Spoken english e book by May Ajnabi

Do You Know? The most glamorous word Glamour is Closely associated by Origin with that very Unglamorous Word GRAMMAR Scottish gramarye occult Learnig

tt co

ish

)

♦ Grammar

(S h) enc r rye F a Old am re ( i Gr a m Gra

♦Gramarye

grammatica (Latin) gramm

♦Glamour

atica te

Gra mm ar a

Single Source for Both :

rkne (g

reek) -

lette r of

the art

of lette

the alph abe grammar and t grammarye or glamour

Lingua (tongue)

Language

Language sPhonemes Syllable

(The Smallest sound Units)

Vowels 5 20

44 Consonants 21 Sounds

22 1

Words

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

GREETINGS

Good morning ! Good afternoon! Good evening! Good night! Good day ! Wish you a good day Wish you a good afternoon! Wish you a good evening! Wish you a good night! Wish you a good day! Wish you a good morning! Wish you a good afternoon! Wish you a good night! Wish you a good day! Have a good morning Have a good afternoon. Have a good evening. Enjoy a good night. Enjoy a good day. Sweet dream! I wish you sweet dreams. Have/Enjoy sweet dreams. Good bye/ Bye! I say a good bye to you. Let me leave you. Ta-ta! to you. I say a ta - ta to you. Let me leave you. Cheerio! I say a cheerio to you. Let me leave you.

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

Many happy returns of the day/your birthday! I wish you many happy returns of the day / your birthday. Enjoy many happy returns of the day/ your birthday. Wish you a comfortable and safe journey! I wish you a comfortble and safe journey! Enjoy a comfortable and safe journey. Happy married life! Wish you a grand succes in your examinations! Wish you a grand victory! Wish you a good eating! Wish you a great prosprity in your newly built house! Wish you happy times abroad! Wish you a record yield! Wish you grand promotions in future! Wish you a joyous picinic! Wish you a nice outcome in the business conference! Wish you get over your troubles! Wish you a speedy recovery from illness! May you prosper in life! I pray to God that you may prosper in life. Let God bless you that you may prosper in life God give you courage and strength to over come the sudden shock in your father's death! I pray to God that He may give you courage and strength to over come the sudden shock in your father's death. Let God give you courage and strength to overcome the sudden shock in your father's death. May his soul rest in peace! I pray to God that He may bless your child with a good education

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.

Let God help his soul rest in peace. God bless your child with a good education! I Pray to God that He may bless your child with a good education. Let God bless your child with a good education. May you get along cheerfully! I wish that you may get along cheerfully. Get along cheerfully.

The Set A words are just words. The Set B words are one word sentences set A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Set B Come Go Eat Drink Sit Stand Sleep Play Dance Sing Write Read

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Come. Go. Eat. Drink. Sit. Stand Sleep. Play. Dance. Sing. Write. Read.

Two word Sentences : 'Please' is used in spoken English to express ' politeness'. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Set A Please come. Please go. Please eat. Please drink Please sit Please stand Please sleep. Please play. Please dance. Please sing. Please write. Please read.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Set B Come Please. Go Please. Eat Please. Drink Please. Sit please. Stand please. Sleep please. Play please. Dance please. Sing please. Write please. Read please.

Three Word Sentences set A Set B 1.Please come here. 1. Come here please. 2.Please go at once. 2. Go at once please. 3.Please eat your food. 3. Eat your food please. 4.Please drink a cup of tea. 4. Drink a cup of tea please. 5.Please sit down. 5. sit down please. 6.Please Stand up. 6.Stand up pleas. 7.Please sleeep on your bed 7.Sleep on your bed please. 8.Please play in the field. 8.Play in the field please. 9.Please dance well. 9.Dance well please. 10.Please sing a song. 10.Sing a song please. 11.Please write a letter. 11.Write a letter please. 12.Please read the story for me.12.Read the story for me please. 5

Eg. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

[Examples] John! come here. Indu, eat your food. Children! read well. Students, be quiet. Balu! sing a song. Roja, dance now.

MORE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Sir, please explain the lesson. Do or die. Get into the hell after your death. Go to your grandfather. Make money with nothing. Krishna, recite this poem for me. Venu! help me tomorrow. Lalitha! solve this problem. Friends, listen to me. Rank well in the examinations.

Imperative Sentences Classified : 1.

Commands i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Get out. Shut up Quit my room. Sit Down. Go straight.

Orders : i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Requests i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Please sing a song. Kindly allow her in. Please get seated. Please listen to me. Kindly shut the door.

Pleadings i ii. iii. iv. v.

Go and get me water. Shoot the enemy. Bring my bycle at once. Stand in a line. Keep quiet.

Advise me Mr. Lawyer. Help me get acquitted. Allow me to plead please. Render Service to the poor. Help the needy.

Suggestions i ii. iii. iv. v.

Read well. Work hard. Marry only once. Be regular. Do not postpone your work. 7

Contractions Am / is / are 01.

I am

I’m

we are

we’re

03.

you are

you’re

04.

they are

they’re

05.

he is

he’s

06.

she is

she’s

it is

it’s

S"£∞ qÜ«∞~ü Ü≥∂~ü ^Õ~ü Ç‘Ï*ò +‘*ò W\òû

Have : 01.

I have

I’ve

02.

we have

we’ve

you have

you’ve

04.

they have

they’ve

05.

he has

he’s

06.

she has

she’s

07.

it has

it’s

01.

had / would

I'd

02.

had / would

we'd

03.

You

had / would

you'd

04.

They

had / would

They'd

05.

had / would

He'd

06.

She

had / would

She'd

07.

had / would

It'd

S"£ g"£ Ü«¸"£ ^Õ"£ Ç‘Ï*ò +‘*ò W\òû S_£ g_£ Ü«¸_£ ^Õ_£ Ç‘Ï_£ +‘_£ S\˜_£

Will : 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07.

I we you they he she It

will will will will will will will

I’ll we’ll you’ll they’ll he’ll she’ll It’ll

SÖò gÖò Ü«¸Öò ^ÕÖò Ç‘ÏÖò +‘Öò W\˜Öò

am not are not is not was not were not have not has not had not do not does not did not will not shall not would not should not must not could not cannot

I,m not we aren’t heisn’t I wasn’t they weren’t I haven’t he hasn’t I hadn’t I don’t he doesn’t I didn’t I won’t I shan’t I wouldn’t I shouldn’t I mustn’t I couldn’t I can’t

S"£∞ <å\ò =ÙÜü∞ P~°<ì£ Ç≤Ï D[O\ò S "å[O\ò ^Õ =~°<ì£ S ¿ÇÏ"≥O\ò Ç≤Ï ¿ÇÏ[O\ò S ¿ÇÏ_»<£ì S _À<£ì Ç‘Ï _»[<£ì S _ç_Oç \ò S "ÀO\ò S ëê<£ì S L_»O\ò S +¨µ_»O\ò S =∞ã¨O\ò S ‰õΩ_»O\ò S HÍ<£ì

Negative : 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

I we he I they I he I I he I I I I I I I I

Note : can not Jx q_»nÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^∞Œ cannot Jx HõÅÑ≤ "å_®e. 9

TENSES Active Voice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Simple Present tense I take. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞. Do I take ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å I don’t take. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞ Don’t I take ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å We take. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú Do we take ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ? We don’t take. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=Ú Don’t we take ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ? You take. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ Do you take ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? You don’t take. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞ Don’t you take ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? They take. "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ Do they take ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? They don’t take. "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. Don’t they take ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? He takes. J`«_∞» fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. Does he take ? J`«_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? He doesn’t take. J`«_∞» fã¨∞HÀ_»∞. Doesn’t he take ? J`«_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? She takes. P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. Does she take ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? She doesn’t take. P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞. Doesn’t she take ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ? 10

25. 26. 27. 28.

It takes. Does it take ? It doesn’t take. Doesn’t it take ?

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama takes. Does Rama take ? Rama doesn’t take. Doesn’t Rama take ?

Active voice 1. 2. 3. 4.

I am taking. Am I taking ? I am not taking. Am I not taking ?

5. 6. 7. 8.

We are taking. Are we taking ? We are not taking. Are we not taking ?

9. 10. 11. 12.

You are taking. Are you taking ? You are not taking. Are you not taking ?

13. 14. 15. 16.

They are taking. Are they taking ? They are not taking. Are they not taking ?

Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞. Jk fã¨∞HÀ^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞ ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? present continuous tense

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~∞° . g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~∞° . "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË~å ? 11

17. 18. 19. 20.

He is taking. Is he taking ? He is not taking. Is he not taking ?

21. 22. 23. 24.

She is taking. Is she taking ? She is not taking. Is she not taking ?

25. 26. 27. 28.

It is taking. Is it taking ? It is not taking. Is it not taking ?

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama is taking. Is Rama taking ? Rama is not taking. Is Rama not taking ?

Active voice

J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_∞» . J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^∞Œ . P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#flk. Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L#fl^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^∞Œ . Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ L<åfl_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_∞» . ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ ÖË_® ?

Present perfect tense

1. 2. 3. 4.

I have taken. Have I taken ? I have not taken. Have I not taken ?

5. 6. 7. 8.

We have taken. Have we taken ? We have not taken. Have we not taken ?

<Õ#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞. <Õ#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl<å ? <Õ#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . <Õ#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . "Õ∞=Ú (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘ÖË^• ? 12

9. 10. 11. 12.

You have taken. Have you taken ? You have not taken. Have you not taken ?

13. 14. 15. 16.

They have taken. Have they taken ? They have not taken ? Have they not taken.

17. 18. 19. 20.

He has taken. Has he taken ? He has not taken. Has he not taken ?

21. 22. 23. 24.

She has taken. Has she taken ? She has not taken. Has she not taken ?

25. 26. 27. 28.

It has taken. Has it taken ? It has not taken. Has it not taken ?

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama has taken. Has Rama taken ? Rama has not taken. Has Rama not taken ?

g∞~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~∞° . g∞~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ? g∞~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . g∞~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? "å~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~∞° . "å~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~å ? "å~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . "å~°∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? J`«#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_∞» . J`«#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ? J`«#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . J`«#∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? P"≥∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. P"≥∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ? P"≥∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . P"≥∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? Jk (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. Jk (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl^• ? Jk (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . Jk (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_∞» . ~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . ~å=Ú_»∞ (WÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? 13

Active voice

Present perfect continuous tense

1. 2. 3. 4.

I have been taking. Have I been taking ? I have not been taking. Have I not been taking ?

<Õ#∞ <Õ#∞ <Õ#∞ <Õ#∞

5. 6. 7. 8.

We have been taking. Have we been taking ? We have not been taking. Have we not been taking ?

"Õ∞=Ú "Õ∞=Ú "Õ∞=Ú "Õ∞=Ú

9. 10. 11. 12.

You have been taking. Have you been taking ? You have not been taking. Have you not been taking ?

g∞~°∞ g∞~°∞ g∞~°∞ g∞~°∞

ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åﬂ~°∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åﬂ~å? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?

13. 14. 15. 16.

They have been taking. Have they been taking ? They have not been taking. Have they not been taking

"å~°∞ "å~°∞ "å~°∞ "å~°∞

ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åﬂ~°∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åﬂ~å? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?

17. 18. 19. 20.

He has been taking. Has he been taking ? He has not been taking. Has he not been taking ?

J`«#∞ J`«#∞ J`«#∞ J`«#∞

21. 22. 23. 24.

She has been taking. Has she been taking ? She has not been taking. Has she not been taking ?

P"≥∞ P"≥∞ P"≥∞ P"≥∞ 14

ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl#∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl<å? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=Ú. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åfl=∂? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^Œ∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ ÖË^•?

ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åﬂ_»∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘O@∞<åﬂ_®? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^Œ∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^•?

ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#ﬂk. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∞#ﬂ^•? ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^Œ∞. ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞OKÀ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ÖË^• ?

17. 18. 19. 20.

He took Did he take He didn’t take Didn’t he take

21. 22. 23. 24.

She took Did she take She didn’t take Didn’t she take

25. 26. 27. 28.

It took Did it take It didn’t take Didn’t it take

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama took Did Rama take Rama didn’t take Didn’t Rama take ?

Active voice

J`«_∞» fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. J`«_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? J`«_∞» fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . J`«_∞» fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? Jk fã¨∞H˘ÖË^∞Œ . Jk fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?

Past continuous tense

1. 2. 3. 4.

I was taking Was I taking I wasn’t taking Wasn’t I taking

5. 6. 7. 8.

We were taking Were we taking We weren’t taking Weren’t we taking

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\q∞. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? 15

9. 10. 11. 12.

You were taking Were you taking You weren’t taking Weren’t you taking

13. 14. 15. 16.

They were taking Were they taking They weren’t taking Weren’t they taking

17. 18. 19. 20.

He was taking Was he taking He wasn’t taking Wasn’t he taking

21. 22. 23. 24.

She was taking Was she taking She wasn’t taking Wasn’t she taking

25. 26. 27. 28.

It was taking Was it taking I wasn’t taking Wasn’t it taking

29. Rama was taking 30. Was Rama taking 31. Rama wasn’t taking 32. Wasn’t Rama taking

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»Ö^ Ë ∞Œ . Jk fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»Ö^ Ë ∞Œ . ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»Ö^ Ë •? 16

Active voice

Past perfect tense

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

I had taken Had I taken I hadn’t taken Hadn’t I taken ? We had taken Had we taken ? We hadn’t taken Hadn’t we taken You had taken Had you taken You hadn’t taken Hadn’t you taken He had taken Had he taken He hadn’t taken Hadn’t he taken She had taken Had she taken She hadn’t taken Hadn’t she taken

21. 22. 23. 24.

It had taken Had It taken It hadn’t taken Hadn’t it taken

<Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜x. <Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞‰õΩO\˜<å ? <Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^∞Œ . <Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? "Õ∞=Ú (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜q∞. "Õ∞=Ú (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜=∂ "Õ∞=Ú (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^∞Œ . "Õ∞=Ú (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? h=Ù (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜q. h=Ù (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘O\˜"å ? h=Ù (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^∞Œ . h=Ù (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? J`«#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. J`«#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? J`«#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^∞Œ . J`«#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^∞Œ . P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? Jk (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Jk (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? Jk (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^∞Œ . Jk (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘#ÖË^• ? 17

25. 26. 27. 28.

They had taken Had they taken They hadn’t taken Hadn’t they taken

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama had taken Had Rama taken Rama hadn’t taken Hadn’t Rama taken

Active voice 1. 2. 3.

"å~°∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘xi. "å~°∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘x~å ? "å~°∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . "å~°∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞H˘<≥<å ? ~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . ~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) fã¨∞HÀÖË^• ?

Past perfect continuous tense

I had been taking for two years

<Õ#∞ ~Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜x. Had I been taking for two years <Õ#∞ ~Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜<å ? I hadn’t been taking for two years <Õ#∞ ~Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»Ö^ Ë ∞Œ . Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç Had’nt I been taking for two years <Õ#∞ ~ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»Ö^ Ë •?

5.We had been taking for two years

"Õ∞=Ú ~Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜q∞. 6.Had we been taking for two years "Õ∞=Ú ~ Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜=∂ ? 7.We hadn’t been taking for two years "Õ∞=Ú ~ Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. Ô O_»∞ãÖ=`«~û = ° ÚÅ#∞O_ç 8.Hadn’t we been taking for two years "Õ∞=Ú ~ fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»Ö^ Ë •? 18

You had been taking for two years

10. Had you been taking for two years 11. You hadn’t been taking for two years

12. Hadn’t you been taking for two years

g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜i. g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO\˜~å ? g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. g∞~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?

13. They had been taking for two years 14. 15.

16.

"å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_çi. Had they been taking for two years "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_ç~å ? They hadn’t been taking for two years "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. "å~°∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç Hadn’t they been taking for two years fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?

21. She had been taking for two years

P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç 22. Had she been taking for two years fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? 023. She hadn’t been taking for two years P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. 24. Hadn’t she been taking for two years P"≥∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?

25.It had been taking for two years 26.Had it been taking for two years 27.It hadn’t been taking for two years

28.Hadn’t it been taking for two years

Jk Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. Jk Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? Jk Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. Jk Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?

29.Rama had been taking for two years

~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥#∞. 30.Had Rama been taking for two years ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_≥<å ? 31.Rama hadn’t been taking for two years ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. 32.Hadn’t Rama been taking for two years ~å=Ú_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ãÖ=`«û~°=ÚÅ#∞O_ç fã¨∞H˘#∞K«∂ LO_»ÖË^• ?

Active voice 1 2. 3. 4.

Simple future tense

I will take Will I take ? I won’t take Won’t I take?

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ<å ?

Active voice 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

We will take Will we take? We won’t take Won’t we take? They will take Will they take They won’t take Won’t they take

13. 14. 15. 16.

You will take Will you take You won’t take Won’t you take

17 18. 19. 20.

He will take Will he take? He won’t take Won’t he take ?

21. 22. 23. 24.

She will take Will she take ? She won’t take Won’t she take

25. 26. 27.

It will take Will it take It won’t take

28.

Won’t it take

Simple future tense

"Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞HÀ=∂ ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞. P"≥∞ fã¨∞HÀ^• ? Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞. Jk fã¨∞HÀ^• ? 21

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama will take Will Rama take Rama won't take Won't Rama take

Active voice 1. 2. 3. 4.

I will be taking Will I be taking I won’t be taking Won’t I be taking

5. 6. 7. 8.

We will be taking Will we be taking We won’t be taking Won’t we be taking

9. 10. 11. 12.

You will be taking Will you be taking You won’t be taking Won’t you be taking

13. 14. 15. 16.

They will be taking Will they be taking They won’t be taking Won’t they be taking

17. 18. 19. 20.

He will be taking Will he be taking He won’t be taking Won’t he be taking

~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_»∞ ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ_® ? Future continuous tense

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»<å ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=Ú "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~∞° . g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~°∞ "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~∞° . "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_∞» . J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ? 22

21. 22. 23. 24.

She will be taking Will she be taking She won’t be taking Won’t she be taking

25. 26. 27. 28.

It will be taking Will it be taking It won’t be taking Won’t it be taking

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama will be taking Will Rama be taking Rama won’t be taking Won’t Rama be taking

Active voice

P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^∞Œ . P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^∞Œ . Jk fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_∞» . ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘O@∂ LO_»_® ?

Future perfect tense

1. 2. 3. 4.

I will have taken Will I have taken I won’t have taken Won’t I have taken

5. 6. 7. 8.

We will have taken Will we have taken We won’t have taken Won’t we have taken

9. 10. 11.

You will have taken Will you have taken You won’t have taken

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Won’t you have taken They will have taken Will they have taken They won’t have taken Won’t they have taken

17. 18. 19. 20.

He will have taken Will he have taken He won’t have taken Won’t he have taken

21. 22. 23. 24.

She will have taken Will she have taken She won’t have taken Won’t she have taken

25. 26. 27. 28.

It will have taken Will it have taken It won’t have taken Won’t it have taken

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama will have taken Will Rama have taken Rama won't have taken Won't Rama have taken

g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~∞° . "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_∞» . J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^∞Œ . P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^∞Œ . Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_∞» . ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?

Active voice

Future perfect tense

1. 2. 3. 4.

I will have taken Will I have taken I won’t have taken Won’t I have taken

5. 6. 7. 8.

We will have taken Will we have taken We won’t have taken Won’t we have taken

9. 10. 11. 12.

You will have taken Will you have taken You won’t have taken Won’t you have taken

13. 14. 15. 16.

They will have taken Will they have taken They won’t have taken Won’t they have taken

17. 18. 19. 20.

He will have taken Will he have taken He won’t have taken Won’t he have taken

21. 22. 23.

She will have taken Will she have taken She won’t have taken 25

<Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï#∞ <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï<å ? <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»#∞. <Õ#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»<å ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï=∂ ? "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=Ú. "Õ∞=Ú fã¨∞H˘x LO_»=∂ ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~∞° . g∞~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~°∞. "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï~å ? "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~∞° . "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»~å ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_∞» . J`«#∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^∞Œ .

24.

Won’t she have taken

25. 26. 27. 28.

It will have taken Will it have taken It won’t have taken Won’t it have taken

29. 30. 31. 32.

Rama will have taken Will Rama have taken Rama won't have taken Won't Rama have taken

P"≥∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞Ok. Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO@∞O^• ? Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^∞Œ . Jk fã¨∞H˘x LO_»^• ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_»∞. ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO\Ï_® ? ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_∞» . ~å=Ú_»∞ fã¨∞H˘x LO_»_® ?

PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present tense 1. I am told. 2. We are told. 3. You are told. 4. He is told. 5. They are told. 6. She is told. 7. It is told. 8. Rama is told.

9. I am being told. 10. We are being told. 11. You are being told. 12. They are being told. 13. He is being told. 14. She is being told. 15. It is being told. 16. Rama is being told.

17. I have been told. 18. We have been told. 19. You have been told. 20. They have been told. 21. He has been told. 22. She has been told. 23. It has been told. 24. Rama has been told.

Present Continuous tense

Present Perfect tense

Passive Voice PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSE :

1. I was told. 2. We were told. 3. You were told. 4. They were told. 5. He was told. 6. She was told. 7. It was told. 8. Rama was told.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

9. I was being told. 10. We were being told. 11. You were being told. 12. They were being told. 13. He was being told. 14. She was being told. 15. It was being told. 16. Rama was being told.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

17.I had been told. 18. We had been told. 19. You had been told.

17.<Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux. 18 "Õ∞=Ú (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çuq∞. 19.g∞~°∞ JÑ¨C_Õ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çui. 28

20. They had been told. 21. He had been told. 22. She had been told. 23. It had been told. 24. Rama had been told.

Passive Voice FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I will be told. We will be told. You will be told. They will be told. He will be told. She will be told. It will be told. Rama will be told.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

<Õ#∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï#∞. 9. I will have been told. 10. We will have been told. "Õ∞=Ú(JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï=Ú. 11. You will have been told. g∞~°∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞. 12. They will have been told. "å~°∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï~°∞. 13. He will have been told. J`«#∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞. 14. She will have been told. P"≥∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok. 15. It will have been told. Jk (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO@∞Ok. 16. Rama will have been told. ~å=Ú_»∞ (JÑ¨C_»∞) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç=ÙO\Ï_»∞. 29

(+)

Active Voice Present

I We You come. They Boys He she comes. It Rama I

I We You They Boys He she It Rama

am coming.

We You are coming. They Boys He she is comIt ing. Rama I We have You come. They Boys He she has come. It Rama I We You have been coming. They Boys He she has been coming. It Rama

Tense

(-)

don't come.

doesn't come.

am not coming.

we You They Boys

are not coming.

He she is not coming. It Rama I We You have not come. They Boys He she has not come. It Rama I We You have not been coming. They Boys He she has not been coming. It Rama

Active Voice Interrogative sentence Am Does

I he she it Rama I we they boys he she it Rama

Present Tense Negative Interrogative sentence

coming?

Am not

come?

Doesn't

coming?

Are

we you they boys

coming?

Have

I we you they boys

come?

Has

Have

Has

he she it Rama I we you they boys he she it Rama

Don't

come?

Isn't

Are not

Haven't

come? Hasn't been coming?

Haven't

been coming?

Hasn't

I he she it Rama I we they boys he she it Rama we you they boys I we you they boys he she it Rama I we you they boys he she it Rama

coming? come?

come?

coming?

come?

been coming?

PAST TENSE Sub I We You They Boys

(+) Verb came.

He She It Rama

came.

was coming.

We You They Boys He She It Rama

Sub

(-) verb

I We You They Boys

didn’t come.

He She It Rama

didn’t come.

was not coming.

were coming.

We You They Boys

were not coming.

was coming.

He She It Rama

was not coming.

I We You They Boys He She It Rama I We You They Boys He She It Rama

had come.

I We You They Boys

had not come.

had come.

He She It Rama

had not come.

had been coming.

I We You had not been coming. They Boys

had been coming.

He She had not been coming. It Rama

PAST TENSE

Negative Interrogative sentences

Interrogative sentences

Didn’t

I We they boys

come ?

Did

I we They Boys

Did

he she it Rama

come ?

Didn’t

I we they boys

Was

coming ?

Wasn’t

coming ?

Were

we you they boys

Weren’t

we you they boys

coming ?

Was

he she it Rama

Wasn’t

he she it Rama

coming ?

come ?

coming ?

Had

I we you they boys

Had

he she it Rama

Had

I we you they boys

Had

he she it Rama

Hadnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t

I we you they boys

coming ?

come ?

Had not

he she it Rama

come ?

been coming ?

I we Had not you been coming ? they boys

been coming ?

he she Had not been coming ? it Rama

come ?

FUTURE TENSE Sub I We You They Boys He She It Rama

We You They Boys

(+) verb

Sub

will come.

I We You They Boys

will come.

He She It Rama

will be coming.

won’t come.

will not be coming.

We You will not be coming. They Boys

will be coming.

He She will be coming. It Rama I We You They Boys

(-) verb

will have come.

He She It Rama

will not be coming.

I We You They Boys

will not have come.

I We will have been You coming. They Boys

I We will not have You beeen coming. They Boys

He She will have been coming. It Rama

He She will not have been coming. It Rama

FUTURE TENSE Negative Interrogative sentences

Interrogative sentences

Will

I we you they boys

he she Will It Rama

Will

I we Won’t you they boys

come ?

he she Won’t It Rama

come ?

Won’t

come ?

we you Will they boys he Will she It Rama

Will

I we you they boys

he she Will It Rama

be coming ?

we you Won’t they be coming ? boys

be coming ?

he she Won’t be coming ? It Rama

be coming ?

I we Won’t you they boys

be coming ?

he she Won’t It Rama

have come ?

I we Will you have been coming ? they boys

I we Won’t you have been coming? they boys

he have been she Will coming ? It Rama

he she Won’t have been coming? It Rama

Passive Voice Present tense

Negative sentences (-)

Positive sentences (+)

is told.

He She It Rama

is not told.

We You They Boys

are told.

We You They Boys

are not told.

am told.

am not told.

He She It Rama

is being told.

He She It Rama

We You They Boys

are being told.

am being told.

He She It Rama

is not being told.

We You They Boys

are not being told.

am not being told.

He She It Rama

has been told.

He She It Rama

has not been told.

We You They Boys

have been told.

We You They Boys

have not been told.

have been told.

have not been told.

Are Am

Are

Have Has

Have

Am not

told?

I he she it Rama we you they boys I he she it Rama we you they boys I he she it Rama we you they boys

told?

Isn't

told?

Aren't

being told?

Am not

Is not

being told?

Aren't

being told? been told?

Haven't

been told?

Hasn't

been told?

Haven't

I he she it Rama we you they boys I he she it Rama we you they boys I he she it Rama we you they boys

told?

being told?

being told? been told? been told?

been told?

PAST TENSE (+)

(-)

was told.

He She It Rama

was told.

We You They Boys

He She It Rama We You They Boys

wasn’t told.

He She It Rama

wasn’t told.

We You They Boys

were told.

was being told.

were being told.

were not told.

was not being told.

He She It Rama

was not being told.

We You They Boys

were not being told.

He She It Rama

We You They Boys

had been told.

had not been told.

had been told.

He She It Rama

had not been told.

had been told.

We You They Boys

had not been told.

PAST TENSE Interrogative Sentence

Was

Were Was

Was

Were

Had Had

Had

I he she it Rama we you they boys I he she it Rama we you they boys I he she it Rama we you they boys

Negative Interrogative Sentence

Wasn't

told?

Wasn't

told?

Weren't

being told?

Wasn't

I he she it Rama we you they boys I

told?

being told?

he she being told? Wasn't it Rama we you being told? Weren't they boys

being told?

being told? been told?

Hadn't

been told?

Hadn't

been told?

Hadn't

been told?

he she been told? it Rama we you they been told? boys

FUTURE TENSE (+) I

He She It Rama

We You They Boys

I He She It Rama

We You They Boys

(-)

will be told.

will not be told.

will be told.

He She It Rama

will not be told.

We You They Boys

will not be told.

will be told.

will have been told.

will not have been told.

will have been told.

He She It will not have been told. Rama

will have been told.

We You will not have been told. They Boys 45

Active voice Past, Present & Future tenses (Shortcuts) 1.

He She It Rama

came / was coming / had come/ had been coming (past) comes/ is coming / has come/ has been coming (present) will come / will be coming / will have come/ will have been coming (future)

2. Did /didn’t (past) Does / Doesn’t (Present) Has / hasn’t Will / won’t (Future)

He She It Rama

3. Had /hadn’t (past) Has / hasn’t (present)

He She It Rama

Will / won’t

We You They Boys

come ?

been coming ?

have been coming ?

came / were coming / had come / had been coming (past come / are coming / have come / have been coming (present) will come / will be coming / will have come / will have been coming (future)

Did / didn’t / had / hadn’t (past) Do / don’t / have / haven’t (present) Will / won’t (future)

Will / won’t

We You They Boys

have come ?

We You They Boys

come ?

Were / weren’t (present) Are / Aren’t

Had / hadn’t Have / haven’t

10.

11.

We You They Boys

coming

been coming ?

came / was coming / had / come / had been coming (past) came / are coming / have come / have been coming (present) will come / will be coming / will have come / will have been coming (future)

Had / hadn’t / did / didn’t (past) Have / haven’t / do / don’t (present) Will / won’t (future) Will / won’t

come ? come ? have come ? have come ?

12.

Was / wasn’t (past) Am / Amn’t (present) Will / won’t (futre)

coming ? coming ? be coming ?

13.

Had / Had n’t (past) Have / Haven’t (present) Will / won’t (future)

been coming ? have been coming ?

PASSIVE VOICE Present Past & Future Tenses (Short cuts)

{

am told. (present) was told. (past) will be told. (future)

{

am being told. (pre) was being told. (past)

<Õ#∞

#∞. { K≥K≥ÑÑ¨¨ÊÊ||_»_»∞∞K«K«∂∂L<åﬂ LO\˜x.

{

have been told. (pre) had been told. (past) will have been told.(f)

<Õ#∞

{

He She It Rama

{

<Õ#∞

{

K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çux. K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\˜x. K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\Ï#∞.

(WÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO@x. (JÑ¨C_Õ) K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çux. (JÑ¨C_»∞)K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\Ï#∞.

{

J`«_∞» K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çL<åﬂ_»∞/L#ﬂk. P"≥∞ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO_≥#∞/LO_ç#k. Jk K≥Ñ¨Ê|_çLO\Ï_»∞/ ~å=Ú_»∞ LO@∞Ok.

is told. (present) was told. (past) will be told.(future)

told. (pre) {iswasbeing being told. (past)

J`«_∞» P"≥∞ Jk ~å=Ú_»∞

{

He has been told. (pre) She had been told. (past) It will have been told.(f) Rama We You They Boys

{

J`«_∞» P"≥∞ Jk ~å=Ú_»∞

are told. (present) were told. (past) will be told. (future)

L<åﬂ_∞» /L#ﬂk. {K≥K≥ÑÑÊ¨Ê¨||_»_»∞∞K«K«∂∂LO_≥ #∞/ LO_ç#k.

{

{

"Õ∞=Ú K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çÜÚ« <åﬂ=Ú/L<åﬂ~∞° . g∞~°∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çuq∞/K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çi. "å~°∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_çÜÚ « O\Ï=Ú/LO\Ï~°∞. ÉÏÅ∞~°∞

We You are being told. (pre) They were being told.(past) Boys

{

"Õ∞=Ú g∞~°∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_»∞K«∂L<åﬂ=Ú/L<åﬂ~∞° . "å~°∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_»∞K«∂LO\˜q∞/LO_çi. ÉÏÅ∞~°∞

{

We have been told. (pre) You had been told. (past) They will have been told.(f) Boys

{

SENTENCES Can you cope with the work? Late that night. He had enough. Over there. Ofcourse, not. Far beyond you. I wish you would be quite. Wouldn't you stay a little longer? If you helped me we could finish the job quickly. Would you mind opening the window? She would be about fifty now, I suppose He would not answer any questions. The engine would not start. The wound would not heal. I would prefer stay to at home. I would rather you stayed at home. If he were to hear of your marrige he would be surprised. If you were to start early tomorrow morning, you would be at your destination by evening. When would you like me to come? She squints in the left Eye. He means well. We had better stay here. Am I to blame? I said that I should come. We said that we should go. I said that he would climb. She said that she would cook. He said that they would fall. I said that he would play well. They said that he could not pass. He said that she could not sing. I said that they could eat well. He said that the train might come late. They said that she might not

prepare a curry.

What What do you say? What language do you speak? What is your bed room? What is your dinner time? What are you playing? What are you doing? What is the type of concert generally? What do you buy? What is the rent? What games do you play? What is the price of the pickle? What will you eat? What is your weekly entertainment? What instrumental music? What is its price? What is your rate for the whole day? What do you want? What did you say? What was it all about? What is sweeter than honey? What are those marks on your coat? What are you? - I am a doctor. What is he? - He is an engineer. What is this? What other gamed do you play? What's it that he? What books have you read? What is that? What is he doing? What is the time now? Whate will all the neighbours say? What is that book? What did he say? What is that on your coat? What are you? What is he? What book did you give me?

Which Which is your favourite game? Which book are you reading? Which way shall we go?

Which is he? ( nominative) Which do you prefer? ( Accusative) Which is the house? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? Which is the book you gave me? Which do you prefer? Which of the questions do you answer? Which of the boys did this? I read Ramayana, Which I like much? I read Sanskrit dramas, Which are good? Veda is the earliest book, Which contains all knowledge.

charities amount to a lakh. Whose is this umbrella? Whom did you see? This is the person of whom I told you. Whom did you call?

Where Where do you live? Where are they going? Where are you going? Where are they playing?

Who This is my sister who is sick. Who cleaned the house? I meet Rama Who just returned from Kurnool. This is my friend , who comes first in the class. Who is he? ( = What is his name and family?) He is Mr. K.P. Roy. Who conducts the concert? Who are you? Who am I? Who is he? Who is she? Who are they? Who are there? Who gave you that knife? Whose is this book? Who is there? Who is speaking?

Whom Whom did you see? Whom do you want? To Whom were you speaking? Of whom do you speak?

Where is the post office? Where do you play foot ball? Where is the key for this door? where did you buy this table ? Where are you staying? Where is the laundry? Where is the market? Where is the vegetable market? Where is the light? Where is the mosquito net?

When When are you leaving for Bombay? When I shall return is uncertain. When did you buy this book? When do you take your lunch? When did she return? When will you ring? When did you buy it? When do you take your break fast? When do you repair the tap?

Whose

Whom do you believe? Sita is my elder sister, whom I respect. Srikrishna is a rich man whose

Whose is that car? Whose car is that? The Mahabharata is an epic, whose

poetry is great, Whose is this book?

Why don't you sell it?

Why

How

Why are you not playing? Why did you get angry? Why did this happen? Why did I get pain? Why don't you consult an eye specialist? Why do you throw it away? Why did you do it? I know the reason why he did it? Why, it is surely Ram! This is not the time to go into the why

How many times do you eat daily? How much does he take for consultation? How far is your office from the station? How he could assist his friend was his chief concern. How do you go to the office? How big is it? How did he perform ? How do you sell these oranges? Whether we can start

and the wherefore of it. Why he left is a mystery.

All Adjective

Adverb Pronoun

: :

All men are mortal. It was all profit and no loss. He was all one when I saw him. All spoke in his favour.

Noun

He lost his all in speculation.

Any

Adjective Pronoun

: :

Are there any witnesses present? Does any of you know anything about it?

Adverb

Is that any better?

Adverb Conjunction

: :

We walked as fast as we could. As he was poor I helped him.

Relat.Pron.

She likes the same colour as I do.

: : :

I have seen you before. He came before the appointed time. He went away before I came.

I think yours is a better plan.

Before Adverb Preposition Conjunction

Better Adjective

Adverb Noun Verb

: : :

I know better. Give place to your betters. The boxes with which he provided me bettered the sample- Froude.

: : :

You cannot have it both ways. Both of them are dead. Both the cashier and the accountant are

Both Adjective Pronoun Conjunction

Hindus.

But Adverb

It is but ( = only) right to admit out faults.

Preposition

None but (= except) the brave deserves

Conjunction Relat.Pron

: :

Down Adverb Prepostion

the fair. We tried hard, but did not succeed. There is no one but likes him (= who does not like him)

: :

Adjective

About Adverb

Prepostion Above Adverb Preposition Adjective Noun After Adverb Prpositon Adjective Conjunction One Adjective Pronoun

Down went the " Royal George." The fire engine came rushing down the hill. The porter was killed by the down train. They wandered about in sheepskins and goat skins. There is something pleasing about him.

: : : :

The heavens are above. The moral law is above the civil. Analyse the above sentence. Our blessings come from above.

: : : :

They arrived soon after. He takes after his father. After ages shall sing his glory. We went away after they had left.

: :

One day I met him in the street. The little ones cried for joy.

Noun

One would think he was mad.

Only Adjective Adverb Conjunction

: : :

It was his only chance. He was only foolish. Take what I have, only ( = but) let me go.

Over Adverb Noun Prepositon

: : :

Read it over carefully. In one over he took three wickets. At thirty a change came over him.

Right Verb Adjective Noun Adverb

: : : :

That is a fault that will right itself. He is the right man for the position. I ask it as a right. Serves him right! He stood right in my way.

Round Adjective Non Adverb Preposition Verb

: : : : :

A square peg in a round hole. The evening was a round of pleasures. He came round to their belief. The earth revolves round the sun. We shall round the cape in safety.

Since Prepositon Conjunction

: :

Adverb

Since that day I have not seen him. Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part. I have not seen him since.

So Adverb Conjunction

: :

I am so sorry. He was poor, so they helped him.

Some Adjective Pronoun Adverb

: : :

We must find some way out of it. Some say one thing and others another. Some thirty chiefs were present.

Still Verb

With his name the mothers still their babes.

Adjective Noun

: :

Adverb Little Adjective Noun Adverb More Adjective Pronoun Adverb Much Adjective Pronoun Adverb Near Adverb Propositon Adjective Verb Needs Noun Verb Adverb Neither Conjunction Adjective Pronoun

Still waters run deep. Her sobs could be heard in the still of night. He is still in business.

: : :

There is little danger in going there. Man wants but little here below. He eats very little.

: : :

We want more men like him. More of us die in bed than out of it. You should talk less and work more.

: : :

There is much sense in what he says. Much of it is true. He boasts too much.

: : : :

Draw near and listen. His house is near the temple. He is a near relation. The time nears.

: : :

My needs are few. It needs to be done with care. He needs must come.

: : :

Give me neither proverty nor riches. Neither accusation is true. It is difficult to negotiate where neither will trust.

: :

I shall see you next Monday. What next ?

: : :

It is no joke. He is no more. I will not take no.

: : :

I was young once. Once he hesitates we have him. Please help me for once.

: :

Either bat is good enough Ask either of them.

Next. Adjective Adverb No Adjective Adverb Noun Once Adverb Conjunction Noun Either Adjective Pronoun

Conjunction Else Adjective Adverb Conjunction Enough Adjective Adverb Noun Even Adjective Verb Adverb Except Verb Prepositon Conjunction For Preposition Conjuction Less Adjective

He must either work or starve.

: : : : : : :

I have something else for you. Shall we look anywhere else? Make haste, else you will miss the train.

: : :

The chances are even. Let us even the ground Does he even suspect the danger?

: :

If we except Hari all are to be blamed. All the brethren were in Egypt except Benjamin. I will not let thee go except (= unless) thou bless me .

: : :

I can shift for myself Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good.

You are paying less attention to your studies than you used to do. The soil of Kathiawad is less fertile than that of Gujerat. He wants fifty rupees for that watch. He won't be satisfied with less.

Adverb

Noun

Like Adjective Prepositon: Adverb Noun Verb Such Adjective Pronoun That Demonst. Adjective Demonst. Pronoun. Adverb Relative Pronoun Conjunction

There is time enough and to spare. You know well enough what I mean. I have had enough of this.

: : : :

They are men of like build and stature. Do not talk like that. Like as a father pitieth his own children. We shall not see his like again Children like sweets.

: :

Don't be in such a hurry. Such was not my intention.

: : : : :

What is that noise? That is what I want. I have done that much only. The evil that men do lives after them. He lives that he may eat.

The Def.Article Adverb Till Prepostion

: :

The cat loves comfort. The wiser he is, the better.

Conjunction Up Adverb Prepositon Adjective Noun Well Noun Adjective Adverb Interjection What Inter. Adjective Interjection: Adverb RelativeP-Noun

Never put off till-to-morrow what you can do to-day Do not start till I give the word.

: : : :

Prices are up. Let us go up the hill The next up train will leave here at 12-30 They had their ups and downs of fortune.

: : : :

Let well alone. I hope you are now well. Well begun is half done. Well, who would have thought it?

Adverb

While Noun Verb

What evidence have you? What! you don't mean to say so? What does he want? Give me what you can. What happened then, I do not know. What by fie and what by sword, the whole country was laid waste.

: :

Conjunction

: :

Sit down and rest a while They while away their evenings with books and games. While a great poet, he is a greater novelist.

GRAMMAR

1. 2.

"åHõº=ÚÅ∞ "åx J~°=ú Ú – (x~å‡}=Ú J#QÍ structure ) q^è•#=Ú#∞ |\˜ì <åÅ∞æ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ Assertive sentences = q+¨Ü∞« ã¨∂K«H= õ ÚÖˇ#· "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ Interrogative sentences = „Ñ¨âﬂ◊ ~°∂Ñ¨H= õ ÚÖˇ#· "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g : What is your name ?

Imperative sentences = q^Œº~°Hú õ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞. Wq P[˝, „áê~°# ú

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖˇ·# "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Sit here ( order ) Please give me your pen ( Request) Don't go there ( Advice or suggestion ) 4.

Exclamatory sentences = Pâ◊Û~åº~°Hú = õ ÚÅ∞ e.g: What a nice boy you are ! How interesting this novel is ! (Wonder) Alas! he is ruined

Optative sentences

„áê~°÷#, HÀiHõ e.g. : May God bless you. Wish you all the best

PARTS OF SPEECH 1.

ÉèÏëê qÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ∞

Noun : <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú ( ¿Ñ~°¡#∞ `≥Å∞Ê#k)

e.g : Krishna Devaraya was a Very great king 2.

Pronoun : ã¨~°ﬁ<å=∞=Ú ( <å=∞"åK«HÍxH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ "å_Õk) e.g : He etc.,

Verb : „H˜Ü«∞, ( Hõ~°ÎÜ≥∞Hõ¯ Ñ¨xx `≥Å∞Ê#k e.g : Rama wrote a letter

Adverb : „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú e.g : He wrote it quickly

Adjective : qâı+} ¨ =Ú ( QÆ∞}=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ê#k) e.g: ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÖ’x great J<Õ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú

Conjunction : ã¨=ÚK«ÛÜ ù ∞« =Ú (XHõ Ñ¨^=Œ Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ

Ñ¨^=Œ Ú`ÀQÍx, XHõ "åHõº=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ "åHõº=Ú`ÀQÍx KÕ~∞° Û Ñ¨^Œ=Ú e.g: Rama and Lakshmana followed Viswamitra 7.

Interjection : Pâ◊Û~åº~°Hú = õ Ú e.g : Alas ( JÜ≥∂º – ã¨O`åÑ¨=Ú) Oh (

FÇ¨ÏŸ – Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú ) Preposition : <å=∞"åK«H= õ Ú#‰õΩ W`«~° =ã¨∞=Î Ù`À QÆÅ ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù qÉèíH˜Î „Ñ¨`«ºÜ«∞=Ú =O\˜ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú e.g: The pen is in the box

KINDS OF NOUN

( <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÖÖ’x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ) 1. Proper Noun : XHõ =∞x+≤Ü≥∞Hõ¯ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞ ÖËHõ XHõ „Ñ¨^Õâ◊=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ¿Ñ~°∞ =∞iÜ«Ú XHõ =ã¨∞Î=Ù ¿Ñ~°∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#k. Ex : Rama, Krishna, Hyderabad , Chair 2.

Common Noun : XˆH ~°Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ÖËHõ

=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ QÆÅ ™ê^è•~°}"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°∞. e.g : boy, girl, village , river etc., 3.

Collective Nouns : H˘O`« ã¨OYºÖ’ =º‰õΩÅ Î #∞QÍx, =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ‰õΩ

QÍx ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚQÍ K≥¿ÑÊ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Crowd team, block herd , army, family, nation etc., 4.

Material Nouns : Ñ¨^•~°ú <å=∞"åK«H= õ ÚÅ∞ e.g: Iron, Clay, Rice etc.,

Abstract Nouns : QÆ∞} qâı+¨º=ÚÅ∞ PHÍ~°=Ú, ÖËHõ

WO„kÜ«∞=ÚÅ KÕ`« `≥eã≤H˘#∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞HÍx ÉèÏ"åÅ¿Ñ~°∞¡ e.g: 1. QÆ∞} ãÖ|O^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ – Goodness, Darkness, 2. K«~º° ãÖ|O^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ – Laughter, theft 3. J=™ê÷ ãÖ|O^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ – Boyhood, Youth 4. Hõà◊Å∞, âß„ã¨Î=ÚÅ∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# "å\˜ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ #∞O_ç Grammar, music,

– Abstract Nouns

™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ =¸_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ ~°∂á⁄O^Œ∞K«∞#ﬂq. Jq ó 60

1. 2. 3.

qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ #∞O_ç Kindness, honesty „H˜Ü∞« Å #∞O_ç = Obedience ( obey) growth ( grow) ™ê^è•~°} <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ #∞O_ç House of senators = áêÅ‰õΩÅ ã¨Éèí Library of books „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú etc.,

NOUN- GENDER <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú – eOQÆ=Ú 1.

Masculine Gender = =∞QÆ „áê}∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú H˘xﬂ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Ju|Å=O`«=ÚÅ∞, Ç≤ÏO™êÜ«Ú`«=ÚÅ∞ JQÆ∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x Masculine Gender QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}O˜ `«∞~°∞. e.g: Sun, winter, summer, time

Feminine Gender = P_»∞ „áê}∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥¿ÑÊ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú C. H˘xﬂ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ Juã¨∞O^Œ~°=ÚÅ∞, ™ê^èŒ∞=ÙÅ∞ J~Ú#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Feminine Gender QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}O˜ `«∞~°∞. e.g: The Moon, The earth, Hope, Spring justice , ship 3.

Common Gender = =∞QÆ, P_» Ô~O_çO\˜x QÆ∂iÛ K≥¿ÑÊ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú e.g: Parent, Servant, thief, Relative, student 4.

Neuter Gender = =∞QÆ HÍHõ P_»∞ HÍHõ ^ÕxH© K≥O^Œx

<å=∞"åK«H=õ Ú (an animate objects) 61

e.g: Book, Room, Pen , Tree A.

Collective Nouns r= HÀ\˜x QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑÙ¨ ÊK«∞#ﬂ#∞ Neuter gender – QÍ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@ PKå~°=Ú. e.g: A flock of sheep A body of ministers

NOUN - NUMBER – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =K«#=Ú 1.

Singular Number : Boy, Bench, baby

Plural Number : Boys, benches, babies

H˘xﬂ Singular Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ‰õΩ Plural ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞ =K«∞Û#∞. e.g. : Sheep, Deer, Cool

ãÖMÏº "åK«Hõ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ UHõ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚQÍ#∞#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x |Ç¨ï=K«# ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú ‰õÄ_® JkÜÕ∞. J~Ú`Õ Wq ãÖYºÅ `«~°∞"å`« LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ |_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g. : pair [`« – [`«Å∞ Dozen, Score, Gross, Hundred, Thousand

H˘xfl Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ x`«º|Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚÅ∞. (i) H˘xfl ÑïHõ~°=∞ÅÚ ó e.g. : Bellows, Scissors, Tongs, Pincers, Spectacles (ii)

H˘xﬂ ^Œ∞ã¨∞Å Î ∞ e.g. : Trousers, Drawers, Breeches

(iii)

H˘xﬂ ~ÀQÆ=ÚÅ∞ 62

e.g. : Measles, Mumps (iv)

H˘xﬂ P@Å∞ e.g..: Billiards

(v)

=∞iH˘xﬂ ~Ú`«~° <å=∞"åK«Hõ=∞ÅÚ ó e.g. : Animals, Thanks, Proceeds, Tidings, Chattles, Environs, Nuptials, Obsequies, Assets.

(vi)

H˘xﬂ |Ç¨ï=K«# ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’x Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ UHõ=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«|_»∞K«∞#ﬂq. e.g. : Alms, Piches, Eaves

(vii)

q^•ºq+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ |Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚÅ∞QÍ =ÙO_ç UHõ =K«#=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_»∞K«∞#ﬂq. e.g. : Mathematics, Physics, Machanics, Politics,

(viii) Means J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú UHõ=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞,

(ix)

|Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚQÍ#∞, Ô~O_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ |_»∞#∞. J~Ú`Õ Wealth (Sâ◊ﬁ~°º=Ú) J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# |Ç¨ï=K«#"Õ∞. H˘xﬂ Collective Nouns singular =Öˇ HõxÊOz##∞ |Ç¨ï=K«#=ÚÅ∞ e.g.: Poultry, Cattle, County, People, Peoples.

(x)

Abstract Nouns H˜ plural ÖË^∞Œ .

"åxx plural QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»q ™ê^è•~°} <å=∞"åK«H=õ ÚÅQÆ∞K«∞ 63

H˘O`« J~°úÉèË^Œ=Ú#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. No Physical existence; only feeling e.g.: Kindness = ^ŒÜ∞« Kindnesses = ^ŒÜ∞« QÆÅ Ñ¨#∞Å∞ (xi)

Material Nouns, plural Ö’ "Õ~∞° J~°= ú Ú#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. e.g. : Coppers = ~åy`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# <å}ˇ=ÚÅ∞ Irons = W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ«∞|_ç# ã¨OÔHà◊√¡ Tins = `«Q~ Æ =° Ú`À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# _»ÉÏƒÅ∞ Woods = J_»=ÙÅ∞ ( H˘Ü«∞º ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞ ã¨Å ÷ =ÚÅ∞) Bronzes = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# q„QÆÇÏ¨ =ÚÅ∞

NOUN - CASE – <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú

– qÉèíH˜Î

POQÆ¡=Ú# qÉèí‰õΩÎÅ∞ (CASES)<åÅ∞æ HõÅ=Ù 1. Nominative Case = „Ñ¨^= Œä ∂ qÉèHí Î˜ e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa 2.

Objective Case =

kﬁfÜ«∂ qÉèíH˜Î

e.g : Krishna Killed Kamsa 3.

Nominative of address = ã¨OÉ’^è< Œ å „Ñ¨^=Œä ∂ qÉèHí Î˜ e.g: Rama, Come here

possessive Case = +¨+‘ª qÉèíH˜Î e.g: Rama's house

Possessive Case U~°Ê_»∞ q^è= Œ ÚÅ∞ a)

<å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú UHõ=K«#"≥∞ÿÜ«Ú#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ z=~° 's' 64

HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ =Å# e.g : Boy's Pencil b)

Wk=~°Hˆ 's' LKåÛ~°} Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 's' =∞iÜ«Ú <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú |Ç¨ï=K«#"≥∞ÿ##∞ =∞~°Å 's' HõÅÑ¨~°∞. z=~° ( ' ) QÆ∞~°Î =∂„`«=Ú KÕ~°∞Û^Œ∞~°∞. e.g : Darkness' Symbol For Justice' sake Boys' High School

<å=∞"åK«H=õ ÚÅ∞ |Ç¨ï=K«#"≥∞ÿ ^•x z=~° 's' ÖË#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 's' HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù^Œ∞~°∞. e.g: Children's Hospital; Men's Hostel

<å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú |Ç¨ïÑ¨^ŒÜ«ÚHõÎ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ~¸ QÆ∞~°∞Î PYi Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ *Ë~°Û=Öˇ#∞. e.g: The Nizam of Hyderabad's Palace

~Ô O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«H=õ ÚÅ∞ XHõ ^•x`À WOH˘Hõ\˜ L#ﬂÑ¨C_»∞ Ô~O_»= ^•xH˜ D QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕ~°∞Û^Œ∞~°∞. Dhoni (the capain of Indian cricket team.)

Ô~O_»∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=Ú ^•ﬁ~å ã¨xﬂÇ≤Ï`«=Ú *ËÜ«∞|_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»= ^•xH˜ ~¸ QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕ~∞° Û^Œ∞~°∞. e.g : Sastry & Shah's office

nxx r=HÀ\˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ =Öˇ<Õ HÍx 65

[_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# ‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. e.g : Horse's tail Tables leg h)

Jx HÍ^Œ∞, Leg of the table Jx K≥ÑÊ¨ =Öˇ#∞. J~Ú`Õ [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ =¸sÎÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞QÍ #∞#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : Death's call Fortune's smile

HÍÅ=Ú, ^Œ∂~°=Ú, ÉèÏ~°=Ú `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù <å=∞"åK«Hõ=ÚÅ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞. e.g : Day's wages Week's holiday A foot's length A pound's weight Mile's race j)

ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ H˘xﬂ #∞_ç HÍ~°=ÚÅO^Œ∞ U~°Ê_ç#q. e.g:

Finger's ends, Mercy's sake, Heart's content, write's end Boat's crew

Possessive case `«~∞° "å`« ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ house, school, shop, cathedral "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞

Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞#∞. 66

When something is mentioned earlier it need not be repeated and an apostrophe is enough. e.g : He is at the Vivekananda's (College ) In which college is he working I purchased the book at Aruna's ( Shop) Today I am dining at my aunt's ( house)

THE PRONOUN ITS KINDS – ã¨~°ﬁ<å=∞=Ú – ^•x ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ Pronouns ( ã¨~°ﬁ<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ) `˘q∞‡k q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ 1.

Personal Pronouns = =∂#=ÙÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yO|_»∞

ã¨~ﬁ° <å=∞=ÚÅ∞ e.g: I, We, thou, you, he, she, it , they 2.

Possessive Pronouns = e.g : mine, ours, thine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

Reflexive pronouns = Hõ~Î° KÕã# ≤ HÍ~°º=Ú =∞~°Å Hõ~HˆÎ°

uiy =K«∞Û#q. ( Compound personal pronouns) e.g:

You will hurt yourself. myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves

Emphatic ( Emphasizing ) Pronouns ó XHõÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞ q+¨Ü∞« =Ú#∞

<˘H˜¯ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ myself, yourself Jx K≥ÑÊ¨ |_»∞#∞. e.g : I my self did it. 5.

Demonstrative Pronouns = "åHõº=ÚÖ’ J~°x ÷ ~°∂Ñ¨}‰õΩ

Ñ¶¨ÖÏ<å Jx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#q. e.g: This, these, that, those, such 6.

Indefinite pronouns = =º‰õΩÅ Î ‰õΩ, =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ‰õΩ Ñ¶Ö ¨ Ï<å Jx

K≥Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_» ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#q. e.g:

Any, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, some, someone, somebody, None-noone - nobody All - one, many, few, others, they, Every one, Every body

Distriputive pronouns = J<ÕHõ =∞Ok ( =ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ )Ö’

XHÀ¯Hõ¯xQÍ (XH˘¯Hõ¯\˜ QÍ fã≤H˘x#@∞¡ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#q) 68

e.g: Each, Either, Neither 8.

Relative Pronouns = XˆH "åHõº=ÚÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞ L#ﬂ

<å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú`À ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#q. e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom, that, as, 9.

Interrogative pronouns ó „Ñ¨âßﬂ~°Hú = õ ÚÅ∞ e.g: Who, what, which, whose, whom

PERSONAL PRONOUNS :

=∂#=ÙÅ‰õΩ K≥Ok# ã¨~°ﬁ<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ ó (=ºH˜ÎQÆ`«) D PRONOUNS =¸_»∞ PERSONS QÍ Ü«Ú#ﬂq. 1. First person = (L`«Î=∞ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨=Ú) =∂\Ï¡_»∞ "åxH˜ K≥O^Œ∞#∞. e.g : I, we 2.

Second person = ( =∞^èŒº=∞ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨=Ú ) Z^Œ∞@ "åiH˜

K≥O^Œ∞#k. e.g: Thou, you 3.

Third person = ( „Ñ¨^äŒ=∞ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨=Ú) Z=ix QÆ∞iOz

=∂\Ï¡_»∞ K«∞O\˜"≥∂ "åix `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù ã¨~°ﬁ<å=∞=Ú. e.g : He, She, Thy a) b)

D Pronoun H˜ number, gender, case LO_»∞#∞. Noun - singular number J~Ú`Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_® singular QÍ LO_®e. ÖËHõ Noun plural number J~Ú`Õ pronoun ‰õÄ_® plural QÍ LO_®e. 69

Nouns U genders Ö’ =¿ãÎ pronoun ‰õÄ_® J^Õ genders Ö’ =™êÎ~Ú.

g) 1.

"They"

ãÖ^Œ~åƒù#∞ ™ê~°=ÚQÍ Jxfl genders Ö’ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞. Pronouns ‰õΩ Nominative case, possessive case, objective case ÅÖ’ =¸_»∞ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ# ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ HõÅ=Ù. Personal pronouns Ü≥∞Hõ¯ possessive case ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖˇ# · my, our, they, your, her their J#∞ "å\˜x possessive Adjectives Jx K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê^Œ∞~°∞. "It" pronoun

D „H˜Ok ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° =ù ÚÅÖ’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞

[_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ e.g : This is your pencil. Take it way.

[O`«∞=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# eOQÆÉË^èŒ=Ú K≥Ñ¨Ê^ŒÅz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ e.g : Rama has a dog. He likes it.

z#ﬂ a_»Å ¤ q+¨Ü∞« =Ú# eOQÆ Éè^Ë =Œ Ú ÖË^xŒ K≥ÑÊ¨ ^ŒÅz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ e.g: See that child. It's crying

=ÚO^Œ∞QÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_ç# q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ =∞~°Å K≥Ñ¨C#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ e.g: He is speaking lies; and he knows it.

"åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ# subject `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û K«∞O_»QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ „H˜Ü∞« =^ŒÌ `å`å¯eHõ subject QÍ LO_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Introductory 70

subject (it, there) e.g: It's easy to climb that tree ( to climb that tree's easy) 6.

`«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û Noun QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx <˘H˜¯ K≥Ñ¨Ê=Åã≤#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ e.g: It Ravana was who started the war.

Impersonal Verb = „H˜Ü∞« ‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ =K«∞Û Indefinite pronoun Wk Nominative case Ö’ =ÙO_»∞#∞. e.g : It rains.

HÍÅ ã¨∂K«Hõ=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨ =K«∞Û#∞ . e.g: It's six 0' clock.; It's Summer.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS : 1.

Nominative case pronoun 'Who'

Possessive case pronoun ' Whose'

Objective case pronoun 'whom'

„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«=Ú whom ‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ who ‰<Õ "å_»K«∞<åﬂ~°∞. 'who' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#O^Õ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨Öˇ#∞.

e.g : Who is speaking? 6.

'Which' J#∞#k =∂#=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#, [_» =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ

q+¨Ü«∞=Ú# Ô~O\˜Ü«∞O^Œ∞#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. 'What' J#∞#k eg : What do you want? / What is wanted by you ? 71

RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1.

Relative pronouns = Noun `À ã¨O|O^èŒ x~°∂Ñ¨}‰õΩ

LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ãÖ|O^è•~°ÌHõ ã¨~°fi<å=∞=ÚÅQÆ∞ K«∞#flq. Jq Who, whom, whose, which, that ~Ô O_»∞ z#fl "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ D Relative pronoun ^•fi~å HõÅÑ¨ =K«∞Û#∞. 'whose' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ q+¨Ü«∞=∞O^Õ HÍHõ, [_» Ñ¨^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : She is a railway passenger, whose box is stolen.

'What' [_»=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅˆH K≥O^Œ∞#∞.

'That' =∞#∞+¨µºÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞, [_» Ñ¨^•~°ú=ÚÅ#∞

QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ô~O_»∞ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞. H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ 'that' Relative pronoun 'who' 'what' J#∞ Interrogative pronouns `«~åfi`« LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. e.g : What's it that he told you?

'that' J#∞ Relative pronoun superlative degree Ö’

qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ L#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ ã¨=Úz`«=Ú e.g : The wisest man that even lived made mistakes

WHõ¯_» 'who' Hõ<åﬂ 8.

'that' LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOK«∞@ "Õ∞Å∞

Some, any, none, nothing, the only J#∞ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ `«~åﬁ`« ' 'that' Ñ¨^= Œ Ú LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞.

My, our, your, his, her, its, their J#∞ D possessive case pronouns noun `«~åﬁ`« noun

=K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : This is my book 10.

mine, ours, yours, his, hers, their J#∞ D possessive case pronouns `«~∞° "å`« noun

~å^Œ∞.

e.g : This book is mine 11.

Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_®

LáÈÜ«∞yOÑ¨|_»∞K«∞#ﬂq

VERBS( Blow = Bear

Buy

Bring

Begin

Burn

Build

Dig

Drink

Draw

Drive

Fight

Find

Feel

Feed

gK«∞ "≥∂Ü«Ú H˘#∞ `≥K∞« Û „áê~°OaèOK«∞ HÍÅ∞Ê Hõ@∞ì „`«=Ùﬁ KÕÜ«Ú „`åQÆ∞ ÖÏQÆ∞ `ÀÅ∞ áÈ\Ï¡_∞» Hõ#∞Q˘#∞ `å‰õΩ áÈ+≤OK«∞

Blew =

„H˜Ü«∞Å∞)

gK≥#∞ Bore = "≥∂Ãã#∞ Bought= H˘<≥#∞ Brought= `≥KÛ≥ #∞ Began = „áê~°OaèOK≥#∞ Burnt = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Built = Hõ># ìˇ ∞ Dug = „`«"≥ﬁ#∞ Did = KÕÃã#∞ Drank = „`åÔQ#∞ Drew = ÖÏÔQ#∞ Drove = `ÀÖˇ#∞ Fought = áÈ\Ï¡_# ≥ ∞ Found = Hõ#∞Q˘<≥#∞ Felt = `åÔH#∞ Fed = áÈ+≤OK≥#∞ 73

Blown Born/ borne Bought Brought Begun Burnt Built Dug Done Drunk Drawn Driven Fought Found Felt Fed

Fly Fall Lose Leave Run Ride Ring Read Keep Know Eat Creep Bind Bleed Bid Beat Bite Bread Dream Dwell See Speak Spend Sell Sit Sink

ZQÆ∞~°∞ = Ñ¨_∞» = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘#∞ = q_çzÃÑ@∞ì = Ñ¨~∞° Q Ô @∞ì = ™êﬁsKÕÜ«Ú = "≥∂yOK«∞ = K«^Œ∞=Ù = LOK«∞ = `≥eã≤H˘#∞ = u#∞ = „áê‰õΩ = x~°ƒOkèOK«∞ = <≥`∞« ~ Î ∞° HÍ~°∞ = P*Ï˝ÑO ≤ K«∞ = H˘@∞ì = H˘~°∞‰õΩ = Hõ#∞ = HõÅHõ#∞ = x=ã≤OK«∞ = K«∂K«∞ = =∂\Ï¡_∞» = Y~°∞ÛKÕÜÚ « = J=Ú‡ = ‰õÄ~˘Û#∞ = =Ú#∞QÆ∞

Flew

ZyÔ~#∞ Fell = Ñ¨_# ≥ ∞ Lost = áÈQ˘@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Left = q_çzÃÑ>ˇ# ì ∞ Ran = Ñ¨~∞° Q Ô >ˇ#ì ∞ Rode = ™êﬁsKÕÃã#∞ Rang = "≥∂yOK≥#∞ Read = K«k"≥#∞ Kept = LOK≥#∞ Knew = `≥eã≤H˘<≥#∞ Ate = u<≥#∞ Crept = „áêÔH#∞ Bound = x~°ƒOkèOK≥#∞ Bled = <≥`«∞Î~°∞HÍÔ~#∞ Bade = P*Ï˝Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Beat = H˘>ˇ# ì ∞ Bit = H˘iÔH#∞ Bred = Hõ<≥#∞ Dreamt = HõÅHõ<≥#∞ Dwelt = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Saw = K«∂K≥#∞ Spoke = =∂\Ï¡_# ≥ ∞ Spent = Y~°∞ÛKÕÃã#∞ Sold = J"≥∞‡#∞ Sat = ‰õÄ~˘Û<≥#∞ Sank = =ÚxÔQ#∞ 74

Flown Fallen Lost Left Run Ridden Rung Read Kept Known Eaten Crept Bound Bled Bidden Beaten Bitten Bred Dreamt Dwelt Seen Spoken Spent Sold Sat Sunk

Sing

Shake

Spring

Steal

Sting

Strike

Send

Sleep

Smel

Spell

Sweep

Take

Tear

Throw

Teach

Think

Win

Weave

Wear

Write

Tell

Say

Seek

Shrink

Slay

Spin

áê_»∞ Hõ^Å Œ ∞Û ^Œ∂‰õΩ ^˘OyeOK«∞ ‰õΩ@∞ì H˘@∞ì Ñ¨OÑ¨Ù x„kOK«∞ "åã¨#K«∂K«∞ =~°„‚ H=õ ∞=ÚK≥ÑÙ¨ Ê `«∞_»∞K«∞ fã≤H˘#∞ zOK«∞ qã¨~∞° É’kèOK«∞ PÖ’zOK«∞ QÔ Å∞K«∞ <ÕÜ«Ú ^èŒiOK«∞ „"åÜ«Ú K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ "≥^Œ‰õΩ =Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩxáÈ=Ù K«OÑ¨Ù ^•~°=ÚfÜ«Ú

Sang

Sent

Slept

Smelt

áê_≥#∞ Hõ^Ö Œ Ûˇ #∞ ^Œ∂HÔ #∞ ^˘OyeOK≥#∞ ‰õΩ>ˇì#∞ H˘>ˇ#ì ∞ Ñ¨OÃÑ#∞ x„kOK≥#∞ "åã¨# K«∂K≥#∞

Spelt

=~°„‚ H=õ ∞=Ú K≥ÃÑÊ#∞

Shook = Sprang = Stole

Stung

Struck =

Swept =

Sung

Spelt

Shaken Sprung Stolen Stung Struck Sent Slept Smelt

`«∞_çK#≥ ∞ Took = fã≤H˘<≥#∞ Tore = zOK≥#∞ Threw = qã≤Ô~#∞ Taught = É’kèOK≥#∞ Thought= PÖ’zOK≥#∞ Won = Q Ô eK≥#∞ Wove = <ÕÃã#∞ Wore = ^èŒiOK≥#∞ Wrote = „"åÃã#∞ Told = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Said = K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Sought = "≥^ŒÔH#∞

Swept

Shrank

=Ú_»∞K«∞‰õΩáÈÜ≥∞#∞

Shrunk

Slew

Slain

Spun

K«OÃÑ#∞ ^•~°=ÚfÃã#∞

Taken Torn Thrown Taught Thought Won Woven Worn Written Told Said Sought

Spun

Sling

Smite

Stick

Swear

Stride

Swim

Strive

qÃãÔ~#∞ Slung Smote = H˘>ˇ# ì ∞ Smitten Stuck = JuHÕK≥#∞ Stuck S w o r e = „Ñ= ¨ ∂}=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Sworn ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Strode = ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "ÕÜÚ« K«∂ #_»K∞« "Õã≤ #_»K#≥ ∞ Stridden D^Œ∞ Swam = D^≥#∞ Swum QÆ\Qì˜ Æ „ÑÜ ¨ ∞« uflOK«∞ Strove / Strived =QÆ\Qì˜ Æ „ÑÜ ¨ ∞« uflOK≥#∞ qã¨~∞° H˘@∞ì JuHÕK«∞ „Ñ=¨ ∂}=ÚKÕÜÚ«

Slung

Striven/ Strived Swing

Sew

Become = Beseech = Beget

Behold

Deal

Fling

Forbid

Forbear = Forsake = Forget

Hang

Hold

Hide

Kneel

TQÆ∞ ‰õΩ@∞ì JQÆ∞ „|u=∂Å∞H˘#∞ Hõ#∞ K«∂K«∞ =~°ÎHõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú qã¨~∞° =^ŒÌ#∞ ã¨Ç≤ÏOK«∞ q_çzÃÑ@∞ì =∞~°záÈ=Ù „"ÕÖÏ_»∞

Swung =

TÔQ#∞ Swung Sewed = ‰õΩ>ˇì#∞ Sewn Became = JÜ≥∞º#∞ Become Besought = „|u=∂Å∞H˘<≥#∞ Besought Begot = Hõ<≥#∞ Begotten Beheld = K«∂K≥#∞ Beheld Dealt = =~°H Î =õ Ú KÕÃã#∞ Dealt Flung = qã¨Ô~#∞ Flung Forbode= =^ŒÌ<≥#∞ Forbidden Forbore= ã¨Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Forborne Forsoke = q_çzÃÑ>ˇ# ì ∞ Forsaken Forgot = =∞~°záÈÜ≥∞#∞ Forgotten Hung/ hanged = "ÕÖÏ_≥#∞ Hung/

Ñ¨@∞ìH˘#∞ ^•QÆ∞H˘#∞ "≥∂HÍà◊§ÃÑ· =OQÆ∞

Held

Hid

Knelt

hanged

(When death is casused by hanging)

Ñ¨@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ ^•QÆ∞H˘<≥#∞ "≥∂HÍà◊Ã¡ Ñ· =OÔQ#∞

held Hidden Knelt

Overcome = Rend

Understand= Understood Mean

Lead

Stand

Love

Laugh

Live

Link

Load

Fill

Fail

Fear

Fire

Free

Found

Guess

Gift

Gain

Jump

Judege = Move

Merge

JkèQqÆ ∞OK«∞ pÅ∞Û J~°=ú ÚKÕãH≤ ˘#∞

Overcame =

JkèQqÆ ∞OK≥#∞ Rent = pÖˇÛ#∞ Understood=J~°= ú Ú KÕãH≤ ˘<≥#∞

Overcome

J~°=ú ∞QÆ∞ ^•iK«∂Ñ¨Ù xÅ∞K«∞ „¿Ñq∞OK«∞ W+¨Ñì _¨ ∞» #=Ùﬁ x=ã≤OK«∞ =Ú_çÃÑ@∞ì |~°∞=Ù"ÕÜ«Ú xOÑ¨Ù `«Ñ¨ÙÊ |Ü«∞Ñ¨_∞» HÍÅ∞Û q_çÑO≤ K«∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞ TÇ≤ÏOK«∞ |Ç¨˙HõiOK«∞ ÖÏÉè=í Úá⁄O^Œ∞ ^Œ∂‰õΩ f~°∞ÊK≥Ñ¨ÙÊ Hõ^Å Œ ∞ HõÅã≤áÈ=Ù

Meant =

Meant

J~°ú=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Led = ^•iK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Stood = xÅK≥#∞ Loved = „¿Ñq∞OK≥#∞ Liked = W+¨ìÑ¨_≥#∞ Laughed= #"≥ﬁ#∞ Lived = x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Linked = =Ú_çÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Loaded = |~°∞=Ù"ÕÃã#∞ Filled = xOÃÑ#∞ Failed = `«ÃÑÊ#∞ Feared = |Ü«∞Ñ¨_# ≥ ∞ Fired = HÍÖˇÛ#∞ Fred = q_çÑ≤OK≥#∞ Founded = ™ê÷ÑO ≤ K≥#∞ Guessed = TÇ≤ÏOK≥#∞ Gifted = |Ç¨˙HõiOK≥#∞ Gained = ÖÏÉè= í Ú á⁄O^≥#∞ Jumped= ^Œ∂H Ô #∞ Judged = f~°∞ÊK≥ÃÑÊ#∞ Moved = Hõ^Ö Œ #ˇ ∞ Merged = Hõeã≤áÈÜ≥∞#∞ 77

Rent

Led Stood Loved Liked Laughed Lived Linked Loaded Filled Failed Feared Fired Freed Founded Guessed Gifted Gained Jumped Judged Moved Merged

Miss

Melt

Mow

Manage = Mend

Mind

Mint

Call

Care

Curse

Consult = Cane

Crush

Chide

Clothe

Cease

Content = Contribute = Convince= Crown

Credit

Converse = Converge = Consecrate=

`«Ñ≤ÊáÈ=Ù Hõ~∞° QÆ∞ HÀÜ«Ú #_çÑ≤OK«∞ ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÜÚ « Ñ¨\˜ìOK«∞H˘#∞ <å}ˇ=ÚÅ#∞ =Ú„^"Œ Ü Õ Ú« Ñ≤ÅK«∞ ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÜ«Ú â◊Ñ≤OK«∞ ã¨ÅÇ¨fã¨∞H˘#∞ Éˇ`=Î« Ú`À H˘@∞ì #Å∞QÆ H˘@∞ì u@∞ì |@ìÅ∞"ÕãH≤ ˘#∞ xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù `«$Ñ≤ÎK≥O^Œ∞ K«O^•WK«∞Û XÑ≤ÊOK«∞ Ñ¨\Ïìa¿è +Hõ=Ú KÕÜÚ« [=∞Hõ@∞ì =∂@ÖÏ_»∞ XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_»∞ Ñ¨q„`=« ÚKÕÜÚ«

Missed =

`«ÑÊ≤ áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Melted = HõiQ Ô #∞ Mowed = HÀÃã#∞ Managed = #_çÑO ≤ K≥#∞ Mended = ÉÏQÆ∞KÕÃã#∞ Minded = Ñ¨\˜ìOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Minted = <å}ˇ=ÚÅ#∞ =Ú„^"Œ ÃÕ ã#∞ Called = Ñ≤ÅK≥#∞ Cared = ÅHõ∆º=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Cursed = â◊Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Consulted = ã¨ÅÇ¨fã≤H˘<≥#∞ Caned = Éˇ`= Î≥ Ú`À H˘>ˇ#ì ∞ Crushed = #Å∞QÆH˘@ì|_≥#∞ Chided = u>ˇ# ì ∞ Clothed = |@ìÅ∞ "ÕãH ≤ ˘<≥#∞ Ceased= xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕÃã#∞ Contented= `«$Ñ≤K Î O≥ ^≥#∞ Contributed=K«O^• WK≥Û#∞ Convinced= XÑ≤ÊOK≥#∞ Crowned = Ñ¨\Ïìa¿è +Hõ=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Credited = [=∞Hõ># ìˇ ∞ Conversed= =∂\Ï¡_# ≥∞ Converged= XHõKÀ@‰õÄ_≥#∞ Consecrated =Ñ¨q„`= « Ú KÕÃã#∞ 78

Missed Melted Mowed Managed Mended Minded

Minted Called Cared Cursed Consulted Caned Crushed Chided Clothed Ceased Contented Contributed Convinced

Crowned Credited Conversed Converged Consecrated

Consist =

‰õÄ_çLO_»∞ Congratulate=Jaè#OkOK«∞ Connive = K«∂ã≤K∂ « _»#@∞¡O_»∞ Comprise= HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Compromise= ~årÑ¨_∞» Deliver = JO^ŒKÜ Õ Ú «

Consisted =

HõeyÜ«ÚO_≥#∞ Compromised=~årÑ¨_# ≥∞ Delivered=JO^ŒKÕÃã#∞

Comprised

Delay

PÅã¨º=ÚKÕÜÚ «

Delayed = PÅã¨ºO KÕÃã#∞

Delayed

Decide

x~°‚~ÚOK«∞ K«iÛOK«∞ ^èŒiOK«∞ J#∞=∂xOK«∞ HõÅÊ#KÕÜ«Ú q_»z"ÕÜÚ « ÖË‰õΩO_»KÕÜ«Ú qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞ á⁄O^Œ∞@ xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ =i‚OK«∞ x~åâ◊KO≥ ^Œ∞ ÉË^èŒ=ÚK«∂Ñ¨Ù `«_Ü ç Ú « =∂~°=æ Ú#∞O_ç `«ÑÙ¨ Ê J==∂xOK«∞ ÉèíOQÆ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜÚ «

Decided =

Discuss = Dress

Doubt

Design

Desert

Deprive = Devote = Derive

Determine= Describe = Disappoint = Differ

Drench

Deviate

Disgrace = Foil

Inform

‰õÄ_çLO_≥#∞ Congratulated=Jaè#OkOK≥#∞

Consisted

Connived =

Connived

K«∂ã≤K∂« _»#@∞¡O_≥#∞

Comprised=

Congratulated

Compromised Delivered

x~°‚~ÚOK≥#∞ Decided Discussed=K«iÛOK≥#∞ Discussed Dressed= ^èŒiOK≥#∞ Dressed Doubted= J#∞=∂xOK≥#∞ Doubted Designed=HõÅÊ# KÕÃã#∞ Designed Deserted=q_çzÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Deserted Deprived= ÖË‰õΩO_®KÕÃã#∞ Deprived Devoted=qxÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Devoted Derived= á⁄O^≥#∞ Derived Determined= xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Determined Described= =i‚OK≥#∞ Described Dissappointed=x~åâ◊KO ≥ ^≥#∞ Disappointed Differed= ÉË^= Œè ÚK«∂ÃÑ#∞ Differed Drenched=`«_çÃã#∞ Drenched Deviated = =∂~°= æ Ú#∞O_ç `«ÃÑÊ#∞ Deviated Disgraced = J==∂xOK≥#∞ Disgraced Foiled = ÉèíOQÆ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Foiled Informed = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÃã#∞ Informed 79

Invite

Invent

Interfere

Injure

Inhabit = Ignore

Inherit

Irritate

imitate

Intimate

Inquire = Induce

Inspire

Implicate = Impose = Incline

Indulge = Intrude

Involve

Invade

Intend

Instruct

Insure

Interrupt = Issue

PÇ¨fixOK«∞ HõÅÊ#KÕÜÚ« *’eH˜ áÈ=Ù QÍÜ«∞Ñ¨~K ° ∞« x=ã≤OK«∞ Ñ¨\Oì˜ K«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ "å~°ã`¨ fi« =Ú=Å# á⁄O^Œ∞ HÀÑ¨=Ú Ñ¨Ù\Oì˜ K«∞ J#∞HõiOK«∞ `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜÚ« qKåiOK«∞ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ „¿Ñ~°}HõÅ∞QÆ*Ü Ë Ú« z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ@∞ì qkèOK«∞ "≥∂QÆ∞Kæ ∂« Ñ¨Ù, "åÅ∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨~°K«∞ K˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞áÈ=Ù HõeÊOK«∞H˘#∞ ^ŒO_≥`∞« Î L^ÕtÌ OK«∞ LÑ¨^tÕ OK«∞ cè=∂ KÕÜ«Ú J_»y¤ OK«∞ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û

Invited =

PÇ¨fixOK≥#∞ Invited Invented = HõÅÊ#KÕÃã#∞ Invented Interfered = *’eH˜áÈÜ≥∞#∞ Interfered Injured = QÍÜ«∞Ñ¨~K ° #≥ ∞ Injured Inhabited= x=ã≤OK≥#∞ Inhabited Ignored = Ñ¨\O ì˜ K«∞H˘#‰õΩO_≥#∞ Ignored Inherited = "å~°ã` ¨ fi« =Ú=Å# á⁄O^≥#∞ Inherited Irritated = HÀÑ¨=Ú Ñ¨Ù\O ì˜ K≥#∞ Irritated imitated= J#∞HõiOK≥#∞ imitated intimated = `≥eÜ«∞*ËÃã#∞ Intimated Inquired= qKåiOK≥#∞ Inquired Induced = „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Induced Inspired = „¿Ñ~°} HõÅ∞QÆKÃÕ ã#∞ Inspired Implicated= z‰õΩ¯Ö’ ÃÑ>ˇ# ì ∞ Implicated Imposed = qkèOK≥#∞ Imposed Inclined = "≥∂QÆ∞K æ ∂« ÃÑ#∞ Inclined Indulged = ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î Ñ¨~K ° #≥ ∞ Indulged Intruded = K˘K«∞ÛH˘x"≥à§‹ #∞ Intruded Involved = HõeÊOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Involved Invaded= ^ŒO_≥`# Î≥ ∞ Invaded Intended = L^Õt Ì OK≥#∞ Intended Instructed= LÑ¨^t Õ OK≥#∞ Instructed Insured= cè=∂ KÕÃã#∞ Insured Interrupted= J_»y ¤ OK≥#∞ Interrupted Issued = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Issued 80

Promise

Pay

Prove

Pain

Perish

Prepare

Pretend = Prevent = Promote = Pawn

Pledge

Produce = Push

Prohibit = Preserve= Reduce = Regret

Respect = Reverse = Revert

Review = Resolve = Repose = Restrict = Restrain = Refer

"åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÜÚ« Promised = "åQÍÌ#=Ú KÕÃã#∞ Promised K≥eO¡ K«∞ Paid = K≥e¡OK≥#∞ Paid x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞ Proved = x~°∂Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Proved ÉÏ^èHŒ eõ yOK«∞ Pained = ÉÏ^èHŒ eõ yOK≥#∞ Pained <åâ◊#=∞QÆ∞ Perished = <åâ◊#=∞Ü≥∞º#∞ Perished `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕÜÚ« Prepared = `«Ü∂ « ~°∞KÕÃã#∞ Prepared #\ÕK«∞ Pretended = #\ÕK≥#∞ Pretended PÑ¨ÙKÕÜ«Ú Prevented = PÑ¨ÙKÃÕ ã#∞ Prevented =$kúKÕÜ«Ú Promoted = =$kúKÃÕ ã#∞ Promoted `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pawned= `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ˇ#ì ∞ Pawned `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ@∞ì Pledged = `åHõ@∞ìÃÑ>ˇ#ì ∞ Pledged L`«ÊuÎKÜ Õ Ú « Produced = L`«ÊuÎKÃÕ ã#∞ Produced QÔ O@∞ Pushed = QÆO>ˇ#∞ Pushed x¿+kèOK«∞ Prohibited = x¿+kèOK≥#∞ Prohibted *Ï„QÆ`ÃÎ« Ñ@∞ì Preserved = *Ï„Q` Æ ÃÎ« Ñ>ˇ#ì ∞ Preserved `«yOæ K«∞ Reduced= `«yO æ K≥#∞ Reduced qKåiOK«∞ Regretted = qKåiOK≥#∞ Regretted Q“~°qOK«∞ Respected = Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Respected `«Å„HÕ^Œ∞KÕÜ«Ú Reversed = `«Å„HO˜ ^Œ∞KÕÃã#∞ Reversed "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ „uÑ¨ÙÊ Reverted = "≥#∞Hõ‰Ωõ „uÑ¨Ê|_≥#∞ Reverted uiy Ñ¨sH˜∆OK«∞ Reviewed = uiy ÑïHÕ∆ K≥#∞ Reviewed xâ◊Û~ÚOK«∞ Resolved = xâ◊Û~ÚOK≥#∞ Resolved LOK«∞ Reposed = LOK≥#∞ Reposed x|O^è#Œ Ö’ LOK«∞ Restricted= x|O^è#Œ Ö’ LOK≥#∞Restricted J_»y¤ OK«∞ Restrained= J_»y ¤ OK≥#∞ Restrained =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞ Referred = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ =Ú#‰õΩ ÑÖÑ¨Ù Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ ÑÖÃÑ#∞ Reffered 81

Regard = Relate

Believe = Kill

Kick

Need

Note

Erode

Boycot

Add

Advise

Accuse

Agree

Absent

Adopt

Adjust

Apply

Appoint = Attain

Attend

Attach

Allow

Amuse

Accomplish=

Q“~°qOK«∞ ãÖ|OkèOK«∞ #=Ú‡ K«OÑ¨Ù `«#∞fl J=ã¨~=° Ú HõÅ∞QÆ∞ *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú „"åã≤H˘#∞ fã≤"ÕÜ«Ú "≥e"ÕÜ«Ú HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù ã¨ÅÇ¨xK«∞Û xO^•~ÀÑ¨}KÕÜÚ« XÑ¨ÙÊH˘#∞ ã¨=∞‡uOK«∞ Ç¨[~°∞HÍHõáÈ=Ù ^Œ`«Î`« KÕã≤H˘#∞ ãïÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ ^Œ~M° Ïã¨∞ÃÎ Ñ@∞ì xÜ≥∂yOK«∞ KÕ~∞° Ç¨[~°Q∞Æ KÕ~∞° Û ã¨=∞‡uOK«∞ q<À^Œ=Ú HõÅ∞QÆKÜ Õ Ú « ™êkèOK«∞

Regarded =

Q“~°qOK≥#∞ Regarded Related= ãÖ|OkèOK≥#∞ Related Believed = #"≥∞‡#∞ Believed Killed = K«OÃÑ#∞ Killed Kicked = `«<fl≥ #∞ Kicked Needed = J=ã¨~= ° Ú HõeQÔ #∞ Needed Noted = *Ï˝Ñ¨HÍ~°ú=Ú „"åã≤H˘<≥#∞ Noted Eroded = ux"ÕÃã#∞ Eroded Boycotted = "≥e"ÕÃã#∞ Boycotted Added = HõeÃÑ#∞ Added Advised= ã¨ÅÇ¨xK≥Û#∞ Advised Accused = xO^•~ÀÑ¨} KÕÃã#∞ Accused Agreed = XÑ¨ÙÊH˘<≥#∞ Agreed Accepted= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Accepted Absented= Ç¨[~°∞HÍHõáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Absented Adopted = ^Œ`` Î« « KÕã∞¨ H˘<≥#∞ Adopted Adjusted = ãïÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Adjuste Applied = ^Œ~M ° Ïã¨∞ÃÎ Ñ>ˇ#ì ∞ Applied Appointed = xÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞ Appointed Attained= KÕÔ~#∞ Attained Attended = Ç¨[~°Ü∞≥ º#∞ Attended Attached = KÕ~ Ô Û#∞ Attached Allowed= ã¨=∞‡uOK≥#∞ Allowed Amused = q<À^Œ=Ú HõÅ∞QÆKÃÕ ã#∞ Amused Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞

Accomplish= Bury

Base

Encourage = Envelop = Escape = Exclude = Exempt

Experience= Enlarge= Engage = Embrace = Encroach = Employ = Enjoy

Express = Expose = Emerge = Exhaust= Heap

Hint

Hurry

Heal

Lick

Lash

™êkèOK«∞ áêuÃÑ@∞ì P^è•~°=ÚKÕÜ«Ú „áÈ`«ûÇ¨Ïq∞K«∞Û HõÑ≤Ê"ÕÜ«Ú `«ÑÊ≤ OK«∞H˘#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù

Accomplished=™êkèOK≥#∞ Accomplished

q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨ÙKÜ Õ Ú«

Exempted =

J#∞Éè∂í uK≥O^Œ∞ ÃÑOK«∞ Ñ¨xÃÑ@∞ìH˘#∞ H“QÆeOK«∞H˘#∞ Ju„Hqõ ∞OK«∞áÈ=Ù L^ÀºQÆq∞K«∞Û ã¨∞dOK«∞ =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÜ«Ú |Ü«∞@ÃÑ@∞ì |Ü«∞@‰õΩ=K«∞Û `«~Q° HÆ ˘@∞ì áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ@∞ì ã¨∂zOK«∞ `˘O^Œ~Ñ° _¨ ∞» =∂#∞ <å‰õΩ H˘~°_`» ÀH˘@∞ì

Experienced=

Buried =

áêuÃÑ>ˇì#∞ Buried Based = P^è•~°=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Based Encouraged=„áÈ`åûÇ¨Ïq∞K≥Û#∞encouraged Enveloped = HõÑÊ≤ "ÕÃã#∞Enveloped Escaped = `«ÑÊ≤ OK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Escaped Excluded = q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨ÙKÕÃã#∞ Excluded

q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù KÕÃã#∞ Exempted

J#∞Éè∂í uK≥O^≥#∞ Experienced Enlarged = ÃÑOK≥#∞ Enlarged Engaged = Ñ¨xÃÑ@∞ìH˘<≥#∞ Engaged Embraced= H“QÆeOK«∞H˘<≥#∞ Embraced Encroached=Ju„Hq õ ∞OzáÈÜ≥∞#∞ Encroached Employed = L^ÀºQÆq∞K≥Û#∞ Employed Enjoyed = ã¨∞dOK≥#∞ Enjoyed Expressed= =ºHõÎ=ÚKÕÃã#∞ Expressed Exposed= |Ü«∞@ÃÑ>ˇ# ì ∞ Exposed Emerged= |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =K≥Û#∞ Emerged Exhausted = `«~°QÆ H˘>ˇì#∞ Exhausted Heaped = áÈQÆ∞ÃÑ>ˇ# ì ∞ Heaped Hinted = ã¨∂zOK≥#∞ Hinted Hurried = `˘O^Œ~Ñ ° _¨ #≥ ∞ Hurried Healed = =∂<≥#∞ Healed Likced = <åÔH#∞ Licked Lashed = H˘~°_®`ÀH˘>ˇ# ì ∞ Lashed 83

Marry

Occupy = Occur

Obey

Ostruct = Offend

Object

Oblige

Prolong = Prompt = Queue

Quicken =

ÃÑo¡KÕã¨∞H˘#∞ Married = ÃÑo§KÕã¨∞H˘<≥#∞ Married P„Hõq∞OK«∞ Occupied = P„Hq õ ∞OK≥#∞ Occupied ã¨OÉèqí OK«∞ Occured = ã¨OÉèíqOK≥#∞ Occured t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK«∞ Obeyed = t~°™ê=Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ Obeyed J_»∞Ã¤ Ñ@∞ì Obstructed= J_»∞Ã¤ Ñ>ˇ# ì∞ Obstructed HÀÑ¨=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Offended = HÀÑ¨=Ú HõeyOK≥#∞ Offended ‰õÄ_»^#Œ ∞ Objected = ‰õÄ_»^< Œ #≥ ∞ Objected x~°ƒùOkOK«∞ Obliged= x~°ƒùkOK≥#∞ Obliged á⁄_çyOK«∞ Porlonged = á⁄_çyOK≥#∞ Prolonged „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«∞ Prompted = „¿Ñ~ ˆ Ñ≤OK≥#∞ Prompted =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ|_»∞ Queued = =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ|_≥#∞ Queued K«∞~°∞‰õΩ^Œ#=Ú#∞Ñ¨Ù\Oì˜ K«∞ Quickened=K«∞~°∞‰õΩ^Œ#=Ú#∞ Ñ¨Ù\Oì˜ K≥#∞ Quickened

Renounce = Rent

Study

Show

Swell

Satisfy

Seal

Seize

Secure

Supply

Start

Starve

Slow

Ñ¨i`«ºlOK«∞ J^≥‰Ì Ωõ WK«∞Û K«^Œ∞=Ù K«∂Ñ¨Ù L|∞ƒ `«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨~°K«∞ =Ú„^Œ"ÕÜ«Ú |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ ÖÏH˘¯#∞ ã¨OáêkOK«∞@Ö’« Hõ$`«H$õ `«∞º_»Q∞Æ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~åKÕÜ«Ú |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~∞° PHõe`ÀLO_»∞ <≥=∞‡kKÕÜÚ «

Renounced=

Ñ¨i`«ºlOK≥#∞ Renounced Rented = J^≥Ì‰õΩ WK≥Û#∞ Rented Studied= K«k"≥#∞ Studied Showed = K«∂K≥#∞ Showed Swelled= LÉˇƒ#∞ Swelled Satisfied = `«$Ñ≤Ñ Î ~¨ K° #≥ ∞ Satisfied Sealed = =Ú„^Œ"ÕÃã#∞ Sealed Seized = |ÖÏ`å¯~°=ÚQÍ ÖÏH˘¯<≥#∞ Seized Secured = ã¨OáêkOK«∞@Ö’ Hõ$`«H$õ `«∞º_»Ü∞≥ º#∞ Secured Supplied = ã¨~Ñ ° ~¨¶ åKÕÃã#∞ Supplied Started = |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~ Ô #∞ Started Starved= PHõe`ÀLO_≥#∞ Starved Slowed = <≥=∞‡kKÕÃã#∞ Slowed 84

Sum

Sip

Surrender = Supervise = Specify

Supplement=

Train

Try

Testify

Unite

Want

Warn

Worry

Wish

Greet

ãÖHˆ Ñ∆ =¨ Ú KÕÜÚ« Summed = ã¨ O ˆ H ∆ Ñ ¨ = ÚKÕ Ã ã#∞ ÃÑ^Œ=ÙÅ`À Ñ‘Å∞Û Sipped = ÃÑ^Œ=ÙÅ`À Ñ‘ÖÛˇ #∞ ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Surrendered=ÖÁOyáÈÜ≥∞#∞ ÃÑ#· qKå~°}KÕÜÚ« Supervised= ÃÑ#· qKå~°} KÕÃã#∞ Ñ¶¨ÖÏ<å JxK≥Ñ¨ÙÊ Specified= Ñ¶¨ÖÏ<å Jx K≥ÃÑÊ#∞ ÑïÑ¨ÓiÎH˘~°‰Ωõ KÕ~∞° Û Supplemented=ÑïÑ¨ÓiÎH˘~°‰Ωõ KÕ~Ô Û#∞ tHõ∆} WK«∞Û Trained = tHõ∆} WK≥Û#∞ „Ñ¨Ü∞« uflOK«∞ Tried = „Ñ¨~ÚuflOK≥#∞ ™êHõº∆ q∞K«∞Û Testified= ™êHõº ∆ q∞K≥Û#∞ HõeÜ«Ú United = HõeÃã#∞ HÀ~°∞ Wanted= HÀÔ~#∞ ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK«∞ Warned= ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK≥#∞ HõOQÍ~°∞Ñ¨_∞» Worried= HõOQÍ~°∞Ñ¨_≥#∞ "åOzèOK«∞ Wished = "åOzèOK≥#∞ Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞ `≥Å∞Ê Greeted = Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞ `≥ÖÊˇ #∞

Summed Sipped Surrendered Supervised

Specified

Supplemented Trained Traied Testified United Wanted Warned Worried Wished Greeted

e.g : This book is mine 11.

Œ ÚÅ∞ Adjectives QÍ ‰õÄ_® Pronouns Ö’ KåÖÏ Ñ¨^=

LáÈÜ«∞yOÑ¨|_»∞K«∞#ﬂq THE VERB – „H˜ Ü « ∞ „H˜Ü«∞ÅÖ’ ã¨Hõ~°‡Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~°‡Hõ=Ú (Intransitive) Åx L#ﬂq 1. ã¨H~õ ‡° Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~‡° Ñ¨^=Œ Ú ( object) HõÅq. e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball 2.

JHõ~‡° Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ( object) ÖËq. 85

Active Voice S.NO. Tense 1.

No.

Sub

Verb

Obj

Simple

Singular

Sita

sings

a song.

Present

Plural

They

Sell

Radios.

Present

Anil

is driving

a car.

Coonti

are Staging

plays.

Present

She

has Known

the fact.

Perfect

Simple

Keats

wrote

this Poem.

past

They

built

many houses.

Past Cont

Kiran

Some girls

many have students helped

Was drawing Were Practising

them.

A new Picture. dance.

PASSIVE VOICE Sub Agent

Be Form

Verb (PP)

Prep

Obj Agent

A song

Sung

Sita

Radios.

Are

Sold

them

A car

is being

driven

Anil

Plays

are being

Staged

us.

The fact

has been

Known

her.

They

have been

helped

Many students.

The Poem

Was

Written

Keats.

Many houses

Were

built

them.

A New picture

Was being

drawn

Kiran.

Dance

Was being

Practised

S.No.

Tense

sub

Verb

Obj

06.

Past Perfect

Raman

had won

The title.

They

had defeated

the English.

Simple Future

She

will note

the points.

will (Shall) arrange

a seminar

Future Perfect

She

They

will have fulfilled

the conditions.

can do

it.

They

may win

the Match.

Do it

Please

remove

the Shoes.

Who

wrote

this poem?

Where

did you keep

my glasses?

you Know

her?

Have you

returned

the books?

07.

08.

09.

10.

11.

12.

Can/ May

Imperative

Wh, Q's

Yes / No Q'S

will have Completed

her project report.

immediately.

Sub Agent

Be Form

Verb (PP)

Prep

Obj Agent

The title

had been

won

Ramana.

The english

had been

defeated

them.

The Points

Will be

noted

her.

A Seminar

will be

arranged

us.

Her Project report

Will have been

Completed

her.

The Conditions

will have been

fulfilled

them.

Can be

done

us.

The match

may be

Won

them.

Let it

done

You are

requested

immediately.

to remove

the shoes.

By whom

was

this Poem

written?

Where

Were my

glasses kept

(by you)?

Is she

Known

to you?

Have

the books been returned

(by you)?

THE VERB – „H˜Ü«∞ „H˜Ü∞« ÅÖ’ ã¨H~õ ‡° Hõ=Ú ( Transitive) JHõ~‡° Hõ=Ú (Intransitive) Åx L#ﬂq 1. ã¨H~õ ‡° Hõ=ÚÅ#QÍ ( Transitive) Hõ~‡° Ñ¨^=Œ Ú ( object) HõÅq. e.g: (example gratia for example) Rama Kicked the ball 2.

JHõ~‡° Hõ=Ú ( Intransitive ) Å#QÍ Hõ~°‡Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ( object) ÖËq. e.g: The Moon shines

Rama gave him pencil WHõ¯_» pencil J#∞#k Direct object, him J#∞#k Indirect object

~Ô O_»∞ objects fã¨∞H˘x „H˜Ü∞« Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ = Ask, bring, give, bend, offer, promise, send, show, teach, tell.

gxÖ’ ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ "≥Ú^Œ@ =K«∞Û#k =º‰õΩÎÅ‰õΩ, q∞QÆ`åq =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ‰õΩ K≥Ok#qQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞. KåÅ „H˜Ü∞« Å∞ Transitive QÍ#∞, Intransitive QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞. H˘xﬂ „H˜Ü∞« ÖˇÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞#∞ Come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie, =O\˜q - objects #∞ fã≤H˘#=Ù. Wq ZÅ¡Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Intransitive QÍ<Õ LO_»∞#∞.

=∞iH˘xﬂ Intransitive verbs `«=∞`À prepositions fã≤H˘x Transitive verbs QÍ =∂~°∞#∞. e.g : Look at this picture

H˘xﬂ „H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅÖ’ XH˘¯Hõ¯™êi Hõ~°ÎÜ«Ú, Hõ~°‡Ü«Ú, XHõ\˜QÍ<Õ Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. e.g : The man killed himself

VERB WITH COMPLEMENTS

Ñ¨Ó~°Hõ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ QÆÅ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ 1.

Subjecitve complements = Look, Seem, appear, e.g:

Rama seems happy He is a boy ; He is lazy

Wq Intransitive verb `«~∞° "å`« =K«∞Û#∞ 2.

Objective Complements = e.g:

Boys chose Rama their leader His parents named him Rama The magistrate found him guilty

D Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ Complements #∞ fã≤H˘#∞ „H˜Ü«∞Å‰õΩ Verbs of Incomplete predication Jx¿Ñ~°∞

VERB- TENSE Indefinit

Present

I love

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect - Continuous

am loving

I have

I have been loving

loved

Past

I loved

I was loving

Future

I shall love I shall be

I had loved I had been loving

I shall have I shall have been

loving

loved

loving

PRESENT INDEFINITE 1. 2.

JxtÛ`«"∞≥ #ÿ ÉÏ"åÅ#∞ D „HÕk q^è=Œ ÚQÍ „Ñ¨H\ õ O˜ K«=K«∞Û#∞ ã¨~°fiHÍb# ã¨`«º=ÚÅ∞. J#QÍ Jxfl HÍÅ=ÚÅO^Œ∞#∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl Ñ¨#∞Å∞. e.g : The snow falls in winter

â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~°÷º=ÚÅ∞, JÅ"å@∞¡, PKå~°=ÚÅ∞ e.g : The cat kills rats , He goes to bed early

„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ã≤u÷ ó e.g:

every day, regularly, daily, always, He is a boy He is an engineer

JÑ¨ÙÊ_»ÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨#∞Å∞ ó Ex : We play foot ball on every sunday

6. 7.

P[˝Å∞– „áê~°#ú Å∞ Ex : Post this letter XHõ „QÆO^äŒ=Ú#∞ QÍx, ~°K«~Ú`«#∞QÍx L^ŒÇ¨ÏiOK«∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ e.g : The Bible says

QÆ_z » # ã¨OÑ¶∞¨ @#Å∞ Hõ#∞Å‰õΩ QÆ\#ì˜ @∞¡QÍ =i‚Oz K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 92

=ÚYº=ÚQÍ Hõ^äŒÅÖ’, <å@Hõ=ÚÅÖ’ ( Historical present) e.g : Now, the devils enter 9.

Éèíq+¨º^Œ~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ e.g : tomorrow my father leaves for Bombay

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Real present tense) 1.

D „H˜Ü«∞KÕ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«=Ú [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂ Ñ¨xx QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@ [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. Now, always, at present e.g : I am loving

ã¨g∞Ñ¨ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ [~°∞QÆÉ’=Ù Ñ¨xx QÆ∂_® Wk ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. e.g : This week, I am leaving for Bombay

Continuous tense Ö’ D „H˜Ok "å\˜x

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨~å^Œ∞. look, see and listen are used weak interjections e.g. : Listen, someone is crying. have, hear, notice, recognize, smell, taste, believe, know, remember, recollect, forget, want, wish, forgive, refuse, love, care, belong III

possess, matter.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE already, yet, Just, recently e.g : I have loved

ˆH=Å=Ú WÑ¨ÙÊ_Õ K«^ŒqÜ«ÚO_»#Hõ¯~° ÖË^Œ∞ ã¨q∂Ñ¨ Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ [iy# Ñ¨x 93

e.g = I have read the Bible e.g= I have done my home work 3.

I have passed my B.A., Jx# B.A, áêã¨Q∞Æ @KÕ

HõÅ∞æÑ¶¨Åq∞OHõ#∞ h=#∞ÉèíqOK«∞ K«∞<åfl=x J~°÷=Ú. Hˆ =Å=Ú 1950 Ö’ áêÃã· Ü«Ú<åfl#∞. Jx K≥ÑÊ¨ =Öˇ##fl I passed B.A., in 1950 Jx K≥Ñ¨Ê=Öˇ#∞. H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞ XHõ Ñ¨xx QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨Ê#∞. e.g : I have lived in Delhi for 10 years

WÑ¨Ê\˜ =~°‰õΩ _èçb¡Ö’ L<åﬂ#∞. HÍx D Hõ∆}=ÚÖ’ ÖË#∞ Jx K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ –I have lived in Delhi. D Hõ∆}=Ú ~ÚÑ¨ÙÊ_Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OÑ¶¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ‰õÄ_» K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. e.g: I have just written a letter.

XHõ KÀÑ¨x Ñ¨ÓiÎ HÍ‰õΩ#ﬂ#∞ H˘O`« HÍÅ=Ú #∞O_ç „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « Hõ} ∆ =Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂ Ñ¨xx QÆ∂iÛ QÆ∂_® K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. e.g : It has rained all this week

XHõ Ñ¨x xiﬁ~å=∞=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ ‰õΩ#ﬂ#∞ JÑ¨ÙÊ_»ÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞ [iy##∞ D tense "å_» =K«∞Û#∞ e.g:

I have met my friend twice this week.I have

not taken a holiday this year. 10.

He has been to London = J`«#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú =zÛ<å_»∞

11.

Hõ#∞Hõ JK«Û@ q+¨Ü«∞=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÊQÆÅ_»∞. He has gone to London = J`«#∞ ÅO_»<£ áÈ~Ú<å_»∞. WÑ¨ÙÊ_»Hõ¯_» L<åﬂ_»∞.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.

ZÑ¨ÙÊ_À Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ „áê~°OaèOÑ¨|_ç# XHõ Ñ¨x „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« Hõ∆}=Ú =~°‰õΩ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flKÀ D tense LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨=Öˇ#∞. Jk ZÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#^À K≥Ñ¨Ê=Öˇ##fl Since yesterday Jx since 1960 Jx, =∞iÜ«Ú WO`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#fl^Œx K≥Ñ¨Ê=Öˇ##fl for 10 years' for 10 minutes Jx K≥Ñ¨Ê=Öˇ#∞.

e.g. : He has been working here since 1980. 2.

XH˘Hõ¯™êi P Ñ¨x x~°O`«~°=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ‰õΩ#ﬂ#∞ D tense #∞ "å_»=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : I have been reading the book all the day

PAST INDEFINITE 1.

QÆuOz# XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨OÑ¶¨∞@###∞ QÆ∂iÛ – e.g: I saw him yesterday

QÆ`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ âßâ◊ﬁ`« ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ – e.g : The city was on the banks of the river

XHõ ÅHõ∆}=Ú#∞, Ñ¨^Œúux – JÅ"å@∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ 95

e.g : He became a sanyasin 4.

QÆ`« HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ JÑ¨ÙÊ_»Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ñ¨x ó e.g : He took a holiday every week

VI.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.

Wk Ñ¨x ZÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#kQÍx, ZO`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂk HÍx K≥Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. U^À XHõ L^ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆}=∞O^Œ∞ =∂„`«q∞k [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂ@∞¡QÍ D Tense K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. e.g: When I was buying a pen, my friend came to some shop

UHõ HÍÅ=∞O^Œ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OÑ¶¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. e.g : I was sleeping while my friend was reading

QÆ`« HÍÅ=Ú#O^Œ∞ `«~°K«∞QÍ ã¨OÉèíqOK«∞K«∞O_ç# Ñ¨#∞Å∞ (repeated actions) e.g : She was leaving the house early every day and meeting her boy friend

VII. PAST PERFECT TENSE 1.

Éèí∂`«HÍÅ=ÚÖ’x XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞ L^ÕÌtOK«∞#∞. Ô~O_»∞#∞ L^ÕÌtOz# Hõ∆}=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨OÑ¶¨∞@#Å#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ D tense LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ P L^ÕÌtOK«∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞"Õ∞^À xˆ~ÌtOÑ¨ =Öˇ#∞.

e.g : When two past actions are to be mentioned in one sentence, the 96

earlier action should be in past perfect tense and the later in simple past tense, provided there is time gap between the two, actions. This is identified by using "when", 'before' or 'after' or 'as'. 2.

Ô~O_»∞ ã¨OÑ¶¨∞@#Å‰õΩ áÈÅÛ‰õΩO_®, XˆH XHõ ã¨OÑ¶¨∞@#‰õΩ D tense Ö’ K≥Ñ¨Ê~å^Œ∞ e.g: I had written a letter to my friend J#~å^Œ∞

VIII. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.

Past tense

Ö’ L^ÕÌtOz# XHõ Hõ∆}=Ú#‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó~°ﬁ=Ú H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ XHõ Ñ¨x [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂKÀ P [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞O_ç# Ñ¨xx D tense `À ã¨∂zOÑ¨=Öˇ#∞. e.g : I had been reading for two hours before you came to my house yesterday.

IX.

FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE 1. 2.

Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ [~°QÆÉ’=Ù Ñ¨xx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ Wk I person Ö’ shall , II, III persons Ö’ will #∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«∞#∞ e.g : I shall go to Bombay He will go to Bombay

J@∞¡QÍHõ 'will' Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ I, we Hõ~°ÎÅ`À LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz# XHõ "åQÍÌ#=Ú#∞QÍx, xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞. e.g : I will help you at all costs U Ñ¨iã≤u ÷ Ö’<≥#· #∞ h‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=Ú KÕÃã^Œ#∞. J^Õ q^è=Œ ÚQÍ You, he she, it, they Hõ~Å Î° ∞QÍ #∞#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Shall 97

LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#, XHõ XuÎ_çx QÍx, P[˝#∞ QÍx "≥Å¡_çOK«∞#∞. e.g: You shall stay here till I come back <Õ#∞ uiy =K«∞Û#O`«=~°‰Ωõ WK«Û@ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. They shall never, never be slaves "å~°∞ Z#fl\˜Hx ˜ ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LO_»É’~°∞ – XHõ xtÛ`åaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú. HÍx D ~ÀAÅÖ’ WOw¡+µ¨ "å~°∞ shall HõO>Ë will <Õ Jxfl ãÖ^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ "å_»∞K«∞<åfl~°∞ 5. Éèqí +¨º`«∂ûK«##∞ 'going to' #∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û#∞ (Continuous tense Ö’ LáÈÜ«∞yOK« ‰õÄ_»x „H˜Ü∞« Å q+¨Ü∞« =Ú `«ÑÊ¨ ) e.g : He will climb the tree ( Future ) J#∞@Hõ<åfl He is going to climb the tree J#∞@ "Õ∞Å∞. 6. 'going to' Ö’ H˘O`« xtÛ`«`«Îfi=Ú ‰õÄ_® ^èŒfixOK«∞#∞ e.g : It is going to rain Jx# PHÍâ◊=Ú "Õ∞Ñ¶∂ ¨ =$`«"∞≥ ÿ Ü«ÚO_»∞@ <Õ#∞ K«∂K«∞K«∞<åfl#∞ Jx ^èfiŒ xOK«∞#∞. X

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.

L^ÕtÌ Oz# ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú# XHõ Ñ¨x [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ L#ﬂ@∞¡ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê#∞. J#QÍ ^Œ∂~°"≥∞ÿ# aè=+¨º^Œ~°ú=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOz#∞. e.g : Next year I shall be doing M.A., Next week we shall be showing a Tamil Picture

„Ñ¨âßfl~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Wk ˆH=Å=Ú Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î<Õ ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. e.g : Will you be visiting him agian ? "åxx uiy K«∂_»É’=Ù K«∞<åfl"å? Are you going to visit him? Jx# Z^Œ∞\˜"åx Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ J_ç#@∞¡ ^èfiŒ x. HÍx 'will you visit him ?' ( please) Jx# J`«xx uiy K«∂_»∞=Ú Jx „áê~°ú##∞ (request) `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ∞« #∞.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 1.

Éèqí +¨º`å¯Å=ÚÖ’ L^ÕtÌ Oz# XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ xˆ~tÌ Oz# Ñ¨x Ñ¨ÓiÎJQÆ∞#∞ Jx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. e.g : I shall have read the book by the end of the week.

D "å~åO`«=Ú#‰õΩ D Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=Ú K«kq =ÙO^Œ∞#∞. – J#QÍ ^•xÖ’ ã¨OQÆ`«∞Å∞ JÑ¨Ê\˜H˜ <å‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞QÆÅ=Ù. `«ÅO`«∞#∞ (think), TÇ≤ÏO`«∞#∞ ( I suppose ) J#∞ J~°=ú ÚÖ’ ‰õÄ_® nxx „Ñ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞. W@∞=O\˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ LÑ¨<åºã¨=ÚÅÖ’, K«~°ÛÅÖ’ HõxÊOK«∞#∞. e.g : " You will have noticed from the speech how urgent the matter really is"

XII. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.

Wk H˘O`«HÍÅ=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂ Ñ¨xx `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«Ú#∞. e.g : By December I shal have been working here 99

for 20 years ( _çâ◊O|~°∞ <å\˜H˜ <Õ#∞ WK«Û@ 20

ãÖIIÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl@∞¡ JQÆ∞#∞ ). <Õ#∞ WK«Û@<Õ Ñ¨x KÕÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞ J#∞ ÉèÏ==Ú ^èfiŒ xOK«∞#∞). VERB - AGREEMENT WITH THE SUBJECT (Concord)

„H˜Ü«∞ – Hõ~°Î`À UH©ÉèÏ==Ú 1. „H˜Ü∞« ‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® First, second, third persons HõÅ=Ù. e.g:

1.I walk 2. Thou walketh (In poetry) 3. He walks

õ Ú ( Number) Verb ã¨~ﬁ° <å=∞=Ú ( pronoun) ã¨OMÏº"åK«H= HõÅ=Ù e.g:

1. He walks 2. They walk

Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx UHõ=K«# Hõ~°ÎÅ∞ ( subjects) and J#∞ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞KÕ`« HõÅ∞Ñ¨|_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Verb #∞ plural Ö’<Õ fã≤H˘#∞#∞. e.g : Rama and Krishna are brothers Rama, krishna and Gopal are young boys

~Ô O_»∞ Singular Nouns XˆH =ºH˜xÎ QÆ∞iOzQÍx, XˆH =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ QÆ∞iOzQÍx K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ verb =∂„`«=Ú singular Ö’<Õ LO_»∞#∞. 100

e.g : By the death of Gandhiji, a great - Prophet and Patriot was lost to India 5.

Ô~O_»∞ subjects XˆH ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ verb Ñ¨^Œ=Ú singular Ö’ LO_»∞#∞. e.g : The long and the short of it is this

Subject Ñ¨^Œ=Ú `«~°∞"å`« each ÖËHõ every J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú

=zÛ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ verb Ñ¨^=Œ Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g: Every man, Woman and Child was present 7.

UHõ =K«#=ÚÖ’ #∞#ﬂ subject Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ or, nor, either...or, neither ...nor J#∞ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅKÕ`« ã¨OkèOÑ¨|_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ verb Ñ¨^=Œ Ú singular Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : Neither food nor water was given to the prisoner.

J~Ú`Õ or, nor J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞KÕ`« ã¨OkèOÑ¨|_ç# subjects qaè#ﬂ numbers ‰õΩ K≥Ok#"≥`· Õ verb Ñ¨^=Œ Ú plural Ö’ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : Rama or his friends have done this.

=∞iÜ«Ú or, nor J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅKÕ`« ã¨OkèOÑ¨|_ç# subjects, qaè#ﬂ 'persons' ‰õΩ K≥Ok#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ verb ^•xH˜ ^ŒQ~æÆ Ö ° ’ subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ persons `À UH©ÉèíqOK«∞#∞. e.g : Either he or I am correct. 101

VERBS : STRONG AND WEAK

( „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ ó |Å"≥∞ÿ#q, |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ#q) 1. „H˜Ü∞« Ü≥∞Hõ¯ =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ HÍÅ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ present tense, Past tense, J#∞#q. D =¸_»∞ ã¨ﬁ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ#∞O_ç W`«~° ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ ™êkèOÑ¨=K«∞Û#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« D =¸_»∞ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q. 2. `ÕeHõQÍ present tense #∞O_ç past tense U~°Ê_Õ „H˜Ü«∞Å#∞ (verbs) weak verbs JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wq present tense #‰õΩ ed x, ÖËHõ -'d' x ÖËHõ z=i JHõ∆~°=Ú `˘ÅyOz 't' HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@=Å# past tense U~°Ê_»∞#∞. e.g :

Past tense

Talk

Talked

Believe

Believed

Spend

Spent

H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#O^Œ∞#fl vowel #∞ =∂~°∞ÊKÕã≤H˘x past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘#flq. e.g :

Present tense

Past tense

Know

Knew

Come

Came

Speak

Spoke

Write

Wrote

POQÆÉ¡ Ïè +¨Ö’ Weak verbs ã¨OYº Z‰õΩ¯= strong verbs ã¨OYº `«‰õΩ¯= 102

Weak verbs QÆ∞iÎOK«∞@‰õΩ H˘xﬂ ã¨∂K«#Å∞ – i)

Verb Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú# z=~° 'd' QÍx 't'

QÍx ÖËHõ past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú =zÛ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»k week verb. e.g :

ii)

Believe Believed Burn Burnt Sell Sold H˘xﬂ Verbs "å\˜ Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú# 'd' LO_»QÍ ^•xx 't' QÍ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.

e.g:

iii)

iv)

Bend Build

Bent Built

Lend

Lent

H˘xfl Verbs "å\˜Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú z=~° 'd' QÍx 't' Hõey Ü«ÚO_ç "å\˜ =ÚO^Œ∞#fl n~°…ãfi¨ ~°=Ú „Ç¨Ïã¨fi=Ú KÕÜ«Ú@KÕ past tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. Ex : Bleed ( n~°…ã¨fi~°=Ú) bled ( „Ç¨Ïã¨fiã¨fi~°=Ú) breed

bred

shoot

shot

meet

met

lead

led

feed

fed

H˘xﬂ Verbs Ü≥∞Hõ¯ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú z=~° 't' QÍx 'd' QÍx Ü«ÚO_ç# past tense Ö’ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú 103

HõeyÜ«ÚO_»#∞. e.g : Cost, Hit, Hurt, Let, Put, Pid, set, shed, shut, split, Thrust, spread 6.

H˘xﬂ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ past participle ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ Ô~O_Õã≤ HõÅ=Ù. ~Ô O_»=^≥#· bounden, drunken, gotten, hidden, sunken =O\˜ Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ adjectives QÍ =∂„`«"∞Õ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞K«∞#ﬂq. Ex : bounden duty, drunken man, ill gotten wealth, hidden treasure, sunken man

H˘xﬂ „H˜Ü«∞Å‰õΩ strong ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú weak ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú Ô~O_»∞#∂ HõÅ=Ù.

Ex : Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

Awake

Awoke ( Awaked)

Crow

Crew ( crowed)

Crowed

Thrive

Throve (Thrived)

Light

Lit ( Lighted)

Wake 8.

Woke (waked)

Thriven ( Thrived) Lit ( Lighted) Woke ( Waked)

H˘xﬂ Weak verbs Å‰õΩ present tense ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú# z=~° Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡ kﬁQÆ∞}©H$õ `«"∞≥ ÿ ed KÕ~∞° ÛH˘x Past tense past participle JQÆ∞#∞. e.g:

Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

Bar

Barred

Bar

Barred

Blur

Blurred

104

Mar

Marred

Tar

Tarred

Bat

Batted

VERB ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

„H˜Ü«∞ ó Hõ~°Îi, Hõ~°‡}˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1.

ã¨Hõ~°‡ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ Hõ~°Î (subject) „Ñ¨^è•#=ÚQÍ KÕã≤QÍx ÖËHõ Hõ~‡° ( object) „Ñ¨^•è #=ÚQÍ KÕãQ≤ Íx K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û#∞. "å@x Hõ~iÎ° „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ( Active voice) Hõ~‡° }˜ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ=ÚÅ∞ ( Passive voice) Jx JO^Œ∞~°∞. e.g : Arjuna killed Karna ( Active Voice) Karna was killed by Arjuna ( Passive voice)

Active Voice ( Hõ~°Îi „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú )

nxÜ«∞O^Œ∞ Hõ~°Î UkKÕÜ«ÚK«∞#fl^À ^•xˆH „áê^è•#ºq∞=fi|_ç#k. 3. passive Voice ( Hõ~°‡}˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=Ú ) nxÜ«∞O^Œ∞ Hõ~°‡ ( object ) ^Õxx á⁄O^Œ∞K«∞#fl^À K≥ÑÊ¨ |_»∞K«∞#flk. D "åHõº=Ú# object Ju =ÚYº=ÚQÍ #∞O_»∞#∞. 4. Voice J#QÍ subject U"≥∞< ÿ å KÕã#≤ ^À ÖËHõ ^•xˆH"≥∞#ÿ [iy#^À `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#\˜ì „H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨^Œ ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨=Ú 5. Active voice Ö’ L#fl XHõ "åHõº=Ú# ~ Ô O_»∞ objects (Direct object, Indirect Object) passive voiceL#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ö’xH˜ =∂~°∞ÊÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ U^À XHõ object #∞ „Ñ¨^è•#=Ú KÕã≤ Ô~O_»= ^•xx J>Ë¡ LOK«=K«∞Û#∞. J@∞¡ xÅ∞= LO_ç# object ‰õΩ Retained object Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ HõÅ^Œ∞. passive verb `«~∞° "å`« LO_»∞#∞. 105

e.g : Active Voice 1.

Passive Voice

Indira refused

Narayana admittance IDO 2.

Narayana by Indira

Desika teaches us 1.

English is taught to us by Dsika

English

We are taught English by

IDO 2.

DO 6.

Admittance was refused to

Desika

H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject Z=fi~À K≥Ñ¨Ê=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°=ÚO_»^Œ∞. J\˜ì ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO^Œ∞ passive voice LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. e.g : Bombay was bombed. Pakistani ship was wrecked. That temple was built long ago

H˘xﬂ ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° =ù ÚÅÖ’ Verb passive voice =Öˇ LO_ç##∞ Jk passive voice HÍ^Œ∞. e.g : The glass is broken Rama is gone ( Rama has gone)

H˘xﬂ Transitive verbs Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Active voice ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú #O^Œ∞#ﬂ#∞ "å\˜x passive voice Ö’ =Öˇ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Rose smells sweet ( is sweet when it's smelt)

106

Mango tastes fine ( is fine when tasted) Ramayana reads well ( affects the reader well when read) VERB - MOOD

„H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨^Œ=Ú – su 1.

Verb „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=Ú

XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@ ÖËHõ XHõ „Ñ¨â◊ﬂ#∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@ ÖËHõ P[˝#∞ ~ÚK«∞Û@ ÖËHõ XHõ TÇ¨ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ "≥e|∞K«∞Û@. W@∞=O\˜ „H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú (verb)#‰õΩ <åÅ∞æs`«∞Å∞#ﬂq. Jq

Indicative mood

2. Imperative mood

Subjunctive mood

4. Infinitive mood

≥ ∞» su Indicative mood = Hõ#|~°K_ a)

D q^èŒ=Ú, XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Sita goes to college daily b)

XHõ „Ñ¨â◊ﬂ#∞ "ÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Have you met him?

XHõ TÇ¨QÆ`« ÉèÏ==Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : If it rains , I shall not leave home How beautiful the night is ! 2.Imperative mood = q^Œº~°Hú s õu 107

nxx XHõ P[˝#∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ (Command) e.g : Go there. Bring it here. wait here

XHõ „áÈ`åûÇ¨Ï=Ú ( ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõ) `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Take care of your purse Get ready Try to catch the train

XHõ =∞#q ÖËHõ „áê~°ú# `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g : Have kindness for us Give us our daily bread

Subjunctive mood : Éè^ Ë •~°Hú õ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ=Ú a)

XHõ HÀiHõ#∞ ( desire or wish) `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : God be with you ; God save the king

WHõ¯_» 'be' , ' save' J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ HÀiHõ#∞ `≥~ÚÜ«∞*ËÜ«ÚK«∞#ﬂq May God be with you, May God save you Jx ‰õÄ_® K≥Ñ¨Ê=K«∞Û#∞ XHõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=Ú#∞ JiúOz „Ñ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g :

Take care, that nothing be lost. Judge not, lest you be Judged.

"åã¨ÎqHõ`«‰õΩ q~°∞^Œú=ÚQÍ L#ﬂ ÉèÏ=#QÍx, +¨~°`«∞QÍx 108

K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞ e.g: 1.

If I were the Indian President, I would invite the moon to dinner.

If I were the king of Tartary, my

throne should be of beaten gold WHõ¯_» 'were' J#∞#k past tense HÍ^Œ∞.

XHõ Jã¨OÉèí="≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. XHõ TÇ¨Ö’Hõ=Ú ^•xH˜ „Ñ¨Éèí∞=QÆ∞@ =∞é˜Ü∞≥ Hõ qz„`«"∞≥ #ÿ TÇ¨)(Tartary ) THE INFINITIVE

( „H˜Ü«∂ ^è•`«∞~°∂Ñ¨=Ú) 1. 2.

„H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ c[=Ú =O\˜k ^è•`«∞~°∂Ñ¨=Ú I like mangoes J<Õ KÀ@ like J<Õ verb subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Number KÕ`« case KÕ`« |^Œú"≥∞ÿ Ü«Ú#flk. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« nxx |^Œú"≥∞ÿ#, Ñïq∞`«"∞≥ #ÿ verb- 'finite verb' Indicative mood Ö’#∞ subjunctive mood Ö’#∞ Imperative mood Ö’#∞ L#fl verbs JxflÜ«Ú "finite verbs". J~Ú`Õ 'I like to eat mangoes' J<Õ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'to eat' J<Õ „H˜Ü«∞ ˆH=ÅO eat J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÜ≥∞Hõ¯ J~°ú ÉèÏ=ã¨∞Êù~°}=Ú KÕÜ«∞K«∞#fl^Õ QÍx ^•xH˜ subject ÖË^Œ∞. nxH˜ subject Ü≥∞Hõ¯ number, case =O\˜ |O^èŒ#=ÚÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« nxx |O^è#Œ =ÚÖËx „H˜Ü∞« JO^Œ∞~°∞. WkÜÕ∞ ^è•`«∞ ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú . Infinitive `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’x ÉèÏ"å~°Hú =õ Ú =O\˜k. 109

XHõ „H˜Ü«∞ Ü≥∞Hõ¯

Present tense

~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ (in finite sign) Hõeã≤#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Jk U~°Ê_»∞#∞. Jxﬂ „H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅH© q^è•#=Ú =iÎOK«∞#∞. i) "åHõº=Ú# Noun #‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ subject QÍ LO_»∞#∞. e.g : To love is divine ii)

Noun #‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ object QÍ LO_»∞#∞ e.g: I love to write

iii)

H˘xﬂ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ subject QÍ LO@∂, `å#∞ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞. e.g: To respect your teacher is your duty.

iv)

H˘xﬂ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒ=ÚÅÖ’ object QÍ LO@∂ =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ object #∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤H˘#∞#∞. e.g: Prasad refused to obey instructions.

„H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ „H˜Ü«∞#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ e.g: We eat to live; We go to paly

vi)

qâı+¨}=Ú#∞ qÑ¨ÙbHõiOK«∞@‰õΩ „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ e.g :

He was eager to know Quick to grasp Easy to forget Beautiful to look Nice to see 110

'to'

vii)

qâı+¨}=Ú=Öˇ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú =i‚OK«∞@‰õΩ e.g: This is a house to let 'To Let' WK«Û@ <å=∞"åK«Hõ"≥∞ÿ# house #∞ QÆ∂iÛ

K≥ÑÙ¨ ÊK«∞#ﬂk. a place to visit, a picture to see, debts to clear. viii)

ix)

H˘xﬂ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅO^Œ∞ 'to' J#∞ preposition ÖË‰Ωõ O_® LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞@ HõÅ^Œ∞. ( bid, let, make, need, dare, see, near ) J#∞ „H˜Ü«∂Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ `«~°∞"å`«) e.g : Bid him go - "åxx á⁄=∞‡x K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê=Ú Let him stand -"åxx xÅ∞ÛO_»h =∞iÜ«Ú 'to' ÖË‰Ωõ O_® Plain infinitive #∞ shall, will, do, did, should, would, may and might J#∞ „H˜Ü∞« Å `«~∞° "å`« LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK« =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : I will play You shall go

J>Ë¡ 'to' ÖË‰Ωõ O_® had better, had rather, would rather, sooner Œ ÚÅ `«~åﬁ`« LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨=K«∞Û#∞. than, rather than,J#∞ Ñ¨^= e.g : You had better tell him

xi)

Infinitive LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ QÆ=Ú Noun „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#=ÚÅ‰õΩ Ñ¨iq∞`«"∞≥ ÿ

xii)

Ü«Ú#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ nxx simple infinitive JO^Œ∞~°∞. J@∞¡QÍHõ Wk qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ QÍx, „H˜Ü«∂[#º qâı+¨}=ÚQÍ QÍx LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_ç# nxx Gerundial ÖËHõ Qualifying 111

Infinitive JxK≥ÑÙ¨ Ê^Œ∞~°∞. xiii)

=∞iÜ«Ú Infinitive #‰õΩ Tense LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ PÜ«∂ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ ^•x ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ Active Voice Presnet Present continuous Perfect

: to love : to be loving :to have been loved (nx<Õ Perfect Infinitive

JO^Œ∞~°∞)

xiv)

Passive Voice Present

: to be loved

Perfect

: to have been loved

To + verb HõÅã≤ infinitive J#|_»∞#∞ D 'to' ‰õΩ verb ‰õΩ

=∞^èŒº =∞é˜Ü≥∞Hõ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú (adverb) =zÛ# ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ split infinitive JO^Œ∞~°∞. e.g : To understand J#∞#k infinitive

TO PARTICIPLE

Jã¨=∂Ñ¨Hõ „H˜Ü«∞ 1.

Participle J#∞#k „H˜Ü∞« ‰õΩ#ﬂ |Ç¨ï ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅO^˘Hõ\.˜

Hearing the noice, the boy came out WHõ¯_» 'Hearing the

« Ñ¨Ó~°ﬁHõ noice' J#∞ ^•xx participle phrase Jã¨=∂Ñ¨Hõ „H˜Ü∂ Ñ¨^Œã¨=∂ã¨=Ú Jx JO^Œ∞~°∞. 3. e.g :

Present participle continuous tense Ö’ =K«∞Û#∞ They are playing now. (ing is called present participle) 112

Verb past participle ‰õÄ_® LO_»∞#∞. Go, went, gone Ö’ gone =O\˜q Hˆ =ÅO adjective QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ "å\˜x participle adjectives JO^Œ∞~°∞. e.g : Glittering Gold ornaments. Running waters Worried look Loosing game

Wq adjectives =Öˇ degrees of comparisons ‰õÄ_® HõeÜ æ Ú « O_»∞#∞ e.g : Glittering - more glittering - most glittering Worried - more worried - most worried

Active

Passive

Present participle = loving.

being loved.

Perfect participle = having loved .

having been loved.

Past participle = had loved

had been loved.

PAST PARTICIPLE 1.

Participle Ñ¨^= Œ Ú noun #∞ QÍx pronoun #∞ QÍx qualify KÕÜÚ « @‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ i)

QÆ∞}Ï~ÀÑ¨}=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«=K«∞Û#∞ ( attributively ) e.g : A Rolling stone - Present participle A lost opportunity - past participle 113

ii)

PMÏº`«=ÚQÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«=K«∞Û#∞ ( Predicatively) e.g : Rama kept me waiting ( Present ) Krishna looked tired ( Past)

iii)

XHõ Noun QÍx Pronoun QÍx =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ #∞O_ç absolutely ( Hˆ =Å=ÚQÍ) LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOÑ¨|_»=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : Krishna having arrived, Arjuna was freed from anxiety

iv)

Present, Past Participles ~ Ô O_»∞#∞ Noun QÆ∂iÛ K≥ÑÙ¨ ÊK«∞ Adjective ^è~ Œ ‡° =Ú x~°ﬁiÎOK«∞K«∞#ﬂq. e.g : I saw him crossing the road Gerund (Verbal Noun)

vi)

Infinitive completed action #∞ =i‚OK«QÍ, participle

Ñ¨x [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#ﬂ ã≤÷ux QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. Hõ#∞Hõ crossing J#QÍ while crossing Jx to cross J#QÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ ^•@∞@ Jx J~°=ú Ú. crossing "å_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ J`«_∞» ^•@∞K«∞#ﬂ ã≤÷uÖ’ XHõ Hõ∆}=Ú# J`«x "ÕÑ¨ÙK«∂zu#x J~°ú=Ú. to cross (infinitive )"å_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ J`«#∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ ^•@∞#O`«=~°‰õΩ K«∂K«∞K«∞O\˜#x J~°ú=Ú. J>Ë¡ participle ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂yOz# infinitive #∞ „Ñ¨`ºÕ Hõ q+¨Ü∞« =Ú#∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ "å_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g :

I prefer reading books to seeing 114

pictures ( always) vii)

ãÖ^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ for' #∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ infinitive Ñ¨x Ñ¨ÓiÎHÍHõ Ñ¨Ó~°fi"Õ∞ Jx J~°ú=Ú K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. 'H˘xfl

e.g : I paid him to translate the book into Tamil viii)

particple Ñ¨x Ñ¨ÓiÎÜ≥ÿ∞# `«~°∞"å`« Jx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞ e.g :

I paid him for translating the book into Tamil

THE GERUND 1. 2.

„H˜Ü«∂ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ñ¨=∞O^˘Hõ\˜ Wk. Participle adjective QÍ „Ñ¨=iÎOÑ¨QÍ, Gerund <å=∞ "åK«H= õ ÚQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«Ú#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ`« nxx Verb-noun JO^Œ∞~°∞. HÍ=Ù# Gerund J#QÍ 'ing' `À JO`«=∞QÆ∞ „H˜Ü«∂~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÃÑ· Noun Ü≥∞Hõ¯ Verb Ü≥∞Hõ¯ â◊H˜Î HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Ñ¨^Œ=Ú e.g : Reading is a good habit. ( D "åHõº=Ú Reading J#∞ Gerund, subject QÍ LO_ç <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú Ñ¨x KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk. Teach me swimming D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Swimming J#∞ gerund, object QÍ LO_ç Noun Ñ¨x KÕÜ«ÚK«∞#flk Gerund Ñ¨^Œ=Ú H˘xfl ~Ú`«~° Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛH˘x ã¨=∂ã¨"∞≥ ÿ Compound gerund Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞K«∞#flk. 115

e.g : He was charged of having stolen the money

TRANSITIVE VERB GERUND (FUNCTIONS LIKE TO NOUN ) #‰õΩ L#ﬂ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ Active

Passive

Present

loving

being loved

Perfect

having loved

having been loved

GERUND LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1.

XHõ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ subject QÍ e.g : Reading is a good habit

XHõ transitive verb ‰õΩ object QÍ e.g: Children like playing in mud

XHõ Preposition ‰õΩ object QÍ e.g:

I am tired of walking He is fond of running

XHõ „H˜Ü∞« ‰õΩ Complement QÍ e.g:

Seeing is believing Swimming is exercising

Hˆ =Å=Ú ( absolutely) e.g:

Hunting animals being his aversion

We did not hunt any animals. 6.

Do you like us coming in ? 116

Do you like our coming in? Raman's coming in 7.

Gerund KÕÜ«Ú Ñ¨#∞ÅÖ’ XHõ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú KÕÜ«Ú

Ñ¨xÜ≥ÿ∞##∞ <å=∞"åK«Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ =Öˇ nxÜ«∞O^Œ∞ article LO_»^∞Œ . e.g: Hunting Lions was his hobby. D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ hunting „H˜Ü∞« =Öˇ ‰õÄ_® Ñ¨xKÕã≤ 'Lions' Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ object QÍ fã≤H˘#∞K«∞#flk. Hˆ =Å=Ú noun =Öˇ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« K«∞#fl gerund Å#∞ verbal nouns JO^Œ∞~°∞. gx=ÚO^Œ∞ definite article J~Ú# 'The' ‰õÄ_® LO_»∞#∞. H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° =ù ÚÅÖ’ Gerund Infinitive D ~Ô O\˜H˜ ~°∂Ñ¨™ê=∞º=Ú ÖË‰õΩ#fl#∞ J~°ú™ê=∞º=Ú#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤OK«∞#∞. J\˜ì KÀ@ nxx LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨=Öˇ##fl – Gerund ™ê=∂#º ^è~Œ ‡° =Ú#∞^ÕtÌ OÑ¨QÍ (general case) Infinitive XHÍ<˘Hõ „Ñ¨`ºÕ Hõ ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° =ù Ú# ( particular case) LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨Ö#ˇ ∞. e.g:

I hate telling lies ( General case) I hate to tell you lies ( particular case)

AUXILIARY VERBS

ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ 1.

I have pen ( I possess a pen) 117

D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ have J#∞ verb #‰õΩ J~°ú=Ú ã¨OÑ¨Ó~°‚"≥∞ÿ#k. W\˜ì verb #∞ verb with full meaning ÖËHõ principal verb JO^Œ∞~°∞. 2.

I have lost my pen

D "åHõº=Ú# have J#∞ verb, =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ verb J~Ú# 'lost' Ü≥∞Hõ¯ J~°=ú Ú Ñ¨ÓiÎ JQÆ∞@‰õΩ `À_»Ê_ç#k. HÍ=Ù# nxx auxiliary verb (ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞) JO^Œ∞~°∞. ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Primary auxiliary 1.

Have, has, had,

Do, does, did

Be, ( am , is, are, was, were, been, being)

Model auxiliary 4.

Shall - futurity

will

can-ability

7.may-Probability

ought to

10.

need

11. dare

- futurity

used ot

Primry auxiliaries are only used as principle verbs.They are used to identify the Mood, Tense and voice of the Principal verbs. 4.

'to have' Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖË, has, had, have, 'to do' Ü≥∞Hõ¯

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖË do, does, did; to be Ü≥∞Hõ¯ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖË is, are, 118

am, was, were Auxiliary verbs QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞@‰õΩ

L^•Ç¨Ï~°}=ÚÅ∞ Have :

I have taken my breakfast

I am loved : He was loved.

I am writing. He was writing Do

Do you say so? I do not say so.

Shall :

I shall come tonight

Will :

She will go next saturday

Should:

He said that I should go.

Would :

If he were here, I would tell him.

D Auxiliary verbs Hˆ =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ ¿Ñé∞ helping verbs. Wq =ÚYº=ÚQÍ 1. Negative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ 2. Interrogative sentences #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ 3. Tenses #∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ continuous, perfect, perfect continuous tenses #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@‰õΩ 4. „Ñ¨â◊ﬂÅ‰õΩ „Ç¨Ïã¨ﬁ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ ["å|∞Å∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞#∞ 1. Negative sentences : =ºuˆ~HÍ~°Hú õ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g : The weather is not fine I do not like playing foot-ball 119

Negative forms U~°Ê_»∞@‰õΩ =K«∞Û ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞Hõ „H˜Ü∞« Å∞ – "å\˜ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞

™ê^è•~°} ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

=ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=Ú

Affirmative

Negative

Short form

I am not

I'm not

We are not

we aren't

You are

you

you aren't

They are

They are not

They aren't

He is

He is not

He isn't

She is

She

She isn't

It is

It is not

Be : I am We

„Ç¨Ïã¨ﬁ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú

are

are not

is not

isn't

Have : nxx 1.

Ô~O_»~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ „QÆÇ≤ÏO`«∞=Ú Permanent Possession ( âßâ◊ﬁ`«=ÚQÍ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@ J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’) e.g : I have two brothers

Temporary possession ( `å`å¯eHõ=ÚQÍ

HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞@ J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÖ’) e.g : Just a minute ago, I had my tea Temporary e.g : I do not have my break fast before Nine' O' clock. habitual :

He does not have- He doesn't have, We do not have - We don't have I can

I can not 120

I can't

I may

I may not

I mayn't

I must

I must not

I mustn't

I shall

I shall not

I shan't

I will

I will not

I won't

Shan't

shouldn't

Won't

wouldn't

must /should ( had to) II

„Ñ¨âßﬂ~°úHõ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Is the weather fine? 1.

„Ñ¨â◊ﬂ ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ =ºuˆ~HÍ~°úHõ=ÚÅ∞O_»=K«∞Û#∞. e.g: Is not the weather fine?

Affirmative Be : I am ..... We are......

Interrogative

Negative Question

Am I......? Are we ....?

Amn't I ......? Aren't We.....?

ÖËHõ He's......

Is he........?

Aren't Is not

he......?

ÖËHõ

Isn't 2.

Have a) âßâ◊ﬁ`å~°ú=Ú I have ......

Have I.......?

Haven't I......?

He has......

Has he ......?

Hasn't he......?

121

b) `å`å¯eHõ JÅ"å@∞¡ =ÔQ·~å. We have.....

Do we have.....?

Don't we have .....?

He has.....

Does he have ....?

Doesn't he have ....?

q∞ye# Auxiliary Verbs I can.....

Can I.....?

Can't I........?

I may.....

May I.....?

Mayn't I.....?

I must......

must I.....?

mustn't I.....?

I shall....

shall I.....?

shan't I .....?

I will.....

will I.....?

won't I.....?

H˘xﬂ „Ñ¨âﬂ◊ Å∞, Short form responses

Question

Response

Affirmative

Negative I am not No. I don't No. I won't No . I can't You must not No. You may not No. You must not No. You need not

1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6 7.

Are you fond of fish ? .Do you like sweets ? Will you come tomorrow? Can you speak English? Can I go? ( permission) .May I come in ? Must I meet him today itself

Yes, I am , Yes, I do Yes, I will Yes , I can Yes, I am Yes, You may Yes, You must

Need she come tomorrow?

( I am afraid)

(W\˜ìKÀ@ noJ#∞ ["å|∞ L^ÕÌ

She must.

122

(¿ãﬁK«Ûù) No, she need not

tOÑ¨|_»∞#∞ 9. Have I got to meet her today?

Yes you have got to 1. No, You haven't got to ( ¿ãﬁK«Ûù) 2. No, you are not to ( qkè)

10. Do I have to get up at 6.30

Yes, You have to,

every day ( Habitual) need to

No, you don't

5.Statement

Agree

Disagree

1.The weather is fine today 2.They played well Yes, they did 3.They are playing well 4.He gets up very early 5.I know Tamil 6.They must go now 7.He does not like dogs 8.You can't eat it all

Yes, it is No, they didn't Yes, they are Yes, he does Yes, you do Yes, they must. Yes, he does not Yes you can

No, it is not No, they are not No he doesn't No, you don't No, they need not But he does. No I can't

9. Apples are dear

Yes, they are

No, They aren't

ADDITIONS TO REMARKS

( „Ñ¨`«∞ºÑ¨áê^Œ#Å∞) 1.

Statement

Addition

Apples are dear.

Apples are dear

Oranges are also dear.

So are oranges

James watt was an inventor

Edison was also an inventor

So was Edison

She knows Tamil

Her husband also knows

So does her husband

She knows Tamil

She knows Tamil 123

Her children also know

So do her children

She wrote poetry

He also wrote poetry

so did he

I can do it

You can also do it

so can you

He hasn't any time

I have no time too

Nor have I

You did not pay him

I too did not pay him

Nor did I

QUESTION TAGS 1. Question tags ~ Ô O_»∞ q^è=Œ ÚÅ∞ 1. Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag 2. Negative statement #‰õΩ positive tag.

1. e.g:

Positive statement #‰õΩ negative tag. 1.

He has come back, hasn't he?

He came yesterday, didn't he?

I didn't hurt you, Did I ?

Stop that noise, will you?

( WHõ¯_» imperative sentence Ö’x f„=`«#∞ `«yO æz

H˘OK≥=Ú '=∞~åº^Œ— #∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@ Hõ#∞Hõ " Negative tag " ~å^Œ∞. HÍx had, better, rather =zÛ#Ñ¨Ù_∞» negative tag =K«∞Û#∞.) 124

TAG QUESTIONS To provide an extra force to a statement, tag questions are often attached. We come across them in conversation and in informal letters The tag is an incomplete question. Generally, the tag pattern is…………. Auxiliary / Model + n’t + Pronoun (sub) followed by a question mark. Auxiliary /Model + Pronoun (sub) followed by a quark. A Positive statement takes Negative Tag A negative statement takes Positive Tag. Made for each – Other : 01. 02. 03.

04.

Positive statements hug negative tags : E.g. She signs well, doesn’t she? *(in the absence of an auxiliary verb,. ‘ do’ does the action) Negative statements join hands with positive tags; E.g. Sheela does not work hard, does she? When half-negatives or depreciative words – little, few, hardly scarcely used in a statement, it is considered negative and goes with a positive tag. E.g. He seldom does his work, does he? “ A few” and a little are used in positive sense and get with negative tags. E.g. A few students attended the class, didn’t they?

05.

Only as adverb, tags with both the statements- Positive and Negative E.g. There are only ten students , aren’t there?

06.

If a personal pronoun is used as the subject, it is to be retained in the tag; if a noun is used as subject, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ or ‘they’ is used in the tags. E.g. The boy is blind , isn’t he? Shilpa has a car, hasn’t She?

07.

if the indefinite pronoun ‘ one’ is used as the subject , it should be retained in the tag : E.g. One should be sincere in one’s work, shouldn’t one?

125

08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13.

When have is used with a sense of possession ‘do’, does, or ‘did’ is used in the tag (a negative tag) Eg. He has lunch at noon. Doesn’t he? For Proposals - positive tag is used. Eg. Let’s have a little break, shall we? Imperative verbs tug with positive tags. E.g. Come early will you ? if the verb is a compound tense, auxiliary alone is used. if the auxiliary is a compound form. The first word of it is used. Therefore for this purpose can, may, ought and ‘ need’ are treated as auxiliary verbs. E.g. He has finished the work. Hasn’t he? His car is being repaired , isn’t it?

14.

if ‘ it/There is used as the introductory subject, it is to be retained in the tag. E.g. Three is a cozy house isn’t there?

15.

Statements expressing impatience take the tag - can’t you? E.g. Use your intelligent, can’t you?

16.

Anyone, everyone and someone are singular, but take tags in plural. E.g. Every body can’t become rich, can they?

17.

None of followed by plural noun takes plural tag. E.g. None of the students passed. did they?

18.

When the speaker is not included in the list of the late comers, you can use ‘they’ instead of ‘we’ E.g. Some of us were detained , weren’t they?

19.

In imaginary conditions ………….. E.g. I shouldn’t be surprised if he married her, would you?

20.

When something , anything, everything or nothing is used as the subject ‘it’ is used in the tag. E.g. Nothing is new here, is it?

126

DEFECTIVE VERBS

Ö’Ñ¨=Ú#ﬂ „H˜Ü∞« Å∞ Definition :

Uses of 'Shall' a)

II. III.

H˘xﬂ „H˜Ü«∞Å∞ Jxﬂ tenses Ö’#∞ moods Ö’#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞@‰õΩ gÅ∞ÖË^∞Œ . J\˜ì verbs #∞ defective verbs JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wq shall, will, may, can, must, ought, dare, need, quoth J#∞#q. g\˜H˜ present participle, past participle ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. I shall be much obliged

b) Thou shall not steal Uses of 'will' 1. It will be a long time before I come here again 2. Any one will tell you the address if you ask Uses of 'may' 1. Probability `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ It may be true He may be right You may miss the train 2.

Permission

`≥eÜ«∞ *ËÜÚ « #Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ( J#∞=∞u)

May I come in ?

You may go 3.

HÀiHõ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ May you live long! 127

May you be blessed ! 4.

XHõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ We eat that we may live He runs that he may catch the bus.

IV.

Uses of 'might' 1.

I might not come again

Might I live to see my great grand child

Uses of 'can' : a.

â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~°Ìº=ÚÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ 'can'LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. I can write ( I am able to write ) I can lift that box

J#∞=∞ux `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® 'can' LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. You can go ( yo are permitted to go)

VI.

Uses of 'could' Even as a boy he could sing well. Rama tried to catch the bus but he could not

VII. Uses of ' must' 1.

P=â◊ºHõ`« ÖËHõ ÉÏ^èŒº`« `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@ We must obey the laws. Meena must sing

128

^èŒ$_è» ã¨OHõÅÊ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ I must have my way at this meeting.

q^Œ∞HõÎ ^èŒ~°‡=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ A magistrate must be upright

XHõ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«Ü«∞O^Œ∞ xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# qâßﬁã¨=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ Somebody must have removed the fish plates

Jx "å~°º"≥∞ÿ# ã≤÷ux K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ All living beings must die

VIII. Uses of 'ought' - obligation He ought to love his brothers. You ought to read properly IX.

Uses of 'dare' He dare not come this way He dare not enter this building

Uses of 'need' She need not go Need he sing now?

XI.

Uses of the word ' quoth' Quoth I I see quoth he

( ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ WÑ¨ÙÊ_ô Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Ñ¨^Œº=ÚÅO^Œ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞K«∞#ﬂk). 129

THE ADJECTIVE 1)

Attributively QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú e.g:

The brave boy was praised.

Predicatively QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú e.g : Rama is afraid of his teacher He is quite well

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES ( qâı+¨} Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅÖ’ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞) Adjectives U_»∞ q^è= Œ ÚÅ∞ ó 1.

Adjectives of Quality : QÆ∞}qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ e.g : Guntur is a large town

D „H˜Ok "å\˜x Proper adjectives Jx H˘O`« =∞Ok JO^Œ∞~°∞. HÍx Wq ‰õÄ_® Adjectives of Quality `≥Q‰Æ Ωõ K≥Ok#"Õ. e.g:

Indian tea, Frech wines, Turkish tobacco, Chinese dish

Adjectives of Quantity : Ñ¨i=∂}=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ e.g : He has enough money

¨ =ÚÅ∞ Adjectives of numbers : ã¨OMÏº"åK«Hõ qâı+} ( Numerical adjectives) ordinals, There are five boys e.g : Saturday is the seventh (cardinals) day of the week

Demonstrative adjectives : x~°∂Ñ¨} KÕÜÚ « qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ e.g : This book is the best on the subject 130

That boy, those boys, these roses, such a hurry 5.

õ ÚÖˇ#· qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ Interrogative adjectives = „Ñ¨âßﬂ~°Hú = e.g : Whose pen is this? Which way do you take?

Emphasizing adjectives = <˘H˜¯ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ e.g:

Mind your own business This is the very word you said before

Exclamatory adjectives = Pâ◊Û~åº~°Hú " õ ∞≥ #ÿ qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ e.g : What a pity !, What a piece of art ! What a curse !

NUMERICAL ADJECTIVES – ã¨OMÏº"åK«Hõ

qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ D ~°Hõ=ÚÖˇ·# qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ =¸_»∞ q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ó 1. Definite numerical Adjectives = ãïQÍ ãÖYº#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù ãÖMÏº qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ Ex : i) ii) 2.

Cardinals = One, two, three Ordinals = First, Second, third

Indefinite Numerical adjectives = Wq ã¨iQÍ ã¨OYº#∞

`≥Å∞Ñ¨=Ù Ex : All, no, many, few, some, any, certain, several , sundry 3.

Distributive numerical Adjectives = D qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ XHõ

131

ã¨OYºÖ’ „Ñ¨u^•xx QÆ∞iOz K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞ e.g : Every, either, neither, each

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES –

qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ `«~`° =« ∞=ÚÅ∞ 1.

Positive degree = ™ê^è•~°} ã≤u ÷ e.g : Rama's shirt is white

~å=Úx K˘HÍ¯ `≥Å¡QÍ#∞#flk Comparative degree = JkèHõ `«~^ ° âŒ ◊ e.g : Krishna's shirt is whiter than Rama's Hõ$+¨µx ‚ K˘HÍ¯ ~å=Úx K˘HÍ¯ HõO>Ë `≥Å¡QÍ #∞#flk. Superlative degree = JkèH` õ =« ∞"≥∞#ÿ ^Œâ◊ e.g: Gopal's shirt is the whitest of all QÀáêÅ∞x K˘HÍ¯ JO^ŒiK˘HÍ¯ÅÖ’ q∞H˜¯e `≥Å¡xk a) Ô~O_»∞ QÍx JO`«Hõ#fl Z‰õΩ¯= QÍx ã≤Å|∞Å∞ QÆÅ H˘xfl Adjectives positive degree #∞O_ç Comparitive degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^Œ∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 'more'J#∞ Adverb Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞. Superlative degree QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^Œ∞#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ most J#∞ adverb Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ fã¨∞H˘#∞#∞

Positive e.g : Splendid b)

Comparative More splendid

Superlative Most splendid

Latin ÉèÏ+¨#∞O_ç POQÆ¡ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’xH˜ =zÛ# H˘xﬂ Adjectives, Comparitive degree ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÖ’ 132

#∞O_»∞#∞. Jq e.g : Interior, Exterior, Ulterior, ( D 5

#∞ "å_»∞HõÖ’ Positive degree Ö’x Adjectives =Öˇ LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOÑ¨ |_»∞K«∞#ﬂq. g\˜x 'than' `À LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«~å^Œ∞."å\˜`À 'to' LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«=Öˇ#∞. e.g:

Ulterior motive. Exterior wall minor Amendments.

Inferior, Superior, Prior, Anterior, Posterior, Senior, Junior, ( D 7 #∞ Comparitive degree Ö’

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞K«∞#ﬂq Ex : I am senior to him)

133

adjectives Fruitful

Purposeful

Luckless

Senseless

Womanly

Manly

Golden

Ñ¶¨Å=O`«"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#"≥∞ÿ# J^Œ$+¨ì=Ú ÖËx *Ï˝#=ÚÖËx „ã‘Î=O\˜ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µx=O\˜ ÉOQÍ~°=Ú

ÖÏO\˜ Silken

Good

Bad

Long

Short

Wide

Thick

Thin

That

This

Much

Little

Many

Which

What

Ñ¨@∞ì=O\˜ =∞Oz K≥_∞» á⁄_»"#·≥ á⁄\˜ì "≥_Å » ∞Ê ^Œà◊ã¨i Ñ¨Å∞K«x Jk Wk Z‰õΩ¯= `«‰õΩ¯= KåÅ Uk Uq∞\˜

( qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞) Whose

Lucky

Cheap

Costly

Strong

Weak

Tall

New

Old

Clever

Foolish

Great

Small

Brave

Timid

Beautiful

Ugly

Fine

Heavy

Light

Difficult

Easy

Hot

Cold

134

Z=iÜ≥ÚHõ¯ J^Œ$+¨ª=Ú HõÅ K«=ÙÔH·# Ys^≥·# |Å"≥∞#ÿ |ÅÇ‘Ï#"≥∞ÿ# á⁄_»"#·≥ „H˘`«Î áê`« `≥e"≥·# `≥eq`«‰õΩ¯= Q˘Ñ¨Ê z#ﬂ ^è≥·~°º"≥∞ÿ# Ñ≤iH˜ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# qHÍ~°"≥∞ÿ# ÉÏQÆ∞#ﬂ |~°∞"≥·# `ÕeÔH·# Hõiî#"≥∞ÿ# `ÕeÔH·# "Õ_ç K«Å¡x

Happy

ã¨O`À+¨Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#

Sad

qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ#

Round

Curved

Straight

Upper

Lower

Inner

Outer

Superior

Inferior

Senior

Junior

Boyish

Careful

Cheerful

Courageous = Colonial

QÆ∞O„_»x =OHõ~° u#flx ÃÑ·# „HÕ^Œ Ö’Ñë "≥Å∞Ñë „âı+¨ª"≥∞ÿ# `«‰õΩ¯"≥·# ÃÑ^ŒÌ J~Ú# Ñ≤#fl J~Ú# Ñ≤Å¡ `«#=Ú QÆÅ *Ï„QÆ`«Î QÆÅ LÖÏ¡ã¨=Ú QÆÅ ^è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅ =Åã¨‰õΩ

Faithful

Famous

Foolish

Flowery

Glorious

Virtuous

Vicious

Vainglorious = Valuable

Worthy

Zealous

Ceaseless

Decisive

Eatable

Indicative

Lovable

Movable

Relative

Talkative

Wakeful

Wavy

Lengthy

ã¨O|OkèOz# Dangerous

Dirty

Earthly

Envious

JáêÜ«∞=Ú QÆÅ =ÚiH˜Ü≥ÿ∞# Éèí∂ ( WÇ¨Ï) ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# â◊`$« `«ﬁ=ÚQÆÅ

Changeable = Manageable =

135

qâßfiã¨=Ú QÆÅ H©iQÎ Å Æ `≥eqÖËx Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê=ÚÅ∞QÆÅ, ã¨∞O^Œ~°"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨MÏºuQÆÅ huQÆÅ K≥_∞» |∞kúQÅ Æ Ju QÆifiÜ≥∞ÿ # qÅ∞=QÆÅ Ü≥∂QÆº`«QÅ Æ Ñ¨@∞ì^Å Œ QÆÅ =ÚyÜ«∞#\˜ì xâ◊ÛÜ«∞"≥∞#ÿ u#^Œy# K«∂ÃÑ_»∞ „¿Ñq∞OÑ¨`«y# HõêŒ OK«^yŒ # ãÖ|O^èŒ=Ú QÆÅ =∂\Ï_»∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ "Õ∞ÖÁ¯xÜ«ÚO_»∞ ÔH~°@=Ú=O\˜ á⁄_»"#·≥ =∂~°∞ÊK≥O^ŒQÅ Æ #_»∞Ñ¨QÅ Æ

Courageous = Loaded

Gifted

Vilainous

Laughable

Movable

Cheerless

Tireless

Biggish

Smallish

Twofold

Fivefold

^è≥·~°º=Ú QÆÅ |~°∞=Ù "ÕÜ∞« |_ç# „Ñ¨[˝HõÅ ^Œ∞~å‡~°"æ ∞≥ #ÿ Ç¨™êºã¨Ê^Œ"≥∞ÿ# Hõ^Ö Œ _ˇ ç P#O^Œ=Ú ÖËx JÅã¨@ÖËx ÃÑ^ŒÌ^≥·# z#ﬂ^≥·# Ô~O_»∞Ô~>ˇÿ¡# S^Œ∞Ô~>ˇÿ¡#

Adjective Phrases A crown made of gold A cloak of purple colour An elephant with a white skin.

A track through the jungle. A boywith blue eyes A villge without any inhabitants. A page with no writing on it. The day of greatest length. The flag of Spain A load of great weight. Tragic-Tragical Whole- Wholesome Three- Threefold Black- Blackish White- Whitish Sick - Sickly A golden crown A purple cloak A white elephant A jungle track A blue-eyed boy A deserted village A blank page The longest day. The Spanish flag. A heavy load.

ADJECTIVES Positive Degree Short

Long

Strong

Quick

Hot

Tall

Young

Old

Thick

Comparitive Degree Superlative Degree

á⁄\˜ì á⁄_»=Ù |Å=ÚQÆÅ `˘O^Œ~° "Õ_ç á⁄_»=Ù z#ﬂ ÃÑ^Œ˚ ^Œ@ì=Ú

Shorter

Shortest

Longer

Longest

Stronger

Strongest

Quicker

Quickest

Hotter

Hottest

Taller

Tallest

Younger

Youngest

Older

Oldest

Thicker

Thickest

136

New

Great

Noble

Brave

Able

Wise

Large

Fine

Pale

Heavy

Merry

Bulky

Easy

Happy

Witty

Big

Sad

Red

Good

Bad

Well

Many

Much

Old

Out

H˘`«Î Q˘Ñ¨Ê Q˘Ñ¨Ê ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ ã¨=∞~°`ú Q« Å Æ `≥eqQÆÅ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ÉÏQÆ∞#fl áêeáÈ~Ú# |~°∞"≥·# Ç¨ïëê~°∞QÍ ÃÑ^ŒkÌ QÍ ã¨∞à◊√=ÙQÍ ãÖ`À+¨=ÚQÍ #=ÙfiÑ¨Ù\˜ìOK«∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ qKå~°Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù =∞Oz K≥_∞» =∞Oz KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯= =Úãë |Ü«∞@ |Ü«∞@

Newer

Newest

Greater

Greatest

Nobler

Noblest

Braver

Bravest

Abler

Ablest

Wiser

Wisest

Larger

Largest

Finer

Finest

Paler

Palest

Heavier

Heaviest

Merrier

Merriest

Bulkier

Bulkiest

Easier

Easiest

Happier

Happiest

Wittier

Wittiest

Bigger

Biggest

Sadder

Saddest

Redder

Reddest

Better

Best

Worse

Worst

Better

Best

Most

Elder

Eldest

Utter

utmost

Outer

utmost

137

Late

Later

Latest

Latter

Lost

Less

Least

Worst

Farther

Farthest

PÅã¨º=ÚQÍ `«~∞° "å`« `«‰õΩ¯= K≥_¤» ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ =ÚO^Œ∞

Late

Little

ill

Far

Fore

Former

First or Fore most

Beautiful

JO^Œ"≥∞#ÿ

More beautiful

Most beautiful

Learned

More learned

Most learned

Gifted

More gifted

Most gifted

Benefited =

áêO_ç`«º=Ú QÆÅ „Ñ¨[Q˝ Å Æ ÖÏÉè=í Úá⁄Ok

More benefited

Most benefited

Courageous=

^è≥·~°º=ÚQÆÅ

More courageous

Most courageous

Difficult

More difficult

Most difficult

Proper

More proper

Most proper

Near

Nearer

Nearest

Clear

Clearer

Clearest

Hard

Harder

Hardest

Loud

Louder

Loudest

Fast

Faster

Fastest

Little

Less

Least

Well

Better

Best

Lovely

zÔH·¯# ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞# ^ŒQ~æÆ Q° Æ ã¨Ê+¨=ì ÚQÆ Hõ+¨ì=ÚQÆ aQÆ~æ Q° Æ `˘O^Œ~Q° Æ H˘OK≥=Ú ÉÏQÆ∞QÆ JO^Œ=ÚQÆ

More Lovely/ Lovelier

Most lovely/ Loveliest

Clearly

More clearly

Most clearly

Carefully

ã¨Ê+¨=ì ÚQÆ *Ï„QÆ`QÎ« Æ

More carefully

Most carefully

138

ADVERB

( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú) Definition : XHõ verb#∞ QÍx, adjective QÍx ÖËHõ =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb

q=iOz ÖËHõ =i‚OK«∞ Ñ¨^=Œ Ú#‰õΩ adverb Jx ¿Ñ~°∞. Wk `˘q∞ﬂk q^è=Œ ÚÅ∞. i) Adverbs of Time = D adverbs HÍÅ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ e.g:

Now

= Present tense

today

Already before

= Past tense

lately Yesterday

Tomorrow, not yet here after, hence forth hence forward, immediately

= Future tense

by and by, instantly presently, straightly

Oft, Often, often times weekly, yearly, when even, again, soon 139

= Adverbs of time

something, seldom ( indefinite) daily, monthly, always Then never 2. :

Adverbs of number : ã¨OMÏºÑ¨Ó~°ﬁHõ „H˜Ü∂ « qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ Ex Once, Twice, three times

Adverbs of place : ™ê÷#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Here, There, Where, Here in, whither, Hither, Elsewhere, Anywhere, Somewhere, Nowhere, Whence, Thence, Thither, Upward, Downward, Forward, Backward.

Adverbs of manner : q^è•#=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨#q e.g: Wisely, Justly, Quickly, Foolishly, Unjustly, Slowly.

Adverbs of degree or quantity : Ñ¨iq∞u `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù „H˜Ü∂ «

qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g : Much, Enough, Little , Sufficiently, Abundantly, Almost, ( Adverbs of quantity) 6.

Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation

ã≤~÷ Ñ° ~¨ K° _≥ ∞» =∞iÜ«Ú ÖË^Œ#∞ÉèÏ==Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞ „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞ e.g: Adverbs of affirmation : Verily, Truly, undoubtedly, yes, surely, indeed, doubtlesly, certainly, really 140

Adverbs of negation : Nay, No, Not, Not at all, By no means

Adverbs of reason : e.g : 1. 2.

¿ÇÏ`«∞x~°∂Ñ¨} „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú

Sita therefore left the house Rama is hence unable to agree with Bharata

Interrogative adverbs : „Ñ¨âﬂ◊ Å∞ "ÕÜÚ « @‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞

„H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=Ú e.g : How, wherefore, ( U HÍ~°}=Ú KÕ`« ) why, whether 9.

Relative adverbs : ã¨O|O^èŒ „H˜Ü∂ « qâı+} ¨ =ÚÅ∞ e.g : This is the reason why he left the house. Tell me the time when the Golkonda Express arrives. 1.

™ê=∂#º=ÚQÍ Adverbs U Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ<À P Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨g∞Ñ¨=Ú# LO_»=Öˇ#∞. Jk Adjectives #∞ « K«∞#ﬂ QÍx, =∞iÜ≥ÚHõ adverb #∞ QÍx modify KÕÜÚ Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú# ^•xH˜ =ÚO^Õ LO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g : He leads a very (adverbs) The house is indeed (adverbs)

simple life (Adjective) beautifully designed (adverb)

HÍx enough J#∞ adverb =∂„`«=Ú "≥#∞Hõ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : It is not big enough 141

„H˜Ü∞« #∞ QÆ∂iÛ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, Jk Intransitive verb J~Ú#, ^•x "≥O@<Õ J#∞ã¨iOz Ü«ÚO_»=Öˇ#∞. e.g: He likes quietly

„H˜Ü∂« Ñ¨^=Œ Ú ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞ „H˜Ü∞« Å`À ( auxiliary verbs) ‰õÄ_çÜ«Ú#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩJã¨Å∞ „H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ =∞^èŒº =K«∞Û#∞. e.g : He has roughly failed

H˘xﬂ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=ÚÅÖ’ adverb "åHõº=Ú# =ÚO^Õ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Once there lived a king Here is the boy I told you of

( ~åÉ’=Ù Hõ~‰Î° Ωõ =∂~°xæ ~ˆ âÌ =◊ Ú KÕã#≤ k. Hõ#∞Hõ<Õ WÖÏO\˜ "å\˜x preparatory adverbs JO^Œ∞~°∞) Exclamatory "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® "åHõº „áê~°OÉèí=Ú# =K«∞Û#∞ e.g. How nice you are !

Nominative absolute ÖËHõ adverbial subject #O^Œ∞ =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : While I was walking in the garden, a bee stung me.

D „HÕk Intransitive verbs `«~∞° "å`« =zÛ# nouns JxflÜ«Ú PÜ«∂ „H˜Ü«∞Å objects QÍ HõxÑ≤OK«∞K«∞#flq. x[=Ú#‰õΩ Jq objects HÍ=Ù. Adverbs QÍ "å_»|_ç# nouns e.g : I go my way A bid in hand is worth two in the bush 142

He waited an hour He walked a mile 8.

ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÍ Noun =ÚO^Œ∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ verb =ÚO^Œ∞ =zÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ Adverb e.g:

Adjective J^Õ

It was a long journey ( Adjective) Long live the king ! ( Adverb)

Rather, just as soon, just as well. i) just as well LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOz# – ^•x=Å# <åˆHq∞

JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú ÖË^Œ∞ Jx J~°ú=Ú Ex : I might just as well said it today. ii) Just as soon – LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz# – hˆHq∞ JÉèíºO`«~°=Ú ÖËHõ

áÈ~Ú# Jx J~°ú=Ú Ex : I would just as soon send it today iii) rather "å_ç#, <å Jaè„áêÜ«∞=∞_çy#

J@∞¡ KÕÜ«Ú@

<åH˜+¨ì=Ú Jx J~°ú=Ú Ex : I would rather send it today 9.

Fairly = Ñ¨iÑ¨Ó~°` ‚ « "ÕÑÙ¨ ‰õΩ "≥ÚQÆ∞æ K«∂Ñ¨Ù#∞. =∞iÜ«Ú positive meaning #∞ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê#∞.

143

Ex : I am fairly good in Mathematics 10.

rather =

=ºuˆ~Hõ=ÚQÍ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê#∞. J#QÍ negative meaning ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.

e.g: I am rather weak in English 11.

enough enough

#∞ positive sentence Ö’ "å_»=Öˇ#∞

e.g : I am tired enough to go to bed at once. 12.

Too

nxx negative sentense Ö’ "å_»=Öˇ#∞.

e.g : The water is too hot . (not heat)

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 1.

XHõ ã≤Å|ÚÖò (Syllable) L#ﬂ Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ#∞ 'er' HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ =Å# comparitive degree =K«∞Û#∞. 'est' HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ =Å# superlative degree =K«∞Û#∞.

e.g : Positive Fast

Comparative

Superlative

Faster

Fastest

The horse runs fast The train runs faster The motor car runs fastest

144

z=~° 'ly' JHõ∆~°=Ú`À JO`«=∞QÆ∞ Adverb Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ‰õΩ more HõeÑ≤ comparative degree ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ most HõeÑ≤ superlative degree ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú#∞ ™êkèOÑ¨=Öˇ#∞. 2.

e.g : Swiflty more swiftly 3.

most swiftly

H˘xﬂ adverbs Ü≥ÚHõ¯ comparative degree ~°∂Ñ¨=Ú superlative degree Ü≥ Ú Hõ ¯ ~° ∂ Ñ¨ = Ú =„Hõ Ñ ¨ ^ Œ ú u QÍ U~°Ê_»∞#∞. Positive

Comparative

Superlative Badly

Worse

Worst

Well

Better

Best

(now, then, where, there once J#∞"å\˜H˜ `«~` ° =« ∞

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞O_»=Ù. )

145

adverbs ( „H˜Ü«∂ qâı+¨}=ÚÅ∞) now

to day

already

before

lately

WÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ D~ÀA Wk=~°ˆH =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ PÅã¨º=ÚQÍ x#ﬂ

yesterday = Adverbs of Future tomorrow

not yet

here after

hence forth

hence forward= immediately

by and by

instantly

presently

straightly = Adverbs of time ( Indefinite) Often Often times

weekly yearly when ever

ˆ~Ñ¨Ù WOHõ#∞~åÖË^Œ∞ WHõ#∞O_ç WHõg∞^Œ W@∞ÃÑ·# "≥O@<Õ "≥O@"≥O@<Õ `«H} ∆õ "Õ∞ WÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ <Õ~∞° QÍ

Ñ¨Å∞=∂~°∞¡ = J<ÕHõ Ñ¨~åºÜ«∞=Ú = „Ñ¨u"å~°=Ú = ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú#‰õΩ = ZÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ = ZÅ¡"Õà◊Ö 146

again

Twice

Here

There

Where

Elsewhere

Anywhere

Some where =

Thence

Thrice

Here in

Whither

Hither

Thither

Upward

Downward

Forward

Backward

Quickly

Slowly

Late

Very

=∞~°Ö ~Ô O_»∞=∂~°∞¡ WHõ¯_» JHõ¯_» ZHõ¯_» "Õ~∞° ã¨Å ÷ =∞O^Œ∞ ZHõ¯_≥·##∞ ZHõ¯_À XHõ KÀ@ JÑ¨Ê\˜ #∞O_ç =Ú=∂‡~°∞ WO^Œ∞Ö’#∞ ZHõ¯_»‰õΩ WHõ¯_»‰õΩ JHõ¯_»‰õΩ ÃÑ·H˜ „H˜O^Œ‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥#∞Hõ‰õΩ `˘O^Œ~Q° Æ <≥=∞‡kQÍ PÅã¨º=ÚQÍ Z‰õΩ¯= JO`«, P„Ñ¨HÍ~°O Hõ#∞Hõ

Quite

Too

Also

Very

Just

Scarcely

Barely

Hardly

Always

verily

truly

undoubtedly

doubtlessly

certainly

Nay

Not

Yes

surely

indeed

really

Not at all

By no means =

ÉÁuÎQÆ, Ñ¨ÓiÎQÆ ‰õÄ_», Ju =∞iÜ«Ú#∞ q∞H˜¯e, KåÖ, JkèH=õ ÚQÆ ãïQÆ, ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÆ KåeKåÅ‰õΩO_» ãïQÆ KåbKåÅHõ ZÅ¡ÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞#∞ x[=ÚQÆ ã¨`«º=ÚQÍ ãÖ^ÕÇ¨Ï ~°Ç≤Ï`«=ÚQÆ xã¨ûOâ◊Ü«∞=ÚQÆ xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆ ÖË^∞Œ HÍ^Œ∞ ÖË^∞Œ J=Ù#∞ xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=ÚQÆ ~°∂_èQç Æ x[=ÚQÍ Uq^è=Œ ÚQÆ#∞ HÍ^Œ∞ UHÍ~°}=Ú =Å¡#∞ HÍ^Œ∞

147

Now

Then Fully,

completely

Enough

Certainly

Therefore

Hence

Herewith

Hereby

Hereafter

Therein

Thence

Thenceforth

Whereabouts = Whence

Evenly

Therefore

Thereby

Thereof

Thereto

Whereabouts = Whereabouts = Where in

Thenceforth

WÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ JÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÆ Kåe#O`« `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_» ÖË^Œ∞, HÍ^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì WO^Œ∞`À WO^Œ∞ =¸Å=ÚQÆ WHõg∞^Œ@ JO^Œ∞Ö’ JHõ¯_»#∞O_ç JÑ¨Ê\˜#∞O_ç Uã¨÷Å=Ú# ZHõ¯_» #∞O_ç ã¨=∞=ÚQÍ P Ñ≤=∞‡@/ Hõ#∞Hõ JO^Œ∞=Å# ^•xÜ≥ÚHõ¯ JHõ¯_»‰õΩ ZKÀÛ@ U ã¨÷Å=Ú# UKÀ@∞Ö’ JÑ¨Ê\˜#∞O_ç

Hereabout

Herein

Hereof

Therein

Therefore

Thereon

Thereupon

Where at

Whereby

Thenceforward= Hereafter

Hereon

Hereto

Simple

Double

Ample

Amicable

Amenable

Meek

Weak

Clear

Wise

Much

Little

Sufficiently

Enough

D „áêO`«OÖ’ WO^Œ∞Ö’ WO^Œ∞#∞Oz JO^Œ∞Ö’ Hõ#∞Hõ JO^Œ∞ÃÑ·# JO^Œ∞g∞^Œ ZK«Û@ ^•x=Å# JHõ¯_»#∞O_ç WHõg∞^Œ@ WO^Œ∞g∞^Œ WO^Œ∞‰õΩ x~å_»O|~°=ÚQÆ ~Ô O_»∞ `«y#O`«/ q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆ [QÆ_=» ÚÖËx Ö’|_ç ™ê^èŒ∞=ÙQÆ h~°ã¨=ÚQÆ ã¨Ê+¨=ì ÚQÆ `≥eqQÆ q™êÎ~°=ÚQÆ H˘OK≥=ÚQÆ Kåe#O`« Kåe#O`« 148

Abundantly

Almost

Wisely

Justly

Quickly

Foolishly

Unjustly

Slowly

accurately How Where fore why whether carefully conveniently plainly properly simply truthfully badly clearly dangerously pleasantly quietly strangely urgently beautifully closely easily politely richly swiftly widely brightly clumsily perfectly poorly roughly

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

qâı+¨=ÚQÆ ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÆ q"ÕHõ=ÚQÍ <åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍ j„Ñ¶¨∞=ÚQÍ =¸_è`» ﬁ« =ÚQÍ J<åºÜ«∞=ÚQÍ x^•#=ÚQÍ

thickly = wonderfully = Adverbs describing the

publicly = bodily = jointly = openly = secretly = directly = legally = part-time = specially = Adverbs of degree almost = together = fairly = just = amazingly = dearly = fully = largely = awfully = deeply = greatly = nearly = badly = entirely = half = rather = Happily = Steadily = Angrily = Wavily =

feelings of person angrily = calmly = gratefully = happily = anxiously = cheerfully = happily = proudly = bitterly = eagerly = hopefully = sadly = boldly = gladly = miserably = sincerely = Adverbs indicating the circumstances alone = duly = naturally = personally = artificially = indirectly = officially =

comparison of adverbs Positive

Comparitive

Fast Long Hard Soon Near Loud Swiftly Skilfully Faithfully

Faster Longer Harder Sooner Nearer Louder More swiftly More skillfully More faithfully

149

Superlative Fastest Longest Hardest Soonest Nearest Loudest Most swiftly Most skilfully Most faithfully

Carefully Wisely Quickly Bravely Splendid Difficult Beautiful Courageous Industrious Proper Learned Comfortable Expensive Experienced Useful Balanced Fore Nigh Much, Many Little Less, Old Good, well Bad, evil, ill Late Far= Bold Clever Great

âß¡Ñ∞¨¶ hÜ«∞"≥∞#ÿ = Hõ+" ì¨ ∞≥ #ÿ = JO^Œ"∞≥ # ÿ = ^è~ ·≥ º° =O`«∞_≥#· = Hõ$+≤=O`«∞_≥# · = `«y# = qA˝_# ·≥ = ã¨∞Y=O`«∞_≥# · = Ys^≥# · = J#∞Éè= í =ÚHõÅ = LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ QÆH~õ "° ∞≥ ÿ = ã¨g∞Hõ$`«"∞≥ # ÿ = =ÚO^Œ∞K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç# = ^ŒQ~ æÆ Q° Í#∞#fl = Z‰õΩ¯"≥# · = ã¨fiÅÊ"≥∞# ÿ = =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûHõÅ = =∞Oz = K≥_¤ » Worse = PÅã¨º"≥∞# ÿ ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÆ L#fl = ^è~ ·≥ º° =ÚHõÅ = `≥eqQÆÅ = Q˘Ñ¨Ê

More carefully More wisely More quickly More bravely

Most carefully Most wisely Most quickly Most bravely

More splendid

Most splendid

More difficult

Most difficult

More beautiful

Most beautiful

Morecourageous

Most courageous

More industrious

Most industrious

More proper

Most proper

More learned

Most learned

More comfortable

Most comfortable

More expensive

Most expensive

More experienced

Most experienced

More useful

Most useful

More balanced

Most balanced

Former

Foremost, First

Nigher

Nighest, Next

Most

Lesser

Least

Older, elder

Oldest, eldest

Better

Best

Worst Later,Latter

Latest, Last

Farther, further

Farthest further most

Bolder

Boldest

Cleverer

Cleverest

Greater

Greatest

150

Cheap

Dull

Fair

Hard

Kind

Long

Mean

Old

Poor

Quick

Small

Tall

Young

Happy

Easy

Heavy

Merry

Wealthy

Dry

Pretty

Lazy

Healthy

Sorry

Mighty

Ugly

Red

Big

KÒHõÜ∞ÿ≥ # =∞O^ŒH˘_çÜ∞ÿ≥ # JO^Œ"∞≥ #ÿ Hõ+"ì¨ ∞≥ #ÿ ^ŒÜ∞« QÆÅ á⁄_»"#·≥ hK«"∞≥ #ÿ =ÚãëÜ≥∞ÿ # c^ŒÜ∞ÿ≥ # "ÕQ"Æ ∞≥ #ÿ z#fl^≥#· á⁄_»"#·≥ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÖ’#∞#fl P#O^ŒH~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ ã¨∞ÅÉè"í ∞≥ #ÿ |~°∞"≥#· ãÖ`À+¨H~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ ^è#Œ =O`«"∞≥ #ÿ ZO_ç# JO^Œ"∞≥ #ÿ ™È=∞iÜ≥∞ÿ # P~ÀQÆºHõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ qKå~°H~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ |Å=O`«∞_≥#· JO^ŒqÇ‘Ï#"≥∞#ÿ Z„~x° ÃÑ^Œ^Ì #·≥

Cheaper

Cheapest

Duller

Dullest

Fairer

Fairest

Harder

Hardest

Kinder

Kindest

Longer

Longest

Meaner

Meanest

Older

Oldest

Poorer

Poorest

Quicker

Quickest

Smaller

Smallest

Taller

Tallest

Younger

Youngest

Happier

Happiest

Easier

Easiest

Heavier

Heaviest

Merrier

Merriest

Wealthier

Wealthiest

Drier

Driest

Prettier

Prettiest

Lazier

Laziest

Healthier

Healthiest

Sorrier

Sorriest

Mightier

Mightiest

Uglier

Ugliest

Redder

Reddest

Bigger

Biggest

151

Thin

ã¨#ﬂx = qKå~°H~ õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ = Ñ≤zÛÜ≥∞ÿ # = "Õ_Ü ç ∞ÿ≥ # = |Åã≤# = `«_ã ç #≤ = P~ÀQÆº=Ú = Pâ◊ Hopeful = = áê@∞ = Ç¨x = „É= íè ∞ = ã¨O`À+¨=Ú

Sad Mad Hot Fat Wet Health Hope Industry Injury Illusion Joy

Thinner

Thinnest

Sadder

Saddest

Madder

Maddest

Hotter

Hottest

Fatter

Fattest

Wetter

Wettest

Healthy =

P~ÀQÆº=O`«"∞≥ #ÿ

PâßÑ¨Ó~°ﬁHõ"∞≥ #ÿ Industrious = Injurious = Illusory Joyful, oyous

Juice

Juicy

Monkey

~°ã=¨ Ú = #=Ùﬁ = Ñ¨Ù~∞° +¨µ_»∞ = HÀu

Noise

Noisy

Laugh Man

Outrage Order Office Pardon Peace Pity Play Rebel

Laughable Manly Monkeyish

Outrageous Orderly Official Pardonable Peaceful Pitiable Playful Rebellious

152

áê@∞Ñ¨__≥ ∞» Ç¨xHõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ „É=íè ∞Ñ¨Ù\Oì˜ K≥_∞» ãÖ`À+¨H~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ ãÖ`À+¨=Ú`À xO_ç# ~°ã=¨ Ú=Öˇ #=ÙfiÑ¨Ù\Oì˜ K≥_∞» áœ~∞° +¨=ÚQÆÅ HÀu=Öˇ KåÑ¨Åº=ÚQÆÅ ã¨^∞Œ KÌ ÃÕ ã_»∞ ^èÒ~°#˚ º"≥∞#ÿ „H=õ ∞"≥∞#ÿ JkèHÍiHõ"∞≥ #ÿ Hõq∆ ∞OÑ¨^yŒ # âßOuÜ«Ú`«"∞≥ #ÿ HõxHõiOÑ¨^yŒ # P@ÖÏ_≥_∞» u~°Q|Æ _»∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú QÆÅ

Rigour

Trouble

Hõi#î `«ﬁ=Ú = qKå~°=Ú = `≥eq = WO„kÜ«∞ "åOKèQ « ÅÆ = ã≤Q∞Æ ,æ J==∂#=Ú = áêÑ¨=Ú = `«∞á¶ê#∞ = |∞∞`«∞=Ù = á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù = ÉÏ^èŒ

Trick

Regret Sense Sensual Shame Sin Storm Season Thrift

Theology Ubiquity Venture

l`«∞Î = "Õ^•O`«âß„ã= Î¨ Ú = ã¨~ﬁ° "åºÑ≤`= «Ú = ™êÇ¨Ïã¨=Ú

153

Rigorous

Hõi#î "≥∞#ÿ / f„="≥∞#ÿ Regrettable qKå~°H~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ Sensible `≥eqQÆÅ Sensitive ã¨∞xfl`«"∞≥ #ÿ Shameful J==∂#Hõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ Sinful áêÑ¨H~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ Stormy `«∞á¶ê#∞ =K«∞Û#@∞ìO_»∞ Seasonal |∞Ú`«∞ãÖ|O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ Thrifty á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙQÍ Troubleous `˘O^Œ~Ã° Ñ@∞ì Troublesome ÉÏ^è•Hõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ Trickish l`«∞ÅÎ =∂iÜ≥∞ÿ # Theological "Õ^•O`« âß„ãã Î¨ O¨ |O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ Ubiquitous ã¨~fi° "åºÑ≤Ü∞ÿ≥ # Venturesome ã¨ÇÏ¨ ã¨=ÚQÆÅ

PREPOSITIONS

qÉèíHõÎº~°úHõ"≥∞ÿ# J=ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ Definiton :

XHõ "åHõº=Ú# XHõ Noun ‰õΩ QÍx Pronoun ‰õΩ QÍx "Õ~˘Hõ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú`À QÆÅ ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞ Ñ¨^=Œ Ú preposition ( placed before) XH˘¯Hõ¯Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ XHõ preposition #‰õΩ Ô~O_»∞QÍx JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍx objects LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : The mail track runs over hill and plain

™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ preposition ^•x object #‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ LO_»∞#∞. HÍx H˘xﬂ ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÅÖ’ `«~°∞"å`« ‰õÄ_® =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Here is the book you asked for.

Relative pronoun Ñ¨^= Œ Ú object QÍ =zÛ#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ÖËHõ

Ö’Ñ≤Oz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ preposition `«Ñ¨ÊHõ z=~°=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : That is the girl whom I spoke of

154

Interrogative pronoun Ñ¨^= Œ Ú object QÍ L#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ‰õÄ_®

`«~K ° ∞« QÆ preposition z=~° =K«∞Û#∞ e.g : What are you looking at ? 5.

<˘H˜¯ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩQÍ#∞ XH˘¯Hõ¯Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Object =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@ HõÅ^Œ∞. e.g : He is known all the world over.

For, from, in, on J#∞ preposition Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞ Nouns of place or time =ÚO^Œ∞Ö’Ñ≤OK«∞ K«∞O_»∞#∞. e.g :

We did it (in) last week Wait (for) a minute

There are 4 kinds of prepositions 1. Simple prepositions : ã¨∞ÅÉè" í ∞≥ #ÿ q e.g :

at, for, with, under, near, through. by, to, in, up, out, down, of, over, from, off, till

Compound prepositions ã¨=∂ã¨ Ñ¨^" Œ ∞≥ #ÿ q. ™ê^è•~°}=ÚQÍ noun #‰õΩ QÍx Adjective ‰õΩ QÍx Adverb #‰õΩ QÍx ( a-as,

or be - by) ÖËHõ b

HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ =Å# compound preposition U~°Ê_»∞#∞

e.g :

About, among, above, amongst below, beneath across, along amidst, below, beside, beyond, outside, beyond, within.

Phrase Prepositions : H˘xﬂ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú Hõeã≤ 155

« Ñ¨x KÕÜÚ « K«∞#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ P Ñ¨^Œ Preposition KÕÜÚ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú#∞ Phrase preposition JO^Œ∞~°∞. e.g: According to, beacuse of, by virtue of, In accordance with, by dint of, by way of, in addition to, 4.

Participle prepositions : H˘#ﬂ Verbs Ü≥ÚHõ¯ present participle

~°∂Ñ¨=ÚÅ∞ e.g:

prepositionsQÍ LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOÑ¨ |_»∞K«∞#ﬂq. Baring, during, notwithstanding, concerning, pending, respecting, considering, re garding, touching

e.g :

H˘xﬂ Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ adverbs QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞ ‰õÄ_® Ñ¨ÙÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨_∞» K«∞#ﬂq Adverb QÍ Preposition QÍ He runs about

Tell me about kalidasa

He has since done it

I have not taken water since yesterday

Take this over to the Railway

Rama ruled over India

station

HÍx away, back, out, back ward (s) down ward (s) forward (s) =∂„`«=Ú adverb QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. Preposition <å=∞ "åK«Hõ=Ú`À, pronoun `À ã¨xﬂÇ≤Ï`« ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú Hõey Ü«ÚO_»∞#∞. RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS 156

qÉèíHõÎº~°úHõ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù ã¨O|O^èŒ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨÷Å=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz PREPOSITIONS e.g :

Within the house tour round the world lean against a wall left for Bombay

HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q (Time) e.g :

towards evening since yesterday

Agency, Instrumentality ( HÍ~°}=ÚQÍ #∞#ﬂ ™ê^è# Œ =ÚQÍ

#∞#ﬂ ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú) e.g:

sell goods at auction cut it with a knife

Manner : q^è•#=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g:

Fought with courage worked with care falling by inches

Cause, Reason, Purpose = (HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=Ù,

„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=ÚÅ‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q) e.g :

Worked for the good of all good place for a picnic died of cancer 157

suffers from pain 6.

Œ Ú) Possession : ( HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#@∞ì ã¨O|O^è= e.g:

the temple of srinathji the girl with black eyes

« }=Ú, Measure, standard, Rate, Value ( Ñ¨i=∂}=Ú, „Ñ¨Ü∂ ^èŒ~°, qÅ∞=Å‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q) e.g :

Interest at twelve percent House by the tower clock cloth is sold by the metre he lost the race by a metre

Contrast, concession : ( =º`åºã¨=Ú, `«yæOÑ¨Ù =O\˜

ã¨O|O^è=Œ ÚÅ∞) e.g : After every effort, he faild For one vacancy a thousand applications 9.

Inference, notice, source or origin :

( TÇ¨, (J#∞=∂#=Ú) ÉèÏ=ÅHõ∆º=Ú, =¸Å=Ú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ ã¨O|O^è=Œ ÚÅ∞) e.g :

He came here with gratitude Heat emanates from the sea This is a quotation from Ramayana skill comes from practice

H˘xﬂ =ÚMÏºOâ◊=ÚÅ∞ 158

But :

D Ñ¨^=Œ Ú Prepostion QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ except (q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù) Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : None but the brave deserves victory

H˘xﬂ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=ÚÅÖ’ 'a' JHõ∆~°=Ú 'on' J#∞ preposition |^Œ∞Å∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Harvesting cooly at two rupees per day

'In' ÃÑ^ŒÌ

^Õâ◊=Ú, ÃÑ^ŒÌ #QÆ~°=ÚÅ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú# LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞. e.g: He is in Europe Rama living in Hyderabad

° ÚÅ, „QÍ=∞=ÚÅ ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° =ù Ú# LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞. 'at' z#ﬂ #QÆ~= e.g : Krishna lives at Kamalapuram

'in' 'at' on J#∞

K«Å#=Ú ÖËx "å\˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú#

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g: He is in bed Rama is at the top of the class Rama sat in a chair 6.

'to' 'into' upon, J#∞#q K«Å#=Ú#ﬂ "å\˜ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú#

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g: He ran to the playground He jumped into the sea The dog sprang upon the gate 159

till J#∞#k HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ e.g : I waited till seven O0 clock.

'to' J#∞#k ã¨÷Å=Ú ã¨O^Œ~°ƒù=Ú# LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : I walked to the park

'with' J#∞#k ™ê^èŒ#=Ú#‰õΩ by J#∞#k „Ñ¨uxkèH˜

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ e.g : Two birds with one shot killed by a soldier 10.

'since' J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Noun ‰õΩ Noun phrase ‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞O_ç

HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. ^•x=ÚO^˘Hõ verb Ü≥ÚHõ¯ present perfect tense ~°∂Ñ¨=ÚO_»∞#∞. e.g : I have taken nothing since morning He has been in the hospital since Ist March 11.

'From' J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú ‰õÄ_® HÍÅ=Ú ã¨∂zOK«∞@ÔH·

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. J~Ú`Õ ^•x "≥O@ Jxﬂ Tenses Ö’ L#ﬂ verbs ~å=K«∞Û#∞. e.g : I worked at it from Ist February to 10th March. My son will be at the University from tomorrow 12.

H˘O`«HÍÅ Ñ¨iq∞ux K«∂Ñ¨Ù 'Noun' =ÚO^Œ∞ 'in'LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 'at the end of' z=~° Jx J~°ú=Ú. 'within' LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOz##Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ P HÍÅÑ¨iq∞u =ÚyÜ«Ú Ö’QÍ Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : I will come back in an hour 160

Complete it within an hour 13.

Œ Ú ~Ô O_»∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ =∞^èºŒ W^Œ~Ì ∞° =º‰õΩÅ Î 'Between' J#∞ Ñ¨^= =∞^èºŒ LáÈÜ«∞yO`«~∞° ~°∞. e.g : The two brothers shared the patrimony between themselves

14.

'Among' J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Ô~O_»∞HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ #∞#ﬂÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞. e.g: Yadavas quarrelled among themselves 15.

'Beside' J#QÍ at ( or by) the side of Jx J~°ú=Ú e.g : Beside the road stones he lay

16.

'Besides' J#QÍ in addition to Jx J~°= ú Ú e.g : Besides his family, he has other dependants.

VERBAL PREPOSITIONS Associate with =

„"åÜ« Ú

ã¨ O |O^è Œ = Ú Hõ e yÜ« Ú O_» ∞

Credit with

Angry with /at = Bear with Clash with Condole with

Comply with Correspond with

HÀÑ¨=Ú=K«∞Û = ã¨ÇÏ≤ OK«∞ = Z^Œ∞~˘¯#∞ = qKå~°=Ú =ºHõ=Î ÚKÕÜÚ« = JOwHõiOK«∞

L`«Î~°„Ñ¨`«∞º`«Î~°=ÚÅ∞

[=∞Hõ@∞ì Agree with/to = ã¨iÑ¨_∞» @, JOwHõiOK«∞ Dispense with = J=ã¨~= ° ÚÖË‰Ωõ O_»KÜ Õ Ú« Fill in = xOÑ¨Ù Grapple on/with = ÃÑ#∞QÆ∞ÖÏ_»∞ Meddle with = HõÅ∞QÆKã Õ ∞¨ H˘#∞ Part from/ with = q_»zÃÑ@∞ì Quarrel with = ^≥|ƒÖÏ_»∞

161

Side by

"≥Ñ· Ù¨ LO_»∞ Sympathise with= ™ê#∞Éè∂ í u K«∂Ñ¨Ù Entrust with = Ñ¨x JÑ¨ÊK≥ÑÙ¨ Ê Familiar with/ among= ÉÏQÍ `≥eã≤LO_»∞ Alight from = kQÆ∞ Debar from = PÑ¨Ù KÕÜÚ « Derive from = á⁄O^Œ∞

Contribute to

q~åà◊q∞K«∞Û Attain to = KÕ~∞° Attend to/ on = *Ï„Q` Æ QÎ« Æ KÕÜÚ« Attempt to = „ÑÜ ¨ ∞« uflOK«∞ Attribute to = P~ÀÑ≤OK«∞ Belong to = ™⁄`«∞J Î QÆ∞ Conduce to = ^ÀÇ¨Ï^Œ=ÚKÕÜÚ « Distinguish Conform to = =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_»∞ from = `Õ_® `≥eã≤H˘#∞ Compare to/ with = áÈÅ∞Û Differ from = "Õ~∞° Jaè„áêÜ«∞=ÚO_»∞ Consent to = XÑ¨ÙÊH˘#∞ Deviate from = =∞~°Å∞ Lead to = ^•ifÜ«Ú Elicit from = ÖÏQÆ∞ Listen to = q#∞ Emerge from = |Ü«∞\˜H= ˜ K«∞Û Object to = J_»∞Ã¤ Ñ@∞ì Escape from = `«ÑÊ≤ OK«∞H˘#∞ Occur to = =K«∞Û Comply with = JOwHõiOK«∞ Prefer to = ZOK«∞H˘#∞ Exclude from = `«ÑÊ≤ OK«∞ Pretened to = #\ÕK«∞ Preserve from = HÍáê_»∞ Revert to = uiy=K«∞Û Protect from = ~°HO ∆˜ K«∞H˘#∞ Refer to = =∞iÜ≥∞Hõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú#‰õΩ Prohibit from = x¿+kèOK«∞ ÑÖÑ¨Ù Recover from = uiy á⁄O^Œ∞@ Stoop to = hKåxH˜ kQÆ*Ï~°∞ Adapt to = ãïÑ¨_∞» #@∞¡ KÕÜÚ « Submit to/ with = JkèHÍ~°=Ú „HO ˜ ^ŒLO_»∞ Adhere to = =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® Succumb to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Allot to = qÉèÏyOz WK«∞Û Surrender to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Appologise to/ for = Hõ= ∆ ∂~°Ê}HÀ~°∞ Testifyt to = ™êHõº∆ q∞K«∞Û Appoint to = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞ Yield to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Aspire to = Pâ◊He õ yÜ«ÚO_»∞ Canvass for = „ÑK ¨ å~°=Ú KÕÜÚ« Assent to = J#∞=∞uOK«∞ 162

Atone for

Ñ¨iÇ¨~°=Ú K≥eO¡ K«∞ Care for = „â^ ◊ fúŒ ã¨∞H˘#∞ Clamour for = QÀÅKÕÜÚ « Feel for = `«_∞» =ÚH˘#∞ Hope for = PtOK«∞ Mourn for = qKåiOK«∞ Pine for = `«ÑO ≤ K«∞ Start for/ With = |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~∞° Sue for = ^•"åKÕÜÚ « Wish for = HÀiHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Yearn for = HÀ~°∞H˘#∞ Approve of = J#∞=∞uOK«∞ Acquit of / from = q_»∞^ŒÅKÕÜÚ « Beware of = *Ï„Q` Æ QÎ« Í LO_»∞ Boast of = Q˘Ñ¨ÊQÍ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê Complain of = Ñ¶~ ≤ åº^Œ∞ KÕÜÚ« Despair of = Pâ◊=^ŒÅ∞ Die of/ for = K«xáÈ=Ù Dispose off = Jq∞‡"ÕÜÚ « Divert of / from = ^Œ$+≤ì =∞~°eOK«∞ Dream of = HõÅÅ∞ Hõ#∞ Repent of / from= Ñ¨âßÛ`åÎÑÑ ¨ _¨ ∞» Taste of = ~°∞z Dabble in / with = KÕ~Ú^Œ∂~°∞Û Delight in = P#OkOK«∞ Employ in = Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ « Enlist in = #"≥∂^ŒQ∞Æ

Excel in / From =

W`«~∞° Å#∞ JkèQqÆ ∞OK«∞ Fail in = `«ÑÙ¨ Ê Glory in = QÆiﬁOK«∞ Indulge in = KÕÜÚ « @Ü«∞O^Œ∞O_»∞ Involve in = z‰õΩ¯H˘#∞ Persist on = Ñ¨@∞ì^Å Œ QÆ KÕÜÚ« Comment on = "åºMÏºxOK«∞ Deliberate on = x~°Ü ‚ ∞« =ÚH˘~°‰Ωõ =∂\Ï¡_∞» Depend on = P^è•~°Ñ_ ¨ ∞» Determine on = x~°~ ‚ ÚOK«∞H˘#∞ Encroach on = P„Hq õ ∞OK«∞ Enlarge on = Z‰õΩ¯= „"åÜ«Ú ÖËHõ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê Impose on = qkèOK«∞ Insist on = <˘H˜¯K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê Subsist on = „|`«∞‰õΩ Smile at = J~Ú+¨` ì #« ∞ K«∂Ñ¨Ù Stay at/ in = LO_»∞ Look at / into/upon /down= K«∂K«∞ Noun Preposition Affection for Appetite for Ambition for Anxiety for Apology for Aptitude for

163

Jaè=∂#=Ú = `«$+¨‚ = Pâ◊ = P`«$`« = Hõ= ∆ ∂~°Ê} = Jaè~∞° z

Blame for

Experience of =

xOkOK«∞@ Candidate for = JÉèºí iúQÆ LO_»∞ Capacity for = ã¨=∞~°` ú« Compassion for = ^ŒÜ∞«

Failure of Observance of Proof of

Compensation for

Result of

#+¨Ñì i¨ Ç¨~°=Ú Contempt for = Jã¨ÇÏ¨ º=Ú Craving for = Z‰õΩ¯= HÀiHõ Desire for = HÀiHõ Fitness for = `«yÜ«ÚO_»∞ Fondness for = Z‰õΩ¯= W+¨= ìÚ Leisure for = fiHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú Liking for = W+¨= ìÚ Match for = ã¨=∞Lr˚ Motive for = L^Õâ Ì º◊ =Ú Need for = J=ã¨~= °Ú Opportunity for = J=HÍâ◊=Ú Passion for = HÀiHõ( |Å"≥∞# ÿ) Partiality for = Ñ¨Há ∆õ ê`«=Ú Pity for = ^ŒÜ∞« Relish for = ~°∞z Reputation for = „Ñã ¨ k≤ ú Surety for = Ç¨g∞ Assurance of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú Charge of / with = xO^Œ Distrust of = JÑ¨#=∞‡Hõ=Ú Doubt of = J#∞=∂#=Ú

Want of Access to Allegiance to Alternative to Antidote to Approach to Assent to Attachment to Attention to Concession to Disgrace to Dislike to Encouragement to

J#∞Éè=í =Ú = ÉèO í QÆ=Ú = áê\˜OK«∞ = ™êHõº∆ =Ú = Ñ¶e ¨ `«=Ú = ÖËHá õ È=Ù = JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞ = Q“~°==Ú = =∞~˘Hõ\˜ = q~°∞QÆ∞_»∞ = ^ŒQ~ æÆ ‰° Ωõ KÕ~∞° = JOwHÍ~°=Ú = ã¨O|O^è= ŒÚ = „â^ ◊ úŒ = ã¨=∞‡u = J==∂#=Ú = J~Ú+¨= ìÚ

„áÈ`åûÇ¨Ï=Ú Exception to = JÉèºí O`«~= ° Ú HõeyOK«∞ Incentive to = „áÈ`åûÇ¨Ïq∞K«∞Û#k Indifference to = Ñ¨\O ì˜ K«∞H˘#‰õΩO_» Invitation to = PÇ¨ﬁ#=Ú Key to = `åà◊=ÚK≥q Limit to = Ñ¨iq∞u Obedience to = q^èÜ Õ ∞« `« 164

Objection to

Exemption from =

JÉèºí O`«~=° Ú = =ºuˆ~Hõ`« = =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@

q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù Opposition to Inference from = TÇ¨ Preface to Concern about = zO`« Reference to = =∞iÜ≥ÚHõx PÖ’K«#‰õΩ Impression on = Jaè„áêÜ«∞=Ú ÑÖÑ¨Ù Authority on = JkèHÍ~°=Ú Submission to = ÖÁOyáÈ=Ù Exposure of = QÆ∞iKÕÜÚ « ÖËHõ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ Supplement to = KÕ~Û° |_ç#k `˘ÅyOK«∞ Acceptable to = JOwHÍ~°=ÚQÆ LO_»∞ Erosion of = H˘@∞ìH˘xáÈ=Ù Accustomed to = JÅ"å@∞Ñ¨_ç LO_»∞ Applicable to = =iÎOK«∞@ Addicted to = JÅ"å@∞Ñ¨_ç LO_»∞ Appropriate to = `«yÜ«ÚO_»∞ Adequate to = ãïáÈ=Ù Beneficial to = ÖÏÉè^ í •Ü«∞Hõ=Ú Adjecent to = „ÑH ¨ ¯õ # Common to = ™ê=∂#º=ÚQÆ Affectionate to = Jaè=∂#=Ú Comparable to = áÈeHõ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Condemmed to = tHõ∆ qkèOK«∞ Akin to = áÈeÜ«ÚO_»∞ Conducive to = ÉÏQÆ∞ KÕÜÚ « #k Alien to = Ñ¨~å~Ú"å_»∞ ÖËHõ Congenial to = ã¨=∞=∞QÆ∞#k Ñ¨~å~ÚkQÆ LO_»∞ Contrary to = =ºuˆ~Hõ=ÚQÆ Alive to = `≥eã≤H˘x Ü«ÚO_»∞ Creditable to = âß¡Ñ∞¨ ¶ "≥∞# ÿ kQÆ Amenable to = Ö’|_ç Deaf to = x=ã≤OK«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Temptation to = „¿Ñ~°} Detrimental to = K≥_∞» KÕÜÚ « #kQÆ Acquaintance Devoted to = ã¨=∞iÊOÑ¨|_ç# with = ÑïK«Ü∞« =Ú Entitled to = Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Alliance with = ãÖ|O^è= ŒÚ Equal to = ã¨=∂#=ÚQÆ Bargain with = ÉË~= ° ∂_»∞ Essential to = J=ã¨~= ° ÚQÆ Intercourse with= J<Àº#º ãÖÑ¨~¯° =Ú Faithful to = #=∞‡Hõ=ÚQÆ Deliverance from= q=ÚH˜Î Exposed to = Z_»q∞K«∞Û Escape from = `«ÑÊ≤ OK«∞H˘#∞ Fatal to = „Ñ= ¨ ∂^Œ=Ú 165

Hostile to

=ºuˆ~Hõ=Ú Impertinent to = ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # Q“~°==Ú K«∂Ñ¨Háõ È=Ù Incidental to = =K«∞Û Inclined to = W+¨Ñ ì _¨ ∞» , "≥ÚQÆ∞æ Indebted to = JÑ¨ÙÊÑ¨_ç Ü«ÚO_»∞ Indifferent to = Ñ¨\O ì˜ K«∞H˘#‰õΩO_»∞ Indispensable to= J=ã¨~= ° ÚQÆ Indulgent to = W+¨„ì ÑH ¨ Í~°O `«$Ñ≤,Î Ñ¨~K° ∞« Insensible to = Ñ¨\O ì˜ K«∞H˘#‰õΩO_» Irrelevant to = JãÖ^Œ~ƒ° " ù ∞≥ #ÿ Favourabel to = J#∞‰õÄÅ=ÚQÆ Immaterial to = J#=ã¨~= °Ú Impervious to = KÀ\©Ü∞« ‰õΩO_» Able to = â◊HÎ ˜ HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Limited to = Ñïq∞u HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞ Lost to = áÈ=Ù@ Loyal to = qâßfiã¨=ÚQÆ Natural to = ã¨ÇÏ¨ [=Ú Necessary to = J=ã¨~= °Ú Obedient to = q^èÜ Õ ∞« `«QÆ Obliged to = |^Œ∞_ Ì ∞» QÆ Offensive to = HÀÑ¨=Ú HõeyOK«∞ Opposite to = Z^Œ∞~°∞QÆ Painful to = ÉÏ^èQ ŒÆ Partial to = Ñ¨Há ∆õ ê`«=ÚQÆ Peculiar to = qz„`" « ∞≥ #ÿ 166

Prejudicial to

„Ñu¨ ‰õÄÅ"≥∞#ÿ Profitable to = ÖÏÉè^ í •Ü«∞Hõ=Ú Prone to = W+¨= ì ÚQÆÅ Reduced to = `«yO æ K«∞ Related to = ãÖ|OkèOz Responsible to = ÉèÏ^èºŒ `« Hõey Restricted to = x|O^è# Œ Ö’ #∞OK«∞ Sensitive to = <˘K«∞ÛH˘#∞ Suited to = ãïÑ¨_∞» True to = ãïQÆ Absorbed in = b#=∞QÆ∞ Accomplished in= <Õ~Ê° i Accurate in = ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # Backward in = "≥#∞HõÑ_ ¨ ç LO_»∞ Defective in = ãïQÆ ÖËHá õ È=Ù Deficient in = Ö’@∞ Hõey Experienced in = J#∞Éè= í =Ú HõÅ Deligent in = Ñ¨@∞ì^Å Œ HõÅ Enveloped in = HõÑÊ¨ |_ç Honest in = x*Ï~ÚfQÆ Interested in = W+¨= ì Ú HõÅ Involved in = z‰õΩ¯H˘xÜ«ÚO_»∞ Proficient in = áêO_ç`º« =Ú HõÅ Afflicted with = ÉÏ^èŒ Hõey Beset with = K«@| ì _ç Busy with = fiHõ ÖËHõ

Contented with =

`«$Ñ≤Î Ñ¨_∞» Conversant with= ÉÏQÍ `≥eÜ«Ú Disgusted with = qã¨ÚQÆ∞ K≥O^Œ∞ Endowed with = HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Gifted with = HõeyÜ«Ú#fl Infatuated with = "≥∂Ç¨Ï=Ú Hõey Infected with = ™ÈH˜ Infested with = Ñ‘_O ç K«∞ Inspired with = „¿Ñ~°} HõeyOK«∞ Intimate with = ã¨xflÇ≤Ï`«=ÚQÆ Popular with / among = "≥∞Ñ¨ÙÊ á⁄Ok Satisfied with = `«$Ñ≤Î Hõey Accused of = <Õ~å~ÀÑ¨} KÕÜ∞« |_»∞ Acquitted of = x~ÀÌ+Q ≤ Æ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ∞« |_»∞ Afraid of = ÉèÜ í ∞« =Ú Hõey Assured of = Ç¨q∞ DÜ«∞|_ç Confident of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú Hõey Conscious of = `≥eã≤ LO_»∞ Convinced of = #q∞‡OK«∞ Deprived of / from = ÖË‰Ωõ O_» KÕÜÚ « Desirous of = HÀiHõ Hõey Devoid of = ÖË‰Ωõ O_» Diffident of = #=∞‡Hõ=Ú ÖËHõ Envious of / to = Jã¨∂Ü«∞ Hõey Fond of = „Ñu ‘ Hõey Guilty of = ^À+≤Ü∞ÿ ≥

167

Ignorant of

`≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_» LO_»∞ Informed of = `≥eÜ«∞KÕÜÚ « Negligent of = x~°H ¡ º∆õ =ÚQÆ Proud of = QÆ~fi° =Ú`À Sick of = Jã¨ÇÏ¨ º=Ú Hõey Sure of = xâ◊ÛÜ«∞=Ú KÕã∞¨ H˘#∞ Suspicious of = J#∞=∂#=Ú Hõey Tolerant of = ã¨ÇÏ≤ OK«∞ Anxious for = J„`∞« `« Conspicuous for/ of= ã¨Ê+¨= ì ÚQÆ Hõ#|_»∞ Destined for = xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞ Eager for = `˘O^Œ~Q °Æ Eligible for = J~°›`« Hõey Fit for = ãïÑ¨_ç Grateful for = Hõ$`«[` ˝ « Hõey Prepared for / to = ã≤^Ñ úŒ _¨ ç Proper for = ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # Qualified for = J~°›`« Hõey Sorry for = qKåiOK«∞ Towards = "≥Ñ · Ù¨ #, k‰õΩ¯#‰õΩ QÆ∞iOz, Z_»Å, JO^Œ∞ ~°=∂~°q∞, ^ŒQ~æÆ ° Till, untill = =~°‰Ωõ Between = #_»∞=∞, =∞^èºŒ Betwixt = #_»∞=∞, =∞^èºŒ Near = ^ŒQ~ æÆ ° Down = „HO ˜ ^Œ

Over

Out

ÃÑ#· = |Ü«∞@‰õΩ

Off

Under

Above Across

Around Beneath Beside Beyond Underneath Along In case of Despite because of along with by means of in search of for the sake of in case of dispite in comparison to in place of owing to in compliance with in reference with a view to

ÖË‰Ωõ O_», q_çz, ^Œ∂~°=Ú#∞O_ç

„HO˜ ^Œ, J_»∞QÆ∞#, `«‰Ωõ ¯= = g∞^Œ, ÃÑ# · = J_»= ¤ ÚQÍ, XHõ „ÑH¨ ¯õ #∞O_ç=∞iÜ≥∞Hõ „ÑH¨ ¯õ ‰õΩ = K«∞@∞ì#∞ = kQÆ∞=, J_»∞QÆ∞# = „ÑH ¨ ¯õ # = P=Å = „HO ˜ ^Œ = "≥O@ = Pq^èO Œ QÍ J~Ú# = J~Ú##∞ = = = = = = =

in course of = in regard to = with an eye to = in favour of = inspite of = with reference to = in front of = instead of = with regard to = in lieu of = in the event of = in order to = on account of = On Upon In Into Of

For

With

= = =

Within Without

= = =

168

ÃÑ#· , g∞^Œ = ÃÑ·H˜ = Ö’Ñ¨Å, JO^Œ∞ = Ö’Ñ¨Å‰õΩ = 1. KÕ`< « ,£ KÕ<,£ `À_»<£ 2. `À<£, J<≥_∞» , #∞O_ç 3. =Å#, QÆ∞iOz, Ü≥ÚHõ¯ = H˘~°‰Ωõ , H Ô ,· xq∞`«=Î Ú QÆ∞iOz, HÀã¨=Ú, =Å#, =Å¡, KÕ`,« #∞O_ç, H˜, ‰õΩ =~°‰Ωõ , Ñ¨H=∆õ Ú = =^Œ,Ì JO^Œ∞, "≥Ñ · Ù¨ , K˘Ñ¨ÙÊ# = KÕ`,« `À, `À_» = Ö’Ñ¨Å, Ç¨Ï^Œ∞Ö Ì ’Ñ¨Å = |Ü«∞@, ÖË‰Ωõ O_®

TO By

From

After Among Amongst Amidst Before About

‰õΩ, H˜, =^Œ‰Ì Ωõ , `À = =Å#, KÕ`,« QÆ∞O_®, ^•ﬁ~å, ^ŒQ~æÆ ,° K˘Ñ¨ÙÊ# = #∞O_ç, #∞Oz, =^Œ# Ì ∞O_ç KÕ`,« HÍ~°}=Ú#, =Å# = `«~∞° "å`«, "≥#∞Hõ, Ñ≤=∞‡@ = Ö’, =∞^èºŒ = =∞^èºŒ = =∞^èºŒ = =ÚO^Œ~,° Z^Œ∞@ = QÆ∞iOz, K«∞@∞ì„ÑH¨ ¯õ Å, ^ŒQ~æÆ ° = JO`Õ HÍ‰õΩO_®

Besides Phrse Prepositons Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition according to agreeably to

169

along with away from by dint of by means of by reason of by virtue of by way of Comformably to for the sake of in accordance with in addition to (on) behalf of in case of in comparison to in compliance with in consequence of in course of in favour of in front of in lieu of in order to in place of in reference to in regard to in spite of instead of on account of owing to with a view to

RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS Within the house Lean against a wall

Tour a round the world Left for Bombay

Towards evening Since yesterday

Within a month At an early date

Sell goods at auction Cut it with a kinfe

Send it by post Stunned by a blow

Fought with courage Falling by inches

Worked with care With flying colours

Worked for the good of all Died of cancer

Good place for a picnic Suffers from pain

The temple of Srinathji

The girl with black eyes.

Interest at twelve percent Cloth is sold by the metre

House by the tower clock He lost the race by a metre

After every effort, he failed For one vacancy a thousand applications For all his wisdom, he is vainglorious. With all his weakness, as he is a fine fellow. Sorry for / about something that one has done I'm sorry for / about breaking your window. Sorry for a person I feel really sorry for her children. Speak to; speak with ( especially US) Could I speak to/ with your father for a moment? Suffer from My wife is suffering from hepatitis Surprised at /by Everybody was surprised at/ by the weather. take part in (NOT) I dont want to take part in any more conferences.

170

think of / about (NOT) I'm thinking of studying medicine. I've also thought about studying dentistry. the thought of (NOT) I hate the thought of going back to work. throw...at (aggressive)

stop throwing stones at the cars

throw .....to ( in a game) If you get the ball, throw it to me translate into (NOT) Could you translate this into (Greek for me?) trip over He tripped over the cat and fell downstairs. typical of (NOT) The wine's typical of the region. wrong with What's wrong with Rahool today? accuse of accuse somebody of something (NOT) She accused me of poisoning her dog. afraid of (NOT) Are you afraid of spiders? agree with a person, opinion or policy I entirely agree with you. He left the firm because he didn't agree with their sales policy. agree about a subject of discussion We agree about most things. agree on a matter for decision Let's try to agree on a date. agree to a suggestion I'll agree to your suggestion if you lower the price.

171

angry with ( sometimes at) a person for doing something. I'm angry with her for lying to me. angry about ( sometimes at) something What are you so angry about? anxious about (= worried about) I'm getting anxious about money. anxious for ( = eager to have) We're all anxious for an end to this misunderstanding. anxious + infinitive (= eager, wanting) She's anxious to find a better job. apologise to somebody for something. I think we should apologise to the Shiva. I must apologise for disturbing you. arrive at or in (NOT) What time do we arrive at Cardiff? When did you arrive in England? bad at (NOT) I'm not bad at tennis. believe a person or something that is said(=accept as truthful / true (no preposition) Don't believe her. I don't believe a word she says. believe in God, Father Christmas etc (= believe that .... exists; trust) I half believe in life after death. If you believe me I can do anything. belong in / on/ etc (= go, fit, have its place in/on/etc) belong to ( = be a member of) I belong to a local athletics club. blue with cold, red with anger etc.

172

My hands were blue with cold when I got home frightened of or by get in (to) and out of a car, taxi or small boat When I got into my car, I found the radio had been stolen. get on (to) and off a train, plane, bus, ship, (motor) bike or horse We'll be getting off the train in ten minutes. good at ( NOT) Are you any good at tennis? (the) idea of...ing ( NOT...) I don't like the idea of getting married yet. ill with The boss has been ill with flu this week. impressed with/by I'm very impressed with/by your work. increase in activity, output etc (NOT) I'd like to see a big increase in productivity. independent of or sometimes from; independence from She got a job so that she could be independent of her parents When did India get its independence from Britain? insist on (NOT) George's father insisted on paying. Interest/ interested in ( NOT) Do you have interest in social work? Not many people are interested in grammar. kind to (NOT) People have always been very kind to me. (a)

lack of Lack of time prevented me from writing.

(to)

lack (no preposition) Your mother lacks tact.

(to) be lacking in she is lacking in tact. laugh at

173

I hate being laughed at. laugh about We'll laugh about this one day. listen to If you don't listen to people they won't listen to you. look at (= 'point one's eyes at') Stop looking at me like that. look after ( = take care of) Thanks for looking after me when I was ill. look for (= try to find) Can you help me look for my keys? marriage to ; get / be married to (NOT) Her marriage to Philip didn't last very long. How long have you been married to Sheila? marry somebody ( no preposition) She married her childhood sweetheart. near (to) : nice to (NOT) You weren't very nice to me last night. operate on a patient They operated on her yesterday evening. pay for something that is bought ( NOT) Excuse me, sir. You haven't paid for your drink. pleased with somebody. The boss is very pleased with you. pleased with/about/at something. I wasn't very pleased with/about/at my exam results. polite to ( NOT)

174

Try to be polite to Uncle Richard for once. prevent ... from...ing ( NOT) The noise from downstairs prevented me from sleeping. proof of (NOT) I want proof of your love. Lend me some money. reason for (NOT) Nobody knows the reason for the accident. remind of She reminds me of a girl I was at school with. responsible/ responsibility for Who's responsible for the shopping this week? rude to (NOT) Peggy was petty rude to my family last weekend. run into (=meet) I ran into Philip at Victoria Station this morning. search ( without preposition) (= look through; look everywhere in/on) They searched everybody's luggage They searched the man in front of me from head to foot. search for ( =look for) The customs were searching for drugs at the airport. shocked at/by I was terribly shocked at/by the news of Peter's accident. shout at

(aggressive)

If you don't stop shouting at me I'll come and hit you. shout to (=call to) Mary shouted to us to come in and swim. smile at If you smile at me like that I'll give you anything you want. sorry about something that has happened

175

I'am sorry about your exam results. enter into an agreement, a discussion etc. We've just entered into an agreement with Carsons Ltd. enter a place (no preposition) When I entered the room everybody stopped talking. example of (NOT) Sherry is an example of a fortified wine. explain something to somebody (NOT) Could you explain this rule to me? clever at ( NOT) I'm not very clever at cooking. congratulate / congratulations on something (US also for) I must congratulate you on your exam results. Congratualtions on your new job! congratulate/ congratulations on/ for doing something. He congratulated the team on/ for having won all their games. crash into (NOT USUALLY ) I wasn't concentrating, and I crashed into the car in front. depend/ dependent on(NOT

or)

We may play football-it depends on the weather. He doesn't want to be dependent on his parents. But: independent of details of (NOT USUALLY) Write now for details of our special offer. die of or from More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War A week after the accident he died from his injuries. difficulty with something , (in) doing something (NOT) I'm having difficulty with my travel arrangements.

176

You won't have much difficulty (in) getting to know people in Italy. disappointed with somebody disappointed with/ at / about something You must be pretty disappointed with/at/about your exam results. (a)

discussion about something.

We had a long discussion about politics. (to) discuss something (no preposition) We'd better discuss your travel plans. divide into (NOT) The book is divided into three parts. dream of ( =think of, imagine) I often dreamed of being famous when I was younger. dream about/of (while asleep) What does it mean if you dream about/ of mountains? dress(ed) in ( NOT) Who's the woman dressed in green? drive into (NOT) Chintu drove into a tree again yesterday.

THE CONJUNCTION

ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆÑ^¨ =Œ Ú Definition : Ô~O_»∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ#∞QÍx, Ô~O_»∞ Ñ¨^Œã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx,

Ô~O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ QÍx HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨^Œ=Ú CONJUNCTION ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»∞#∞. e.g :God made the forest and man made the park His body is small but his heart is big Three and three make six 1.

Œ ÚQÆÅ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Correlative conjuntions : J<Àº#º ã¨O|O^è= Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞. Wq [O@Å∞QÍ #∞O_»∞#∞. 177

e.g :

Either .... or, Neither ... nor, Both .... and, Though .... yet, Whether.....or, not only... but also

Learn either French or German

The fruit is neither sweet nor good looking

I like both cricket and hockey

I do not care whether you come or go or

7. 2.

I like not only cricket but also hockey.

Compound Conjunctions : Ñ¨^ã Œ =¨ Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ e.g :In order that

as though

On condition that

in as much as

even if,

as well as

so that,

as soon as

Provided that,

as if

Conjunctions =ÚYº=ÚQÍ Ô~O_»∞ ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞

Co-ordinate conjunctions

Subordinative conjunctions

Co-ordinate conjunctions : ã¨=∂<åkèH~ õ} ° ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆÑ^¨ =Œ ÚÅ∞ Wq

Ô~O_»∞ ã¨=∂# ™ê÷~ÚQÆÅ "åHõºÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞. D ~°HõÑ¨Ù conjunctions Ö’ =ÚYº"≥∞# ÿ q and, but, or, not, also, either or, neither nor, gx`À HõÅ∞Ñ¨|_ç# "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÅ#∞ main clause 178

JO^Œ∞~°∞. D co-ordinate conjunctions Ö’ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ qÉè^Ë =Œ ÚÅ∞#ﬂq. a. Cumulative „áÈÔQ# · ÖËHõ ã¨=ÚK«ÛÜ«∂~°Hú õ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞. Wq ~Ô O_»∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ#∞ ( main clauses) HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞. Jq and, also. b.

Adversative : =ºuˆ~HÍ~°ú=ÚÖˇ·#q. Wq Ô~O_»∞ „Ñ¨Hõ@#Å‰õΩ

=º`åºã¨=Ú ÖËHõ =ºuˆ~Hõ`« „Ñ¨^Œi≈OK«∞#∞. e.g : but, still, yet c.

Alternative : QÆ`º« O`«~° ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞. Wq Ô

~O_çO\˜=ÚO^˘Hõ ^•xx „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞@‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊=Ú K«∂Ñ¨Ù#∞ e.g : either......or, neither ... nor d.

Illative : J~åúÑu ¨ Î ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞. Wq XHõ TÇ¨Ï#∞

J#∞=∂#=Ú#∞ ÖËHõ J~å÷Ñ¨uÎx K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ#∞. e.g : therfore

Sub-ordinative conjunctions : ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∂~°Hú õ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞

XHõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú J~°ú ã¨OÑ¨ÓiÎ H˘~°‰õΩ "Õ~˘Hõ "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=ÚÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» K«∞O_»QÍ D ~Ô O\˜x ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨~K ° ∞« conjunction #∞ subordinative conjunction JO^Œ∞~°∞. nx `«~∞° "å`« =K«∞Û "åHõº ÉèÏQÆ=Ú#∞ subordinative clause JO^Œ∞~°∞. =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ subordinative conjunctions after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, else. 179

Wq 8 ~°Hõ=ÚÅ∞ i. HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q (Time) e.g before, after, till, since, when, while, as soon as. ii.

HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=ÙÅ‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q ( Cause, reason) e.g: because, since, as

iii.

„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[# (purpose) ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ#q e.g : that, inorder that, so that, incase

iv.

Ñ¶e¨ `«=Ú (Request or consequence)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g: so that, that

+¨~`° ∞« (condition )#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g : if, unless

vi.

B^•~°º`å ÉèÏ==Ú ( concession)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g : I will not receive him though he comes

vii.

áÈÅ∞Û@ ( comparison)‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q e.g : than

viii.

ã¨÷Å xˆ~Ìâ◊=Ú (place)#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q Ex : where, wherever

Note : H˘xﬂ Ñ¨^= Œ ÚÅ∞ conjunctions QÍ#∞ prepositions QÍ#∞

‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞. Jq Till, since, For, After, But, Before. 180

SOME CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIR USES

H˘xﬂ ã¨OÜ≥∂QÆ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ – "å\˜ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 1.

'since' ~ Ô O_»∞ J~°=ú ÚÅÖ’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞ a.

HÍÅ=Ú#‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. XHÍ<˘Hõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞=Ú#∞O_ç J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# e.g : Much water has flown under the bridge since we crossed it

HÍ~°ºHÍ~°} ã¨O|O^èŒ=Ú# LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. e.g: Since you wish it, it will be done

'Or' 4 q^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÆ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. a.

ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°=ú Ú#. XHõ\˜ [~°Q^Æ xŒ ~Ô O_»=k [~°∞QÆ∞#x K≥Ñ¨ÙÊ@‰õΩ Do or die Work or starve

ÖËHõ – J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# J=HÍâ◊=ÚÅ∞ XHõ\˜ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= ‰õÄ_® LO_»=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : He may go to England or America or Germany c.

for higher studies

'Otherwise' (J@∞¡ HÍHõáÈ~Ú#, ÖË‰Ωõ #ﬂ "Õ~∞° q^è= Œ ÚQÍ)

J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ– 181

e.g : Please walk quickly or darkness will overtake us. d.

'and' =∞iÜ«Ú

J#∞ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨=∂<å~°ú=Ú

`≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ– e.g : Our school team is not wanting in skill or in practice 3.

'If' J#∞ conjunction 5 q^è= Œ ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞– a.

'on condition that' J#∞ J~°= ú Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ– e.g : If Rama is there, I shall see him

XHõ q+¨Ü«∞=Ú#∞ JOwHõ~°iOK«∞@‰õΩ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ e.g : If I am blunt, I am without malice.

'Whether' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ e.g : I asked him if he would lend me money.

'Whenever' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ e.g : If I feel doubtful, I will ask you

e. 4.

e.g : If only I knew !

'That' J#∞ conjunction =¸_»∞ q^è= Œ ÚÅ∞QÍ

LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOÑ¨|_»∞#∞. a. XHõ HÍ~°}=Ú, ¿ÇÏ`«∞=Ù `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ e.g : He was angry that he was exposed ( that = because) b.

XHõ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#=Ú `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù@‰õΩ, JÑ¨ÙÊ_»k 'in order that' 182

J~°ú=Ú HõeyÜ«ÚO_»∞#∞. e.g : We saw that we may reap. c.

(Effect, result, conquence) e.g : I am so exhausted that I can not move a yard

'while' conjunction #∞ =¸_»∞ q^è= Œ ÚÅ∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yO`«∞~°∞ a.

'during the time that', ÖËHõ 'as long as' J#∞ J~°= ú Ú# e.g : While the day lasts, hope lingers

'at the same time that' J#∞ J~°= ú Ú# e.g : While they quarrelled, they helped each other.

'where as ' J#∞ J~°ú=Ú# e.g : While it is true of Hyderabad, its not true of other Andhra towns.

'only' J#∞ conjunction #∞ 'except that' ÖËHõ 'but' ÖËHõ 'were it not' J#∞ J~°ú=ÚÅÖ’ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yO`«∞~°∞. e.g: A good singer, only he falters little.

183

Conjunctions And

But Either-or

= =

WkHÍx–JkHÍx Neither-nor

( ã¨=ÚK«ÛùÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞) =∞iÜ«Ú HÍx

so that provided that as though in as much as as well as as soon as as if

WkHÍ^Œ∞–JkHÍ^Œ∞

Not only-but also

W^ÕHÍHõ–Jk‰õÄ_®#∞ Even if

Eventhough

As well as

As yet

As far as

Even then

Before

After

Till

Hip, hip hurrah =

J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H˜ J~Ú##∞ ‰õÄ_» WOHõ#∞ =~°‰õΩ JÑ¨Ê\˜H˜x =ÚO^Œ∞ "≥#∞Hõ JÑ¨Ê\˜ =~°‰õΩ [Ü«∞ [Ü«∂ ~å==ÚÅ∞

Time before,still, since, after, Cause since as Purpose Result Condition Concession though-yet, although Comparison both- and whether - or Though - yet

= =

until because,

= = = =

that, lest so-that if, unless though,

than

THE INTERJECTION

Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ Ñ¨^Œ=Ú Definition : JHõ™ê‡`«∞Q Î Í Hõey# z`«Î =$uÎx, ~åQÆ=Ú#∞, =∞<À„^ÕH=õ Ú#∞,

P"Õâ◊=Ú#∞ `≥ÅÑ¨Ù@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK≥_»∞ Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ#∞ Interjection Jx Ñ≤Å∞`«~∞° . e.g : Alas, he passed away ! 184

Hello ! Who is there ? Ah! Has she gone? Oh! I was much afraid Hush ! Be silent Hurrah! India has won the test series.

ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÅO^Œ∞ Interjection Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ‰õΩ "åHõº=ÚÖ’x ~Ú`«~° Ñ¨^Œ=Ú`À <≥\˜ì ãÖ|O^èŒ=Ú#∞ ÖË^∞Œ . Interjection Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ J<ÕHõ q^è=Œ ÚÖˇ#· z`«Î=$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞. ãÖ`À+¨=Ú (Joy) `≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Hurrah! (JÉÏƒ) ^Œ∞óY=Ú (Grief) `≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞ e.g : Alas ! ( JHõ\Ï ! Hõ@ Hõ@!) Pâ◊Û~°º=Ú (Surprise)#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞. e.g: ha! oh! ( Ç¨! Ç¨ÏŸ! B~å! JÇ¨Ç¨!) ã¨=∞‡u, P"≥∂^Œ=Ú, JOwHÍ~°=Ú (Approval) `≥Å∞Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞ e.g: Brave ( Éèím, ÃãÇ¨ÏÉèÏãπ) HÀÑ¨=Ú(Anger) e.g: Avaunt ( pè, áÈ!) H˘xfl Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ ã¨=∂ã¨"≥∞ÿ, ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ, 'Interjection ' QÍ „Ñ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOÑ¨|_»=K«∞Û#∞. 185

Ex : Good gracious ! For shame! Well done! Ah, me!

Ñ¨^ãŒ =¨ Ú^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ∞ 'Interjection ' QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOÑ¨|_ç#Ü≥∞_»Å P ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞=Ú z=~° ‰õÄ_® Pâ◊Û~åº~°úHõ zÇ¨Ïﬂ=Ú#∞OK«=Öˇ#∞.

COLLECTIONS( ã¨O„QÆÇ¨Ï=ÚÅ∞) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

A swarm of bees or flies, or ants. A shower of rain, arrows. A series of events A caravan of merchants, pilgrims, travellers. An army of soldiers. A band of musicians. A bunch of grapes, plan tains. A class of students, of persons. A cloud of locusts. A code of laws. A company of soldiers, merchants. A series of lectures. A fleet of ships. A group of figures, men. A hive of bees. A league of states, nations. A library of books. A sheat of cork. A shoal of fish. A train of wagons, carriages. A troop or squadron of horses. A suit of clothes. A regiment of soldiers.

186

24.

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

A bunch of flowers, bouquet ( Bookai). A bundle of sticks / hay A chain of mountains/ events. A Clump or grove of trees. A collection of relics. A cluster or galaxy of stars, islands. A flock of geese or sheep. A flight of steps or birds. A fall of snow or rain. A flight or swarm of locusts, birds, steps. A gang of thieves or robbers, prisoners, convicts, workmen. A gang of labourers. A heap of stones or sand. A herd of cattle or swine, deer or sheep. A litter of puppies, pigs. A pair of shoes. A pack of wolves or hounds, cards. A range of hills or mountains. A stack of corn or wood or arms.

Youngone's of Animals( offspring)

( [O`«∞=ÙÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ )

Cat - Kitten

Dog - Puppy

Donkey - filly or foal

Eagle - Eaglet

Goat - Kid

Hen - Chicken, chick

Horse - Colt(M), Filly(F)/foal

Lion

Tiger

10.

Wolf

11.

Sheep - Lamb

12.

Swan - Gnat.

13.

Duck - Duckling

14.

Frog - Tadpole

- Cub

Cries of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Animals

( [O`«∞=ÙÅ J~°∞Ñ¨ÙÅ∞)

Asses- bray Bulls- bellow Bees- hum, Buzz Birds - chirp. sing, twitter Cows- moo Camels grunt Cocks- crow Crows- caw Cats- mew, purr Dogs- bark, whine, yelp, growl, howl Elephants- trumpet Flies- hum, buzz Fox- yelp, bark Frogs- croak Goats- bleat Horses- neigh, snost, whinning

187

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Jackals- howl Lambs- bleat Lions- roar Mice- sqeak Monkeys- chatter, gibber Nightingales- warble, sing Owlshoot, shriek, screech, scream Parrots- talk Sparrows- chirp, twitter Serpents- hiss Sheep- bleat Swans- cry Thrushes- whistle Tigers- growl, roar Turkeys- gabble Vultures- scream wolves - howl, yell.

NUMBERS & FRACTIONS (

ã¨OYºÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú aè#ﬂ=ÚÅ∞)

One

XHõ\˜

Two

~Ô O_»∞

Three

=¸_»∞

III

Four

<åÅ∞QÆ∞

Five

S^Œ∞

Six

P~°∞

Seven

U_»∞

VII

Eight

Zxq∞k

VIII

Nine

`˘q∞‡k

Ten

Ñ¨k

Eleven

Ñ¨^HŒ ˘O_»∞

Twelve

Ñ¨<ﬂ≥ O_»∞

XII

188

Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty one Twenty two Twnety three Twenty four Twenty five Twenty six Twenty seven Twenty eight Twenty nine Thirty Thirty one Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety Ninety one Ninety two

Ñ¨^=Œ ¸_»∞ Ñ¨^<Œ åÅ∞æ Ñ¨k<≥^· ∞Œ Ñ¨^∞Œ <å~°∞ Ñ¨^∞Œ <Õ_∞» Ñ¨^∞Œ <≥xq∞k Ñ¨O_˘q∞‡k W~°∞=k W~°"≥· XHõ\ W~°"≥· Ô~O_»∞ W~°"≥· =¸_»∞ W~°"·≥ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ W~°"≥· S^Œ∞ W~°"≥· P~°∞ W~°"≥· U_»∞ W~°"≥· Zxq∞k W~°ÃÑ· `˘q∞‡k =ÚÃÑ·Ê =ÚÃÑ·Ê XHõ\ #ÅÉè·ˇ Ü«∂Éè·ˇ J~°"≥· _≥Éƒ·ˇè ù Z#Éè·ˇ `˘OÉè·ˇ `˘OÉèX·ˇ Hõ\ `˘OÉèˇ· Ô~O_»∞ 189

XIII

XIV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

XIX

XXI

XXII

XXIII

XXIV

XXV

XXVI

XXVII

XXVIII

XXIX

XXX

XXXI

LXX

LXXX

XCI

XCII

Ninety three

`˘OÉè=·ˇ ¸_»∞ Ninety four `˘OÉè·ˇ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ Ninety five `˘OÉè·ˇ S^Œ∞ Ninety six `˘OÉè·ˇ P~°∞ Ninety seven `˘OÉè·ˇ U_» Ninety eight `˘OÉè·ˇ Zxq∞k Ninety nine `˘OÉè·ˇ `˘q∞‡k Hundred #∂~°∞ Hundred one #∂@ XHõ\˜ Hundred and ten #∂@Ñ¨k Hundred and fifty #∂@Ü«∂Éè·ˇ Two hundred Ô~O_»∞=O^ŒÅ∞ Three hundred =¸_»∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ Four hundred <åÅ∞QÆ∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ Five hundred S^Œ∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ Six hundred P~°∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ Seven hundred U_»∞ =O^ŒÅ∞ Eight hundred Zxq∞k =O^ŒÅ∞ Nine hundred `˘q∞‡k =O^ŒÅ∞ Thousand "Õ~Ú

XCIII

XCIV

XCV

XCVI

XCVII

XCVIII

XCIX

100

101

110

150

200

CCC

300

400

500

600

DCC

700

DCCC

800

900

1000

1100

MCC

1200

Thousand and one hundred Thousand two

"Õ~Úxﬂ XHõ #∂~°∞

hundred

"Õ~Úxﬂ Ô~O_»∞ #∂~°∞¡ Ñ¨k"ÕÅ∞ `˘OÉèˇ·"ÕÅ∞ ÅHõ∆

Ten thousand Ninety thousand Lakh

190

10,000 90,000 1,00,000

Million

10,00,000

Ñ¨k ÅHõ∆Å∞ HÀ\˜

Crore Cipher

Naught

Zero

Even number = Odd numbe

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh

Eighth

Ninth

Tenth

Eleventh

Twentieth

Double

Treble

Four fold

Five fold

Nine fold

Ten fold

100, 00 000

ã¨∞#fl ã¨∞#fl ã¨∞#fl ãï ãÖYº ÉËã≤ ãÖYº XHõ@= Ô~O_»= =¸_»= <åÅ∞QÆ= J~Ú^Œ= P~°= U_»= Zxq∞^Œ= `˘q∞‡^Œ= Ñ¨^Œ= Ñ¨^ŒH˘O_»= W~°∞=^Œ= Ô~O_çO`«Å∞ =¸_çO`«Å∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~Ô @∞¡ J~Ú^Œ∞ Ô~@∞¡ `˘q∞‡k ~Ô @∞¡ Ñ¨k Ô~@∞¡ 191

1 16

XHõ\˜Ö’ Ñ¨^ŒÇ¨~°= ÉèÏQÆ=Ú

13 16

Ñ¨^=Œ ¸_»∞ Ñ¨^ŒÇ¨~°= ÉèÏQÍÅ∞

1 8

XHõ\˜Ö’ Zxq∞^Œ= ÉèÏQÆ=Ú

5 8

Zxq∞kO@ J~Ú^Œ∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞

1 4

áêuHõ, HÍÅ∞ ÉèÏQÆ=Ú, ÉèÏQÆ=Ú, áê=Ù(áêuHõ)

1 4

XHõ\˜OÉÏ=Ù, XHõ\˜OHÍÅ∞,

1 4

Ô~O_»∞OÉÏ=Ù, Ô~O_»∞OÉÏuHõ

Once

Twice

Thrice

Four times

Five times

Nine times

Ten times

Ninety times = Hundredtimes= Dozen

Gross

Score

XHõ™êi Ô~O_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ =¸_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ™ê~°∞¡ J~Ú^Œ∞ ™ê~°∞¡ `˘q∞‡k ™ê~°∞¡ Ñ¨k™ê~°∞¡ `˘OÉè™·ˇ ê~°∞¡ =O^Œ™ê~°∞¡ Ñ¨<≥ﬂO_»∞ Ñ¨<≥ﬂO_»∞ _»[#∞¡ W~°∞=k

1 4

Ñ¨kOÉÏ=Ù, Ñ¨kOÉÏuHõ, Ñ¨kOHÍÅ∞

1 2

J~°, ã¨QÆ=Ú

1 2

XHõ\˜#ﬂ~°

1 2

Ô~O_»∞#ﬂ~°

1 2

=¸_»∞#ﬂ~°

1 2

J~Ú^Œ∞#ﬂ~°

=ÚáêÊuHõ,

3 4

=ÚHÍ¯Å∞, =ÚáêÊ=Ù

192

3 4

XHõ\˜ =ÚHÍ¯Å∞

3 4

=¸_»∞ =ÚHÍ¯Å∞

Three quarters of a ton is too much. 3.6 kilometres is about 2 miles. nought, zero, nil etc The figure 0 is usually called nought in British English, and zero in American English, When we say numbers one figure at a time, 0 is often called oh ( like the letter O). My account number is four one three oh six. In measurements of temperature, 0 is called zero in both British and American English. Zero is followed by a plural noun. Zero degrees Celsius is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. Zero scores in team games are called nil (American zero or nothing). In tennis and similar games, the word love is used ( originally from French) l'oeuf, meaning 'the egg' - the figure 0 is egg-shaped). And the score at half-time is : Scotland three, England nil. Forty - love; Andrews to serve. Telephone numbers We say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three or four ( not two). When the same figure comes twice, British people usually say double. 3074922 three oh seven, four nine double two ( US three zero seven, four nine two two) Roman numbers Roman numbers (I, II, III, IV etc) are not common in modern English, but they are still used in a few cases- for example the names of kings and queens, page numbers in the introductions to some books, the numbers of paragraphs in some documents, the numbers of questions in some examinations, the figures on some clock faces, and occasionally the names of centuries. It was built in the time of Henry V. For details. see Introduction page ix. Do question(vi) or question (vii), but not both. a fine XVIII Century English walnut chest of drawers. 1 i 10 x 41 xl 2 ii 11 xi 45 xlv 3 iii 12 xii 50 L 4 iv 13 xiii 60 Lx 5 v 14 xiv 90 xc 6 vi 19 xix 100 C 7 vii 20 xx 500 D 8 viii 21 xxi 1000 M 9 ix 30 xxx 1995 MCMXCV

193

Cardinal and ordinal numbers : books, chapters etc., the fourth book- Book Four the third act - Act Three Mozart's thirty-ninth symphony - Symphony No.39, by Mozart the third day of the course - Timetable for Day Three however, the names of kings and queens are said with ordinal numbers. Henry VIII: Henry the Eighth ( Not Henry Eight) Louis XIV : Louis the Fourteenth Elizabeth II : Elizabeth the second

Centuries The period from 1701-1800 is called the 18th century ( not the 17th); 1801-1900 is the 19th century etc.,

Floors The ground floor of a British house is the first floor of an American house ; the British first floor is the American second floor, etc.,

and; punctuation In British English we always use "and" before the tens in a number. In American English, 'and' can be dropped. 310 three hundred and ten ( US also three hundred ten) 5,642 five thousand, six hundred and forty-two In measurements containing two different units, and is possible before the smaller, but is usually left out. two hours ( and ) ten minutes two metres ( and ) thirty centimetres. 3,127( Not 3.127) 5.466,243 We do not always use commas in four figure numbers and they are not used in dates. 4.126 or 4126 the year 1648 Spaces are also possible in British English. There are 1,000(OR 1000 millimetres in a metre.)

'a' and 'one' We can say a hundred or one hundred, a thousand or one thousand a million or one million. One is more formal. I want to live for a hundred years ( Not ... Pay Mr J Baron one thousand

194

pounds on a cheque) 317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine 0.375 nought point three seven five ( US zero point three) 4.7 four point seven

Singular and plural with fractions and decimals One and a half hours 1.3 millimetres I have been waiting for an hour and a half Three quarters of a ton 0.1625 cm nought point one six two five of a centimetre nought point one six two five centimetres

Measurement a five - litre can a pound note a six -pound chicken, a three-mile walk, a five-day course, a two -person tent, ten two-hour lessons a pint mug a two thirds share Note the use of the 's structure before worth. a pound's worth of walnuts three dollars' worth of popcorn a day's journey, three hours' journey twenty minutes' delay a three hours (') journey ( = a journey of three hours) a three-hour journey, a twenty -minute delay the evening news, a sunday paper yesterday's news, last sunday's match

Masculine gender & Femine gender man father man-servant uncle wizard grandfahter drake landlord duke master earl fox

( Ñ¨ÙOeOQÆ =∞iÜ«Ú „ã‘ÎeOQÆ Ñ¨^•Å∞ ) woman mother maid-servant aunt witch grandmother duck landlady duchess mistress countess vixen

emperor gentleman monk god negro king poet hero prince priest

195

empress lady nun goddess negress queen poetess heroine princess priestess

grandson father-in-law waiter sir washer-man he-goat lad sportsman drone actor bridegroom cout dairy man tiger traitor heir instructor milk-man shephered step-son master host Peer Bachelor Poet Priest Boy Prophet Brother Buck Steward Bull ( or OX) Viscount Bullock Cock Benefactor Colt Conductor Dog Enchanter Drake Founder Hunter

grand daughter mother-in law waitress madam washer-woman she-goat lass sportswoman bee actress bride countess dairy-maid tigress traitress heiress intructress milk-maid shepheredess step-daughter mistress hostess Peeress maid poetess spinster priestess girl prophetess siter doe stewardess cow viscountess heifer hen benefactress filly conductress bitch enchantress duck foundress huntress

Gander Hart Negro Horse Abbot Husband Emperor Lord Marquis

goose roe negress mare abbess wife empress lady marchioness

Fox

Vixen

Preceptor Songster Tempter Seamaster Tiger Nephew Waiter Ram Sir Murderer Son Sorcerer Stag Bull-calf Uncle Cock-sparrow Wizard He-goat Author He-bear Baron Jack-ass Giant man-servant Land-lord Great-uncle Lion Manager Milk-man Mayor Pea-cock Patron Washer-man Administrator

preceptress songstress temptress seamstress tigress niece waitress ewe madam murderess daughter sorceress hind cow-calf aunt hen-sparrow witch she-goat authoress she-bear baroness jenny-ass giantess maid-servant land-lady great-aunt lioness manageress milk-maid mayoress pea-hen patroness Washer-woman administratrix

196

Executor Testator Czar Sultan Signor

executrix testatrix czarina sultana signora

Singluar & Plural forms

( UHõ=K«# =∞iÜ«Ú |Ç¨ï=K«# ~°∂áêÅ∞) Valcano

Valcanoes

Echo

Echoes

Piano

Pianos

Dynamo

Dynamos

Bamboo

Bamboos

Canto

Cantos

Momento

Plural Form Momentos = Baby

Babies

Army

Jyfl Ñ¨~°fi`«=Ú Jyfl Ñ¨~fi° `«=ÚÅ∞ „Ñü^èŒfix „Ñü^èfiŒ #∞Å∞ XHõ ãÖw`« "å^Œºqâı+¨=Ú "å^Œº=ÚÅ∞ _≥#· "≥∂ _≥#· "≥∂Å∞ "≥^∞Œ ~°∞ "≥^Œ∞~°∞ Hõ„~°Å∞ J^è•ºÜ«∞=Ú J^è•ºÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞ ã¨‡$u zÇ¨Ïfl=Ú ã¨‡$u zÇ¨Ïfl =ÚÅ∞ a_»¤ a_»Å ¤ ∞ ¿ã#

Armies

Lady

Ladies

Story

Stories

City

Cities

Pony

Ponies

Fly

Flies

Body

Bodies

Country

Countries

Boy

Boys

197

¿ã#Å∞ Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# „ã‘Î Q“~°=hÜ«∞"≥∞#ÿ „ã‘ÎÅ∞ Hõ^Œä Hõ^Å Œä ∞ #QÆ~°=Ú #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞ á⁄\˜ì QÆ∞„~°=Ú á⁄\˜ì QÆ∞„~°=ÚÅ∞ DQÆ DQÆÅ∞ â◊s~°=Ú â◊s~°=ÚÅ∞ ^Õâ◊=Ú ^Õâ◊=ÚÅ∞ Ñ≤Å"¡ å_»∞ Ñ≤Å"¡ åO_»∞¡

Guy

Guys

Toy

Toys

Ray

Rays

Day

Days

Monkey

Monkeys

Thief

Thieves

Leaf

Leaves

Life

Lives

Loaf

Loaves

Wife

Wives

Knife

Knives

Wolf

#∂#∂QÆ∞ g∞™êÅ"å_»∞, "≥∂‰õΩ Ñ¨º‰õΩÅ Î ∞–"≥∂‰õΩÅ∞ ÉÁ=∞‡ ÉÁ=∞‡Å∞ H˜~°}=Ú H˜~°}=ÚÅ∞ k#=Ú k#=ÚÅ∞ HÀu HÀ`«∞Å∞ ^˘OQÆ ^˘OQÆÅ∞ P‰õΩ P‰õΩÅ∞ rq`«=Ú rq`«=ÚÅ∞ ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯ ~˘>ˇì=ÚHõ¯Å∞ ÉèÏ~°º ÉèÏ~°ºÅ∞ HõuÎ Hõ`∞« Å Î ∞ `À_ÕÅ∞

Wolves

Shelf

Shelves

Chief

Chiefs

Roof

Roofs

Gulf

Gulfs

Proof

Proofs

Strife

Strifes

Man

Men

Goose

Geese

Woman

Women

Mouse

Mice

Foot

Feet

198

`À_Õà√◊ ¡ J~° J~°Å∞ =ÚY∞º_»∞ =ÚY∞ºÅ∞ ÃÑ· HõÑ¨ÙÊ ÃÑ· ‰HõÑ¨ÙÊÅ∞ ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßY ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYÅ∞ ™êHõ∆º=Ú ™êHõ∆º=ÚÅ∞ HõÖ’¡Å=Ú HõÖ’¡Å=ÚÅ∞ =∞x+≤ =∞x+¨µºÅ∞ ÉÏ`«∞ ÉÏ`«∞Å∞ „ã‘Î „ã‘ÎÅ∞ z>ˇÅ ì ∞Hõ z>ˇÅ ì ∞HõÅ∞ áê^Œ=Ú, J_»∞QÆ∞ áê^Œ=ÚÅ∞, J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞

Tooth

Teeth

Louse

Lice

Oasis

Oases

Crisis

Crises

Oxen

Child

Children

Brother

Brothren, Brothers

Son

Sons

Daughter

Daughters = Cook

Cooks

Priest

Priests

Stick

Sticks

Ñ¨#∞ﬂ Ñ¨#∞ﬂÅ∞ ¿Ñ#∞ ¿ÑÅ∞ Z_®iÖ’ [Å „áêO`«=Ú Z_®iÖ’ [Å „áêO`«=ÚÅ∞ QÆO_»=Ú QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞ Z^Œ∞Ì Z^Œ∞Å Ì ∞ a_»¤ a_»Å ¤ ∞ ™È^Œ~∞° _»∞ ™È^Œ~∞° Å∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ`«~∞° ‰õÄ`«∞à◊√§ =O@"å_»∞ =O@"åà◊√§ Ñ¨Ù~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞ Ñ¨Ù~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞ Hõ„~° Hõ„~Å° ∞ 199

Seal

Seals

Stamp

tamps

Bag

Bags

Kiss

Kisses

Ass

Asses

Wish

Wishes Beach Beaches Box Boxes

= = = = =

Watch

Watches

Brush

Brushes

Calves

Knife

Knives

Wolf

Wolves

Shelf

Shelves

Chief

Chiefs

=Ú„^Œ =Ú„^ÅŒ ∞ `«áêÅaà◊§ `«áêÅaà◊§Å∞ ã¨Oz ã¨OK«∞Å∞ =Ú^Œ∞Ì =Ú^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ QÍ_ç^Œ QÍ_ç^ÅŒ ∞ HÀiHõ HÀiHõÅ∞ ã¨=Ú„^ÑŒ Ù¨ X_»∞¤ ã¨=Ú„^ÑŒ Ù¨ \Á_»∞Å¤ ∞ ÃÑ>ˇì ÃÑ>ˇÅ ì ∞ QÆ_Ü ç ∂« ~°=Ú QÆ_Ü ç ∂« ~°=ÚÅ∞ ‰õΩOK≥ ‰õΩOK≥Å∞ ^Œ∂_»Å∞ HõuÎ Hõ`∞« Å Î ∞ `À_ÕÅ∞ `À_Õà√◊ ¡ J~° J~°Å∞ =ÚY∞º_»∞ =ÚY∞ºÅ∞

Roof

Roofs

Gulf

Gulfs

ÃÑ· HõÑ¨ÙÊ ÃÑ· ‰HõÑ¨ÙÊÅ∞ ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßY ã¨=Ú„^ŒâßYÅ∞

Singular Number

Girl Cow Bird Star House Book Class Bush Branch Match Dish

Plural Number

UHõ=K«#=Ú = P_»ÑÅ ≤ ¡ = P=Ù = Ñ¨H˜∆ = #Hõ∆„`«=Ú = WÅ∞¡ = Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=Ú = `«~Q ° uÆ = á⁄^Œ = âßY = JyæÑÙ¨ Å¡ = Éè’[# Ñ¨^•~°ú=Ú

Buffalo

Hero

Potato

Mango

Negro

Leaf

Qˆ ^≥ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ |OQÍà◊^∞Œ OÑ¨ =∂q∞_çÑO¨ _»∞ h„QÀ(*Ïu) P‰õΩ 200

|Ç¨ï=K«#=Ú Girls = P_»ÑÅ ≤ Å ¡ ∞ Cows = P=ÙÅ∞ Birds = Ñ¨‰Ω∆õ Å∞ Stars = #Hõ∆„`«=ÚÅ∞ Houses = WO_»∞¡ Books = Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞ Classes = `«~Q ° `Æ ∞« Å∞ Bushes = á⁄^ŒÅ∞ Branches = âßYÅ∞ Matches = JyæÑÙ¨ Å¡Å∞ Dishes = Éè’[# Ñ¨^•~°ú=ÚÅ∞ Buffaloes = Q ˆ ^≥Å∞ Heroes = <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ Potatoes = |OQÍà◊^∞Œ OÑ¨Å∞ Mangoes = =∂q∞_çÑO ¨ _»∞¡ Negroes = h„QÀÅ∞ Leaves = P‰õΩÅ∞

Calf

^Œ∂_» Life = rq`«=Ú Knife = HõuÎ Roof = WO\˜HõÑ¨ÙÊ Hoof = y@ì Dwarf = =∞~°∞QÆ∞A˚ Safe = ÃÑ>ˇì City = #QÆ~°=Ú Story = Hõ^Œä Army = Ãã·#º=Ú Lady = ÃÑ^ŒÌ WO\˜ „ã‘Î Baby = áêÑ¨ Man = =∞x+≤ Woman = „ã‘Î Father-in-law = =∂=∞QÍ~°∞ Mother-in-law= J`«Q Î Í~°∞ Step-son = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩ Step-mother = ã¨=u `«e¡ Maid-servant = P_» ¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞ Commander-

Calves

^Œ∂_»Å∞ Lives = rq`åÅ∞ Knives = Hõ`∞« Å Î ∞ Roofs = WO\˜ HõÑ¨ÙÊÅ∞ Hoofs = y@ìÅ∞ Dwarfs = =∞~°∞QÆ∞A˚Å∞ Safes = ÃÑ>ˇÅ ì ∞ Cities = #QÆ~°=ÚÅ∞ Stories = Hõ^Å Œä ∞ Armies = Ãã·#º=Ú Ladies = ÃÑkÌO\˜ „ã‘ÎÅ∞ babies = áêÑ¨Å∞ Men = =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ Women = „ã‘ÎÅ∞ Fathers-in-law= =∂=∞QÍ~°∞¡ Mothers-in-law= J`«Q Î Í~°∞¡ Step-sons = ã¨=u H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ Step-mothers= ã¨=u `«Å∞¡Å∞ Maid-servants= P_» ¿ã=‰õΩ~åà◊√§ Commanders

in-chief

Looker-on

Basis

Analysis

Ãã·<åºkèHÍi K«∂K«∞"å_»∞ P^è•~°=Ú qÉè[í #

-in-chief

Lookers-on

Bases

Analyses

201

Ãã·<åºkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ K«∂K«∞"å~°∞ P^è•~°=ÚÅ∞ qÉè[í #Å∞

Criterion

Crisis

Hypothesis

Axis

Madam

Index

Erratum

Radium

Brother

Cloth

Moral

ÅHõ∆}=Ú QÆO_»=Ú ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ [~°∞QÆ∞#q TÇ≤ÏOz#k JHõ∆=Ú J=∂‡ Ñ¨\˜ì JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ „"å`«Ö’ `«Ñ¨ÙÊ "åºã¨=Ú `«=Ú‡_»∞ QÆ∞_»¤ hu

Custom

PKå~°=Ú

Spectacle

^Œ$â◊º=Ú

Pain

Air

Iron

Force

Advice

Phenomenon =

Criteria

Crises

Phenomena =

Hyptheses

Axes

Medames

Indices

Errata

Radii

Brothers

Cloths

Morals

Customs

Spectacles

ÉÏ^èŒ QÍe

Pains

Airs

W#∞=Ú |Å=Ú ã¨ÅÇ¨

Irons

Forces

Advices

202

ÅHõ} ∆ =ÚÅ∞ QÆO_»=ÚÅ∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[=ÚQÆ [~°∞QÆ∞#q TÇ≤ÏOz#q JHõ=∆ ÚÅ∞ J=∞‡Å∞ Ñ¨\Å ì© ∞ JK«∞ÛÖ’ ÖËHõ „"å`«Ö’ `«Ñ¨ÙÊÅ∞ "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞ `«=Ú‡à◊√§ QÆ∞_»Å ¤ ∞ h`«∞Å∞, #_»=_çHõ PKå~°=ÚÅ∞, kQÆ∞=∞u ^Œ$âßºÅ∞, Hõà§◊ *’_»∞ ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞, „â◊=∞ `≥zÛÃÑ@∞ì‰Ωõ #ﬂ f~°∞ â◊$OYÖÏÅ∞ |ÅQÆ=ÚÅ∞ ã¨=∂Kå~°=Ú

Singular & Plural Sheep

Deer

Cod

Trout

Swine

Fish

Fruit

Fishes

Salmon

Pair ( Two pair)

Q˘„Ô~ lOHõÅ∞ `«ÅQÆ_–» `«ÅQÆ_Å » ∞ (QÆO_»∞g∞#∞ – QÆO_»∞g∞#∞Å∞) `≥Å¡KÕÑ¨– `≥Å¡ KÕÑÅ ¨ ∞ ÑÖk – ÑÖ^Œ∞Å∞ KÕÑ¨–KÕÑ¨Å∞ ÑÖ_»∞–ÑÖ_»∞¡ J#QÍ |Ç¨ï~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# KÕÑÅ ¨ ∞ XHõ ~°HõÑ¨Ù KÕÑ¨, KÕÑÅ ¨ ∞ [`«–[`«Å∞

= = = =

method

a moral lesson = a quantity

suffering

proposition

fourth part

a sight

alphabet

Colours Customs Effects Manners Morals Numbers Pains Premises Quarters

letters of the alphabet

epistle

epistles, literature

Plural = = = = = = = = =

Spectacles Letters Grounds results property mthods correct behaviour moral lessons conduct quantities verses sufferings care, exertion propositions buildings fourth parts lodgings sights eye-glasses

letter of the

Earth

Singular Colour Custom Effect Manner Moral Number Pain Premise Quarter

Spectacle Letter Ground result

enclosed land attached to house

reason

reasons, dregs.

203

Some words in their singular form and plural form convey different meanings as singulars and plurals. Singular Brother

Plural brothers, sons of the same parent. brothren, members of a society or a

Cloth

Cloths, kinds or pieces of cloth, community. clothes, garments.

Die

dies, stamps for coining. dice, small cubes used in games.

Fish

fishes, taken separately. fish, collectively.

Genius

geniuses, persons of great talent. genii, spirits.

Index

indexes, tables of contents to books. indices, signs used in algebra.

Penny

pennies, number of coins. pence, amount in value

204

Advice Air

= =

counsel atmosphere

Advices Airs

= =

Good being Compass

benefit, well-

Goods

extent, range

Compasses

Respect Physic

= =

regard medicine

Respects Physics

Light

Litghts

People

Peoples

nations

Powder

Powders

doses of medicine

Practice

1. radiance 2. a lamp 1. nation 2. men and women 1. dust 2. a dose of medicine in fine grains like dust. 1. habit 2. exercise of a profession

= an instrument for draw ing circles = compliments = natural science = lamps

Practices

habits

Singular

Plural

Singular

Commander- = Commanders in-chief Coat-of-mail Son-in-law Daughterin-law Step-son Step-daughter Maid-servant man-servant Passer-by Looker-on

-in-chief = coats-of-mail = sons-in-law = daughtersin-law = step sons = stepdaughters = maidservants = men-servants = passers-by = Lookers-on

205

Man-of-war = Church = crash = bus = box = buzz = barracks = crossroads = headquarters = means = series = species = works(=factory)= Potato = tomato =

information affected manners merchandise

Plural men-of-war churches crashes buses boxes buzzes barracks crossroads headquarters means series species works potatoes tomatoes

child foot goose louse man mouse ox penny person tooth woman calf elf half knife leaf life loaf self sheaf shelf thief wife wolf

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

commnado concerto Eskimo kilo logo photo piano solo soprano buffalo mosquito tornado volcano

children feet geese lice men mice oxen pence people teeth women calves elves halves knives leaves lives loaves selves sheaves shelves thieves wives wolves

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

commandos concertos Eskimos kilos logos photos pianos solos sopranos buffalo(e)s mosquito(e)s tornado(e)s volcano(e)s

From Latin : Erratum - errata; index - indices; radius - radii; formula - formulae ( or formulas); memorandum - memoranda; terminus - terminal ( or terminuses);

From Greek : Axis - axes; basis - bases; parenthesis - parentheses; phenomenon - phenomena;

crisis - crises; analysis - analyses; hypothesis - hypotheses; criterion - criteria.

From Italian : Bandit - banditti ( or bandits)

From French : Madame ( madam) - mesdames;

monsieur - messieurs.

Cherub - cherubim ( or cherubs);

seraph - seraphim ( or seraphs).

From Hebrew :

206

COMPARISONS

( áÈeHõÅ∞ )

As blind as a bat

As blithe as a bee

As bold as a lion

As brittle as glass

As busy as a bee

As clear as crystal

As clear as day

As cool as a cucumber =

As cunning as a fox

QÆaƒÅ=Ú=Öˇ „QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ `Õ<≥\©QÆ=Öˇ P#O^Œ=ÚQÍ ã≤OÇ¨Ï=Ú=Öˇ ^è≥·~°º=ÚQÍ QÍA=Öˇ "≥à◊√#∞ `Õ<≥\©QÆ =Öˇ Ñ¨x`À ã¨Ê\˜Hõ=Ú=Öˇ ã¨fiK«Ûù=ÚQÍ Ñ¨QÆ\˜ Ñ¨Ó@=Öˇ ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÍ ^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞=Öˇ h~°∞ HÍ~°∞K«∞ #Hõ¯=Öˇ l`«∞ÎÅ=∂i Jã≤÷=Öˇ xs˚==ÚQÍ QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# ÑÖk=Öˇ „H˘qfi_# Ñ¨Ùe=Öˇ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ QÆ∞ÖÏa=Öˇ ã≤flQÆ=ú ÚQÍ Éèí~°^•fi[ Ñ¨H˜∆=Öˇ P#O^Œ=ÚQÍ Q˘„Ô~Ñ≤Å¡=Öˇ "≥∞`«ÎQÍ tÅ=Öˇ Hõiî#=ÚQÍ ã‘ã¨=Ú=Öˇ ÉèÏ~°"≥∞ÿ# DHõ=Öˇ `ÕeHõÜ≥ÿ∞#

10. As dry as a bone

11. As fair as a rose

12. As fat as a pig

13. As fierce as a tiger

14. As firm as a rock/stone = 15. As fresh as a rose

16. As gay as a lark

17. As gentle as a lamb

18. As hard as a stone

19. As heavy as lead

20. As light as feather

207

21. As loud as thunder

22. As pale as death

23. As poor as "Lazarus"

L~°∞=Ú=Öˇ aQÆ~æ Q° Í =∞$`«∞º=Ù=Öˇ q=~°‚"≥∞ÿ# ÖÏ[~°ãπ =O\˜ ^Œi„^Œ∞_»∞

(A church mouse) 24. As proud as peacock

25. As red as blood

26. As sharp as needle

<≥=∞e=Öˇ QÆ~°fi=ÚQÍ <≥`«∞Î~°∞=Öˇ Z„~°x ã¨∂k=Öˇ "å_çÜ≥ÿ∞# ã¨=∂kè=Öˇ xâ◊≈|Ì=ÚQÍ "≥Åfi@∞=Öˇ "≥∞`«Î<≥·# "≥#fl=Öˇ =∞$^Œ∞"≥·# QÍ_ç^Œ =Öˇ Jq"ÕH˜ ÉÏ}=Ú =Öˇ "å_çQÍ

27. As silent as the grave = 28. As smooth as velvet

29. As soft as butter

30. As stupid as a donkey = 31. As swift as an arrow 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

As black as coal. As clear as day or sky or crystal. As cold as ice or marble. As cunning as a fox. As dark as a pitch As free as a bird. As gentle as a lamb. As quick as lightning or thought. As silent or pale as death or a grave. As stupid as a donkey. As sweet as honey. As white as snow. As changeable as the weather cock. As deaf as a post.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

208

As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As

dry as dust. drunk as a lord. dumb as a statue. gay as a lark. gaudy as a butterfly. greedy as wolf or a dog green as grass. happy as a king. harmless as a dove. light as air. loud as thunder. obstinate as a mule. playful as a kitten. proud as a peacock. sharp as a razor. silly as a sheep. soft as butter. white as snow. wise as solomon.

Part - II Vocabulary Thermos Wretch Wield Sire An Ode Churning staff Forge Gouge Mallet Acridity = `«∞á¶ê#∞`À ‰õÄ_ç# Acrimony "å`å=~°}=Ú Ecstasy Borrower = JÑ¨ÙÊfã¨∞H˘#∞"å_»∞ Consignee = ã¨~‰° Ωõ `≥ÑÊ≤ OK«∞H˘#∞"å_»∞ Loathing Poignancy Consigner = ã¨~‰° Ωõ ÑÖÑ¨Ù"å_»∞ Relish Consignment = ÑÖÑ¨|_ç# ã¨~‰° Ωõ Rapture Creditor = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞ Surfeit Debit = Y~°∞Û Sultry Debtor = JÑ¨ÙÊÑ¨ÙK«∞ÛH˘#fl"å_»∞ Ticklishness Deed = Ñ¨„`«=Ú/Ñ¨x Syringe Earnest Money = |Ü«∞<åÃÑ·H=õ Ú Shuttle Fair = ãÖ`«/JO^Œ"∞≥ #ÿ Wheststone Fair price = ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ^è~Œ ° Laughter Hand loan = KÕ|^Œ∞Å∞ Theft Insolvent = k"åÖÏ fã≤#"å_»∞ Liabilities = DÜ«∞=Åã≤# "≥Ú`«=Î Ú Boyhood Youth Lender = JÑ≤ÊK«∞Û"å_»∞ Merchandise = J=Ú‡@‰õΩ#fl( ã¨~‰° Ωõ Å∞) House of Senators Mortgager = `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ@∞ì"å_»∞ Library Purchaser = H˘#∞"å_»∞ Swarm of ants Vendee = H˘#∞"å_»∞ Bunch of Vendor = J=Ú‡"å_»∞ Accusation = <Õ~=° Ú "≥∂Ñ¨Ù@, <Õ~=° Ú, flowers Abyss xO^Œ Brooke Accused = xOk`«∞_»∞, <Õ~ã° ∞¨ _ú ∞» Cramming Amnesty = Hõq∆ ∞OK«∞@ Muse Bailiff = Jg∞<å Betal garden Column = =~°∞ã¨ Barn Psalm = „áê~°<ú åw`«=Ú Bran Quern = u~°∞QÆe Carter Rag = zOÑ≤i QÆ∞_»¤ Chaff Muse = zO`«#, ^è•º#=Ú Fallow land Ruse = `«O„`«=Ú, l`«∞Î Grove Shandy = ãÖ`« Hedge Islet = z#flnq By Era Bright fortnight dark fortnight Mid day Meteorology proximo Ultimo Sennight Inclement wheather

= = = = = = = =

Ü«ÚQÆ=Ú â◊√Hõ¡ Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú Hõ$+¨‚ Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú =∞^è•ºÇ¨Ïﬂ=Ú "å`å=~°} âß„ã¨Î=Ú ^ŒQ~æÆ ° QÆ_z » # "å~°=Ú, ã¨Ñ~Î¨ å„`«=Ú

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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

"Õ_qç ∞ ã‘™ê ^èÒ~åƒùQ∞Æ º_»∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞ `«O„_ç XHõ Ñ¨^ºŒ =Ú Hõ=fi=Ú H˘eq∞ =OHõ~° Hõu(Î QÀ~°∞ Hõu)Î H˘Ü«∞ºã¨∞uÎ HÍ~°=Ú áÈ\Ï¡_∞» QÆ∞}=Ú ãÖ`Àëêuâ◊Ü∞« =Ú qHÍ~° QÆ∞}=Ú QÍ_è"» ∞≥ #ÿ , ^Œ∞YHõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ W+¨Ñì _¨ ∞» P#O^Œ áê~°=â◊º=Ú "≥H¯õ ã¨=Ú, "≥Q@ Æ ∞ K≥=∞@ áÈÜ«Ú K«H¯õ eyO`« Ñ≤KH« Íi <å_≥ ™ê#~å~Ú #=Ùfi ^˘OQÆ`#« =Ú ÉÏÅº=Ú Ü«∞ø=#O

= áêÅ‰õΩÅ ã¨Éíè = „QÆO^è•ÅÜ«∞=Ú = p=∞ÅÉÏ~°∞ = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Ñ¨ÓÅQÆ∞uÎ JQÍ^è=Œ Ú ÃãÅÜÕ∞~°∞ =Öˇ"¡ Ü Õ Ú « @ ã¨~ã° ﬁ¨ u, HÍ=º^Õ=`« `«=∞Åáê‰õΩ `À@ QÍ^≥ `«=Ù_»∞ |O_ç"å_»∞ á⁄@∞ì |O[~°∞ Éè∂í q∞ `ÀÑ¨Ù HõOK≥ „Ñ¨Hõ¯, =Å#

Dame = Ease = Gale = Keen = Vale = Wick = Yore = Fir = Vim = Vine = Gorgon = Obscene = Unique = (Fox/wolf)-yelp = Chance = Chum = Chaise = Knit Jasper Jar Hymn Poultry Cattle Gentry People Peoples Commanderin-Chief Son-in-law Daughterin-law Maid Servant Step-daughter Step-son Brother-in-law Passer by Looker -on Advice Air Good Respect Iron Force Kindness Kindnessess Coppers

= = = = = = = = =

QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ã¨∞Y=Ú ÃÑ#∞QÍe f„=aèÖÏ+≤ Ö’Ü«∞ =uÎ Ñ¨Ó~°fiHÍÅ=∞O^Œ∞ ^Õ=^•~°∞ =$Hõ=∆ Ú |Å=Ú, â◊HÎ˜ „^•HõÅ ∆ `« ‰õΩ~°∂Ñ≤ Jã¨Éºíè "≥∞#ÿ ™ê\˜ÖxË "≥Ú~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ¶∞¨ @# „áê}¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞ ~Ô O_»∞ K«„Hõ=ÚÅ QÆ∞„~°ÑÙ¨ |O_ç JÅ∞¡ ã¨∂~°ºHÍO`«=∞}˜ JÑ¨ãfi¨ ~°=Ú, *Ï_ç =∞O„`« áê~î=° Ú HÀà◊√¡ =ÔQ~· å Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ∞ ÃÑ^Œ=Ì ∞#+¨µºÅ∞ [#∞Å∞ *Ï`«∞Å∞

= ¿ã<åkèÑu¨ = JÅ∞¡_∞» = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

HÀ_»Å∞ ¿ã=‰õΩ~åÅ∞ ã¨=u ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞ ã¨=u ‰õÄ=∂~°∞_»∞ ÉÏ= „Ñ¨H¯õ QÍ "≥à√◊ "¡ å_»∞ K«∂K«∞"å_»∞ ã¨ÅÇ¨ QÍe Hˆ =∆ ∞=Ú, =∞Oz`«#=Ú =∞~åº^Œ W#∞=Ú |Å=Ú, â◊HÎ˜ ^ŒÜ∞« ^ŒÜ∞« QÆÅ Ñ¨#∞Å∞ ~åy`À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# <å}ˇ=ÚÅ∞

Irons Tins Woods Bronzes Airs Goods Compasses Respects Physcis Irons Forces Gross Hundred Thousand Bellows Scissors Tongs Pincers Spectacles Trousers Drawers Breeches Measles Mumps Billiards Annals Thanks P roceeds Tidings Environs Nuptials Obsequies Assets Chattels Alms Riches Eaves New Innings Rector Religion Resurrection Self control

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= W#∞=Ú`À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# ãÖHÔ à◊√¡ = `«Q~Æ =° Ú`À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# _»ÉÏƒÅ∞ = J~°}º=ÚÅ∞ = HõOK«∞`À KÕÜ∞« |_ç# q„QÆÇÏ¨ =ÚÅ∞ = Hõ$„u=∞ P~åƒù@=Ú = "åºáê~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ = XHõ LÑ¨H~õ } ° =Ú = Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞ = Éè∫uHõ âß„ã¨Î=Ú = ãÖHÔ à◊√§ = ¿ã#Å∞ = 12 _»[#∞¡ = #∂~°∞ = "≥~Úº = uuÎ = Hõ`~Î≥ ° = Ñ¨@HÍ~°∞ = Ñ¨@HÍ~°∞, „âß=}=Ú = ã¨∞Ö’K«#=ÚÅ∞ = ÖÏQÆ∞ = ÖÏQÆ∞ (Ö’Ñ¨Å ^èiŒ OK«∞#k) = +¨~å~Ú = P@Å=∞‡ = QÆ=^Œaà◊§Å∞ = P@ = (K«i„`«) Ñ¨Ù@Å∞ = Hõ$`«[`˝ Å « ∞ = „HõÜ∞« ^è#Œ O = "å~°Å Î ∞ = K«∞@∞ì„Ñ¨H¯õ Å∞ = â’Éè#í =Ú = JO`«º„H˜Ü∞« Å∞ = Pã≤Î = ã≤~÷ åã≤÷ = ^•#=Ú = Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú = K«∂~°∞ = "å~°Î = „H˜ÔH\ò P@Ö’ XHõ ÉèÏQÆ=Ú = Ñ¨Ù~ÀÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞ = =∞`«=Ú = Ñ¨Ù#s˚=#=Ú = P`«‡ x„QÆÇÏ¨ =Ú

Synod Tenet Transmigration Trinity Troth Underworld Vicar Victim Vision Visitation Votary Vulcan Sanctuary

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

Sanctum Sanctorum Sect Sermon Sacrilege Sacrilegist Sanctification Sanctity Seer Pastime

= = = = = = = = = =

Ball room = Ball room dance = Ballet dance Cock fight Marbles Music party Puppet show Swing Absolution Altar Apostle Atonement Creed Eclat Ecstasy

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

Effigy Eternal Bliss Eulogy Gospel Genus Heretic

= = = = = =

=∞`«q+¨Ü∞« Hõ ã¨Éíè ã≤^•úO`«=Ú â◊s~åO`«~° „áêÑ≤,Î Ñ¨Ù#~°#˚ ‡ „u=¸iÎ #=∞‡Hõ=Ú, qâßfiã¨=Ú #~°H=õ Ú („ÔHã· =Î¨ ) QÆ∞~°∞=Ù |eÑ¨â√◊ =Ù (k=º) ^Œ$+≤ª ^≥=· Ñ¶∞¨ @# Láêã¨‰Ωõ _»∞, Éè‰í Ωõ _Î ∞» Jyfl^Õ=Ù_»∞ Ñ¨Ù}º™ê÷#=Ú, QÆ∞_çÖ’ ^≥=· Ñ‘~=°î Ú =¸Å =∞O@Ñ¨=Ú QÆ~ƒ° Qù $Æ Ç¨Ï=Ú =∞`åO`«~ˆ ƒù^=Œ Ú ^è~Œ À‡Ñ¨^âÕ =◊ Ú, =∞`«É’^èŒ ^Õ=`å ^Œ∂+¨}=Ú ^≥=· „^ÀÇ≤Ï „áêÜ«∞tÛù`=Î« Ú áêÑ¨#`«fi`«, Ñ¨q„`«`« n~°…îŒ ≈ q<À^Œ=ÚQÍ HÍÅ=Ú QÆ_∞» Ñ¨Ù P@ <å@ºâßÅ <å@ºâßÅÖ’ q∞^è∞Œ ##$`«º=Ú *Ï#Ñ¨^Œ #$`«º=Ú HÀ_çÑO¨ ^≥=Ú QÀeHÍÜ«∞Å∞ ãÖw`« HõKÛÕ i (`ÀÅ∞) ÉÁ=∞‡ÖÏ@ TÜ≥∞Å, TÜ«∞Å TÑ¨Ù áêÑ¨q"≥∂K«#=Ú ^≥Ñ· Ñ¨ ~‘ =°î Ú, Ñ¨Ó*ÏÑ‘~=°î Ú =∞`ÀÑ¨^âÕ ‰◊ Ωõ _»∞ „áêÜ«∞tÛ`«=Î Ú =∞`«=Ú ã¨∞uÎ Ñ¨~=° â◊`,« Ñ¨~=° ∂ #O^Œ=Ú „Ñü=∞, ÉÁ=∞‡ âßâ◊fi`å#O^Œ=Ú ™ÈÎ„`«=Ú =∞`«É’^èŒ *Ïu, =~°=æ Ú, QÀ„`«=Ú J#º=∞`«=Ú"å_»∞

Homage Immolation Incense Inferno Knell Libation Num skull Omnipresent Omniscient Orison Propitiation Propitious Proteus Quietness Realization Avani Avittam Mattupongal

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Ñ¨Ó[, ¿ã= P`«‡|e ^è∂Œ Ñ¨=Ú #~°H=õ Ú, J^èÀÅHõ=Ú QÆO@ `«~Ê° }=Ú =¸_è∞» _»∞ ã¨~åfiO`«~åºq∞ ã¨~fi° A˝_∞» , ã¨~fi° ™êH˜∆ „áê~°#ú , q#flÑ¨=Ú âßOu, „áêÜ«∞tÛù`=Î« Ú „Ñ¨ã#¨ fl"≥∞#ÿ , Hõ$Ñ¨QÅ Æ [Å^Õ=`«, =~°}∞_»∞ =∞ø#=Ú `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@ „âß=} Ñ¨Ói‚=∞ Hõ#∞=∞ÑÖ_»∞QÆ, Ñ¨â√◊ =ÙÅ ÑÖ_»∞QÆ Ascension day = P~ÀÇ¨Ï} k#=Ú Ash wednesday = |∂_ç^Œ |∞^è"Œ å~°=Ú Advent = PQÆ=∞# k#=Ú Assumption day = `«ÅOÑ¨Ù k#=Ú All Saints day = =∞Ç¨ÏhÜ«ÚÅ k#=Ú All Souls day = P`«‡ k#=Ú Christmas = „H˜ã=ì¨ ∞ã¨∞ ÑÖ_»∞QÆ Corpus christ = „H˜ã¨∞Î k#=Ú Wild Indigo = "≥OÑë Prickles = =ÚO_»∞¡ Aerialroots = T_»Å∞ Banian drops = =∞é˜T ] _»Å∞ Budding = "≥ÚQÆæ ^˘_»∞QÆ∞ Bulbs = z#fl "≥ÚQÆÅ æ ∞ Collar = „=∂#∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ Horticulture = L^•º#Hõ$+≤ Kernel = ^è•#ºÑ¨ÙyO[, H˘|ƒi Legume = kfi^Œà◊ c[=Ú Rootshoot = =¸ÖÏO‰õΩ~°=Ú Sapling = z#fl"≥ÚHõ¯ Shoot = ~Ô =∞‡ Tillering = Ñ≤ÅHõ `˘_»∞QÆ∞@ Abyss = JQÍ^è=Œ Ú Billow = á⁄~°∞,¡ JÅ Brink = F~°, JOK«∞ Blast = ÃÑ^ŒQÌ Íe Cliff = éÏuQÆ∞@ì Cliff = Ñ¨~fi° `« ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=Ú Gravel = QÆ∞ÅHõ Isle = nq

211

Inundation Zephyr Rivulet Warmth Confession

= = = = =

Defendant Guillotine

= =

Homicide Judiciary Judicature Jurist Juris prudence Juvenile court

= = = = = =

Parole Pillory Plaintiff Punitive Punic Penitentiary Proxy

= = = = = = =

"≥Å∞¡= Ñ≤ÅQ¡ Íe z#fl #k "≥K«Û^Œ#=Ú <Õ~=° Ú KÕã#≤ @∞¡ JOwHÍ~°=Ú „Ñü"åk <Õ~ã° ∞¨ x÷ `«Å#~°‰Ωõ QÆO„_»Q˘_»e¤ #~°ÇÏ¨ `«º <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éíè ãÖ|O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éíè ^è~Œ ‡° âß„ã¨Î ÑÖ_ç`∞« _»∞ ^è~Œ ‡° âß„ã¨=Î Ú ÉÏÅ<Õ~ã° ∞¨ Å ÷ qKåiOK«∞ <åºÜ«∞ã¨Éíè "åQÆ`Ì =Î« Ú, Y~å~°∞ ^ŒO_»<åK«„Hõ=Ú "åk tâ◊√ãÖ|O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ qâßfiã¨Ñ∂¨¶ `«∞Hõ"∞≥ #ÿ K≥~™° êÅ |^Œ∞Å∞, „Ñüxkè

Doe Lit Bale Ajar Balm Bang

= = = = = =

Verdict Bastion Interregnum Mandate Nobleman Perjury

= = = = = =

Repeal Sentinel Sceptre Sovereign Sedition Treason Usurper

= = = = = = =

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P_»Ö_Ë ,ç P_»∞‰õΩO^ÕÅ∞ "≥eyOK«∞ |™êÎ, =¸@ ã¨Q=Æ Ú `≥~z ° Ü«Ú#ﬂ LÑ¨â=◊ ∞#HÍi H˘@∞ì, ÉÏ^Œ∞ <åºÜ«∞=Ú HÀ@ |∞~°∞A ~åAÖËx HÍÅ=Ú âßã¨#=Ú ~å[=Oâ◊ã∞¨ _Î ∞» Jã¨`º« „Ñ¨=∂}=Ú KÕÜÚ « @ ~°^∞Œ Ì á¶ê~å"å_»∞ ~å[^ŒO_»=Ú ™ê„=∂@∞ì ^Õâ„◊ ^ÀÇ¨Ï=Ú ~å[„^ÀÇ¨Ï=Ú J„Hõ=∞=ÚQÍ ~å[º=∞ Ñ¨ÇÏ¨ iOz#"å_»∞

SYNONYMS Able Accept Advise Appea Attend

= = = = =

Capable, clever to take, to receive. to inform, to give an opinion. to come before,to . wait upon, accompany, Present Attack = assail, assault. Bear = carry,support, produce. Begin = commence, start. Behave = conduct, treat. Belong = Manner, Own, Possess Bless = consecrate, make happy. Calm = quiet, Silent Care = anxiety, pains, heed, charge Carry = convey, transport, capture = Chance, opportunity, risk, fortune. Chief = Head or principal person.important Clean = pure, neat, tidy Concern = interest, affair. Confer = admit,own, acknowledge Deny = reject, disown Decay = rot, decompose Defend = protect, support, help Depend. live on, rely on. Devote = set apart, worship Living = active, vigorous, livelihood. Lose = waste, forfeit. maintain = support, defend, continue. Menace = threat, danger.

( Ñ¨~åºÜ«∞Ñ¨^•Å∞) Misery Naked Novice Obstinate Offensive Passage Perfect Pious Praise Promote Quality Rare Ruin Separate Splendid Struggle Vast Wreck Dupe Easy Enough Effort End Engage Excite Expose Extent Faint Fair

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= distress, misfortune. = unclothed, bare. = beginner, fresh,an inexperienced person. = stubborn, disobedient, unyielding. = disgusting, annoying. = entrance, exit, journey. = Pure, complete. = religious, devout. = tribute, applause, benefit. = advance, raise. = attribute, kind = scarce, uncommon. = overthrow, downfall. = divide, disconnect. = magnificent, famous, brilliant. = labour, contest. = spacious, boundless space, sea. = destruction, ruins of a ship = deceive, cheat = comfortable, not difficult, moderate = sufficient, adequate. = endeavour, attempt, struggle. = limit, death. = order, hire, attract, occupy. = rouse up. stimulate. = disclose, ridicule. = size, reach, compass = swoon, spiritless. = beautiful, handsome, spotless, just.

Fatal Favour Finish Fit Forecast Fortune Gain Gather Gentry Grandeur Guilt

= destructive, ruinous, deadly. = esteem, kindness, goodwill. = complete, kill, polish. = adapt, adjust, benefit. = predict, foresight. = chance, fate, wealth. = advantage. profit. = assempble. collect, pluck. = the upper class of society. = greatness, splendour. = sin, criminality.

Handsome = pleasing, graceful, ample Hatred = foshtility, contempt. Haughty = arrogant, proud. Hide = conceal. disguise, animal skin. Homage = deference, reverence. Image = statute, bust. Imagination=idea, fancy, invention. Inferior = subordinate, secondary. Justice = impartiality, judge. Knock = blow, rap, stroke. Lag = stay behind, last.

ANTONYMS Ancient Arrival Allow Audible Attack Bravery Blunt Bright Certain Rough Short Strange Superior Suspect Swallow Sympathy Synonym Thick Tight Top Ugly

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Wide Wrong Care

x x x

Confess Correct Deep

x x x

Modern Departure Disallow Inaudible Defend Cowardice Sharp Dull uncertain Smooth Long Familiar Inferior Trust Vomit Apathy Antonym Thin Loose Bottom Beautiful, Pleasing Narrow Right Neglect/Care less Deny Incorrect Shallow

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Decrease Encourage Fresh False Full Gather Guilty Hope High Honest heaven Happiness Hate Import Include Junior Just Lose Legal Maximum Merit Miser Meek Natural Perfect Peace Punish Public Accept Acquit

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Increase Discourage Stale, Truth, fact Empty Scatter Innocent Despair Low Dishonest Hell Misery Love Export Exclude Senior Unjust Gain Illegal Minimum Demerit Spendthrift Proud Artificial Imperfect War Reward Private Reject Convict

Affirm Agree Ancestor Attract Belief Bold Carnal Cheap Cheerful Clean Compulsory Create Dawn Creditor Admire Defence Democracy Gaint Foreign Exclude Homogeneous Hurt Insert Knowledge Lead Major Negative Orthodo

x Deny xDiffer/disagree x Descendant x Repel x Doubt x Timid x Spiritual x Costly x Gloomy x Dirty x Optional x Destroy x Dusk x Debtor x Ridicule x Offence x Autocracy x Dwarf x Native x Include x Heterogeneous x Heal x Extract x Ignorance x Follow x Minor x Positive x Heterdox

Praise True Clear Subjective Straight Right Gain Famous Expand External Imaginary Kind Many Natural Promote Public Wise Victory Smile Advance

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Detract False Vague Objective Crooked Wrong Loss Obscure Contract Internal Real Cruel Few artificial Demote Private Foolish Defeat Frown Recede

SYNONYMS AND THEIR MEANINGS Acquaintance Familiarity

: :

Intimacy Anger Indignation Resentment Wrath

: : : : :

Scoff 1. Slow

: :

Dilatory

Is from occassional intercourse. From persons being frequently together. Result of close association A feeling of keen displeasure. Outburst of anger. Anger roused by insult or injury. Expression of a feeling caused by provocation. Implies the use of insolent mockery. Wider term denoting a want of rapid motion of inertness of intellect. Denotes a proneness to delay the performance of what we know must

215

Tardy 2. Appear Seem

be done. : Denotes the habit of being behind hand. : Has a reference to a thing being presented to our view. : Appear to be.

3. Trial Attempt

: Testing one's powers : Always directed to some definite and specific object Endeavour : Continual attempt Effort : Straining to carry out an attempt Exertion : (Stronger word) put forth united effort Struggle : To make great efforts 4. Mistake : Taking of one thing for another. Error : Departure or deviation from what which is right or correct. Blunder : Make gross mistake. 5. Misfortune : Simply luck , Mischances of Mishaps :Misfotunes of trivial nature. Disaster : Sudden, unforessen very sorrowful event. Calamity : Caused by natural causes like fire, flood and so on. 6. Communicate : Pass on information Impart : Giving to others a part of what we had held as our own. Reveal : To make known something hidden or concealed. Unravel : Make clear ( some mystery or profound secret) 7. Think : Using or exercising the mind to form opinions Meditate : Think about the means to achieve Contemplate : When the means are at hand and the decision is really made. Cogitate : Think deeply Intend : Decision to act when an opportunity comes Reflect : Think on. Go back in thought. 8. Courage : Firmness of spirit to meet danger without fear. Bravery : Daring courage which has the reward in view

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Evident Obvious Manifest 16. Memory Rememberance Recollection Reminiscence 17. Dirty Nasty Filthy and foul. 18. Labour Toil Drudgery 19. Silent Taciturn 20. Skill Dexterity Adroitness 21. Enemity Rancour 22. Consider Ponder Muse 23. Incongruous Inconsistent Incompatible 24. Gaze Gape Stare See 25. Feeling Emotion

: Seen forcibly and leaves no doubt on the mind : Must be seen by everyone : Evident in a high degree : Denotes the power by which one produces parts of impressions. : Exercise of the memory power. : An effort to bring back something to the memory : Intermediate between rememberance and recollection. : Covered with dirt : Denotes disgust : Imply that a thing is filled or covered with offensive matter. : Strenuous exertion : Severity of labour which is painful : Mean, degrading work, to drag on : Has reference to the act. : Has reference to the habit (Reserve) : Ability to do something well : Refers to habitual ease of execution. : Skill which implies a general felicity of movement : Is open : Deep seated and malignant : View or contemplate with a fixed thought : Contemplate with a view to some practical result : Simply think upon continuously with no definite object : When they are not suited to one another : When they are opposed to each other : When they cannot co-exist. : Look fixedly : Look fixedly with feelings of ignorant wonder. : Look with the fixedness of insolence : Use the power of sight , look : May be of the body or the mind : Of the mind

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Agitation 26. Confuse Perplexed Puzzle Embarrass 27. Disposition Inclination Tendency 28. Irritate Provoke Exasperate 29. Jest Joke 30. Sneer Jeer Mock

: Disturbance may be bodily or mental : Mix up in the mind. : When feelings and judgement are confused. : When faculties are confused. : Denotes some bar which impedes the power of thought , speech or the mind. : Governing purpose of the mind. : Bent of mind. : Strong determination or proclivity towards some particular mode of action : Denotes an excitment of quick and slightly angry feeling. : Implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger. : Denotes a provoking of anger in its unchecked exercise. : In order to make others laugh. : to please himself. : Sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly. : (Stronger word than sneer) denotes severe sarcastic reflections. : Make fun of in a Contemptuous way.

Foreign words ( Ad hoc

Ad finem

Ad infinitum

Ad interim

Ad libitum

q^Õj Ñ¨^•Å∞)

„Ñ`¨ ºÕ Hõ „ÑÜ ¨ ∂≥ [#=Ú

Ad rem

H˘~°‰Ωõ

Ad valorem

z=~°‰Ωõ J#O`«`ﬁ« =Ú‰õΩ D =∞^èºŒ =~°‰Ωõ hW+¨=ì Ú =zÛ#@∞¡

A fortior Agent= Provocateur

Anno christi

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Anno domini

Annus mirabilis = Tete-a-tete

Au revoir

Bonafides

Bona fide

Bon voyage

De jure

Divide et impera

qO`«Å ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú =ÚMÏ=Úd ( Z^Œ∞~°QÍ) ÃãÅ=Ù fã¨∞H˘O\Ï#∞ =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú =∞Oz #=∞‡Hõ=Ú`À ã¨∞Y=∞QÆ∞ „ÑÜ ¨ ∂« }=Ú#‰õΩ Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯ QÆÅ

En route

q_»nã≤ Ñ¨iáêeOK«∞ = x[=ÚQÆ = =∞^èºŒ =∂~°= æ Ú#

Humanum

De facto

Modus vivendi =

=∂ „ÑÉ¨ ∞íè =Ù ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÖ’

Prima facie

Pre re nata

Pro tempore

Aide = Alias = Alma Mater = Ante Meridium = Detenu = En masse = Etcetera = Entourage = Errata = Exit = Ex-officio = Ex-parte = Extempore = Impasse In camera Incognito In toto Lingua franca Locus standi Post mortem

`«ÑÙ¨ ÊKÕÜÚ« @ =∂#= ÅHõ}∆ O In re = P q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ Inter alia = q∞ye# q+¨Ü∞« =ÚÅÖ’ Ipso facto = JO^Œ∞=Å# Mala fide = "≥∂ã¨=Ú`À Modus operandi= KÕ¿ã ÖËHõ x_ç¿Ñ q^è•#O 219

= = = = = = =

x=ã≤OKÕ q^è•#O K«∂_»QÍ<Õ J`«º=ã¨~° Ñ¨iã≤u÷ H˘~°‰Ωõ „Ñã¨ ∞¨ `Î =« Ú#‰õΩ

Helper Variation in name Gracious mother Before Mid Day Prisoner In a body And the rest Retinue Errors The way to go out By virtue of one's office One sided Without previous preparation Dead lock In secret In disguise Entirely A common language A place for standing Medical examination after death

Par excellence = By way of special

ENGLISH PREFIXES (Prefixes & Suffixes

=ÚO^Œ∞, `«~°∞"å~Ú KÕ~°∞ÊÅ∞)

A. (Without) abroad, ashore, asleep, a moral (no morals) A. ( out, from) arise, alight. Be. ( by) beside. For. forbear, forgive. Fore ( before) foretell, forego. In(in) income, inland, inside. Mis(wrong) mislead, mistake, misdeed. Over ( above , beyond) overthrow, overdo, overtake. To(this) today, tonight, tomorrow. Un(not)unkind, unlike, untrue, untie, undo. Under (below) undergo, underground, understand. With(against, back) withdraw, withhold, withstand.

LATIN PREFIXES Ab. Abuse, abstract. Ad. ( to) adjoin, announce, appoint. Bene ( well) benefit Bis ( twice) bisect. Co ( with) co-operative, Co-ordinate, Co-existence De ( down) descent, dethrone. Dis ( apart) disjoin, discontinue. In ( in, into, not) invade, illegal. Non ( not) nonsense. Post ( after) Postscript, Postpone. Pre (before ) Prefix, prevent, predict. Pro (for) pronounce, Promotion. Re ( back, again) refund , review, reopen, return. Sub ( under ) Subordinate, subversion, Trans ( across) transmit, tresspass. Vice ( in the place of ) vice president.

ENGLISH SUFFIXES I. Of Nouns -er; -or, -yer, painter, baker, sailor -ter; - daughter, -dom; freedom, kingdom, wisdom, -hood; boyhood, childhood, manhood. -ness; goodness, kindness, darkness -red; hatred.

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-ship; hardship, friendship -th; growth, health, wealth II. Forming Diminutives -el; le, satchel -en; kitten, kitchen, -ling; darling -ock; bullock. III. Of Adjectives -ed; gifted, learned -en; golden, wooden -ful; helpful, fruitful -less; (without) fearless, hopeless -ly (like); manly, bravely -some; quarrrelsome. -y; healthy; needy, dirty IV. Of Verbs -en; weaken, strengthen -er; chatter, flutter V. Of Adverbs -ly( like); boldly, widely -long; headlong -ward; upward, backward, -way (s); anyway, always -wise; likewise, otherwise

LATIN SUFFIXES -ain, an, on; chieftain. -ar, er; scholar, engineer -ate, ee, y; advocate, -age, marriage, leakage. -ion; union, opinion. -ment; judgement, improvement. -ty; cruelty, civility. -y; misery, victory -ary, ry; library, treasury. -al; legal, fatal. -ary; contrary, ordinary. -fy; purify, simplify, certify. -ish; publish, punish.

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SIMILAR WORDS DISTINGUISHED

( ™ê~°∂Ñ¨º Ñ¨^Œ=ÚÅ q=~°}) Advice. Advise Altar. Alter. Bales Bail. Berth. Birth. Bear. Bare Break. Brake Canvas. Convass. Check Cheque. Canon. Cannon. Cast Caste. Cost. Dear. Deer. Disease. Decease. Desert. Diary. Dairy. Fair. Fare. Farmer. Former

( Noun) He gave me good advice. ( verb) I advised him to work hard. Place flowers on the altar. This scheme can't be altered. How many bales of cotton do you need? He was released on bail. He got his berth reserved. What is your date of birth? I saw a white bear in the Zoo. Don't walk bare-footed. Who broke this slate? The brakes of my bicycle are loose. Have canvas shoes for exercise. He convasses for votes. He checked the account. Issue me a cheque book. Follow the canon of church. Our army silenced their cannons. Cast these old ideas away. He belongs to an upper/ forward caste. This book cost me fifty rupees. Bittu is my dear friend. Deer roam about freely in the Zoo. He suffers from a dangerous disease. His deceased father left no property. Don't desert him in difficulty. We enjoyed dissert after dinner. Note down these points in your diary. we get milk from a dairy. There is no fair price shop here. There is no rise in the bus fare The farmers till the land. Suman and mOhan are two brothers. The

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Foul Fowl. Gate Gait. Hail. hale. Heel. Heal. Industrious. Industrial Knotty. Naughty. Lesson. Lessen. Lose. Loose Mail. Male. Popular Populous. Principal. Principle. Pray Prey. Peace. Piece. Quite. Quiet. Rein Reign. Rain. Stationery Stationary. Sole. Soul. Story. Storey Throne. Thrown. Team. Teem. Waste.

former is very gentle but the latter is a loafer we can't stand this foul smell. Fowls can be seen in the forest. We received Martin at the gate. Anjali's gait is graceful. It hailed after rain. You look hale and hearty. The thief took to his heels. His wounds were healed. My friend is very industrious. Ghaziabad is an industrial city. It is a knotty problem. Avinash is very naughty boy. Learn a lesson from your past mistakes. This medicine will lessen your pain. He lost his purse. Try to buy a loose shirt. Send this letter by mail. No male member is allowed here. Pt. Nehru was popular with the people. Bombay is a populous city. My friend Sh. V.S. Sharma is an efficient Vice Principal. Follow some principles in life. Pray to God daily. Lion is a beast of prey. Manali is a very peaceful place. Have a piece of cake. You are in time. Sit quiet in the class. Hold the reins tightly. He did a great service during his reign. It rained heavily last night. There is no stationery shop here. The sun is stationary. He is the sole male member in his family. Dayananda was a great soul. They write story books Our building has three storeys. When did Ranjit Singh sit on the throne? He was thrown out of the room. Our team won the match. This pond teems with fish. If you waste your time, you will repent.

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Waist. Week. Weak. Weather. Whether. Affect Effect Childish. Childlike Adopt Adapt Adept Counsel Council Opposite Apposite Beside Besides Artificial Artful Beneficial Beneficial Cannon Continuous Continual Forego Forgo Lay Lie Conform Confirm Luxuriant Luxurious Contagious Infectious Ingenious Ingenuous Judicious Judicial Officious Official Populous Popular Verbal Verbose

He wears a belt round his waist. She is leaving next week. A thin person is not always weak. What a pleasant weather! Tell me whether you are coming tomorrow. Having an influence or effect on Immature. Innocent. To take into one's family as a relation. Make (set) suitable for new need, etc. Skillful. He is adept in painting. Advice Assembly Contrary Suitable By the side of Moreover / in addition to Not natural Cunning Kind Useful Principle Unceasing Frequent Go before Do without Transitive lay, laid. [Intransitive lie, lay, lain] [Be at rest] Comply with Agree definitely to Growing abundantly Supplied with luxuries Spreading by touch Spreading by bacteria Clever Frank Prudent Legal Too eager to use authority etc. Of authority Thickly populated Liked by the people generally Relating to words Wordy

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Momentary Momentous Felicitate Facilitate Imminent Immanent Antics Antiques Allude Elude Bail Bale Censor Censure Complacent Complaisant Compliment Complement Diseased Deceased Difference Deference Discard Discord Discrete Discreet Lean Lien or debt Immigrate Emigrate to settle there Extant Extent

Lasting for a moment. Very important Congratulate Make easy Likely to come or happen soon Inherent, Present Queer or peculiar behaviour Relice Refer to Avoid The security given for the release Packed bundle of goods for transport Examine and cut out Criticise unfavourably Self-satisfied. Obliging Expression of admiration That which makes something complete. Suffering from a disease Recently dead The state of being unlike Respect Throw out Disagreement Individually distinct Careful Having less than the usual proportion of fat Legal claim till the owner has repaid a loan Come as a settler into another country Go away from one's own country to another Still in existence Area.

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NEWS PAPER HEADLINES

("å~åÎÑ¨„uHõÖ’¡x =ÚYºji¬HõÅ∞) (North East West South Past And Present Events report)

Blast Blaze Block Blow Bolster Bond Boom Boost BR Brink Call (for) Campaign Cash Charge Chop City Claim

explosion ; criticise violenty BLAST AT PALACE PM BLASTS EC fire SIX DIE IN HOTEL BLAZE stop, delay TORIES BLOCK TEACHERS' PAY DEAL bad news; discouragement; unfortunate happening SMITH ILL : BLOW TO WORLD CUP HOPES give support/ encouragement to EXPORT FIGURES BOLSTER CITY CONFIDENCE political/ business association INDIA CUTS TRADE BONDS WITH PAKISTAN big increase; prosperous period SPENDING BOOM OVER, SAYS MINISTER Encourage(ment); to increase; an increase GOVERNMENT PLAN TO BOOST EXPORTS British Rail BR CLAIMS 50% OF TRAINS ON TIME edge (of disaster) WORLD ON BRINK OF WAR demand/ appeal (for) CALL FOR STRIKE TALKS Organised effort to achieve social or political result MP LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR PRISON REFORM money MORE CASH NEEDED FOR SCHOOLS accusation ( by police) THREE MEN HELD ON BOMB CHARGE (blast) abolition, closure 300 BANK BRANCHES FACE CHOP London's financial institutions NEW TRADE FIGURES PLEASE CITY (make) a statement that something is true ( especially when there may be disagreement); pay claim demand for higher wages. SCIENTIST CLAIMS CANCER BREAK THROUGH

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RACISM CLAIM IN NAVY TEACHERS' PAY CLAIM REJECTED Clamp-down on deal firmly with (usually something illegal) POLICE TO CLAMP DOWN ON SPEEDING Clash=quarrel. fight (noun or verb) STUDENTS CLASH WITH POLICE Clear find innocent DOCTOR CLEARED OF DRUGS CHARGE Commons the House of Commons ( in Parliament) MINISTERS IN COMMONS CLASH OVER HOUSING Con swindle TEENAGERS CON WIDOW OUT OF LIFE SAVINGS Crackdown firm application of the law GOVERNMENT PROMISES CRACKDOWN ON DRUGS DEALERS Crash financial failure BANK CRASH THREATENS TO BRING DOWN GOVERNMENT Curb restrict; restriction NEW PRICE CURBS Cut reduce; reduction BRITAIN CUTS OVERSEAS AID NEW HEALTH SERVICE CUTS Cutback reduction (usually financial) TEACHERS SLAM SCHOOL CUTBACKS Dash (make) quick journey) PM IN DASH TO BLAST HOSPITAL Deadlock disagreement that cannot be solved DEADLOCK IN PEACE TALKS Deal agreement, bargain TEACHERS REJECT NEW PAY DEAL Demo demonstration 30 ARRESTED IN ANTI-TAX DEMO Dole unemployment pay DOLE QUEUES LENGTHEN Drama dramatic event; tense situation PRINCE IN AIRPORT DRAMA Drive united effort DRIVE TO SAVE WATER Drop give up, get rid of; fall (noun) GOVERNMENT TO DROP CHILD LABOUR PLAN BIG DROP IN INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT Due expected to arrive QUEEN DUE IN BERLIN TODAY EC The European Community

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EC TRADE MINISTERS TO MEET move gradually WORLD EDGES TOWARDS WAR Envoy ambassador FRENCH ENVOY DISAPPEARS Face be threatened by HOSPITALS FACE MORE CUTS STRIKERS FACE SACK Feud long-lasting quarrel or dispute FAMILY FEUD EXPLODES INTO VIOLENCE: SIX HELD Find something that is found BEACH FIND MAY BE BONES OF UNKNOWN DINOSAURS Firm determined not to change PM FIRM ON TAX LEVELS Flak heavy criticism GOVERNMENT FACES FLAK OVER VAT Flare begin violently RIOTS FLARE IN UDSTER Foil prevent somebody from succeeding TWELVE-YEAR-OLD FOILS BANK RAIDERS Fraud swindle, deceit JAIL FOR TICKET FRAUD MEN Freeze keep (ing) prices etc at their present level; block (ing) a bank account MINISTER WANTS TWO-YEAR PAY FREEZE DRUG PROFITS FROZEN Gag censor(ship), prevent (ion) from speaking AFRICAN PRESIDENT ACTS TO GAG PRESS Gaol older British spelling for jail Gems jewels L 2M GEMS STOLEN Go resign; be lost, disappear PM TO GO? 4,000 JOBS TO GO IN NORTH Go for be sold for PICASSO DRAWING GOES FOR £5M Go-ahead : approval SCOTTISH ROAD PLAN GETS GO-AHEAD Grab - take violently GERMANS GRAB SHARES IN BRITISH COMPANIES Grip - control; hold tightly REBELS TIGHTEN GRIP ON SOUTH COLD WAVE GRIPS COUNTRY Edge

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Gun down shoot TERRORISTS GUN DOWN PRIEST Hail welcome, praise PM HAILS PEACE PLAN Halt - stop CAR PLANT TO HALT PRODUCTION Haul - amount stolen in robbery, or seized by police or customs TRAIN ROBBERY : BIG GOLD HAUL RECORD DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT Head lead - leader PM TO HEAD TRADE MISSION COMMONWEALTH HEADS TO MEET IN OTTAWA Head - for move towards ECONOMY HEADING FOR DISASTER, EXPERTS WARN Hike - (US) rise in costs, prices etc. INTEREST HIKE WILL HIT BUSINESS Hit affect badly

Snow storms hit Transport Hit out at attack (with words) PM HITS OUT AT CRITICS Hitch - problem that causes delay LAST-MINUTE HITCH DELAYS SATELLITE LAUNCH Hold - arrest; keep under arrest POLICE HOLD TERROR SUSPECT MAN HELD AFTER STATION BLAST in(the)red - in debt; making a financial loss BRITISH STEEL IN RED IRA Irish Republican Army IRA LEADER MAKES STATEMENT Jail prison JAIL FOR PEACE MARCHERS Jobless - unemployed (people) THREE MILLION JOBLESS BY APRIL? Key - important, vital KEY WITNESS VANISHES. Lash - criticise violently BISHOP LASHES TV SEX AND VIOLENCE Launch - send (satellite etc) into space; begin (campaign etc)l put (new product ) on market SPACE TELESCOPE LAUNCH DELAYED ENVIRONMENT MINISTER LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR CLEANER BEACHES BRITISH FIRM LAUNCHES THROW-AWAY CHAIRS. Lead - clue (in police enquiry)

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NEW LEAD IN PHONE BOX MURDER CASE Leak - unofficial publication of secret informaion PM FURIOUS OVER TAX PLAN LEAKS Leap - Jump / Increase LEAP IN IMPORTS Life - imprisonment 'for life' LIFE FOR AXE MURDERER Link - connection, contact NEW TRADE LINKS WITH PERU Loom - threaten to happen VAT ON FOOD: NEW ROW LOOMS Lords the house of Lords (in Parliament) LORDS VOTE ON DOG REGISTRATION Mar - spoil CROWD VIOLENCE MARS CUP FINAL Mercy - intended to save lives DOCTOR IN MERCY DASH TO EVEREST Mission - delegatiion ( official group sent to conference etc) SHOTS FIRED AT UN MISSION Mob - angry crowd; organised crime/ Mafia (US) MOBS RAMPAGE THROUGH CITY STREETS MOB LEADERS HELD Move - step towards a particular result (often political) MOVE TO BOOST TRADE LINKS WITH JAPAN MP - Member of Parliament MP DENIES DRUGS CHARGE Nail - force somebody to admit the truth MP NAILS MINISTER ON PIT CLOSURE PLANS Net - win, caputure TWO SISTERS NET £3M IN POOLS WIN Odds - chances, probability JONES RE-ELECTED AGAINST THE ODDS On - about, on the subject of, concerning NEW MOVE ON PENSIONS Opt - (for) choose WALES OPTS FOR INDEPENDENCE Oust - drive out, replace MODERATES OUSTED IN UNION ELECTIONS Out - to intending to SCOTS NATONALISTS OUT TO CAPTURE MASS VOTE Over - about, on the subject of , because of ROW OVER AID CUTS Pact - agreement DEFENCE PACT RUNS INTO TROUBLE

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Pay - wages

TRANSPORT PAY TALKS BREAK DOWN PC - police constable PC SHOT IN BANK RAID Peak - high point BANK LENDING HITS NEW PEAK Peer - lord; Member of the House of Lords PEERS REJECT GOVERNMENT WAGE-FREEZE PLAN Peg - hold (prices etc) at present level BANKS PEG INTEREST RATES Peril - danger FLOOD PERIL IN THAMES VALLEY Pit - coal mine THREAT OF MORE PIT CLOSURES Plant - factory STEEL PLANT BLAZE Plea - call for help BIG RESPONSE TO PLEA FOR FLOOD AID Pledge - promise GOVERNMENT GIVES PLEDGE ON JOBLESS PM Prime Minister EGG THROWN AT PM Poll - election; public opinion survey TORIES AHEAD IN POLLS Pools football pools; a form of gambling in which people guess the results of football matches SISTERS SHARE BIG POOLS WIN Premier shortend form of Prime Minister GREEK PREMIER TO VISIT UK Press - the newspapers BID TO GAG PRESS OVER DEFENCE SPENDING Press - (for) urge, encourage, ask for urgently MINISTER PRESSED TO ACT ON HOUSING OPPOSITION PRESS FOR ENQUIRY ON AIR CRASHES Probe - investigation; investigate CALL FOR STUDENT DRUGS PROBE POLICE PROBE RACING SCANDAL Pull out - withdraw; pull-out withdrawal US PULLS OUT OF ARMS TALKS CHURCH CALLS FOR BRITISH PULL-OUT FROM ULSTER Push - (for) ask for, encourage SCHOOLS PUSH FOR MORE CASH Quake - earthquake HOUSES DAMAGED IN WELSH QUAKE

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Quit - resign, leave CHURCH LEADER QUITS MINISTER TO QUIT GOVERNMENT Quiz - question (verb) POLICE QUIZ MILLIONAIRE SUPERMARKET BOSS Raid - enter and search; attack (noun and verb), rob, robbery POLICE RAID DUCHESS'S FLAT BIG GEMS RAID Rampage - riot FOOTBALL FANS RAMPAGE THROUGH SEASIDE TOWNS Rap - criticise DOCTORS RAP NEW MINISTRY PLANS Record - bigger than ever before RECORD LOSS BY INSURANCE FIRM Riddle - mystery MISSING ENVOY RIDDLE : WOMAN HELD Rift - division, disagreement LABOUR RIFT OVER DEFENCE POLICY Rock - shock, shake BANK SEX SCANDAL ROCKS CITY IRELAND ROCKED BY QUAKE Row - noisy disagreement, quarrel NEW ROW OVER PENSION CUTS Rule out - reject the possibility of PM RULES OUT AUTUMN ELECTION Sack - dismiss(al) from job STRIKING POSTMEN FACE SACK Saga long - running news story NEW REVELATIONS IN BANK SEX SAGA Scare - public alarm, alarming rumour TYPHOID SCARE IN SOUTHWEST Scrap - throw out (as useless) GOVERNMENT SCRAPS NEW ROAD PLANS Seek - look for POLICE SEEK WITNESS TO KILLING Top - (adj) senior, most important TOP BANKER KIDNAPPED Top - (Verb) exceed IMPORTS TOP LAST YEAR'S FIGURES Tory - Conservative VICTORY FOR TORY MODERATES Trio - three people JAILBREAK TRIO RECAPTURED Troops - soldiers MORE TROOPS FOR BORDER AREA

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UK - The United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) EC CRITICISES UK JAIL CONDITIONS Ulster - Northern Ireland PM IN SECRET TRIP TO ULSTER UN - The United Nations UN IN RED: CANNOT BALANCE BUDGET Urge - encourage GOVERNMENT URGED TO ACT ON POLLUTION US - The United States of America US URGED TO PULL OUT OF ARMS DEAL VAT - Value added tax NEXT, VAT ON BABYFOOD? Vow - promise EXILED PRESIDENT VOWS TO RETURN Walk out - leave in protest CAR WORKERS WALK OUT OVER WAGE FREEZE Wed - marry BISHOP TO WED ACTRESS.

WORD - SUBSTITUTION

( UHõÑ¨^Œ~°∂Ñ¨ "åHõº=ÚÅ∞)

Word Substitution : 'One Word for Many' One who does not believe in the existence of God One who rules with absolute power One who is out to destroy all government One who eats only vegetable food One who feeds on human flesh One who works with another in the same office etc. One who believes that all things are fixed by fate One learned in many languages One new to any kind of business One who loves and serves mankind

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... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

atheist autocrat. anarchist. vegetarian. cannibal. colleague. fatalist. polyglot. novice. philanthropist.

One who is always doubting ... sceptic. One who sneers at or shows contempt for human nature ... cynic. One who looks at the bright side of things ... optimist. One who looks at the dark side of things ... pessimist. One who totally abstains from intoxicating drinks ... teetotaller. Being all of one mind ... unanimous Persons living in the same period ... contemporaries. Compulsory military service ... conscription. Medicine to counteract the effects of a poison ... antidote. A person unable to pay his debts . .. insolvent. A citizen of the world ... cosmopolitan. A speech made without previous preparation .... extempore. One's first speech in public ... maiden speech. A person residing in a country of which he is not a citizen`.... alien (emigrant) A paper written by hand ... manuscript A remedy for all diseases ... panacea (Seea) Talking to oneself ... soliloquy. A temporary cessation of war ... truce. A period of ten years ... decade. An office without any work but with high pay ... sinecure. A language which is no longer spoken ... dead language. The life story of a person written by himself ... autobiography. The giving of office to one's relations ... nepotism. Words inscribed on a tomb ... epitaph. That which does not apply to the matter in hand ... irrelevant. That which will last for a long time ... durable. That which cannot be repaired ... irrepairable. That which cannot be overcome ... insurmountable. That which cannot be conquered ... invincible. That which cannot be wounded ... invulnerable. That which cannot be solved or dissolved ... insoluble. That which cannot be described. ... indescribable. That which cannot be managed ... unwieldy. That which cannot be avoide ... unavoidable. That which cannot be revoked ... irrevocable. That which is not likely to happen ... improbable. That which cannot be explained ... inexplicable. That which cannot be seen ... invisible. That which cannot be heard ... inaudible. That which cannot be corrected ... incorrigible. That which is easily broken ... brittle. That which easily catches fire ... inflammable, ... combustible. That which can be seen through ... transparent. That which cannot be seen through ... opaque.

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Of unknown name or authority ... anonymous Expression having more than one ... ambiguous possible meaning Fit to be eaten ... edible. Too ready to believe anything ... credulous. Given to finding fault ... consorious. Fit to be chosen ... eligible. Belonging to the Middle Ages ... medieval. No longer in use ... obsolete. Working merely for money ... mercenary. Happening at one and the same time ... simultaneous. Done of one's own free will ... voluntary One filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm ... fanatic One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain ... stoic. Government by a royal ruler or king ... monarchy. Government by a single person exercising absolute and even irresponsible power ... dictatorship Government by a small exclusive class ... oligarchy. Government by the nobles ... aristocracy. Government by officials ... bureaucracy. Government by the wealthy ... plutocracy. Government by the people ... democracy. The science of plants or vegetable life ... botany The science of life ... biology. The science of structure of the body ... anatomy The science of the human soul or mind ... psychology. The science of reasoning ... logic THe science of animal ... zoology The study of the in fluence of the heavenly bodies on human ... astrology Marriage of one wife or husband only ... monogamy. The act of having two wives or husbands at the same time ... bigamy. The custom of having more than one wife or husband at a time ... polygamy. The custom by which one woman has more than one husband at a time ... polyandry. The killing or murder of oneself ... suicide. The killing or murder of a human being ... homicide. The killing or murder of an infant ... infanticide. The killing or murder of a king ... regicide. A disease which prevails among a great number of people at the same time ... an epidemic A disease peculiar to a district or country ... an endemic. A place where bees are kept ... an apiary A place where birds are kept ... an aviary

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A store-house for grain A place where fish are kept A place to which choronically sick goes in order to get back their health A place where the dead are buried A place where the dead are burnt A place where a number of wild animals is kept in cases for show A ground laid out for the landing and departure of aircraft A house of residence for students An animal having two legs An animal having four legs Animals which cannot be tamed Animals living in water. Animals which live partly on land and partly in water. An animal that chews the cud An animal that gnaws (e.g.a rat) That which cannot be believed. That which cannot be read That which cannot be put into practice. That whcih cannot be imitated. He is a person engages in sport purely for pleasure. He is a person who sees little or no good in anything He is one who hates women. He is a person who wilfully destroys works of art, spoilsm the beauty of nature, etc. He is a person who collects postage-stamps He has many interesting occupations for his free time. This is a statement which seems to say something opposite to the truth. This is a statement which is obviously true. He is a doctor who treats mental illness. He is a person who dishonestly claims to have knowledge and skill He is a person who is between 90 and 100 years old. : between 80-89).......... She is suffering from mental disorder marketed by fixed delusions This painting is the only one of its sort or kind. Yesterday she gave birth to five children It is the 25th anniversary of the university. No person can claim that he is completely

236

.. granary. ... aquarium ... sanatorium. ... cemetery. ... crematorium ... managerie. ... aerodrome. ... hostel. ... biped ... quadruped. ... wild. ... aquatic. ... amphibian. .. ruminant/to think ... rodent. ... incredible. ... illegible ... impracticable. ... inimitable. ... amature. ... cynic ... misogynist. ... Vandal ... Philatelist. ... Hobbies. ... Paradox. ... Platitude. ... Psychiatrist. ... Quack ... Nonagenerian Octogenarian ... ... ... ...

Paranoia Unique Quintuplets. Silver-Jubilee

free from the possibility of being in error. The wars and lost when there is gradual and unnoticed occupation of land by small groups He is a frivolous person too fond of gossip. They are trying to ease tension between nations This boy is head over years. He is a partner in crime This ancient monument is something attributed to a wrong period of time. Indulge in a round-about way of expression. He is well-versed in any art. There is agreement of opinion among different groups on the conduct of election. There is a situation which brings action to a standstill on the bonus issue He is a person who champions the claims of women for equal rights He is a person who lives for pleasure. He suffers from seeing things which are not actually present He is a person who believes in the complete abolition of war and who refuses to fight. He is a person who suffers from nervous disorder. Setting fire to public property. Schedule of travel. Not easy to control Present everywhere -THE END-

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... Infallible ... ... ... ... ...

Infiltration. Flibeergibbet. detente. Precocious accomplice

... achronism ... Circumlocution. ... Connoisseur. ... Consensus. ... Deadlock ... Feminist. ... Hedonest. ... Hallucination ... ... ... ... ... ...

Pacifist. Neurotic arson. Itineray. Intractable. Ubiquitous.