 41 4th St. TRENTON, NS B0K 1X0 902-755-3333

Good2Grow NL 2534 Topsail Rd. CONCEPTION BAY S., NL A1W 1M6 709-700-9180 Grow Crazy 140 Campbell Ave. ST. JOHNS, NL A1E 2Z8 709-726-4769

NOVA SCOTIA ----------------------------------------------

The Green Aid Garden Center 795 Bedford Hwy., Unit 103 BEDFORD, NS B4A 1A1 902-835-1767 ---------------------------------------------Mmad Hydroponics 4400 Second Division Rd. DIGBY CO, NS B0W1M0 902-778-1922 Sweetleaf Smoke Shop and Hydroponics 3132 Isleville St. HALIFAX, NS B3K 3Y2 902-454-6646Steve’s Hydroponics Equipment 501 Sackville Dr. LOWER SACKVILLE, NS B4C 2S1 902-865-7764

Grow And Brew 24 Havelock St. TRURO, NS B2N 4N7 902-897-4769

ONTARIO Aj’s Tomatoes 701 Country St. ALMONTE, ON K0A 1A0 613-277-4432 ----------------------------------------------

Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 521 Dunlop St. W. BARRIE, ON L4N 9W4 705-721-8715 Overgrown Hydroponics 404 Dunlop St. W. BARRIE, ON L4N 1C2 705-503-3100 BMA Hydroponics 404A Maitland Dr., Unit 2 BELLEVILLE, ON K8N 4Z5 613-967-9888 ----------------------------------------------

Growers Paradise 40 Regan Rd. Unit 11 BRAMPTON, ON L7A1B2 905-495-4040 ---------------------------------------------Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 79 Woolwich St. S. BRESLAU, ON N0B 1M0 519-648-2374 Frank’s Magic Crops Inc. 480 Guelph Line BURLINGTON, ON L7R 3M1 905-333-3282

A World of Green Hydroponics & Gardening Supplies 19 Church St. N. Unit C ALLISTON, ON L9R 1L6 705-434-9669 ---------------------------------------------Canadian Hydrogardens Ltd. 1330 Sandhill Dr. ANCASTER, ON L9G 4V5 905-648-1801 Dutchman Hydroponics 353 Saunders Rd., Unit 4-5 BARRIE, ON L4N 9A3 705-252-4769

Agrogreen Canada Inc. 1938 Hwy. #20, RR#1 FONTHILL, ON L0S 1E6 866-650-1136

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Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre 1677 Cyrville Rd., Unit 104 GLOUCESTER, ON K1B 3L7 613-842-8999 ----------------------------------------------

Happy Hydroponics 68 Princess St. HAMILTON, ON L8L 3K9 905-545-8434 ---------------------------------------------Kingston Organics and Hydroponics 1093 John Counter Blvd.

KINGSTON, ON K7K 6C7 613-542-9991 ----------------------------------------------

Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre 6-1659 Victoria St. N. KITCHENER, ON N2B 3E6 888-670-0611 ----------------------------------------------

Bob’s Grow Mart 2255 Hwy 20 FONTHILL, ON L0S 1E6 905-892-2121 Diatomite Canada 1938 Hwy. #20, RR#1 FONTHILL, ON L0S 1E6 866-650-1136 Northern Lights Green Supply 1938 Hwy. 20 (at 406), RR 1 FONTHILL, ON L0S 1E6 905-892-3743

Indoor Gardener 4093 Meadowbrook Drive, Unit 117 London, ON N6L 1G2 519-652-4224 ---------------------------------------------Best of Hydroponics 360 Richmond St. LONDON, ON N6A 3C3 519-858-1533

Ontario Growers Supply 1 Adelaide St., N. LONDON, ON N6B 3P8 519-451-4769

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Markham Hydroponics 95 Royal Crest Ct. 18 MARKHAM, ON L3R 9X5 905-305-0698 Garden 365 285 Midland Ave., Unit C MIDLAND, ON L4R 3K5 705-245-4769 Iponic Zone 151 Brunel Rd., Unit 24 MISSISSAUGA, ON L4Z 2H6 905-502-7211 ----------------------------------------------

Second Nature Hydroponics 4 - 2133 Royal Windsor Dr. MISSISSAUGA, ON L5J 1K5 905-403-4769 ----------------------------------------------

Yield of Dreams Hydroponics 559 Steven Ct. 12 NEWMARKET, ON L3Y 6Z3 877-778-7960 ----------------------------------------------

GK Hydroponics 1103 Cassells St. NORTH BAY, ON P1B 4B3 705-494-7169 ----------------------------------------------

Ozzy Hydroponics 4373 Steele Ave. W. NORTH YORK, ON M3N 1V7 416-633-2999 ---------------------------------------------Supply For You 3615 Weston Rd., Unit 6 NORTH YORK, ON M9L 1V8 416-741-8062 Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 1244 Speers Rd., Unit #4 OAKVILLE, ON L6L 2X4 905 -827-4761 ----------------------------------------------

Alpha Hydroponics 195 Memorial Ave. ORILLIA, ON L3V 5X8 705-259-2330 ----------------------------------------------

Growise Hydroponics Unit 4, 1050 Antonio Crt. ORILLIA, ON L3V 0V2 705-326-3030 ---------------------------------------------Koolie K. Hydroponics 25 James St. W. Unit 3 ORILLA, ON L3V8A6 705-896-7227 Paradise Gardens Hydroponics 2158 Chiefswood Rd. OSHWEKEN, ON N0A 1M0 519-445-2275

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B&B Hydroponic Gardens Inc. 4 - 3326 Limebank Rd. OTTAWA, ON K1V 1H2 613-723-5047 Hydro Culture Emporium Inc. 7-1315 Richmond Rd. OTTAWA, ON K2B 8J7 613-715-9472 ----------------------------------------------

Hydro King 186 Preston St. Ottawa, ON K2P 1B9 613-789-KING(5464) ---------------------------------------------Envirotex PO Box 21069 PARIS, ON N3L 4A5 519-442-1237

Bustan Urban Gardening Essentials 4-400 Eastern Ave. TORONTO, ON M4M 1B9 416-922-6363

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Greenthumbs Garden Supply 338 Kingston Rd. TORONTO, ON M4L 1T7 647-345-GROW (4769) ----------------------------------------------

Indoor Farmer 10 Wyman Rd., Unit 4 WATERLOO, ON N2V 1K7 519-886-9200 ----------------------------------------------

grow it all hydroponics for everyone

Grow It All Hydroponics Inc. 165 Geary Ave., Unit 3B TORONTO, ON M6H 2B8 416-588-9595 ----------------------------------------------

Kawartha Garden Shop 724 Erskine Ave. Unit 2 PETERBOROUGH, ON K9J 5T9 705-775-2002 Peterborough Hydroponic Center 32-347 Pido Rd. PETERBOROUGH, ON K9J 6X7 705-745-6868 Sweet Hydroponic Gardens 776 Bruce St. RENFREW, ON K7V 3Z8 613-433-9600 Bluewater Hydroponics 12-1173 Michener Rd. SARNIA, ON N7S 5G5 519-337-7475 Indoor Gardens Canada 2952 Thompson Rd. SMITHVILLE, ON L0R 2A0 905-957-6969 Green And Clean 761 Barrydowne Rd. SUDBURY, ON P3A 3T6 800-246-5503

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Grow Op Hydroponics 1332 Bloor St. West TORONTO, ON M6H 1P2 416-530-7750 ---------------------------------------------Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 26 Meteor Dr. TORONTO, ON M9W 1A4 416-242-4769 HotBox Homegrown Hydroponics 206 Augusta Ave., Kensington Mkt. TORONTO, ON M5T 2L6 647-350-4769 Toronto Hemp Company 665 Yonge St. TORONTO, ON M4Y 1Z9 416-920-1980

Grower’s Choice Hydroponics 1621 McEwen Dr. 14 WHITBY, ON L1N 9A5 905-725-GROW Northern Lights Hydroponics 2690 Oulette Ave. WINDSOR, ON N8X 1L7 519-254-4015 Urban GreenHouse Hydroponics & Aquaculture 7635 Tecumseh Rd. E. WINDSOR, ON N8T 3H1 519-944-8444 ----------------------------------------------

Ozone Environmental Technologies 361 Rowntree Dairy Rd. Unit 4 WOODRIDGE, ON L4L 8H1 905-264-6618 ----------------------------------------------

QUEBEC Un Monde Sans Terre 1698 Boul. St-Jude ALMA, QC G8B 3L4 418-480-4375 Hydro-Tonyque 761 Ave. Gilles Villeneuve BERTHIERVILLE, QC J0K 1AO 450-836-8088 Simplement Vert 213 Rue Industrielle DELSON, QC J5B 1W3 450-845-4111

Hydrosphere 2000 2400 Rue Canadian, Ste. 104 DRUMMONDVILLE, QC J2C 7W3 819-478-9791

Hydromax du Nord 513 Boul St-François LAC DES ÉCORCES, QC J0W 1H0 819-278-1298

Les Serres Binette Inc 2568 Boul. Mercurre DRUMMONDVILLE, QC J2A 1H2 819-478-7195

Hydro Rive-sud 4721 Bou. de la rive S. LEVIS, QC G6W 1H5 418-835-0082

Hydroponique Plus Inc. 405 - 18 Ave. LACHINE, QC H8S 3R1 514-634-3677

Boutique Grunge 364 Rue Sherbrooke MAGOG, QC J1X 2S1 819-847-4141

Pablo Jardinage Drummondville 2080 Joseph St-Cyr DRUMMONDVILLE, QC J2C 8V6 819-475-2525 Les Entreprises Fernand Pigeon Inc. 174 Beaudoin N. DURHAM-SUD, QC J0H 2C0 819-858-2777 Hydromax Gatineau 1695 Atmec #6 GATINEAU, QC J8P 7G7 819-663-7470 Naturexpert Inc. 828 Chemin du Sixième Rang GATINEAU, QC J8R 3A4 ---------------------------------------------

Teragenic 76 Rue Lois, Unit 9 GATINEAU, QC J8Y 3R4 819-600-6006 --------------------------------------------Jardinages Gilles Robert Inc. 574 St-Hubert GRANBY, QC J0H 1Y5 450-375-3441 Méristème Hydroponique 871 Dufferin GRANBY, QC J2G 9H8 450-991-1514 Jardinage d’intérieur Huntingdon 72 Dalhousie HUNTINGDON, QC J0S 1H0 450-322-6079

Biofloral 675 Montee St-François LAVAL, QC H7C 2S8 877-38-HYDRO Espace Culture Boutique 17 Boul. Ste-Rose E. LAVAL, QC H7V 3K3 450-622-2710 Fernand Corbeil Produits Horticoles Horticultural Products 17 Boul. Ste-Rose E. LAVAL, QC H7L 3K3 450-622-2710

Hydromax Mont-Laurier 388 Rue Hebert MONT-LAURIER, QC J9L 2X2 888-609-4476 Hydroculture Guy Dionne 8473 - 19th Ave. MONTREAL, QC H1Z 4J2 514-722-9496 Hydro Expert 12752 Industriel MONTREAL, QC H1A 3V2 514-624-3091

Hydro Times 1533 Boul. Curé-Labelle LAVAL, QC H7V 2W4 450-688-4848

Distribution De la Plante 5498 Hochelaga Ste. 910 MONTREAL, QC H1N 3L7 514-255-1111

Hydromax Laval 295 Boul. Curé-Labelle LAVAL, QC H7L 2Z9 450-628-8380

Hydromax Montreal 9300 Lajeunesse MONTREAL, QC H2M 1S4 514-381-0111

Les Grands Jardins Lavel 2900, Boul. Curé-Labelle LAVAL, QC H7P 5S8 450-682-9768 ----------------------------------------------

Hydromax St-Henri 3522 Notre-Dame MONTREAL, QC H4C 1P4 514-481-3939 International Hydroponique 5478 Hochelaga St. MONTREAL, QC H1N 3L7 514-255-2525

Qué-Pousse - Laval 940 Bergar LAVAL, QC H7L 4Z8 450-667-3809 ---------------------------------------------Point De Vue 880 Chemin St-Féréol LES CÈDRES, QC J7T 1N3 450-452-2878; 1-877-510-2991

Momentum 11289 London Ave. MONTREAL, QC H1H 4J3 888-327-4595 Pousse Magique Atwater 3522 Notre-Dame O. MONTREAL, QC H4C 1P4 514-481-393

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Qué-Pousse - Montreal 1477 Bégin MONTREAL, QC H4R 1V8 514-489-3803 ----------------------------------------------

P.P.M. Hydroponique 504 Rue du Parc SAINT-EUSTACHE, QC J7R 5B2 450-491-2444 ---------------------------------------------Rap Hydroponique 5700, Rue Martineau, Local 7 SAINT-HYACINTHE, QC J2S 8B1 450-768-5188

Summum Bio Teck 2100 Ontario E. MONTREAL, QC H2K 1V5 866-460-2226

Hydrotek 12300 Rue de l’avenir SAINT JANVIER, QC J7J 2K4

Univert 4 Saisons 2100 Ontario, E. MONTREAL, QC H2K 1V5 514-527-2226

St-Jean Hydroponique 747 Rue St-Jacques SAINT JEAN-SUR-RICHELIEU, QC J3B 2M9 450-346-9633

Vinexpert De L’Est 6384 Beaubien E. MONTREAL, QC H1M 3G8 514-354-8020

Chanvre du Nord Inc. 38 DeMartigny E. SAINT-JÉROME, QC J7Z 1V4 866-565-5305

XXXtractor Inc. 1228 St. Marc MONTREAL, QC H3H 2E5 514-931-4944 ----------------------------------------------

Culture Uni Vert 36 Rue de Martigny E. SAINT-JÉRÔME, QC J7Z 1V4 Stephomaxx 240 Du Macon SAINT-JÉRÔME, QC J7Y 0H4 514-917-5133 Hydro Sciences 4800 de la Cote-Vertu Boul.

SAINT-LAURENT, QC H4S 1J9 514-331-9090

Qué-Pousse Mont. Tremblant 462 Montée Kavanagh MONT-TREMBLANT, QC J8E 2P2 819-429-6145 ---------------------------------------------MegaWatt Hydroculture 636 Route 364 MORIN HEIGHTS, QC J0R 1H0 450-226-2515 Fleuriste Savard Inc. 1833 Boul. Louis-Frechette NICOLET, QC J3T 1M4 819-293-5933 Boutique Echologik 829, Cote d’Abraham QUEBEC, QC G1R 1A4 418-648-8288 Boutique Echologik 798 St. Jean QUEBEC, QC G1R 1P9 418-648-2828 Gerard Bourbeau et Fils Inc. 8285 Ave. 1re VILLE DE QUÉBEC, QC G1G 5E6 418-623-5401 Hydroculture Guy Dionne 1990 Cyrill-Duquet, Local 150 QUEBEC, QC G1N 4K8 418-681-4643 Pousse Magique 515 Rue Lanaudiere REPENTIGNY, QC J6A 7N1 450-582-6662 Fred Lamontagne Inc. 356 Chemin du Sommet E. RIMOUSKI, QC G5L 7B5 418-723-5746 Hydro Plus 149 Ave. Principale A ROUYN NORANDA, QC J9X 4E3 819-762-4367 Ferme Florale Inc. (Botanix) 2190 Blvd. Laurier (route 116) ST BRUNO DE MONTARVILLE, QC, J3V 4P6 450-653-6383 Amazonia Hydroponique 394 Boul. Arthur-sauve SAINT-EUSTACHE, QC J7R 2J5 450-623-2790 Pépinière Eco-Verdure 965 Boul. Sauvé SAINT-EUSTACHE, QC J7R 4K3 450-472-6474

Pablo Jardinage Shawinigan 5023 Boul. Royal SHAWINIGAN, QC J9N 6T8 819-731-9766

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Qué-Pousse Vaudreuil-Dorion 3666-D, Boul. Cité des Jeunes VAUDREUIL-DORION QC J7V 8P2 450-424-0306 ----------------------------------------------Centre Jardin Denis Brodeur 15 N. C.P. 658 WATERLOO, QC J0E 2N0 Sonador Horticulture Inc. 819-479-2941

SASKATCHEWAN Busy Bee Upholstery Box 811, 134 5th Ave. E. GRAVELBOURG, SK S0H 1X0 306-648-3659 Cannawana Horticulture 3308 50th Ave. LLOYDMINSTER, SK T9V 0V6 306-821-6539 B&B Hydroponics and Indoor Gardening 1404 Cornwall St. REGINA, SK S4R 2H7 306-522-4769 Waterboy Supply 401 Dewdney Ave. E. REGINA, SK S4N 4G3 306-757-6242 -----------------------------------------------

Sherbrooke Hydroponique 3545 King E. SHERBROOKE, QC J1G 5J4 819-829-9299 Comptoir Richelieu Inc. 350, du Collège SOREL-TRACY, QC J3P 6T7 800-363-9466 -----------------------------------------------

Qué-Pousse - St-Constant 6264 Route 132 STE-CONSTANT, QC J0L 1E0 450-635-4881 ----------------------------------------------Hydrobec 2145 Lavoisier Ste. 4 STE-FOY, QC G1N 4B2 418-687-1119 Benoit Dupuis Extincteurs Inc. 2503 Victoria St. STE-JULIENNE, QC J0K 2T0 450-831-4240 Hydroponique 2000 84 Boul. Curé Labelle STE-THERESE, QC J7E 2X5 450-971-0726 Hydromax Terrebonne 1674 Chemin Gascon TERREBONNE, QC J6X 4H9 450-492-7447 Hydromax Trois-Rivières 6157 Rue Corbeil TROIS-RIVIÈRES O., QC G8Z 4P8 819-372-0500 Pablo Jardinage Intérieur 2 Des Ormeaux Ste. 500 TROIS-RIVIÈRES, QC G8W 1S6 819-693-6000 Rap Hydroponique 326 Rue Vachon TROIS-RIVIÈRES, QC G8T 8Y2 819-376-5959 Hydromax Val-David 895 Route 117 N. VAL-DAVID, QC J0T 2N0 888-320-0129 Val d’Or Hydroculture 1261 Ave. 3e VAL D’OR, QC J9P 1V4

Whole Leaf Healing Tree Inc. 1342 Lorne St. REGINA, SK S4R 2K1 306-522-8733 ----------------------------------------------Herb-Man Hydroponics 1A 1620 Idylwyld Dr. N. SASKATOON, SK S7L 6W6 306-384-7887 YUKON, NUNAVUT AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Porter Creek Indoor Garden Centre 1307 Centennial St. WHITEHORSE, YT Y1A 3Z1 867-667-212

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Maximum Yield

95

the magazine you can’t put down...

even when you probably should.

growing with you since 1998

subscribe today and never miss an issue! subscriptions@maximumyield.com

baking a

FOOL OF MYSELF

by Watermelon

CLARIFIED BUDDER & LOBSTER serves 4

INGREDIENTS • 1 gram dried, ground and sifted cannabis (shake flour) • 2/3 cup of butter in pieces

INSTRUCTIONS 1. Melt butter and shake in saucepan on super low heat.

DO NOT STIR. 2. Wait for white milky foam to form on top.

• Chopped green onion

3. Pour through a fine sieve once or twice, removing the milky foam.

• Lobster for 4

4. You will be left with beautiful green clarified budder.

5. Garnish with fresh chopped green onion.

6. Dip with lobster (or crab if you can get it!).

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97

home cooking with

Cannabis

baking a

FOOL OF MYSELF

Home cooking with cannabis can be tricky...

by Watermelon

W

Dosing, the type of food you are preparing, and even your metabolism rate will all determine how long and intense your high is. To avoid an unwanted experience, follow Watermelon’s own “Guide to Making and Eating Edibles.”

ith the flood gates open on consumption, now more then ever folks need to know what a proper dose to ingest is and how to attain that in their home cooking.

When baking with marijuana, consistency is the number one problem, assuming you’ve acquired a clean, sustainable supply.

THC content is typically measured in milligrams (mg).

The higher the stated milligrams, the higher you’ll get.

Most people are not prepared for high doses when they first begin ingesting cannabis. Over time tolerance will increase, but it’s best to start with lower doses to avoid unwanted effects like anxiety or even nausea.

RULE 1: KNOW YOUR SOURCE.

BEGIN WITH 15 MG OR LESS

There’s fine grind and there’s finer. Don’t eyeball your way into a sleepover. Scale up a perfectly good time and make it an enjoyable experience; one you’ll want to have over and over.

An estimation of how much 15 mg of dried cannabis is offered in my guide, “Watermelon’s Guide to Making & Eating Cannabis.”

In my observations, the average person plateaus somewhere around 50 mg. If ingesting consistently, that tolerance can double. After taking three or four days away from edibles, your tolerance level usually drops back down to 50 mg.

The burgeoning cannabis market has a lot of proprietary products with more coming each day. Every product is going to have a different effect on different people, so I can’t comment on marketed products.

My rules are for home bakers and cooks.

Adding pre-made marijuana extract to a brownie mixture does not make you a marijuana chef.

Converting fresh or dried cannabis into recipes at home does.

Here, I’ve set out time-honoured truths I’ve observed along the way about serving size and how to achieve that goal within a small delta every time.

When cooking with cannabis, here are a few tips to keep in mind: • Know your source • Less is more • Use a scale • Food variables • Be patient

See pg. 97 for Watermelon’s Budder & Lobster recipe.

I prefer clean, dried, outdoor cannabis sativa. It’s grown drenched in sunlight and refreshed in rain water, much like most of the farm fresh vegetables we eat. Nothing beats clean dirt and sunshine.

RULE 2: LESS IS MORE. Always err on the side of caution. The other side of caution, with edibles, can scare people off for life with a bad experience. I am focusing entirely on the average person. There can be quite a delta even within this category. Don’t be a hero, be a subtle genius.

RULE 3: USE A SCALE.

RULE 4: FOOD VARIABLES. Simple sugars process faster through the liver than complex carbohydrates. As a result, simple sugars have faster onset but shorter lasting effects. Put cannabis on a ribeye steak and you could be high for a day or two as it slowly makes its way through your system. Proper planning is essential.

RULE 5: BE PATIENT. Achieving the full effects of cannabis by ingestion takes more than an hour with many contributing factors along the way. Did you have dinner before you ingested cannabis, or dinner after? Do you have a fast or slow metabolism? Please wait. Then wait a little longer to be sure.

For whatever reason you have decided to cook with cannabis, it’s important to understand all the variables that will determine its effect on you.

It will be much better in the long run to start at Julie Andrews and slowly work your way up to a comfortable level, whatever that may be for you.

Take notes and pay attention to what works and what doesn’t. Over time, you’ll know exactly what you need to get you to that sweet spot.

WM Watermelon is a Vancouver-based entrepreneur who loves to tango, tell jokes, bake, get baked, suntan nude, and host dinner parties. She has graced the cover of most leading marijuana magazines including Maximum Yield. You can find her Baking a Fool of Myself videos on YouTube and her backstory at maximumyield.com.

98

Maximum Yield

Makes up to 20,000 gallons 2-PART Powder Base Nutrient For Use with Fertigation Systems

We’ve taken the same quality of our craft one-part base powder nutrients and created a two-part base craft powder nutrient for fertigation systems.

By taking our VEG+BLOOM craft powder nutrients and additives and partnering with one of the leaders in nutrient delivery systems, DOSATRON, we’ve enabled growers to spend more time on the plants and less on the mixing and watering, resulting in exceptional harvests.

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