Marc cheal - MArch Thesis - Speculations 2

STUDIO PLASTIC MArch_Architectural_Speculations_2 Marc_Cheal_Part_Time_3_07388101

2

CONTENTS A R C H I T E C T U R A L S P E C U L AT I O N S 2 Thesis Statement 3 The Site 6 Land Condition 7 Electrokinetics 8 Anaerobic Digestion 9 Community Land Trust 12 Players 13

Site Development Concept - Phasing 14 Sub-Structure 15 Density Studies 16 Site Strategy Concept 18 E X P LO R AT I O N Wes Jones 22 MOS Architects 26

The Modules of House No. 5 27 Geometric Patterns 32 Exploration of the Module 34

FINAL SCHEME Site Development 87 Visible timeline 89 Site Plan 91 Site Axo 93 Site Sections 95 Views 99 Perspectives 102 Example Housetypes 105 INTERNAL Internal View 113 Views & Customisation 114 TECTONICS Sketches 120 Output 122 Model Making 124 The Model 126 The Manual 128

SITE PLANNING Strategy 39 A P P E N D I X Site Approach - Concept 40 Massing 43 Agricultural City 44 Site Timeline 46 CONSTRUCTION Facit Homes 50 Wiki House 51 Cover 52 Adolf Loos 53 Ornament & Crime 53 Raumplan 54 Mueller House 55 Rufer House 56 Casa Raumplan 58 Pole House 59 BILSTON COMMONS

PROCESS Parametric Process 65 Attractors 66 Wolverhampton Design Guide 67

Werkbundsiedlung Estate & House types 68 Isovists 72

OUTPUT Housetypes 77 Site @ 50 dwellings 78 Site @ 150 dwellings 79 Massing 80

1

2

T H E S I S S TAT E M E N T S U S TA I N A B L E R E M E D I AT I O N W I T H A C O M M O N G A I N The thesis sets out my proposition for the forth coming Speculations 2 module and is an overview in to the stance am making on the development of the site. It is aimed at creating an infrastructure with a common sustainable resource that would collectively benefit the future Bilston Commons community and its landscape.

The thesis statement runs throughout the document acting as a narrative to the scheme

3

4

S U S TA I N A B L E R E M E D I AT I O N T H E S I S S TAT E M E N T The site at Bilston has been the subject for many years of extensive industrial processes, including underground mining and heavy industry iron works and furnaces. Further industrial works and scrap yards took over since the cessation of the mining activity. These processes have shaped and scarred the landscape to what it is today.

The landscape has played a huge part in the formation of Bilston, supporting its economy for many years for which there should be gratitude. Unfortunately, now that it’s served its purpose with only minimal resources still un-viably obtainable, the tapestry of the land has been left fragmented and tainted with the biproducts of this industrial era and the extraction of 300,000 tons of coal. Its depths remain twisted and fractured with minimal, unsympathetic efforts made to heal it.

As it stands, the surface is not suitable for development with remediation measures consisting of crudely encasing this spoilt landscape with earth from elsewhere, providing even more upheaval and displacement of the site. Such measures involved in this process have cost implications for developers and has so far resulted in limited demand and willingness to bring the site back in to use. Let’s offer it to people who will bring it in to use.

The proposition is to provide affordable self-build housing in conjunction with an alternate model of land remediation that heals the landscape through more sympathetic means over a prolonged period (representative of the scarring process from the Bovereux Furnaces built 170 years ago), tying to bring it back to (or somewhat closer) its original state, with a dual purpose of supporting future development within its infrastructure. The alternative remediation technique is known as Electrokinetic remediation and will be supported by a power network Upon completion of the land remediation, this network will be left behind across the site, servicing and providing a framework in which housing can flourish until the end of its lifecycle.

Cedric Price - Steel House (1967)

Dimensions of the commons - Michel Bauwens

Cedric Price - Potteries Think Belt

5

SITE

SITE OVERVIEW The development site at Bilston has been divided up into distinct character areas during the Speculations 1 project. The parcel of land in this scheme is central to the site, zone 6, and can play a key part in linking up all other areas. Its important that links are retained across the site to encourage activity between these zones.

6

LAND CONDITION CURRENT RECOMMENDED MEASURES The current proposals are not only to protect the future residents of the site but will possibly put at risk the construction workers during the development.

There are remediation works that have been carried out in respect tot he mine shafts but with still many more to go. Investigations have been undertaken across the site to provide prospective developers and the public with a general idea of the measure possibly required as part of the land remediation process for specific areas. Phase 1 & 2 Site Investigations are to be carried out to support detailed planning applications across the site and so nothing detailed has been produced for the site specifically. However there has been an adjacent planning application (15/01340/FUL) which as undergone the more rigorous testing. The key recommendations that would most likely be applied to the proposed site for this project would be:Risk to end-users - A 600mm soil capping layer is recommended in soft landscaped areas, subject to regulatory approval.

Engineered Ground Treatment - Drill and grout treatment of shallow mine workings is required, beneath houses and adopted highway curtilages.

Likely Foundation type - Piles (bored) or vibro replacement ground improvement (pre-boring required) to enable use of shallow strips, subject to scope of drill and grout.

Floors - Fully suspended (beam and block).

Likely waste classification - Due to high loss on ignition and total organic carbon values, the made ground is hazardous, all other concentrations suggest non-hazardous Soakaway drainage - due to the precence of deep made ground the site is not suitable for use of soakaway drainage.

An imported material will only be suitable for as a capping layer and will require chemical validation to ensure this GROUND CONDITIONS Apart from potential hazards to people, the ground conditions could seriously affect the proposed foundations and increase costs further.

Due to the historical upheaval of the landscape there are is a lot of made ground across the site, comprising of a mixture of colliery and foundry waste which was encountered during both phases of the investigation to depths of up to 13.8m begl. The made ground was substantially granular and comprised gravel and cobble sized fragments of natural rock, concrete, slag (rare) and brick. Locally the made ground contains ashy material and is locally present as a gravelly clay.

The site is underlain by recorded workings at depths from 30m. Pile designs would need to take these depths in to account.

G R O U N D C O N TA M I N A N T S Quarter of samples taken recorded levels or Arsenic higher (up to 210mg/kg) than the General Assessment Criteria (GAC) of 37mg/kg.

Lead concentrations were above the GAC of 200mg/kg in a third (up to 420mg/kg) of the samples.

Elevated levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) were found in a sixth of the samples. The presence of asbestos was identified in seven of the twelve samples screened, approx 1%.

The majority of the remediation will be to tackle the elevated levels of metals and PAH concentrations in the made ground.

G R O U N D W AT E R Slight seepages of water has been found at depths of 2.8-3.1m and are representative of localised perched water.

There is an aquifer below the site

7

ELECTROKINETICS W H Y E L E C T R O K I N E T I C R E M E D I AT I O N ?

The main type of contaminant within the soils are metals. Current proposals suggest the import of clean soils from alternative sites, adding to the cost of development and further upheaval of land. Hydrocarbans can also be treated in this process although they are not considered a viable threat on this site.

E L E C T R O K I N E T I C R E M E D I AT I O N Electrokinetic remediation is a process in which a low voltage, direct current electric field is applied across a section of contaminated soil in order to move and extract contaminants. The resulting electrokinetic phenomena displace ions and water soluble pollutants, disturbing the equilibrium between the solid and liquid phase components of the formation.

The result is desorption of cations (positively charged ions) or anions (negatively charged ions) by ion exchange from the solid phase to the liquid phase, making the contaminant mobile.

The electrodes have to be carefully placed in order to operate effectively and are great method of removing containments over time in a less intrusive way. This could compliment a considerate approach to the land remediation of Bilston Commons where a time constrain is not relevant.

concept

Using direct electric current this process removes organic, inorganic and heavy metal particles from the soil by electric potential. The previous uses on the site seem to suit this process typically the metals left from mining.

Where moisture is needed in the soils, the bi-product of the anaerobic digestion process could be used in conjunction.

This approach is feasible and can work well with a sustainable source of electricity. above ground arrangement

electrokinetics in place on site

illustration of an array of electrodes

8

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ANAEROBIC DIGESTION -

K E Y S TAT I S T I C S -

AD presents a huge opportunity for the UK and is particularly suited to community development as it is profitable, creates jobs and can be a means of greatly reducing a community’s greenhouse gas emissions.

A 1000kw AD plant will supply 1700 households with electricity and 400 households with heat

The electricity produced by the AD plant can be used to remediate the land and then later will service the housing units which become built in to the infrastructure. The heat also generated through the conversion of the bio-gas can also be harvested and used as a mini district heating system.

5000 tonnes of feedstock required to produce enough energy to feed 250kw AD plant - the smallest sized deemed commercially viable - BASED ON ABOVE INFO THIS WOULD STILL HEAT 100 HOMES etc 500KW farm would require at least acre of land Prices start at £1m - 500kw might cost double this

SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS Would create approximately 2 jobs running the plant.

Local jobs and skills would be created through the plants construction, can ensure capital costs for supplying the Anaerobic Digester (AD) would be locally, and of course the local supply chain.

C U LT U R A L A N D C O M M U N I T Y B E N E F I T S Landfill tax is a tax on disposable waste and aims to encourage waste producers to produce less waste, recover more value from waste and use more environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal. AD reduces waste being sent to landfill and transforms it in to a more useful resource.

E N V I R O N M E N TA L B E N E F I T S -

CONCLUSION -

1. Reduction of CO2 emissions from: • Replacing heat and electricity produced from carbon based fuels • Reducing methane released into the atmosphere from slurry • Reducing the use of intensive synthetic petrochemical based fertilisers

An Anaerobic digestion plant will offer a sustainable source of energy, not only for the remediation process but for the local community whilst processing waste and producing other products such as heat that can be incorporated in to a district heating system and bio fuels of which can be used for environmentally friendly vehicles.

2. Conversion to organic fertiliser Organic content is put back in to the land, strengthening soils and supporting friendly supporting organisms 3. Consistent energy production Can operate at its rated generating capacity for around 90% of the year.

9

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Biogas engine to convert the product to electricity that will power the factory and allow for the conversion of on site diesel vehicles to electric

The anaerobic digester has a flexible membrane to handle build up of gas’s

1 0

CASE STUDY SITE VISIT Based in Measham alongside the A42, AB Produce process vegetables and are currently constructing an anaerobic digestion plant to process waster water and vegetable matter. The product can be spread across their fields for future crops and reduces odours to the satisfaction of nearby residents.

Cost of plant = ÂŁ4 million Current expenditure on energy = ÂŁ30,000 per month A proposed 2nd Tank will make the building self sufficient

Gas flare for safety. Excess gas is burnt off if storage becomes full

1 1

GUIDANCE COMMUNITY LAND TRUST W H AT I S A C LT ?

Community Land Trusts are a form of community led housing, where local organisations are set up and run by ordinary people to develop and manage homes as well as other assets important to that community, like community enterprises, food growing or workspaces. The CLT’s main task is to make sure these homes are genuinely affordable, based on what people actually earn in their area, not just for now but for every future occupier.

W H Y A C LT ?

With what seems to be increasingly less money available from the government, the CLT approach provides a way communities can deliver their own services, housing, pubs, community enterprises. It combats the increasing rents and house prices of the private market and makes the prospect of living/owning/building a home much more obtainable to everybody.

WHO IS IT FOR? There is currently a demand for council housing within Bilston with a large portion of those on the waiting list between 18-35. This scheme will help contribute to reducing these figures and put in place a programme that takes responsibility and control of the future of this site and encourage the local authority to take similar steps on other brownfield sites across the area.

W H AT I S S U E S W I L L I T TA C K L E ?

The CLT will be more than just providing a home. It will aim to ensure environmentally friendly homes are provided as part of the solutions and bring innovation to house building on both construction and the approached to actually financing such schemes. There will be an engagement with the community like never before within Bilston that contribute to a sense of community and encourage people to be proud of their environment and surroundings.

The homes built will be affordable and will always remain affordable due to the absence of land costs, nearby service infrastructure and the provision of facilities to produce each dwelling.

WHO WILL FORM THE GROUP? The group can be formed from a multitude of people with different backgrounds. A group that would be suited to lead the current scheme proposals would include community representatives from the local authority and from the group whom the CLT is aiming to assist. An architect to ensure the development is carried out sensibly, a project manager to oversee the process on site with experts in digital fabrication both from a software and hardware aspect.

FUNDRAISING? Funding will need to be acquired form a workshop that will facilitate the use of CNC milling and also assist with the clearing of unsuitable vegetation and hard landscaping from the site. It will also provide low cost machinery that will assist each build such as lifting equipment and boring equipment for the manual application of screw piles.

SELF BUILD Self build will involve the potential residents putting in their own time to assist with the construction of their homes. Possibly in a `barn raising` type fashion with neighbouring building plots. This will reduce, hopefully remove, labour costs with outlays being on materials only.

12

P L AY E R S 2017

LAND owned by Wolverhampton City Council limited opportunities to develop due to land condition and costs to re-mediate suitable for residential use

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT parcel of land set aside and gifted to trust (fuel poverty or similar) for community facility

SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE trust funds infrastructure network across the site and electrokinetic remediation

COMMUNITY LAND TRUST site is placed under the stewardship of a CLT

SERVICES provision of heat and electricity to self build plots across the site

WORKSHOP workshop set up on-site to facilitate the construction of timber self-build units

R E M E D I AT I O N release of re-mediated pockets of land across site to CLT

CONSTRUCTION self-build units constructed as re-mediated land is released

HANDOVER upon expiration of timber structures, re-mediated common land given back piecemeal to Wolverhampton City Council

COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE

R E - M E D I AT E D L A N D Bilston Commons

2180

13

SITE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT - PHASING

14

SUB-STRUCTURE F O U N D AT I O N S F O R T H E I N F R A S T R U C T U R E The volume of made ground from the previous industry and infrastructure across the site is huge with recommendations being made for the piling of foundations to allow structure to reach a solid strata.

The depths and potential quantity required are extremely high, adding a further expense for developers.

In the nature of the remdiation of the land, the foundations should minimise their intrusion in to the landscape. What options does this leave? One option would be to provide floating or raft type foundations on the earths surface and one would be to utilise existing scars that will struggle to revert back to their original state?

R A F T / F LO AT I N G F O U N D AT I O N A raft foundation would sit above the surface of the ground and rest upon it. It would provide points across the landscape in which the infrastructure can bear and the an subsequent structure can bear on to these spans. The design wouldn’t be on the same scale as a normal raft foundation, to minimise the impact on the landscape, but be supported by a system that can counter the effects of subsidence or if on raft fails, the arrangement is such that 3 or 4 others will provide support.

USE EXISTING STRUCTURES The aim would be to minimise impact on the landscape however where mine shafts are needing treatment there could be an opportunity to build off these, again, creating a lattice of point on which to bear a framework structure.

SCREW PILES Screw piles are commonly used in eco-friendly projects and cause minimal disruption to the ground. They can be placed using minimal machinery that can be operated by hand.

They pile systems suits many types of prefabricated structure and can form a raised base on which a structure can sit, well above ground level.

15

INITIAL DENSITY STUDIES DENSITY 75 dwellings per ha - total 230 OPEN SPACE 0% UNIT FOOTPRINT 11.5m x 11.5m AREA OF UNIT 138m² HEIGHT Single storey - 3m

DENSITY 75 dwellings per ha - total 230 OPEN SPACE 50% UNIT FOOTPRINT 11.5m x 5.75m AREA OF UNIT 138m² HEIGHT Double storey - 6m

DENSITY 75 dwellings per ha - total 230 OPEN SPACE 50% UNIT FOOTPRINT 11.5m x 5.75m AREA OF UNIT 138m² HEIGHT Double storey - 6m

DENSITY 75 dwellings per ha - total 230 OPEN SPACE 70% UNIT FOOTPRINT 11.5m x 5.75m AREA OF UNIT 138m² HEIGHT Triple storey - 9m

16

INITIAL DENSITY STUDIES Update to Wolverhampton Housing Strategy 2013 – 2018

DENSITY The set density for the area in accordance with the Bilston Commons design code is between 50 and 100 dwellings per hectare. The area totals 3.1 ha.

If we base the required density on 75 dwellings per hectare the site should be looking to accommodate 230 dwellings. If simply divided up each plot size would be 138m² EXISTING TYPOLOGY STUDIES Based on previous studies on the Vienna housing, there are set densities within these successful schemes. 2 such schemes on the Nordbahnhof site are:Wohen Mit Scharf Approximate areas - 1 bed - 50m²

2 bed - 65m²

3 bed - 120m² Sergison Bates Urban Housing Scheme - PanWohn Approximate areas - 1 bed - 58m²

2 bed - 75m²

3 bed - 110m²

The current housing mix strategies by Wolverhampton City Council seek:Table 1 Home Type Targets Affordable Housing

Market housing

1 bed flats

2 bed flats

2 bed bungalows or houses

3 bed houses

4 bed houses

<10%

>10%

40%

20%

>20%

1 bed flats

2 bed flats

2 bed bungalows or houses

3 bed houses

4 bed houses

5 bed houses

<5%

<10%

30%

30%

20%

5%

Based on this information we would to set provide 1,2Housing & 3 bed units This table replaces the Home Type Targets aim that are out in the Strategy 2013 – 2018 (on of page 11). and with a mix 2/8/3.

The schemes below use the Sergison Bates typology to set the areas with the above suggested mix. The placement for this exercise is random.

DENSITY 75 dwellings per ha - total 230 OPEN SPACE 46% UNIT MIX 1 Bed = 15% 2 Bed = 60% 3 Bed = 25% AREA OF UNIT 1 Bed = 58m² 2 Bed = 75m² 3 Bed = 110m² HEIGHT Single storey - 3m DENSITY 75 dwellings per ha - total 230 OPEN SPACE 75% UNIT MIX 1 Bed = 15% 2 Bed = 60% 3 Bed = 25% AREA OF UNIT 1 Bed = 58m² 2 Bed = 75m² 3 Bed = 110m² HEIGHT Double Storey - 6m

1 7

CONCEPT L AY E R S This diagram illustrate layers and traces that are present across the site with potential layers of infrastructure and furture residential accomodation

1 8

S I T E S T R AT E GY O V E R V I E W

19

2 0

E X P LO R AT I O N INFLUENCES AND PRECEDENTS The next few sheets aim to cover particular precedents which could help inform my architectural approach and attitude to construction, exploring the possibilities of evolving them further

The proposed 170 year process and provision of the infrastructure, to be constructed on more of a community scale than commercial, will be phased to tackle the key areas in most need of remediation first. These primary networks will allow for a secondary to feed off to remediate all other areas.

To support this remediation process the infrastructure will incorporate an Anaerobic digestion plant. Upon remediation, the sectors of land will be released for occupation. The land itself is owned by Wolverhampton City Council and its use will be put under the guidance of a community land trust who will steer its development with the intention to facilitate the self-build opportunities across the site using the infrastructure built under the guidance and funding of the fuel poverty initiative.

The Anaerobic Digestion plant will be providing a sustainable means of electricity, heat and biogas and will be a public asset that will subside local energy demands, reduce waste and provide a low cost means of heating and electricity to future development across the site. In large, Bilston Commons is currently unused and is not a readily accessible parcel of land that can be enjoyed by the public. No one would consider this land in its current state as a shared resource.

2 1

SIERRA GUEST CABIN WES JONES

On three hundred and sixty acres of high Sierra forest and meadow in Hope Valley, California two stanford professors (optics) will build cabins, out-buildings and assorted guest quarters for themselves, colleagues and students, The site is zoned for two dwellings and accessory structures.

The property includes portions of the largest high Sierra meadow remaining in private hands and is bordered on all sides by non-developable federal land, either designated National Wilderness or National Forest. The property is bisected by a low ridge running north and south, which divides the meadow on the west from a shallow wooded valley on the east. Across the meadow and beyond another ridge, US88 climbs up to Luther Pass, where it can be seen only from the highest point on the property, Access to the site, such as it is, is from a spur road coming off US88 several miles to the north and running down “behind” the eastern edge of the property on its way to Blue Lakes, a popular backpacking destination lying twelve miles further south. Off this spur runs a barely recognizable dirt track, which only the hardiest four-wheel-drive vehicles can negotiate. The property is splendidly isolated , and its pristine condition is no doubt due to this, and to the fact that it is surrounded by much more famous recreational areas that have attracted the backpacking legions away.

2 2

The building sites are located primarily in relation to the meadow, which is the property’s most dramatic feature, and reflect the two professors’ different attitudes about the wilderness. The sites are not visible to each other.

The northern site is situated on the broad, gently sloping flank of the ridge, just inside the tree line. Though its primary orientation is toward the meadow to the south, seen out through a screen of pines, it enjoys a sense of security within its forest setting and would acquire a magnificent view of the surrounding hills from a high enough vantage point on the building. The southern site is directly atop a rock promontory that caps the ridge line, with a powerfully exposed command of the meadow on one side and forest on the other. There is ample evidence scattered here that coyotes frequent this promontory to bay at the moon and it is not hart to imagine virgin sacrifices taking place here (though the indigenous Americans who camped here hundreds of years ago indulged in no such practices of course). Upon visiting the property there is a strong sense that the first site is where something should be built, and the second is where something really wants to be built. This sums up the difference in the professors’ attitudes, and the reason why it is important that the two sites are not visible to one another

H O U S E F O R C O R P O R A T E F A M I LY WES JONES

23

SIERRA MEADOW CABIN

2 4

WES JONES The outbuildings will include a well structure and generator building located back in the woods, roughly between the two sites, Some preliminary site work has been done: each site already has its own leach field and a well has been dug. Each site will be supplied with buried connections to the well and generator. Single-room guest guys will be placed elsewhere on the property, three initially , to take advantage of its other interesting features, They will be skid-mounted and fitted with self-contained water and waste systems, so they can be moved around as the seasons or whims suggest, To preserve the property’s isolation, no additional roads or parking facilities will be provided.

It is expected that guests will park at the spur road and hike in, and that the professors will only drive in as supply or maintenance needs might require.

common in vacation homes, but important because of the lack of a constant owner presence. And the mobility of the containers allows the construction standards for the units to be raised considerably since the entire assembly can be shop fabricated. In fact, much of the design effort has been spent ensuring the road – and air – worthiness of the module units. This has led to the basic telescoping design and accounts for the apparent spatial or constructional inefficiencies evident in the doubled walls and columns. It is the architect’s intention that these contingent effects of the structure’s unique genesis be seen as sources of visual interest, revealing as much integrity and appropriateness as the veins in the surrounding rocks, or the pine cones which interrupt the “pure lines” of the tree.

The buildings are designed to respect this isolation, to answer the question about dwelling in nature posed by the differences between the two sites. They are intended to embody the two professors’ differing senses of the proper posture for this dwelling.

All structures will be constructed from twenty-foot shipping containers. In industry these containers are used as a basis for temporary shelters all over the world, as well as the shipping purposes for which they were originally designed. They are extremely hardy and very inexpensive. It goes without saying they are eminently transportable. Each of these factors recommended their use for this project.

The remoteness and difficult topography of the proposed building sites require that the structures be delivered to the property by truck and then ari-lifted by Sky Crane helicopter into place on the specific building sites. The inexpensiveness of the containers allows the architects to propose extensive modifications, within a general modular approach, without busting the budget. The durability of the containers provides for a measure of security, weather and fire resistance not

2 5

MOS ARCHITECTS decentralized field of vertical skylight openings and solar chimneys The Museum of Outdoor Arts Element House is a structural insulatdesigned to cool the building. The chimney volumes feature remote ed panel (SIPS) modular building designed to operate independently control openable windows for passive ventilation. Exterior cladding is of public utilities by integrating passive systems and on-site enerin raw-aluminium shingles with a small air gap between the shingles gy-generation. The house functions as a guest house and visitor and structure. This continuous interlocking cladding works as a heat center sink to distribute solar radiation over the entire surface of the house from the hot side to the cooler, shaded side, thereby reducing heat Using simple sustainable building practices to increase environmental gain and need for air conditioning. performance, everything is stripped down to basic components. The organization of the house is based on an additive geometric system of growth, expanding outward, one module after another. The chimney is displaced, from its traditional role as a central solid mass, to a OVERVIEW

2 6

HOUSE NO.5

2 7

THE MODULES OF HOUSE NO.5 OVERVIEW

To understand the process and the approach better of House No. 5, the modules were built to explore how the building works and to also see the possibilities that modular construction can offer.......which turns out to be a lot!

2 8

MODEL

2 9

I T E R AT I O N S

3 0

I T E R AT I O N S

3 1

G E O M E T R I C PAT T E R N S PAT T E R N In House No.5 MOS Architects have used a module that works well in a repetitive arrangement with several units able to form a cohesive volume. In the spirit of this it is worth looking at some other patterns that may offer the basis for a new form of modular housing on Bilston Commons

3 2

3 3

I N I T I A L E X P LO R AT I O N S O F T H E M O D U L E

THE MODULAR APPROACH Options to remove segment of module for `Plug-in` element Plug-in element can be central to the module array, mimicking the primitive hut Roof options to be explored, possibly pitched roof The form removes traditional boundaries to rooms and creates different spaces than one would normally expect.

Provide different way of living Large areas of module allow for plenty of light in to all spaces from required angle

34

3 5

3 6

SITE PLANNING APPROACH Exploring strategies for the way in which this site can be planned out and an infrastructure created

There is a desire to hand this land back to the people but in a much healthier state for them to enjoy and treat as their own, not entirely removing all traces of the sites history but certainly creating a common land which people can feel a degree of community ownership over, bringing what we could consider to be a â&#x20AC;&#x153;common goodâ&#x20AC;? into being through the consciousness of thinking, learning and acting as a commoner within this communal environment.

The idea and approaches to commons has become more profound in recent times and this approach aims to break the assumptions that a shared resources must be managed by the state, by private enterprise or that it was simply unmanageable. People outside of the state-market can effectively manage their common resources as communities and this scheme aims to lay the foundations. Many of us see the places and areas in which we live as a reflection of ourselves, we see the health of that place as our own health or the social relations as our own relations.

The provision of an environment in which the occupants can feel an new degree of ownership over, should bring out new social practices that care for these and many other aspects of our relationship with the places in which we live.

This driving theme of the commons and provision of it is importantly aligned with the idea of inclusiveness. There is a framework being created that will allow people to contribute to and enjoy for the foreseeable future. Albeit under the guidance of a CLT, the ability for people to construct their own homes within this landscape will contribute to their wellbeing and attitudes towards a commons through the power given to them to shape and make decisions on how the landscape is formed. This in conjunction with the collective resource of the AD plant will give many people a stake in the area.

3 7

3 8

S I T E P L A N N I N G - S T R AT E GY

INFLUENCING FACTORS This sketch aims to map out the difference forces at play across the site and aims to inform the layout and development of the site moving forward.

3 9

SITE APPROACH 1

S I T E & K E Y F E AT U R E S

2

DEVELOPABLE AREA DIVIDED INTO PLOTS

3

4 0

AT T R A C T O R S S E T

CONCEPT PLOT CENTRES INFLUENCED

4

RADIUS OF PLOTS SET

5

INFRASTRUCTURE SET

6

4 1

SITE APPROACH 7

B U I LT F O R M & I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

8

HEIGHT MAP - DENSITIES

CONCEPT SECTION

4 2

MASSING

4 3

A G R I C U LT U R A L C I T Y ( 1 9 6 0 ) KISHO KUROKAWA This megastructure project consists in a grid-like structure of concrete slabs raised on 4 m stilts on the agricultural soil and is meant to synchronize the rural landscape with the living areas and to prevent the habitat to be flooded. The grid hosts roads, water-services, electricity, monorails and other facilities like schools and administration buildings.

Housing punctuates the slabs in the form of “mushrooms shaped houses“, one to three floors structures with a wooden frame aluminium cap meant to overcome the concepts of walls and roof and opened to the sky through a skylight. The single frame of the grid is 500x500m and it consists of twenty five 100m x 100m blocks for 200 people, the basic unit of the agricultural community.

The basic housing unit (vide) is in the shape of a mushroom, a one to three storied structure with a wooden frame aluminium roof. The mushroom shaped house has a ferro-concrete facility shaft to which living quarters and other facilities are attached. Water, electricity and gas are provided as municipal facilities. The equipment shaft is the center of the mushroom structure as well as the equipment base which provide such architectural equipments as bathrooms, kitchen units, washbasins etc. The surrounding living area is a medium to facilitate circulation of architectural equipments.

Natural growth of the agricultural city is provided by a grid system of streets containing the utility pipes underneath. While each of the square units composed of several households is autonomous, linking these units together creates a village. The living units multiply spontaneously without any hierarchy, gradually bringing the village into being as the traditional rural settlement has developed throughout Japanese history

4 4

PRECEDENT

45

TIMELINE CONSTRUCTION OF INFRASTRUCREMEDIATION

land given to Fuel Poverty Initiative for construction of anaerobic digestion plant

construction of secondary risers

construction of primary service risers

2060

plotting of service risers

2050

2030

construction of anaerobic digester plant

establishment of anaerobic digester

2040

2020

CONST

laying of services between risers

boring of electrodes in to ground

agricultural uses

first plots become available to develop

76 key risers to site laid @ 1per month

service infrastructure provided as an extension to the AD plant

Community Land Trust formed to steer self build housing projects LAND UNDER STEWARDSHIP OF CLT LAND OWNERSHIP - WOLVERHAMPTON COUNCIL

A R T I N S TA L L AT I O N S

ACCESSIBLE LAND

2130

COMMUNITY STRUCTURES

2120

COMMUNITY FACILITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

Y E A R S O F S C A R R I N G TA K E T I M E T O H E A L To determine the remediation programme and its duration, a timeline of the history of the site will be used to almost reverse the destructive process.

120 years expected life cycle of timber frame structures LAND UNDER STEWARDSHIP OF CLT LAND OWNERSHIP - WOLVERHAMPTON COUNCIL

4 6

TIMELINE

TRUCTION OF SELF-BUILD UNITS

2110

2100

2090

2080

2070

HABITATION

LAND STEWARDSHIP - LOCALLY FORMED COMMUNITY LAND TRUST LAND OWNERSHIP - WOLVERHAMPTON COUNCIL

2180

2170

2160

2150

2140

HABITATION

Bilston commons

plots released back to Wolverhampton CC LAND STEWARDSHIP - LOCALLY FORMED COMMUNITY LAND TRUST LAND OWNERSHIP - WOLVERHAMPTON COUNCIL

47

4 8

CONSTRUCTION METHODS Exploration of different techniques of construction which would be manageable by an individual with layouts and spatial qualities that would enhance living

The proposals are to include a raised infrastructure which will support raised housing.

The aspiration to give this land back to the people as a common both during and after the remediation process will be facilitated by freeing up the built form at ground level. The service risers (or drops) will act as clear markers for future development and by elevating the mass of residential form it will offer fully traversable and permeated land whatever stage of the 170 year cycle. By doing this there is the visual notion that the ground is being offered back to the people and that any built form is light and delicate in its contact with the landscape, emphasising the importance of this remediated commons. These delicate points of contact through the provision of screw piles will allow physically and visually the ground to healthily breathe and in turn provide a conscious notion of a free landscape un-hindered by development. In turn however, these subtle visual points of contact will also reflect and emphasise the dependence we have on the earth to support life.

Technology will play a key role in facilitating this provision of infrastructure and subsequent commons. Through the consideration of geometric and algorithmic relationships we can aim to form a bridge between traditional architectural production and a forward thinking approach that explores new ways of generating form and alternate site interactions. There may be unexpected outcomes as a result of this process however these unexpected results could potentially lead to interesting and extraordinary spaces that could offer different approaches to residential living.

4 9

BUILDING SYSTEMS FACIT HOMES W H AT I S FA C I T H O M E S Facit homes use digital manufacturing technology to create individually designed, high performance homes that result in a low energy, modern home which is tailored to suit the end user

5 0

WIKIHOUSE WREN W H AT I S I T ?

Wren is the software used to create the Wikihouse structures. The software is used not for profit but is actually a creative commons resourced and is under a Mozilla licence. This give anyone the opportunity the use or develop the algorithm to suit their needs with the aim of contributing back to the development team.

The input parameters can be tailored to suit the needs of any design, typically the overall shape, height, roof pitch etc.

5 1

BUILDING APPROACH COVER APPROACH Cover provide a building system that uses data to genertae buildings that are tailored to the clients needs, taste and the site on which it will sit. It uses design optimisation software (parametrics).

If used correctly, this system approach could offer a very transparent approach to building for anybody. With the ability to plug-in to the software and set data accordingly, this could be used to assist people looking to build their own property at an affordable rate.

5 2

ADOLF LOOS S PAT I A L P L A N Adolf Loos (December 10, 1870 – August 23, 1933) was one of the most influential European architects of the late 19th century and is often noted for his literary discourse that foreshadowed the foundations of the entire modernist movement. As an architect, his influence is primarily limited to major works in what is now Austria and the Czech Republic, but as a writer he had a major impact on the development of 20th century architecture, producing a series of controversial essays that elaborated on his own architectural style by decrying ornament and a range of social ills. Adolf Loos’s minimalist attitudes are reflected in the works of Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and many other modernists and led to a fundamental shift in the way architects perceived ornamentation.

Through his writings, Loos desired to establish an intelligent method for designing buildings supported by pragmatic reasoning. His opposition to ornament extended to anything that could not be justified for its rational function. As a result, his buildings were often composed of pure forms and were justified by their economic practicality and utilitarian qualities. His theories on ornamentation were first revealed in an essay entitled Ornament and Crime in which he states “The urge to ornament oneself and everything within reach is the ancestor of pictorial art. It is the baby talk of painting... the evolution of culture marches with the elimination of ornament from useful objects.”

Throughout the essay he explored the notion that ornament results in the undue obsolescence of everyday objects, decrying the use of labourers and therefore financial capital for producing decorative details in contemporary buildings, and ultimately concluding that ornament was a sign of degeneracy.

“ E v e r y p e r i o d h a d it s s t y l e : w h y w a s it that our period was the only one to be den i ed a s t y le ? B y “ s t y le ” was m e a n t o rn a m e n t . I s a i d , “ w ee p n ot . B e hol d ! W hat makes our period so important is that it i s i n c a p a b l e of p r o d u c i n g n e w o r n a ment. We have out-grown ornament, we have s t r u g g l e d t h r o u g h t o a s t a t e w it h o u t o r n a m e n t . B e hol d , t h e ti m e is at ha n d , f u l f i l m e n t a w a it s u s . S o o n t h e s t r e e t s of t h e c it i e s w i l l g l o w l i k e w h it e w a l l s ! L i k e Z i o n , t h e H ol y C it y , t h e c a p it a l of h e a v en. It is then that fulfilment will have come.”

A d ol f Loos - O r n a m e n t & C r i m e

ORNAMENT & CRIME ADOLF LOOS `It could only benefit us if for a time we were to abandon ornament and concentrate entirely on the erection of buildings that were finely shaped and charming in their sobriety The urge to ornament ones face and everything within its reach is the start of plastic art.

But the man of our day who in response to an inner urge, smears the walls with erotic symbols is a criminal or a degenerate What mankind created without ornament in earlier millennia was thrown away without thought and abandoned to destruction Every age had its style. We have outgrown ornament. Soon the streets if the city will glisten with white walls, like Zion.

Mankind was to go on painting in slavery to ornament

Form of an object lasts as long as it does physically. If ornamental, this could be intolerable after 10 years and forces in to being refurnished If all objects would last aesthetically as long as they do physically, the consumer would pay a price for them that would enable the worker to earn more money and work shorter hours.

Modern man uses his clothes as a mask. Freedom from ornament is a sign of spiritual strength.

Ornament could suggest class and/or poverty - like a uniform Stylistic - creating something that’s false (something that you are not) It slows down the drive towards commons. By creating divides and differing tastes, wants needs.

With less maintenance required on the upkeep or ornament, there is less money needed and more focus can be placed on actually living

It would be a crime against the national economy that it should result in a Those who create ornament are subject to low pay waste of human labour, money and material.

Devalues real cultural ornament The peasant isn’t a Christian, he is still an pagan Cheaper imports of other cultures Ornament is no longer a natural product or our culture Wasted labour The omission of ornament results in the reduction in manufacturing time Costs associated with keeping ornament up to date and an increase in wages. We would have to work less Todays ornament has virtually no human connections

Work should still be quality

Changes in ornament lead to premature devaluation of the labour product Tolerate ornament for the joy of others i.e. the work of a craftsman who has a genuine skill

5 3

RAUMPLAN S PAT I A L P L A N Adolf Loos merit for the architecture is not only that he developed an architectural language of simplicity and plain elegance in the times of the luxury of ornament. His creation of the Raumplan also introduces a new point of view for the composition and connection of rooms. The Raumplan is the attempt of Loos to reconcile the demands of the classic bourgeois architecture – simplicity and building for usage.

For Loos the theatre with loges is the origin of his Raumplan theory. He states, that “one can only bear to the stay in the narrow and low-ceiled loges and galleries, because they are in an open spatial connection to the high, continuous main hall. He also comes to the conclusion, that “one can save space through connecting a higher main room to a lower annexe” The first use of the Raumplan in Loos architecture, as he said, was in the unbuild project of the “Ministry of War” (“Kriegsministerium”) in Vienna in 1907/08.

For Loos two things were important within his Raumplan - firstly a differentiation of the height of the ceiling in differently used rooms, with a strong link to the privacy which the room should provide, secondly the creation of room sequences with the different rooms, with a special importance on the visual connections of the rooms.

That means precisely that more private annexes with lower ceilings are spatially connected through stairs, visually through viewthroughs etc. with higher more public rooms. The different heights of the ceiling cause a break-through of the established horizontal layering of the house. This leads to complex space structures which were made aviable by as well complex vertical circulation by stairs.

Typically in Loos’ houses the rooms are vertically shifted by a half of the height of a storey or 2 higher storeys face 3 lower storeys in the whole cubature. The best and most impressive use of the Raumplan can be found in the Mueller House, which was build in 1930 in Prague for the building contractor Dr. Frantisek Mueller.

“ M y a r c h it e c t u r e i s n o t c o n c e i v e d i n p l a n s , b u t i n spaces (cubes). I do not design floor plans, facades, sections. I design spaces. For me, there is no ground floor, first floor etc.... For me, there are only contiguous, continual spaces, rooms, anterooms, terraces etc. Storeys merge and spaces relate to each o t h e r . E v e r y s p a c e r e q u i r es a d i ffe r e n t h e i g h t : t h e dining room is surely higher than the pantry, thus t h e c e i l i n g s a r e s e t at d i ffe r e n t le v e l s . T o j o i n t h es e s p a c es i n s uc h a way t hat t h e r is e a n d f a ll a r e n ot o n l y u n o b s er v a b le b u t a l s o p r a c ti ca l , i n t his I see what is for others the great secret, although i t i s f o r m e a g r e a t m a 􀄴 e r o f c o u r s e . C o m i n g b a c k t o y o u r q u e s t i o n , it i s j u s t t h i s s p a t i a l i n t e r a c t i o n a n d s p a t i a l a u s t e r it y t h a t t h u s f a r I h a v e b e s t b e e n a b le to r e a l is e i n D r M ü ller ’ s ho u s e ”

5 4

MUELLER HOUSE MUELLER HOUSE Section demonstrates rooms with different heights and floor levels allowing for a variation of scale of rooms Each space needs a different height. Private annexes with low ceilings are spatially connected thought stairs and visually through view throughs.

Public rooms have higher ceilings.

Columns are used as space defining elements There is a flow to the spaces The section is dynamic Steps are key links between floors and in some cases, rooms There is an architectural language of simplicity and elegance Rooms have a sequence to them and for visual connections The Ground and first floors donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exist and are interconnected continual spaces, rooms, halls, terraces

5 5

RUFER HOUSE RAUMPLAN Living rooms arranged in three dimensions, not in the flat plane Loos introduced to the world a new and essentially higher conception of space: free thinking in space â&#x20AC;&#x153;my work does not have a ground floor or a first floor or basement. It only has connected rooms, annexes, terraces. Each room requires a particular heightâ&#x20AC;? Loos Rooms as spaces RUFER HOUSE The pair of orthogonally disposed axes that characterise the underlying order of the houses This axial system imposes a directional mandate on an otherwise expressionless field.

The intersection reveals a centre, it locates the site and acts as a grounding mechanism Outside of house to be subordinate to the requirements of the inside start with the space that seemed the most important for living purposes.

2:1 proportions of the main living space, double square module Biological orchestration of rooms around the main living area

This content downloaded from 193.60.133.94 on Thu, 02 Mar 2017 13:57:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Supports the idea of presence-ing or setting free within a boundary

Perimeter of shape takes the form of a perfect (platonic) shape - the square Integrity of the original module is preserved Terrace is outdoor manifestation of living room - still associated with the interior space Dining room considered second in importance to living room Raised floor of dining area to preserve the rooms autonomy Main entry occurs below the level of the principle floor - as an extension of the principle floor.

Rising wall of the stairs serves to lock the upper floor to the main floor.

Windows placed to floor stairwell - play of light The rooms, according to their purpose and use, not only have different sizes but also different heights.

Modern craftsmen Emphasis of one axis over the other with formations of walls and divisions along the line of the favoured axis Centre column participates in a number of distinct assemblies. The column becomes part of the wall but is still a distinct column Column has a role of gathering Mirrors used to add to expansive effect

56

This content downloaded from 193.60.133.94 on Thu, 02 M All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/t

RUFER HOUSE

This content downloaded from 193.60.133.94 on Thu, 02 Mar 2017 13:57:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

This content downloaded from 193.60.133.94 on Thu, 02 Mar 2017 13:57:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

This content downloaded from 193.60.133.94 on Thu, 02 Mar 2017 13:57:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

5 7

PRECEDENTS CASA RAUMPLAN CASA RAUMPLAN This house adopts Raumplan principles through the provision of double height interlinking spaces. Each two double spaces are connected by vertical displacement so that a diagonal space is created.

5 8

PRECEDENT POLE HOUSE POLE HOUSE This house provides a solution to raised living. It also displays similar forms to the current conceptual proposals of incorporating room volumes in to a home via the Wikihouse software.

5 9

6 0

BILSTON COMMONS

6 1

6 2

PROCESS S TA G E S A N D P R O C E S S E S The stages required to develop the site and produce residential units are highlighted in this next section. There is a more comprehensive video that can be found online at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiBZUwIsrH4 This thesis incorporates a lot of scripting through Grasshopper & Rhino software and due to this large influence, its important to illustrate those used

The design process for Bilston Commons will test the role of the architect and offer a consideration to their position within future architectural practice. The role of the architect is getting diluted in everyday practice and Architects from around the world are currently trying to carve out new opportunities and collaboration that result in new kinds of design outcomes and subsequently leading to new kinds of practice; overturning the inherited assumptions of the design professions.

With the intention to give people that stake in the development of the landscape it is important to first establish a set of rules in which they can develop. There is no glorification of the architect here. The Architects role in this process is not to tell people how to live but to provide a framework based on informed decisions that will allow for a community to be built within, who will have a substantial input in to their environment, contributing to their individual and collective lived experiences. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s this element of public participation that seems re-enforce communities in the city of Vienna of where public housing is so successful.

In order to keep the parametric process grounded itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to use successful models within housing as precedents which will contribute to the input of data input so that we can create new forms and arrangements that will both reactive and sensitive to the landscape of Bilston. The forms will be practical and will assist the future construction through non skilled individuals. Approaches to the spatial layouts of the housing units will also be inclusive of the design, taken from theories from well known architects, that will enhance the end users living experience and provide spaces that are enjoyable to live in.

6 3

6 4

PARAMETRIC PROCESS

S E E S U P P O R T I N G I N F O R M AT I O N PA C K

65

AT T R A C T O R S AT T R A C T O R S The key forces that are at play within the software are highlighted on both the horizontal and vertical planes. The networks across the site have been determined within the speculations 1 work and so have been included within this process. Because the scheme has developed to include commons almost across its entirety, the areas of commons shown on the plan below differ slightly, the openness in these areas are respected to though.

H O R I Z O N TA L F O R C E S 1

1

2 3

3

3

K E Y AT T R A C T O R S / N E T W O R K S 1 - Key pedestrian routes 2 - Shared surface 3 - Commons

VERTICAL FORCES 1 3

4 5

2

K E Y AT T R A C T O R S 1 - Exposure to the sun 2 - Exposure to the street & commons 3 - Plot service risers - Core 4 - Levels - informed by Raumplan & housetype precedents 5 - Inter room relationships

66

W O LV E R H A M P T O N S P G I N T E G R AT E D O F P U B L I C AND COMMUNAL OPEN SPACE There is a focus within the document that open space is to be an integral part of the layout of a scheme which should relate well to dwellings and key routes through the site, play key visual roles in the development and to help design out crime with suitable surveillance

I N T E G R AT E D D E S I G N Buildings, spaces, roads and landscaping are designed together to create an environment of distinctiveness and quality

O R I E N TAT I O N Plan for the best orientation for living rooms and bedroom which will provide well lit well used spaces and help to reduce heating bills through

SHARED AMENITY PROVISIONS Open and common space is key to this scheme.

The aim is to exceed these figures by far

K E Y C O N S I D E R AT I O N S Traditional techniques and approaches to site design are identified within the Wolverhampton design guide for Residential Development. The document has been used as a guide in the site planning of this scheme and has explored incorporating some of the standards which have then been tested, typically offset (face to face) distances. These results can then be explored further thought the testing of parameters

PLANNING FOR PRIVACY Separation distances and privacy will be considered and tested during the process, using parameters to determine a model in which we should design to ensure these aspects are respected

67

W E R K B U N D S I E D LU N G E S TAT E M O D E L E S TAT E The 70 houses of the Werkbundsiedlung in Viennas 13th district were opened to the public in 1932 as a model for th `modern way of living`. The housing estate is considered one of the most important records of modernism in Austria. They Marked the starting point of the `Red Vienna` housing program and its socially orientated building policies that continue to the present day.

A selection of these dwellings are to be used as the basis of the parametric data that will make up a required housing mix in Bilston.

The links between rooms, their orientation and the storey heights are all key factors in the formation of the new housing typologies.

Each house type will react differently to the site conditions dependant upon its location with the site. Therefore the successful relation ships between rooms will be maintained during this process however the physical relationships will differ from plot to plot.

K E Y S I T E F E AT U R E S Site shape deemed problematic Quite and organic settlement is formed Planned as a self contained organism Open space situated in centre Adolf Loos house forms important anchor point to site Avoids uniformity Flat roofs Boundary demarcations Hollow block wall technique construction Colour scheme - pale yellow, sultan blue, bottle green and pink Houses positioned parallel to the streets Sense of order Village like nature Modern family houses

2 BED HOUSE TYPE

2 BED CO-LIVINGHOUSE TYPE

BIEBER & NIEDERMOSER HOUSE NO. 17 & 18 R O O M A R E A S T O R E Y ST SIDE H A L L / P O R C H 4 G F Y K I T C H E N 4 . 5 G F Y W . C . 1 . 5 G F Y S T A I R S 3 L I V I N G R O O M 1 5 . 5 G F N B A T H R O O M 2 . 5 F F N L A N D I N G 1 . 5 F F N B E D R O O M 1 1 2 F F N B E D R O O M 2 1 0 F F Y L A N D I N G 2 3 . 5 S F N R O O M 1 0 S F Y

EUGEN WACHBERGER HOUSE NO. 21 & 22 R O O M A R E A S T O R E Y ST SIDE H A L L / P O R C H 2 . 5 G F Y K I T C H E N 1 0 G F Y L I V I N G R O O M 2 0 G F N B A T H R O O M 5 F F Y L A N D I N G 6 F F N B E D R O O M 1 1 2 F F N B E D R O O M 2 8 F F Y S T A I R S 3

3 BED HOUSE TYPE

ADOLF LOOS HOUSE NO. 49,50,51&52

6 8

R O O M A R E A S T O R E Y ST SIDE P O R C H 2 . 5 G F Y E N T R A N C E H A L L 3 G F N K I T C H E N 8 G F N L I V I N G R O O M 1 6 . 5 G F Y W . C . 1 . 5 G F N L A R D E R 2 . 5 G F N G A L L E R Y 4 F F N S T U D Y 4 . 5 F F N L A N D I N G 4 . 5 S F N B A T H R O O M 3 . 5 S F N B E D R O O M 1 1 1 . 5 S F Y B E D R O O M 2 7 . 5 S F Y B E D R O O M 3 6 S F N T E R R A C E 1 0 G F Y S T A I R W E L L 1 2 S T A I R W E L L 2 2

ADJACENCIES 2 BED CO-LIVING

SITE PLAN

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

PHOTOS - http://www.werkbundsiedlung-wien.at/en/

6 9

ADJACENCIES 2 BED

SITE PLAN

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

PHOTOS - http://www.werkbundsiedlung-wien.at/en/

7 0

ADJACENCIES 3 BED (LOOS HOUSE)

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

SITE PLAN

WOINOvichgasse 13,15,17,19 WERKBUNDSIEDLUNG | ADOLF LOOS Sections - Scale 1:100

SECTION AA

SECTION BB

RAUMPLAN Raumplan features in this dwelling and is shown clearly how on the section opposite. The relationships between spaces, the hierarchy of rooms and the visual links between are all key aspects of eh Raumplan and the intent is to carry these through to Bilston.

PHOTOS - http://www.werkbundsiedlung-wien.at/en/

7 1

ISOVISTS

SIGHT LINES Due to the higher density of dwellings leading to a much higher risk of over looking and loss of privacy, the analysis of isovists become more important, especially for the placement of openings on the elevations. These images illustrate a collection of isovists and demonstrate how we can use them as a tool to tackle higher densities of housing as they show clearly an indication of how tight the spaces have become and how we can deal with them.

72

ISOVIST MAPPING

ZONING The isovists can inform zoning to each house type that will in turn dictate where opening should be planned within the construction. Above shows a typical mapping exercise that could be implemented.

7 3

7 4

OUTPUT DENSITIES AND FORMS The parametric process allows us to look at various possibilities and quickly alter the input to suit different desired outcomes. The rawness of the renders reflect the iterative process of the testing undertaken for the scheme

This process will aim to merge digital methods of construction with traditional methods of constructions (albeit of a contemporary form), bringing a more streamlined and affordable approach to building. A type of building that is reflective of the nature of the commons which will not solely require skilled labour but allow for individuals to build their own homes. The type of construction shall be sustainable with reduced financial and environmental costs through low cost materials, onsite production and easier erection. Equally, in reverse, the process will allow for a suitable deconstruction that will allow for the structure to be used elsewhere is suitable and using recyclable materials if not. This will support the evolutionary process of the site and with the considered nature of removal (not demolition) it retains the integrity of the scheme through a cleaner delivery of open space towards the end of the proposed 170 year cycle.

7 5

76

HOUSETYPES

S E E S U P P O R T I N G I N F O R M AT I O N PA C K

7 7

SITE - 50 DWELLINGS

78

SITE - 150 DWELLINGS

7 9

MASSING

8 0

@50 UNITS

8 1

MASSING

8 2

@150 UNITS

8 3

8 4

FINAL SCHEME I N H A B I TAT I O N The parametric process provides us with the framework in which individuals can build within. Moving from the rawness of the parametric data, we try to image how the development would unfold over this timely process

8 5

8 6

SITE DEVELOPMENT

2020

87

SITE DEVELOPMENT

2050

8 8

SITE DEVELOPMENT

2080

89

90

VISIBLE TIMELINE

S E E S U P P O R T I N G I N F O R M AT I O N PA C K

9 1

9 2

SITE

9 3

9 4

SITE AXO

9 5

9 6

SITE SECTION A

S E E S U P P O R T I N G I N F O R M AT I O N PA C K

97

98

SITE SECTION B

S E E S U P P O R T I N G I N F O R M AT I O N PA C K

99

1 0 0

STREET LEVEL

1 01

STREET LEVEL

1 0 2

STREET LEVEL

1 0 3

SITE PERSPECTIVES

1 0 4

SITE PERSPECTIVES

1 0 5

HOUSE TYPES

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECTION

1 0 6

SECOND FLOOR

2 BED CO-LIVING

F R O N T E L E V AT I O N

S I D E E L E V AT I O N S

R E A R E L E V AT I O N SECTION

1 0 7

HOUSE TYPES

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECTION

1 0 8

SECOND FLOOR

2 BED

F R O N T E L E V AT I O N

S I D E E L E V AT I O N S

R E A R E L E V AT I O N

1 0 9

HOUSE TYPES

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECTION

1 1 0

SECOND FLOOR

3 BED - LOOS HOUSE

F R O N T E L E V AT I O N

S I D E E L E V AT I O N S

R E A R E L E V AT I O N

1 1 1

1 12

INTERNAL LIVING ENVIRONMENT The Raumplan concept has been implemented to help provide a living environment that hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t purely been dictated by the limitations of a WikiHouse structure.

1 13

INTERIOR SECTION

LOOS HOUSE - WERKBUNDSIEDLUNG, VIENNA

R I G H T: LO O S H O U S E - B I L S T O N C O M M O N S , B I L S T O N

1 14

1 15

VIEWS OUT

1 16

V A R I AT I O N

1 1 7

VIEWS OUT

1 1 8

V A R I AT I O N

1 19

12 0

LO O S HOUSE A three bedroom family home Plot 55

Floor Area - Xm² Fabric U Value - 0.14 W/m²K Ty p i c a l a n n u a l e n e r g y u s e - u n k n o w n Ty p i c a l a s s e m b l y t i m e - u n k n o w n Difficulty level - 3

A S S E M B LY I N S T R U C T I O N S This document contains specific details relating to plot 55 but the construction principles and methodology applies to all units across the site

v1.1

03/2016

Studio Plastic

TECTONICS I N T E G R AT I O N The Tectonics element of the scheme aims to demonstrate how the output from elements of the parametric data can be transferred and manufactured in to the physical

12 1

TECTONICS

12 2

TECTONICS

123

12 4

OUTPUT

12 5

PROCESS

MAKING To understand both the difficulties and the simplicities or the proposed construction system using the Wren software a 1:10 scale model was built.

With limited instructions the process began quite slow as it felt like there were many crucial componenets. This was only the case from the construction of the first frame. After the initial learning process the remainder of the Wiki structure was built much quicker and demonstrated the ease of constructability on site with unskilled labour.

12 6

MODEL

12 7

MODEL

12 8

MODEL

12 9

13 0

THE MANUAL I N T E G R AT I O N A brief insight into an area of a housetype to inform a prospective housebuilder how to construct their dwelling

13 1

1 x 5 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 5+ 2+ 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 4 x 1 x

Step ladder (8ft or 10ft) Step Ups Mobile scaffolding Roof ladder Large tarpaulin rain cover Marquee (or other enclosed area) to store parts dry and off the ground.

Mallets Electric screwdrivers with as many spare batteries as possible Electric drill Electric jigsaw hand screw driver (to use as a lever) Staple gun Scissors / knife Large clamps Plasterboard filler trowel

For this assembly you will need:

TOOLS REQUIRED

First Aid Before commencing, check there is a First Aid kit and appropriate Fire E x t i n g u i s h e r o n s i t e , a n d i f p o s s i b l e , i d e n t i f y a q u a l i f i e d f i r s t - a i d e r. M a k e sure you record important contact and medical information from everyone on site.

Working at height This assembly requires working at height. Do a risk assessment, and use appropriate scaffolding as well as Step Ups to minimise the risk of falling.

I f i n d o u b t , r e f e r t o w w w. h s e . g o v. u k

Difficulty Level Most of this assembly can be safely performed by a small team of any a b l e - b o d i e d p e o p l e w i t h o u t f o r m a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s k i l l s . H o w e v e r, s o m e tasks may require further knowledge, for example plumbing, mechanical ventilation and preparation of foundations. Other services, such as electrical installations and structural / building regulations certification can only be done or approved by a certified professionals. Consult a professional if you are unsure.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) All construction is dangerous. Always wear hard hats, eye protection, ear protection, gloves, high visibility outfits and steel-capped boots.

Working at height is required so please use a harness. Establish a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;safety firstâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; culture on site, and encourage the continuous identification of hazards.

Before you begin.....

Dwelling shown is still in the early stages of development and is in its rawest form. It is currently more representative in terms of mass than aesthetics

PLOT 55 - OVERVIEW

Floor Plans and elevations can be found within the appendices at the back of this document

Second Floor Bathroom - 3.5m² Bedroom 1 - 11.5m² Bedroom 2 - 7.5m² Bedroom 3 - 6m²

First Floor Gallery Landing - 4m² Study - 4.5m²

Ground Floor Porch - 2.5m² Entrance Hall - 3m² Kitchen - 8m² Living Room - 16.5m² W. C . - 1 . 5 m ²

Included with this pack:

S C H E D U L E O F A C C O M M O D AT I O N

The location of the living room in relation to the rest of the dwelling for plot 55

L I V I N G R O O M - LO C AT I O N

The following instructions are for the Living room of plot 55. The construction however is typical of every dwelling across this site and can be directly applied until further instructions become available upon request

A S S E M B LY I N S T R U C T I O N S

E 388346 N 469269

E 385871 N 469269

ground at the used to locate to be determined can be used.

E 388346 N 471352

E 385871 N 471352

Screw piles are to be inserted in to the centres shown. GPS co-ordinates can be the piles on the site and the depths are b y a n e n g i n e e r. A l t e r n a t i v e f o u n d a t i o n s

SETTING OUT This layout is specific to plot 55

E 387771 N 464649

E 385871 N 464649

E 387771 N 466459

E 385871 N 466459

E 387771 N 468269

E 385871 N 468269

E 388346 N 473436

E 385871 N 473436

0

E 389671 N 464649

E 389671 N 466459

E 389671 N 468269

Screw pile centres

Timber rails

Footprint of building

PPA100

References

100

A

100

B

100

C

130

D

Dimensions [mm]

130

F

4

Ep.

F O U N D AT I O N S Screw piles to be connected to steel posts using specialist connection details. Bracing to be provided as per engineer instruction. Steel brackets at head of posts to supports joist ‘rails’. The rails must be level and parallel (+/- 5mm). Consult a builder or engineer to assess design and specification of foundations. Use scaffolding or other level platform when working at height.

Dimensions and characteristic values

TECHNICAL DATA

PPA - FIXED POST BASES

Technical data sheet

1

8 Ø 12

Boulons

Perçages [mm]

Characteristic Capacity Download [FR1] [kN] 76.1

Ty p i c a l c o n n e c t i o n Simpson Fixed post base

Information presented on this document is the exclusive property of Simpson Strong-Tie® It is valid only when associated with products supplied by Simpson Strong-Tie®

Winchester Road Cardinal Point Tamworth Staffordshire B78 3HG Tél. : +44 1827 255600 / Fax : +44 1827 255616

W1 W2 H1 L

Dimensions

Dimension Ranges

TECHNICAL DATA

Simpson Column Cap

CC - COLUMN T y p i c a CAP l connection -

Technical data sheet

75 75 100

[mm]

280

2016-02-22

CC - Column Cap

Minimum

FEATURES

225 250 200

R 3[mm]

Maximum

page 1/2

S6/EX

S7/EX

F4

F6

S5/EX

S6/IN

S7/IN

S8/EX

S5/IN

S8/IN

STRUCTURAL `SUPERBOX` FRAMES

F5 www.strongtie.co.uk

Columns made to order for standard timber or engineered wood sizes.

Bolts available separately.

Contact Simpson StrongTie® for details.

2

R2

R4

F3

F7

S4/IN

S1/IN

S4/EX

S3/IN

S2/IN

S1/EX

F8

F2

S3/EX

S2/EX

F1

R1

x5

F5

I N S U L AT I O N

R3

3

F4

F6

R2

R4

F3

F7

F8

F2

R1

F1

SKIS Fit skis to underside of each superbox frame before raising

4

ERECTION OF FRAMES Frames to be erected and secured using intermediate floor and wall fixings. Use plugs to hold in place (see detail).

When working at height ensure safety is paramount. Use assistance when lifting frames in place

5

COMPLETE SHELL Overview of structural carcass

6

ROOF/2

ROOF/1

EXTERNAL LINING Fully fill voids with mineral wool to achieve approximate U values of 0.18 within the walls a n d 0 . 1 3 w i t h i n f l o o r. A p p l y s h e a t h i n g

7

EXWALL/2

EXWALL/3

EXWALL/1

120

A

100

B

255

C

Dimensions [mm]

3

Th.

Fixing

FIXING DOWN Fix down frame to timber rails using angle brackets to engineers specification

Timber to timber connexion with 1 bracket - Full nailing

ABR255

References

Dimensions

TECHNICAL DATA

Ty p i c a l c o n n e c t i o n Simpson Angle bracket

Characteristic values [kN]

Holes [mm] Flange A Flange B Nails or screws Bolts Nails or screws Bolts 52 Ø5 2 Ø14 41 Ø5 4 Ø14

ABR255 - REINFORCED ANGLE BRACKETS FOR CLT

Technical data sheet

8

END/1/S2

END/1/S1

END/1/F1

END/1/F2

INFIL PANELS Panels to sized to suit required openings. Fully fill voids with mineral wool to achieve approximate U value of 0.18 within the walls. Apply sheathing to both faces.

END/1/F1

END/1/S2

END/1/F2

9 END/1/P

W AT E R P R O O F W R A P U s e Ty v e k o r s i m i l a r t o w a t e r p r o o f t h e t i m b e r s h e l l . W o r k u p w a r d s with at least 200mm overlap ensuring all folds are double wrapped and `weathered` so water will run downwards. Avoid cutting openings until windows are ready to fit.

10

Timber The timber can be through fixed to timber counter battens which are fixed back to the p l y w o o d s h e a t h i n g . T h e Ty v e k m e m b r a n e provides a weather tight envelope. All counter battens should have black flashing tape applied to disguise within any gaps between the cladding. Ensure a minimum of 25mm is provide for ventilation via further timber battens and suitable insect mesh is in place

CLADDING OPTIONS There are multiple options for the external cladding system and are to be chosen in co-operation with the local p l a n n i n g a u t h o r i t y. Tw o o p t i o n s a r e s h o w n h e r e h o w e v e r others can be used, such as timber shingles

11a

3

1 2 3 4 5

-

Knauf Aquapanel exterior Cement board jointing tape Render basecoat Reinforcing mesh Render topcoat

Render Use a suitable system such as the Knauf Aquapanel in accordance with manufacturer details. Above typical detail:

11b 1

3

4

2

5

3

1

2

Floors Plywood sheathing to be applied and over-boarded if required with more suitable finishes. Screws can be used but not removed without being plugged to avoid air leaks.

1 - Durable air tight barrier stapled to plywood 2 - Plasterboard fixed via drywall screws 3 - Plywood lining

Walls Plywood sheathing to be applied to the inside face for the frame. This is to be sealed using a vapour barrier to provide an air tight envelope. Standard finish is fit plasterboard panels using drywall screws, which is then taped and screwed. Further finishes can be applied to this to enhance the living environment. A wet room membrane is to be applied over the drywall and floor boards within bathroom.

INTERNAL FINISHES

12