TEAM Magazine - Body Systems

24 de octubre de 2018

MSA EDITORIAL

EAM Limited Edition

Diseases or risk factors How does the system work?

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.

1

responsible for the process of digestion, that is, the transformation of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body’s

Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and are the organs through which food passes.

Mouth. Breaks up food particles.

Pharynx. Swallows the food from the mouth.

Esophagus. Transports food to the stomach.

Stomach. Stores and churns food.

Small intestine. Completes digestion. Absorbs nutrients, must water.

Large intestine. Reabsorbs some water and ions. Forms and stores feces.

Accessory organs

The accessory digestive organs never come into direct contact with food (teeth help with the mechanical digestion of food while the tongue assists in chewing and swallowing). They produce or store secretions that flow into the GI tract through ducts, and these secretions aid in the chemical digestion of food.

Salivary glands. Saliva moistens and lubricates food.

Liver. Stores vitamins and iron breaks down and builds up many biological molecules.

Gallbladder. Stores and concentrates bile.

Pancreas. Hormones regulate blood glucose levels, bicarbonates neutralize stomach acid.

DISEASES Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix, the closed-end tube attached to the cecum, the first region of the large intestine. While some cases are mild and may resolve on their own, most require the removal of the inflamed appendix through abdominal surgery (usually via laparotomy or laparoscopy), often leaving a small scar or scars. If untreated, there is a high risk of peritonitis, in which the inflamed appendix bursts; shock and death can result.

The basic method for treating appendicitis is for a surgeon to completely remove the appendix in a minor operation called an appendectomy.

NUTRITION AND EATING DISORDERS

Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. Good nutrition – an adequate, well balanced diet combined with regular physical activity – is a cornerstone of good health.

2

“DISORDERS NOT ONLY AFFECT WOMEN” For some time now, male cases have increased. What until recently was considered a "feminine" disease ceased to be so. Children and adults suffer from eating disorders, but the stage of greatest risk is still adolescence and youth, between 13 and 20 years since it is a period in which the body develops and changes abruptly while the mental image that one's own body is much slower than physiological evolution.

THE FIGURES OF ANOREXIA Currently, in developed countries, anorexia nervosa affects: • 1 out of every 200 young people between 12 and 14 years old.

• Young women - girls between 14 and 18 - are still the most affected group.

• However, males, mature women and children under the age of 12 have been added to the list of victims of these disorders.

In addition to the well-known anorexia and bulimia nervosa, there are now unspecified eating disorders (NECTS) such as alcohorexia, vigorexia, orthorexia and diabulimia.

Eating disorders are serious emotional problems that are characterized by severe alterations of eating behavior and its fundamental component is the alteration of the perception of body weight and figure.

The American Psychiatric Association recognizes eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and NSAIDS, within which the most studied pathology is BED (Binge Eating Disorder). Although nutrition specialists agree that alcohorexia, vigorexia, orthorexia and diabulimia could be included within the NARC, the truth is that these disorders, which were previously unknown or infrequent, are not accepted by the American Psychiatric Association and there is no theory specific that contemplates them.

Individual risk factors • The causes that can lead a person to have eating disorders are as many and varied as the sick suffer, however, 80% appear when you start a diet of slimming without any medical control.

• They are also related to the non-acceptance of bodily changes during adolescence, to an accelerated weight gain, to complexes related to the physical and relationship problems.

• However, there are specific factors of the individual that have been proposed as contributors to the development of disorders such as personality disturbances and low self-esteem, while others are personal experiences that are somehow presented within the environmental factor.

• Body dissatisfaction seems to be intrinsically linked to eating disorders and that has to do with what causes the dietary behavior that precedes it. It is in the body dissatisfaction where the influence of the media, the pressure of the family and the peers plays an important role.

• Likewise, it should be clarified that although this type of feeling is a necessary factor for the development of the disorder, it is not enough since, it is posed as an additional factor the presence of problems of identity and control, with which certain people dissatisfied with their body , they take body weight and figure as a response to this conflict. Thus, they exercise control over what they eat, the weight and the figure believing that they can have control when they do not have it in the remaining aspects of life.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.

3

responsible for the process of digestion, that is, the transformation of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body’s cells.

Nose. Only external portion of this system. Air enters through it.

Pharynx. Allows for the movement of air from the nose and mouth to the larynx in the process of breathing.

Larynx. Passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea.

Trachea. Passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus.

Bronchi. Highways for gas exchange.

Bronchioles. Passageways from the nose to the alveoli of the lungs.

Alveoli. Allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream.

These organs can be classified according to either structure or function. Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts: the upper respiratory system that includes the nose and pharynx; and the lower respiratory system that includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

DISEASES Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the lung airways that causes coughing, wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath, according to Tonya Winders, president of the Allergy & Asthma Network.

Asthma signs and symptoms include: Shortness of breath Chest tightness or pain Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing.

A whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling (wheezing is a common sign of asthma in children) Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ — the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist.

4

responsible for the process of digestion, that is, the transformation of food so that it

CONSIST OF:

BLOOD VESSELS: - Capillaries. Allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange to take place with the tissue.

- Veins. Return blood from the capillaries to the heart.

- Arteries. Carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries.

HEART: The heart is a cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist that is responsible for pumping blood though the cardiovascular system.

BLOOD: Blood is an extracellular fluid that delivers vital substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic wastes products away from these same cells.

DISEASES Heart

Attack

A heart attack occurs when not enough blood reaches your heart. This can happen due to artery blockage. Heart attacks damage the heart muscle and are medical emergencies.

If you ask about the symptoms of a heart attack, most people think of chest pain. Over the last couple of decades, however, scientists have learned that heart attack symptoms aren’t always so clear-cut.

Symptoms may show up in different ways and can depend on a number of factors, such as whether you’re a man or a woman, what type of heart disease you have, and how old you are.

It’s important to dig a little deeper to understand the variety of symptoms that may indicate a heart attack.

URINARY SYSTEM

The urinary system, also known as the renal system, produces, stores and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys.

5

responsible for the process of digestion, that is, the transformation of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body’s cells.

KIDNEYS URETERS URINARY BLADDER URETHRA

The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by regulating the internal environment (blood and tissue fluid composition) of the body.

Ureter, duct that transmits urine from the kidney to the bladder. There normally is one ureter for each kidney.

Organ for the temporary storage of urine from the kidneys, connected to the kidneys by means of tubular structures called ureters.

The urethra transmits urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body during urination.

DISEASES Kidney Stones Kidney stones (renal lithiasis, nephrolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.

To prevent this, you must: -

Drink water.

Get the calcium you need.

Reduce sodium.

Limit animal protein.

Avoid stone-formed foods.

The pain can be unbearable, coming in waves until the tiny stone passes through your urinary plumbing and out of the body. For many, kidney stones aren’t a one-time thing: in about half of people who have had one, another appears within seven years without preventive measures.

MAYRA SÁNCHEZ ARÉCHIGA 2820918 HUMAN BODY CARE I 24/10/2018