WATER DRIVEN-BREATHING SKIN

MASTER IN ADVANCED ARCHITECTURE 2016/17

Digital Matter Intelligent Construction Studio

WATER DRIVENBREATHING SKIN // // // //

IRENE AYALA CASTRO MONTAKAN MANOSONG YA CHIEH CHANG ZINA ALKANI

BARCELONA

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STUDENTS IRENE AYALA CASTRO MONTAKAN MANOSONG YA CHIEH CHANG ZINA ALKANI

FACULTIES // ARETI MARKOPOULO // ALEXANDRE DUBOR // ANGELOS CHRONIS

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// // // //

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water driven-breathing skin

content [01] INTRODUCTION // // // //

ABSTRACT RESEARCH QUESTION OBJECTIVE STATE OF ART

[02] MATERIAL PROPERTIES // // //

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE MATERIAL PROPERTY TESTS MATERIAL SYSTEM

[03] MATERIAL SYSTEM EXPERIMENTATION // //

PATTERN EXPLORATIONS EVAPORATE COOLING TEST

[04] WATER SOURCE // //

WATER CYCLE LOCATION

[05] CASE STUDY: CAPE TOWN // // // //

CAPE TOWN DESIGN PROPOSAL SCENARIO DESIGN PARAMETERS DESIGN SYSTEMSTEM

// DESIGN PROTOTYE

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[06] PERFORMATIVE PROTOTYPE

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[01]

introduction // OBJECTIVE // ACHIEVEMENT

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ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT WATER-DRIVEN BREATHER!

BREATHING

SKIN

-

WHAT

A

URBAN

HOMEOSTASIS, THE GENESIS OF OUR RESEARCH IN SMART MATERIALS, IS THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISM FOR ORGANISMS TO MAINTAIN AN EQUILIBRIUM IN PHYSILOGICAL VARIABLES THAT SUSTAIN LIVES. THE QUESTION WHETHER A SMART MATERIAL SYSTEM CAN FUNCTION AS SIMPLY AS ORGANIC ACTIVITIES LEADS US INTO THE EXPLORATION OF A SERIES OF MATERIALS THAT RESEMBLES SUCH. BREATHING, AMONG ALL OTHERS, INTRIGUES US IN THE SENTIMENT THAT ITS RESULTING MECHANISM OF OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR THAT ENABLES AIR EXCHANGE AND REGULATION IN BODY TEMPERATURE RESEMBLES THAT OF VENTILATION TO ACHIEVE COMFORT IN AN ENCLOSED AREA. THIS THEN IS ORIENTED TO THE OBJECTIVE OF WATER-DRIVEN BREATHIN SKIN. SODIUM POLYACRYLATE, ONE OF THE SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS IN THE HYDROMORPH FAMILY, IS THE MAJOR MATERIAL FOR THE SKIN SYSTEM IN THE WAKE OF THE PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR ITS HIGH CAPACITY OF VOLUME CHANGE WHEN ABSORBING WATER UP TO 300 TIMES OF ITS VOLUME IN A SHORT TIME SPAN, AND THE EFFECT OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING AS IT PROLONGS THE EVAPORATION PROCESS . THE STUDY FURTHERED INTO THE TESTS OF COMPOSITING AND ENCAPSULATING WITH FACILITATING MATERIALS IN UNDERSTANDING MATERIAL BEHAVIOR, WHICH HAS CONCLUDED ON THE ENCAPSULATION OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE WITH ELASTIC FABRICS, FOLLOWED BY A LIBRARY OF EXPERIMENTS IN SHAPES, PATTERNS AND SIZE IN AN ATTEMPT TO OPTIMIZE OPEN/CLOSE MECHANISM TO CAPACITATE PASSIVE VENTILATION AND COOLING IN HOT AND DRY SUMMER CLIMATES. ADDITIONALLY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE LACK OF WATER IN TARGETED CLIMATES, THE SYSTEM DESIGN CONTEMPLATED ON THE SUPPLY OF WATER. FOG/DEW COLLECTION IS ADOPTED AS AN ESTABLISHED LOCAL INTELLIGENCE AND IS A NATURAL CYCLICAL SYSTEM REQUIRING NO FURTHER CONSUMPTION, AND IS 15 TIMES MORE WATER-EFFICIENT THAN THAT OF A MISTING SYSTEM COMMONLY USED.

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AS A RESULT, WATER-DRIVEN BREATHING SKIN IS DEVELOPED TO BE A SEMI-PASSIVE MATERIAL SYSTEM FOR OUTDOOR SPACES IN HOT CLIMATES WHERE PUBLIC SPACE IS LESS WELCOMED DUE TO THE SUMMER HEAT. WITH THE MATERIAL SYSTEM, VENTILATION AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING ARE MADE POSSIBLE SEMIPASSIVELY IN A TENSILE-STRUCTURED FORM WHERE THE BREATHING SKIN COULD TAKE IN MULTIPLE USES AND FORMS. NOT ONLY IS IT COST-EFFECTIVE IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE, ENERGYEFFICIENT FOR AREAS IN WATER SHORTAGE BUT ALSO TENSILE AND PLIABLE FOR URBAN SPACES.

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BREATHING BEHAVIOR

homeostasis machanics HOMEOSTASIS IS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS THAT REFERS TO THE BODY OR A CELL TO SEEK AND MAINTAIN A CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM OR STABILITY WITHIN ITS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. THIS INCLUDES BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PH VALUE OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS OR THE CONCENTRATION OF IONS IN BLOOD PLASMA.

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HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HOMEOSTASIS

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objective

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objective THE PROJECT OBJECTIVE IS TO CREATE A BREATHING SKIN MATERIAL SYSTEM THAT PERFORMS OPEN-CLOSE BEHAVIOR TO FACILITATE PASSIVE VENTILATION AND COOLING EFFECT FOR OUTDOOR SPACES.

JEAN-PAUL JUNGMANN’S ‘DYODON’, AN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMATIC DWELLING CONCEIVED IN 1967

material behavior ACT AS BIO SENSOR TO CONTROLLING VESSELS ALONG WITH RESPONSIVE MATERIALS COULD DETECT ACTUATOR, SUCH AS HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE, PH BALANCE

homeostasis machanics SEMI-PASSIVE MECHANICAL SYSTEM OVERLAP BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL CONDITION AND INTERNAL REQUIREMENT OF THE BUILDING

environment impact ACT AS INPUT TO DETECT BIOROBOTIC SKIN OF BUILDING TRANSFORM CONDITION BETWEEN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR wat er dr iven-br eathing sk in

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BREATHING THE RESEARCH WAS INITIATED BY UNDERSTANDING BREATHING BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS AND FURTHER PROGRESSED INTO THE ARTIFICIAL CREATIONS SPRAWNED FROM SUCH BEHAVIOR ACROSS VARIOUS FIELDS.

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state of art

SOURCE/IMAGE CREDIT:TANGIBLE.MEDIA.MIT.EDU/PROJECT/BIOLOGIC/?ITEM=2

BIOLOGIC MIT MEDIA LAB LINING YAO,WEN WANG, GUANYUN WANG, HELENE STEINER, CHIN-YI CHENG, JIFEI OU, OKSANA ANILIONYTE, HIROSHI ISHII 2015 BIOLOGIC IS A GROWING BREATHING TEXTILE AIMED TO ENHANCE THE ATHLETIC PERFORMANTCE BY EMBEDDING BACTERIA BACILLUS SUBTILIS NATTO - INTO FABRIC TO VENTILATE GARMENTS BASED ON THE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF THE NATTO CELLS RELATIVE TO ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE. IT IS LIVING ACTUATORS AND SYNTHESIZING RESPONSIVE BIOSKIN THAT CAN BE GROWN RATHER THAN MANUFACTURED, BEING DERIVED FROM NATURE AS OPPOSED TO ENGINEERED IN FACTORIES.

// // // //

OPEN/CLOSE-DRIVEN VENTILATION EVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIVENESS HYBRID MATERIAL SYSTEM ORIENTED MATERIAL BEHAVIOR

FURTHER ACTION] // ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATION // ECONOMICAL MATERIAL

[ELASTIC FABRIC] [BIO-HYBRID FILM] //MICRO-PRINTING //ORIENTED MATERIAL BEHAVIOR

[BIO-HYBRID FILM] //MICRO-PRINTING //ORIENTED MATERIAL BEHAVIOR

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OUR TAKE]

[BACILLUS SUBTILIS NATTO CELL]

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state of are

SOURCE/IMAGE CREDIT:WWW.ACHIMMENGES.NET/?P=5612

HYGROSKIN SCULPTURESCULPTURE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART ACHIM MENGES, OLIVER DAVID KRIEG, STEFFEN REICHERT 2015 CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE SCULPTURE

KINETIC

SIMULATING SPRUCE CONE REACTING TO CHANGES IN MOISTURE IN THE ENVIRONMENT, HYGROSKIN SCULPTURE UTILIZES PLANAR PLYWOOD SHEETS TO FORM A CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE WHOSE MODULAR WOODEN SKIN AUTONOMOUSLY ACKNOWLEDGES WEATHER CHANGES BY CONTRACTING AND EXPANDING ITS BUILT IN APERTURES.

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THE APERTURES RESPOND TO RELATIVE HUMIDITY CHANGES WHICH RANGE FROM BRIGHT SUNNY TO RAINY WEATHER IN A MODERATE CLIMATE

OUR TAKE] // OPEN/CLOSE-DRIVEN VENTILATION // EVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIVENESS // MODULAR COMPONENT

FURTHER ACTION] // FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE // OVERALL SPACE COMFORT // INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM

[OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR]

state of art

SOURCE/IMAGE CREDIT:MATERIABILITY.COM/PORTFOLIO/HYDRO-ACTIVE-PILLOW-STRUCTURES/

HYDROGEL PILLOW STRUCTURE KÖLN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF DESIGN SASCHA PRAET 2015 FROM HYDROGEL BEADS TO SELFDEFORMING PILLOW STRUCTURES TO AN AIR-COOLING FACADE SYSTEM KINETIC AIR COOLING STRUCTURE IS CREATED BASED ON HYDROGELBEADS CLUSTERED IN PILLOWS. WATER CAN PASS THROUGH THE MATERIAL TO BE ABSORBED BY THE GEL. IT WAS ALSO IMPORTANT, THAT THE CONTAINING MATERIAL WOULDN’T BREAK THE HYDROGEL BEADS. FABRIC TURNED OUT TO KEEP THE GEL BEADS FROM BREAKING WHILE THEY WERE EXPANDING.

/// OPEN/CLOSE-DRIVEN VENTILATION // MATERIAL ENCAPSULATION

FURTHER ACTION] // ENCAPSULATIONINTEGRATED SURFACE

AS

[AIR COOLING]

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[MATERIAL EXPANSION]

OUR TAKE]

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research question

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REDUCING INDOOR TEMPERATURE, BY CROSS VENTILATION AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING.

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“CAN THE COMBINATION OF FABRICS AND SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS CREATE A Passive MATERIAL SYSTEM THAT FACILITATES VENTILATION AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL BASED ON AN OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS? AND CAN THIS MATERIAL SYSTEM BE APPLIED TO TEMPORARY CANOPIES THAT CREATE INDOOR COMFORT, ACTIVATING PUBLIC SPACES, IN HOT CLIMATES?”

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[02]

material properties // SODIUM POLYACRYLATE // MATERIAL SYSTEM

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material properties

sodium polyacrylate SODIUM POLYACRYLATE, ALSO KNOWN AS WATERLOCK, IS A SODIUM SALT OF POLYACRYLIC ACID WITH THE CHEMICAL FORMULA [-CH2-CH(CO2NA)-]N AND BROAD APPLICATION IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS. THIS SUPERABSORBENT POLYMER HAS THE ABILITY TO ABSORB AS MUCH AS 200 TO 300 TIMES ITS MASS IN WATER.

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spa. in crytals

spa. in gel

material properties test

material properties water absorption test SODIUM POLYACRYLATE (SPA) POSSESSES THE CAPACITY TO EXPAND INSTANTLY. 1G OF SPA CAN FULLY ABSORB 100ML WATER WITHIN 1MIN. 0:00 MIN

1:00 MIN

THE COMPLETE EVAPORATION TAKES PLACE IN 6MIN OF HEATING AT AROUND 70OC　BY HAIR DRYER.

0:00

3:00

6:00

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evaporation test

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material properties test composite agent THE MIXTURE OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE WITH ANOTHER AGENT IS A SERIES OF ATTEMPTS TO MAKE THE MATERIAL MOLDABLE AS A SURFACE MATERIAL FOR PERFORMING OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR. AGENTS TESTED INCLUDE BIOPLASTIC, CLAY, POLYURETHANE AND SEEDS,

IN WHICH ONLY BIOPLASTIC SHOWS AN EFFECTIVE RESULT IN COAPTATION TO FORM A COMPOSITE AT VARIOUS COMPOSITION OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE, WHILE THE REST HAVE SHOWN A LOW LEVEL OF COAPTATION. THIS TEST RESULTS THEN DIRECTS THE NEXT TEST TO THE PATTERNS OF BIOPLASTIC COMPOSITE ON ELASTIC FABRIC.

agent // PLANT SEEDS // SODIUM POLYACRYLATE // WATER

4 G 100 ML

agent // CLAY POWDER // SODIUM POLYACRYLATE // WATER

4 G

agent // POLYURETHANE // SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

4 G

// // // //

GELATIN GLYCERIN SODIUM POLYACRYLATE WATER

30 G 5 G 4 G 100 ML

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agent

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composite agent volume change / water absorption

[0 % ]

[1 % ]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[2 % ]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[4 % ]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[6 % ]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[8 % ]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[BEFORE]

2

3

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4

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1

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2 3

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[AFTER] 5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0

THUS 4% IS BY FAR USED TO CARRY ON FOR FURTHER SELF-TRANSFORMING SURFACE TESTS

2

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COMPOSITION ABOVE 4% APPEARED TO BREAK IN SMALL BITS WHEN DEFORMING TO GREAT EXTENT, THUS REQUIRING BETTER BINDER IN ORDER TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ITS FULL CAPACITY OF EXPANSION,

3

0

0

0

0

4% COMPOSITION RATE REACHING 470%, HIGHEST AMONG ALL TESTS

4

1

1

1

1

volume change / water absroption COMPOSITE EXPANSION RATE REACHING UP TO 267% IN THE FIRST 10MIN OF SOAKING,STEADILY DROPPING TO 0% IN 1HR,

5

2

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2 3

3

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3 2

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VOLUME CHANGE RATE

composite agent morphing test

[AFTER 1 HRS]

[AFTER 2 HRS]

[8 %]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[6 %]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[4 %]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

[1 %]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

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[0 %]

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

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surface transforming test

suface transforming test lycra BIOPLASTIC-SODIUM POLYACRYLATE COMPOSITE IS APPLIED TO LYCRA FABRIC TO TEST HOW DIFFERENT PATTERNS AND COMPOSITION OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE COULD GENERATE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CURLING EFFECT THAT SIMULATES OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR. THE COMPOSITE HAS GOOD ATTACHMENT TO THE FABRIC AND THE CURLING EFFECT WHICH CLOSES THE FABRIC IS MOST SIGNIFICANT IN THE END OF THE COMPOSITE PATH. THEREFORE, DIAGONAL PATTERNS OR SIMILAR ONE-DIRECTION PATTERN STRENGTHENS THE CLOSING BEHAVIOR. ALSO, THE HIGHER THE COMPOSITION IS, THE BETTER THE CURLING EFFECT IS. IT IS, NEVERTHELESS, A LIMITING FACTOR THAT THE COMPOSITE TENDS TO BE BREAKABLE WHEN CONSTANTLY EXPOSED TO WATER AND THUS HAVE LOWER REVERSIBILITY. ADDITIONALLY, WITHOUT A CONSTRAINING FORCE, THE CONTROL OF CURLING BEHAVIOR IS LIMITED AND UNPREDICTABLE. THEREFORE, THE EXPERIEMENT ADVANCED INTO ENCAPSULATION LATER ON.

pattern 01

pattern 02

pattern 03

silicon BIOPLASTIC-SODIUM POLYACRYLATE COMPOSITE IS APPLIED TO SILICONE SHEET TO TEST HOW DIFFERENT PATTERNS AND COMPOSITION OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE COULD GENERATE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CURLING EFFECT THAT SIMULATES OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR. IN COMPARISON WITH TEST RESULTS FOR LYCRA, THE COMPOSITE NEEDS TO BE IN A EVEN HIGHER COMPOSITION OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE IN ORDER FOR BETTER ADHESION TO THE SURFACE, AND THE CURLING EFFECT IS MORE HOMOGENEOUS ACROSS THE SURFACE BECAUSE OF LOWER POROSITY OF THE SILICONE SHEET PROPERTY, WHICH LEADS TO A GREATER CONTROL OF THE CLOSING EFFECT. ALSO, THE HIGHER THE COMPOSITION IS, THE BETTER THE CURLING EFFECT IS.

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pattern 04

pattern 05

pattern 06

agent // // // //

GELATIN GLYCERIN SODIUM POLYACRYLATE WATER

lycra

fabric 30 G 5 G 4 G 100 ML

// LYCRA FABRIC 60 X60 MM // SILICON FABRIC 60 X60 MM

silicon

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Tension / Expansive Test agent // // // //

GELATIN GLYCERIN SODIUM POLYACRYLATE WATER

fabric 30 G 5 G 4 G 100 ML

// LYCRA FABRIC 80 X80 MM

Tension/Expansive Test BASED ON THE TEST RESULTS AFORESTATED, THE EXPERIMENTS PROGRESSED TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF FABRIC PROPERTIES PRE-TENSING FABRIC WHEN APPLIED COMPOSITE ONTO IT. THIS ALLOWS FOR THE FABRIC TO BE SELF-STRUCTURAL, BY WHICH THE BEHAVIOR IS AFFECTED THROUGH PRE-TENSING ANCHOR POINTS.

[START]

[START]

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[4 HRS]

[4 HRS]

REVERSIBLE deformation test agent // // // //

GELATIN GLYCERIN SODIUM POLYACRYLATE WATER

fabric 30 G 5 G 4 G 100 ML

// SILICON FABRIC 60 X60 MM

REVERSIBLE deformation test GIVEN THE VERSATILE PROPERTIES BIOPLASTIC-SPA COMPOSITE, THERE IS, NEVERTHELESS, A LIMITING FACTOR THAT THE COMPOSITE TENDS TO BE BREAKABLE WHEN CONSTANTLY EXPOSED TO WATER AND THUS HAVE LOWER REVERSIBILITY. ADDITIONALLY, WITHOUT A CONSTRAINING FORCE, THE CONTROL OF CURLING BEHAVIOR IS LIMITED AND UNPREDICTABLE.

[START]

FACTORING IN ALL ABOVE MENTIONED CONSTRAINTS, THEREFORE, THE RESEARCH FOCUS ADVANCED ONTO THE ENCAPSULATION AS A STUDY THAT ALLOWS FOR HIGHER AND MORE STABLE LEVEL OF CONTROL..

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encapsulation

encapsulation THE EXPERIMENT AIMS TO SEEK FOR THE OPTIMAL WAY OF CREATING CELLS IN WHICH SODIUM POLYACRYLATE ARE ENCAPSULATED INTO FABRIC WITH VARIATIONS IN POCKET ARRANGEMENTS TO ATTAIN BETTER OPEN/CLOSE BEHAVIOR. THE CELL ENCAPSULATION INVOLVES TWO TYPES OF FABRICS: ONE ELASTIC HYDROPHILIC AND THE OTHER NON-ELASTIC HYDROPHOBIC, IN WHICH THE FORMER IS AN ELASTIC FABRIC WHILE THE LATTER IS SILICONE SHEET. THE ELASTIC HYDROPHILIC FABRIC ALLOWS WATER TO PENETRATE INTO THE ENCAPSULATED MATERIAL AND PROVIDES SPACE FOR THE SWELLING; MEANWHILE, NON-ELASTIC HYDROPHOBIC FABRIC CONSTRAINS THE SWELLING TO A SINGLE DIRECTION - THE HYDROPHILIC SIDE. BY SO, THE CELLS CAN ACHIEVE A BETTER CLOSING EFFECT. ALSO, THE HYDROPHOBIC FABRIC PROVIDES WATER-PROOF QUALITIES.

pattern 01

pattern 02

pattern 03

pattern 04

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pattern 05

encapsulate evaporing test

encapsulation evaporation test THE PILLOW TEST IS SET TO UNDERSTAND THE TIMESPAN OF THE EVAPORATION FOR EACH CELL ACCORDING TO THE AMOUNT OF SODIUM AND THE COLOR OF THE FABRIC. THE BLACK FABRIC SHOWS A GREATER CAPACITY FOR EVAPORATION THAN THE WHITE. AND THE EVAPORATION RATE REMAINS THE SAME WITH THE VARIED AMOUNT OF SODIUM POLYACRYLATE: A CELL CONTAINING 0.2G SODIUM POLYACRYLATE NEEDS AN AVERAGE OF 3 DAYS FOR COMPLETE EVAPORATION.

[0.2G: 10ML]

[0.4G: 20ML]

[0.6G: 30ML]

[0.2G: 10ML]

[0.4G: 20ML]

[0.6G: 30ML]

// ELASTIC FABRIC

// ELASTIC FABRIC

// ELASTIC FABRIC

// ELASTIC FABRIC

// ELASTIC FABRIC

// ELASTIC FABRIC

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[03]

material system experimentation // PATTERN EXPLORATIONS // EVAPORATION TEST

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pattern exploration : encapsulation fabric // ELASTIC FABRIC : 82% POLYAMIDE : 18% ELASTAN

[01]

// ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 1.2 G

[02]

// ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.6+0.6 = 1.2 G

[03]

// ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4 = 1.2 G

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[04] // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.3+0.3+0.3+0.3 = 1.2 G

superabsorbent polymer // SODIUM POLYACRYLATE 1.2 G

pattern exploration : encapsulation number of encapsulation THIS TEST EXPLORES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF SPACINGS WITH THE FIRMNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CLOSING BEHAVIOR.CONCLUSION:THE DESIGN OF THREE SPACINGS PER CELL WILL PROVIDE THE BEST CLOSING EFFECT.

[01] // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 1.2 G

[02]

// ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.6+0.6 = 1.2 G

[03]

// ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4 = 1.2 G

// ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.3+0.3+0.3+0.3 = 1.2 G

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[04]

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pattern exploration : spacing shape fabric // SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC : 82% POLYAMIDE : 18% ELASTANE

[05 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4=1.2 G

[10 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4=1.2 G

[15 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4=1.2 G

[20 MM] wat er driven-br eat hing sk in

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/ SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4=1.2 G

superabsorbent polymer // SODIUM POLYACRYLATE 1.2 G

pattern exploration : spacing shape

[05 MM] // SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 1.2 G

[10 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC

// SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.6+0.6 = 1.2 G

[15 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC

// SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4 = 1.2 G

AFTER DECIDING THAT THREE-SPACING DESIGN WORK THE BEST FOR CLOSING BEHAVIOR, THIS TEST SEEKS FOR THE OPTIMAL SIZE OF THE SPACING AMONG THE TEST OF 5MM/10MM/15MM/20MM. CONCLUSION IS MADE THAT THE SPACING OF 15MM WILL CREATE THE FIRMEST CLOSING.

[20 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.3+0.3+0.3+0.3 = 1.2 G

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spacing shape

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pattern exploration : SIZE OF THE CELL fabric

superabsorbent polymer

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC : 82% POLYAMIDE : 18% ELASTANE

// SODIUM POLYACRYLATE 1.2 G

[80 MM] // SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.2+0.2+0.2 = 0.6 G 2 MM

2 MM

2 MM

80 MM

[120 MM] // SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4 = 1.2 G 4 MM

4 MM

4 MM

120 MM

[160 MM] // SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.6+0.6+0.6 = 1.8 G wat er driven-br eat hing sk in

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6 MM

6 MM

160 MM

6 MM

pattern exploration : SIZE OF THE CELL SIZE OF THE CELL THIS TEST EXPLORES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF SPACINGS WITH THE FIRMNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CLOSING BEHAVIOR.CONCLUSION:THE DESIGN OF THREE SPACINGS PER CELL WILL PROVIDE THE BEST CLOSING EFFECT.

[80 MM] // SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC // SODIUM POLYACRALATE

0.2+0.2+0.2 = 0.6

G

[120 MM]

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC

// SODIUM POLYACRALATE 0.4+0.4+0.4 = 1.2 G

// SILICON 0.5 MM // ELASTIC FABRIC

// SODIUM POLYACRALATE

G

0.6+0.6+0.6 = 1.8

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[160 MM]

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MATERIAL SYSTEM

// WATER SUPPLY

// REVERSABLE PROCESS

WATER SOURCE

[DRY STATE]

[SWOLLEN]

[EVAPORATION]

// STATE : LIQUID

// STATE : SOLID // PROCESS : ABSORPTION

// STATE : GAS // PROCESS : EVAPORATED WATER

MATERIAL SYSTEM THE MATERIAL SYSTEM IS OPERATING ON THE BASIS THE ABOVE CYCLE WHERE SODIUM POLYACRYLATE STARTS FROM DRY STATE, SWOLLEN STATE BY ABSORBING WATER, EVAPORATION STATE THAT PERFORMS COOLING AND GRADUALLY MOVES TOWARDS DRY STATE, REPEATING THE CYCLE.

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water supply system

[SOAK]

[SPRAY]

[CHANNELING]

// TIME : 3.00 MINS // SPA : 1.2 G // WATER : 20 ML

// TIME : 3.00 MINS // SPA : 1.2 G // WATER : 20 ML

// TIME : 1.00 MINS // SPA : 1.2 G // WATER : 20 ML

water supply system TO INCREASE THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM, THREE DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF WATER SUPPLY FOR THE CELL WERE TESTED. AMONG ALL, THE WATER CHANNELING IS TESTED TO BE THREE TIMES FASTER IN SWELLING CELLS THAN SOAKING OR SPRAYING. THEREFORE, CHANNELING IS THE OPTIMAL MEANS FOR WATER SUPPLY.

wat er dr iven-br eathing sk in

43

experiment set up THE EXPERIMENT SEEKS TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. CAN SPA CELLS CREATE SIGNIFICANT TEMPERATURE REDUCTION/HUMIDITY INCREASE FOR A SPACE THAN WHEN WITHOUT? wat er driven-br eat hing sk in

44

2. DO SURFACE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND OPACITY AFFECT THE TEMPERATURE/HUMIDITY CHANGE RESULTED FROM SPA CELL? IF SO, WHICH WORKS THE MOST EFFECTIVELY IN TEMPERATURE REDUCTION AND HUMIDITY INCREASE? WITH THE ANSWERS TO BOTH, WE WERE ABLE TO TESTIFY THE MATERIAL PERFORMANCE AND INTEGRATE THE SUITABLE FABRIC MATERIAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE SYSTEM.

TWO EXPERIMENT SETUPS FOR THE ABOVEMENTIONED: 1. TWO BOXES WITH DOUBLE-SIDED OPENINGS TO BE COVERED WITH EXPERIMENT VARIABLES: ONE BOX ATTACHED WITH FABRIC WITHOUT SPA CELL, AND THE OTHER WITH SPA CELL. SENSORS ARE EMBEDED INSIDE EACH BOX AND ONE OUTSIDE TO DOCUMENT AND THUS COMPARE THE DATAPOINTS. 2. THE ABOVE SETUP IS REPEATED YET COVERED WITH DIFFERENT SURFACE MATERIALS INTERCHANGEABLY TO COMPARE PERFORMANCES.

experiment set up

120 MM

1. SILICONE SHEET 2. WHITE PVC 3. BLACK PVC COATED WITH POLYESTER WITH THE TEST RESULTS, WE WERE ABLE TO EXTRAPOLATE THE EMPLOYMENT OF FABRICS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OPACITY ONTO THE SUFACE OF THE BREATHING SYSTEM.

120 MM

THREE CONSTRUCTIVE ELASTIC FABRICS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OPACITY AND THUS HEAT CONDUCTIVITY ARE CHOSEN AS SURFACE MATERIAL FOR THE TEST, ALL EMBEDDED WITH A SPA CELL:

[SILICON] // SILICON // ELASTIC FABRIC // SPA

[WHITE PVC] // WHITE PVC // ELASTIC FABRIC // SPA

// BLACK PVC-POLYESTER // ELASTIC FABRIC // SPA

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[ BLACK PVC-POLYESTER ]

45

experiment testing double sided and fabric performance

1 2 3

od

wo

Ply

mm

m

5m

.5 d0

te coa

m

0m e3

ren

te lys

Po

lic cry

m

3m

Box

3

A

S-2

1

OR

2 S-3

3

O IND HT 22 +Hum) D

VC ,P ter ed s e n y e pol e op g ck mm Bla ran 0.5 ed m VC open 50% P .5m ge ite e0 n Wh ran a r ned mb 50% 2 me ope on nge c i l ra Si 1 50%

mp

(Te

R

OO

TD

OU

2 T2 DH

m +Hu

mp

(Te

S-1

m

m 120 + mm 0.5 60ml 2 d / e d g oat 1,2 ene m+l C c SPA e op m V 5 P ng 1 0. 60m er, ic + ra VC 2g/ ed est abr 50% + e P PA 1, open oly tic F t m i p Wh + S ange .5m ml ck Elas r Bla e 0 /60 ic ran 1,2g ened abr 50% b F p m c me SPA ge o sti + Ela an con Sili abric 0% r 5 cF sti Ela

120

mm

rd

boa

3

o+

uin

Ard

ad Bre

N

2H EXPERIMENT 30MIN INTERVAL

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46

)

sor

sen

1

SILICON ] // SILICON + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

CONCLUSIONS ] // SILICON+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA REDUCED IN 1.1ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. // SILICON+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASED IN 14.8% THE OUTDOOR HUMIDITY.

2

WHITE PVC // WHITE PVC + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

CONCLUSIONS ] // WHITE PVC+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA REDUCED IN 4.6ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. WHITE PVC REDUCED IT 3.8ยบC.

// WHITE PVC+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASED IN 8.5% THE OUTDOOR HUMIDITY.

3

BLACK PVC-POLYESTER // BLACK PVC- POLYESTER + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA 72

32

64

28

56

24

48

20 0

30

60

90

120

40 0

CONCLUSIONS ] // BLACK PVC-POLYESTER+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA REDUCED IN 5.3ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE.

30

60

90

120

// BLACK PVCPOLYESTER+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA REDUCED IN 5.3ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE.

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36

47

experiment testing single sided and fabric performance

3

3 2

S-2

1 S-3

S-1

3 2 1

N 2HRS EXPERIMENT 30MIN INTERVAL

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48

1

SILICON ] // SILICON + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

CONCLUSIONS ] // BOTH SILICON AND SILICON+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASED 12-14ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. // SILICON+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASED IN 16% THE OUTDOOR HUMIDITY.

2

WHITE PVC // WHITE PVC + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

CONCLUSIONS ] // BOTH WHITE PVC AND WHITE PVC+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASED 5ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE. // BOTH WHITE PVC AND WHITE PVC+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA DECREASED IN 2-3% THE OUTDOOR HUMIDITY. .

3

BLACK PVC-POLYESTER // BLACK PVC- POLYESTER + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

CONCLUSIONS ]

// BLACK PVCPOLYESTER+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASED IN 44.1% THE OUTDOOR HUMIDITY.

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// BOTH, BLACK PVCPOLYESTER+ELASTIC FABRIC+SPA INCREASE IN 4.1-8.3ยบC THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE.

49

testing performance related with evaporation rate

1

od wo Ply e ren ste oly

m 5m

ed

m

30m

P

ox ic B

m 3m

yl Acr

1

1

C PV r, ste ned e y e pol e op g ck Bla ran 50%

t coa

mm

0.5

S-2

OR

O 2 ) IND HT 2 p+Hum D em (T

S-3

) sor

llen swo m + % m and ed 0.5 /60ml t rol g ont C coa A 1,2 c SP PV ate n r ter, ic + atio olyes Fabr r o p p ic Eva lack Elast B

%

mm 120

m+l .5m d 0 g/60m e t coa A 1,2 P VC , P ic + S r e est Fabr y l ic po ck Elast Bla

1

OR

DO

T OU

2 T2 DH

mm 120

sen Hum

+

mp (Te

S-1 d oar

adb

re +B ino

u Ard

N

54HRS EXPERIMENT 3HRS INTERVAL/DAY

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50

0%

100%

TEMPERATURE (ºC) 1%

TEMPERATURE] 0%

3%

9%

19%

25%

50%

68%

100%

40

36

34.2°C

32.8°C

30.9 C °

32

4.2°C

32.2°C

30°C

5.8 C °

29.8 C °

28

30.1°C

2.6 C

1.1°C

27.5°C

26.4°C 24

6

3

0

27.5°C 26.7°C

°

BLACK PVC-POLYESTER

31.9°C

BLACK PVC-POLYESTER + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

1.9%

OUTDOOR

1.9°C

25.6°C

48

30

27

24

30°C

34.4°C

51

54 Time (hours)

HUMIDITY (%) 72

66

0%

1%

3%

9%

19%

25%

50%

68%

100%

HUMIDITY] 66.9% 63.3%

3.6%

62.7%

BLACK PVC-POLYESTER OUTDOOR

36

15.3%

54.6%

51.3%

54

4.3% 48

8.1%

60%

55.8% 53.6%

2.2%

51.6% 0

3

48.8%

6

24

BLACK PVC-POLYESTER + ELASTIC FABRIC + SPA

27

30

48

51

HUMIDITY

[ CONCLUSIONS ]

[ CONCLUSIONS ]

// THE BEST PERFORMANCE FOR THE MATERIAL SYSTEM IS BETWEEN 70% TO 20% SWOLLEN.

- THE BEST PERFORMANCE FOR THE MATERIAL SYSTEM IS BETWEEN 70% TO 20% SWOLLEN.

// THE PVC-POLYESTER FABRIC DOESN’T SHOW SIGNIFICANT RESULTS OF TEMPERATURE REDUCTION.

- BELOW A 20% SWOLLEN, THE MATERIAL SYSTEM PERFORMS LOWERING THE HUMIDITY IN THE SPACE, PROBABLY BECAUSE INCREASE IN VENTILATION.

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TEMPERATURE]

54 Time (hours)

51

Psychrometric chart

Material System application - Climatic strategies 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

CONFORT ZONE PERMISSIBLE CONFORTABLE ZONE HEATING INTERNAL CHANGES PASIVE HEATING USING SOLAR RADIATION ACTIVE HEATING SYSTEM HUMIDIFICATION CONVENCIONAL HEATING SOLAR PROTECTION, SHADING HIGH THERMAL MASS

10. EVAPORATIVE COOLING 11. HIGH MASS AND NIGHT VENTILATION

Rel

ati

8

ve

Hum

idit

50

60

70

80

100

30

0

12. NATURAL VENTILATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION 13. AIR CONDITIONING 14. CONVENTIONAL DESHUMIDIFICATION

30

40

14

y( %)

25

21

12

bu

lb

20

HOT HUMID

r pe

15

2

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12 2

11

3

5

7

WARM HUMID

1

10

4

0

17

82

HOT DRY

MODERATE

COOL

5

42

10

6

0

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Dry Bulb Temperature (ยบC)

35

40

45

Absolute Humidity (g/kg Moisture content)

W

et

m te

(ยบ

13

20

e

ur at

C)

HOT DRY SUMMER COLIMATE

TROPICAL AREAS ARE NOT SUITABLE. SUBTROPICAL AREAS ARE NOT GENERALLY SUITABLE BUT MAY SUIT SOME APPLICATIONS.

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SOURCE: WWW.COOLMAX.COM.AU/EVAPORATIVE-COOLING/EVAPORATIVE-COOLING-AREAS.HTM

POSSIBLE AREA FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING

SUITABLE AREA FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING

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[04]

water source //

// LOCATION FOG/DEW COLLECTION

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LOCATION

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27 C O

[ FOG+DEW ]

[ HOT ]

20-50 %

HUMIDITY

[ HUMIDITY ]

urban areas WITH HOT TEMPERTURES AND FOG/DEW COLLECTION.

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LOCATION

CALIFORNIA/ LA

MOROCCO CHILE

8.7L/M2/DAY

3L /M2/DAY

CANARY ISLAND

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20-50 %

HUMIDITY O

27 C TEMPERATURE

NAMIBIA 3L /M2/DAY

MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE (CSA/CSB) HOT DESSERT CLIMATE (BWH) SITES USING FOG COLLECTION

YEMEN 112.5L/M2/DAY

S.AFRICA 7L /M2/DAY

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OMAN 30L /M2/DAY

S.AFRICA CAPE TOWN 7L /M2/DAY SOURCE: FOGQUEST- WWW.FOGQUEST.ORG/

59

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FOG/ DEW COLLECTION

FOG COLLECTION STRATEGY

[ FOG PARTICALS ] // NET CAPTURES // MASS SIZE = DROP (GRAVITY)

[ FOG PARTICALS ] // WIND

NETS [ RASCHEL SHADE NETS ] // POLYPROPYLENE MESH // 4% OF THE FOG IS CAPTURED

[ ALUMINET SHADE NETS ] // POLYETHYLENE MESH COATED // ALUMINUM // 4% OF THE FOG IS CAPTURED

[ 3D NET STRUCTURE ] wat er dr iven-br eathing sk in

// 1-CM THICKNESS OF POLY MATERIAL // 10% OF THE FOG IS CAPTURED

61

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[05]

case study cape town //

// CAPE TOWN DESIGN PROPOSAL SCENARIO // DESIGN PARAMETERS //DESIGN SYSTEM

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performative prototype seT UPt up

CAPE TOWN wat er driven-br eat hing sk in

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wat er driven- breat hing sk in

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CAPE TOWN : CLIMATE ANALYSIS PROPOSED USE SEASON DECEMBER - APRIL

[ HUMIDITY ] THE SUMMER TEMPERATURE DURING DAYTIME REACHES ABOVE 27OC, EVEN ABOVE 34OC, WHERE OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES REQUIRE COOLING SYSTEMS.

THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN SUMMER CAN VARY BETWEEN 20% - 55%., WHICH IN THE WORK OF THE SYSTEM, WILL FALL WITHIN THE COMFORT STANDARD OF 30-60%.

[ APPLICABLE SEASON:HOT DRY SUMMER]

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[ TEMPERATURE ]

67

wat er driven- breat hing sk in

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Problematic Limited use of public space in hot environments

DESIGN PROPOSAL ScENARIO : OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACE ACTIVATION

Problematic Limited use of public space in hot environments NON-USE OF PUBLIC SPACES BECAUSE OF UNCOMFORTABLE TEMPERATURES

x

Re-activating Public Space Temporary Canopy for Social Dining Spaces NETWORK OF URBAN OASES FOR DINING - NEW SOCIAL HUB AND GATHERING POINT FOR THE CITIZENS SELF-POWERED, NEW URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE. MATERIAL SYSTEM THAT USES LOCAL RESOURCE, WATER FROM FOG, TO MITIGATE THE EXTREME CONDITIONS OF THE CLIMATE. LOW COST AND EASY ASSEMBLY SYSTEM. wat er dr iven-br eathing sk in

THE GOAL WILL BE TO DESIGN DINING HUBS, RESPONSIVE TO CLIMATIC NEEDS AND SITE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS.

69

OUTDOOR COOLING SYSTEM WATER FOOTPRINT

3M

3M

3M

[MIST SYSTEM] // 6.7 L WATER CONSUMPTION/M3/HR

3M

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3M

3M

[BREATHING SYSTEM] // 0.45 L WATER CONSUMPTION/M3/HR

COOLING ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CARBON FOOTPRINT

[ ENERGY USE IN FACILITIES ] COOLING SYSTEM IN MODERATE AND WARM CLIMATES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS.

[ AC CONSUMPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ] AN AVERAGE CENTRAL AC OF 3.5 KW POWER [COOLS A SPACE OF 35-40 M2] 3.5KW x 9 = 31.5 KWH / DAY [IF AC IS USED 9 HOURS PER DAY]

[ 31.5 KWH/DAY ] [ 0.5 KG CO2/KWH ]

0.5 KG OF CO2 IS EMITTED PER 1 KWH 31.5 KWH X 0.5 = 15.75 KG / DAY LOWERING DOWN 1 DEGREE INCREASES THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF COOLING SYSTEMS BY 5%.

THE BREATHING SKIN SYSTEM IS ABLE TO REDUCE THE INDOOR TEMPERATURE BY 5 °C ,THEREFORE IF IT WAS APPLIED TO BUILDINGS IT WOULD SAVE 25% OF ENERGY COOLING CONSUMPTION. MATERIAL

PRICE/SQM

SODIUM POLYACRYLATE ELASTIC FABRIC HYDROPHOBIC FABRIC RASCHELL CHANNELING TOTAL

€0.81 €0.14 €5.00 €2.00 €0.8 €7.95

[ 25% SAVING ] [ 7.95 €/M2 ]

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[ BREATHING SKIN SYSTEM SAVINGS AND COST ]

71

DESIGN PARAMETERS

GLOBAL GEOMETRY SYSTEM FUNCTION

PARAMETRIC MATERIAL SYSTEM DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

PROGRAM SCALE

28m2

3m FOG

FOG COLLECTION

DEW

RADIATION

BREATHING SKIN CELL SYSTEM

WATER STORAGE

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WIND DIRECTION

M2 NET NEEDED

MEMBRANE % OPACITY

BREATHING CELLS LOCATION AND DENSITY

28M2 AREA

10

USERS

DINNING SPACES

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water supply system

// // // //

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IRENE AYA MONTAKAN YA CHIEH ZINA ALKA

ru l St a p i c P r in

e Coll g o F Net

c t io

n

ctur

e Coll r e t Wa

e

c t io

n

in B Ma e r ctu ne S t r uer C h a n W at

ALA CASTRO MANOSONG CHANG ANI

em S y s tin l a ri Sk M at eat hin g Bre

or y St l p p r Su W at e

age

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PERFORMATIVE SKIN SYSTEM

4

PR WA INCI TE PA L R FR CH OM AN FO NEL G AN D

DE

W

SI CO LICO NN N EC TU TIO BE NS S

3

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HY (OP DRO AC PHO ITI BI ES C 0% FABR ,40 IC %, 80%

3

)

HY (OP DRO AC PHO ITI BI ES C 0% FABR ,40 IC %, 80%

)

1

BR CH EATH AN NE ING LIN CE L G SY LS ST E

M

DE

W

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2

PR WA INCI TE PA L R FR CH OM AN FO NEL G AN D

77

cape town wind radiation analysis

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78

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CAPE TOWN

79

Prevailing Winds Breathing Cells Location and density

N

NE

NW

W

SE

SW

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80

S

PREDOMINANT WIND ANALYSIS IN CAPE TOWN INFORMS THE LOCATION AND THE DENSITY OF THE BREATHING CELLS.

E

LOW DENSITY

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HIGH DENSITY

81

cfd wind simulation

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82

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AIR FLOW ANALYSIS HELPS US UNDERSTAND AND OPTIMIZE THE POSITION OF BREATHING CELLS AND OPENINGS IN OTHER TO STRENGTHEN CROSS VENTILATION STRATEGY.

83

cfd wind simulation

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84

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solar radiation analysis

RADIATION ANALYSIS ON THE SURFACE INFORMS THE LOCATION OF THE DIFFERENT OPACITIES OF MEMBRANES, GOING FROM AN 80%, TO 40%, TO A 0%.

1

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86

W

Opacity 0%

wat er dr iven-br eathing sk in

(KWH/M2) JANUARY-MARCH

628.86<

568.72

508.58

Opacity 0%

448.45

388.31

328.17

268.04

207.90

Opacity 0%

147.76

87.63

<27.49

N

E

S

87

material requirements

1

[ MATERIAL SYSTEM ] // 32 M2

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2

[ BREATHING CELLS ] // 64 BREATHING CELLS/M2 // 2048 BREATHING CELLS

3

[ FOG NET COLLECTOR ] // // // //

64 BREATHING CELLS REQUIRE 1.2 L/M2 CAPE TOWN - 7 L/M2/DAY 1 M2 MATERIAL SYSTEM > 0.17 M2 NET 5.4 M2 NET REQUIRED FOR A CANOPY

material system timelapse

[ MATERIAL SYSTEM TIMELAPSE ]

[

G]

20%

[ AP R]

[ ATER]

70%

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[GEL]

89

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90

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91

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92

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93

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94

[06]

performative prototype //

DESIGN PROTOTYPE

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performative prototype seT UPt up

AS A RESULT, WATER-DRIVEN BREATHING SKIN IS DEVELOPED TO BE A SEMI-PASSIVE MATERIAL SYSTEM FOR OUTDOOR SPACES IN HOT CLIMATES WHERE PUBLIC SPACE IS LESS WELCOMED DUE TO THE SUMMER HEAT. WITH THE MATERIAL SYSTEM, VENTILATION AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING ARE MADE POSSIBLE SEMIPASSIVELY IN A TENSILE-STRUCTURED FORM WHERE THE BREATHING SKIN COULD TAKE IN MULTIPLE USES AND FORMS. NOT ONLY IS IT COST-EFFECTIVE IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE, ENERGYEFFICIENT FOR AREAS IN WATER SHORTAGE BUT ALSO TENSILE AND PLIABLE FOR URBAN SPACES.

2

1 wat er driven-br eat hing sk in

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PR WA INCIP TER AL FRO CHA N M F O GN E L A ND

PRI WAT NCIPAL ER FRO CHANNE M F OG L A ND

DEW

DEW

performative prototype set up

TEMPORA

RY STRU CTURE

4

WATER SYRIN SUPPLY GE IN JECTI ON

CHAN

NELI

NG N ETW

ORK

WAT

TEM

POR

ARY

5

BAE

S+

STA

ND

ER

CHA

NNE

LIN

G S YST EM

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3

97

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98

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99

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100

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101