Component 1B by Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture

1656 Strengthening Philippine Institutional Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change Outcome 3.1 Activity 3.3

Component 1B: Local Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability of the Agricultural Systems to Changing Climate: The Case of Ifugao and Benguet Provinces

UPLB Foundation Inc. Lanzones St., UPLB Campus, College, 4031 PHILIPPINES Progress Report for Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3Laguna, â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Synthesis Report Tel: (049) 536 3688 Fax: (049) 536 6265

Prepared by Benguet Team: Senior Researcher: Dr. Carmelita M. Rebancos FGD and KII Facilitators: Ms. Sofia A. Alaira Engr. Meynardo I Ricarte Dr. Consorcia E. Rea単o Prof. Nancy A. Tandang Mr. James Roldan S. Reyes Ms. Avigail B. Cosico Ms. Olympia A. Tumolva

Ifugao Team: Senior Researcher: Dr. Jesusita O. Coladilla FGD and KII Facilitators: Dr. Amparo M.Wagan Prof. Rose Imee Zhella A. Morantte Prof. Lea E. Rotairo Mr. Rozrikk C. Abo-abo Dr. Consorcia E. Rea単o Engr. Meynardo I. Ricarte Ms. Mable Kate Sawey

Formal Field Survey Team Senior Researcher: Prof Nancy A. Tandang Formal Field Survey Facilitators: Prof. James Roldan S. Reyes Prof. Avigail B. Cosico Prof. Olympia A. Tumolva Prof. Rose Imee Zhella A. Morantte Prof. Lea E. Rotairo Prof. Rozrikk C. Abo-abo Ms. Mable Kate Sawey

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Executive Summary The objectives of the study is to identify and verify local knowledge and indigenous tools/practices in, a) assessing climatic condition, b) identifying its impacts, c) identifying adaptation options, and d) assessing the vulnerability of their source of livelihood, agriculture in particular. This study on the indigenous knowledge (IK) focuses on the two provinces in the Cordillera: Benguet and Ifugao. These provinces have substantial agricultural activities which are highly dependent on seasonal climatic constraints, making them vulnerable to climate change. The approaches used to document these IK are: focus group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII) and formal field survey (FFS). Each approach was conducted after the other. FGD was conducted for selected group in the agricultural sector (MAO, MPDO, Farmer leaders), in KII knowledgeable individuals on agriculture and their locality are selected from among the farmer sector group. The FFS data gatherings were conducted in the four pilot municipalities in each province, namely, Atok, Buguias, Sablan and Tuba in Benguet province and Alfonso Lista, Banaue, Kiangan, and Mayoyao in Ifugao province. For the formal field survey, additional respondents from four non-pilot municipalities in each province were interviewed. The result shows that on the indications of climate change, respondents from both provinces shows high level of awareness of the changing climatic condition. They observed that there are longer droughts, more frequent typhoons, frequent frost, more pest and diseases, and the deviation of climate pattern from the traditional Tiarco calendar, among many indicators they experienced. The observed climatic changes have negative impacts in both provinces. Some of the cited effects include: low crop and livestock production due to extreme weather; increased pestsâ&#x20AC;&#x; population specifically whorl maggot in rice, aphids in beans, weevil in sweet potato, giant worms in paddies and many others; and, reported water scarcity in watershed areas. When asked to identify vulnerable groups, areas or communities, respondents have their own basis for claiming vulnerability. The general perception for vulnerability are based on: 1) impact assessment of communities after a weather occurrence, 2) number of abandoned farms due to uneconomical production, 3) knowledge of terrain and its accessibility, hydrology and soil characteristics, 4) previous experiences on the extent of typhoon or drought effects Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

iii

based on farm orientation, surrounding natural barriers, and proximity of farms to the water source. The results regarding adaptation options employed in the past shows that communities try to harmonize with nature through maintenance of „muyong‟ and water network that regulates hydrology and prevents erosion, adjustment of planting date or rotation of crops; and, diversification of crops and other sources of income. Some lessons learned from the FGD, KII an FFS conducted are:  Farm characteristics in terms of topography, geology, soil characteristics, proximity to the water source, and accessibility; as well as, the community‟s socio-economic strength, farming experience and indigenous traditions are important factors that governs the extent and degree of the effects of climate change related impacts on the agricultural systems;  Local means of assessing damages are all based on local experiences regarding their agricultural landscape and practices in terms of damage to crops, increased in the incidence of pest and diseases, number of unsustainable farming activities.  Some local ways of anticipating changes in weather are cannot be considered as purely anecdotal. Most of the indicators mentioned have scientific explanation and are based on hundreds of years in upland farming.  Local perceptions of the climate hazard that affect most of their agricultural system is an important consideration because this will provide participatory basis for prioritizing and developing effective adaptation measures;  IK could compliment risk management plans and increase the adaptive capacities of communities as they serve as early warning systems for specific hazards experienced throughout their civilization‟s upland existence

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

List of Acronyms/Local Terms Bayanihan

- a community volunteerism activity practiced in the Philippines wherein each member of the community work together for frees to accomplish a particular project, e.g. repairing of irrigation canal. In Ifugao, this system evolved into a required activity. E.g. when irrigation canal was destroyed by flood, each irrigation canal beneficiary is required to participate in the bayanihan. Non participant will not be provided with water from the repaired canal.

Chiaowa

indigenous term for informal leasing of land, especially, the rice terraces

FFS

Formal Field Survey

FGD

Focus Group Discussion

Filao

Endemic grass in the cordillera

Hinuop

forest maintained by a family or tribe. Similar to “muyong” but this is smaller in scale and maintenance is more secured.

Indigenous Knowledge

KII

Key Informant Interview

Kiling

Humming bird

Muyong

a forest maintained by the community to serve as source of water for the rice terraces

Tumona

a community elder who is their leader when it comes to farming. A farmer model whose practices they follow, especially when it comes to planting dates. They believe “tumona” can read climatic signs using a number of local indicators.

Tiarco

an indigenous agricultural calendar in Ifugao developed over the years by the Ifugao‟s forefathers.

Tinawon

Traditional rice variety in Ifugao which means rice planted in a year.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table of Contents Titles

Page

Executive Summary

iii

List of Acronyms/Local Terms

I. Introduction

II. Methodology

III. Synthesis

Indicators of Climate Change

On Impacts of Climate Change

On Vulnerable Groups and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

On Adaptive Strategies Employed in the Past

Some Lessons Learned from the FGD, KII and FFS

Part I: Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant Interview A. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

11 11

FGD in Ifugao

FGD in Benguet

B. Key Informant Interview (KII)

KII in Ifugao

KII in Benguet

Part II: Formal Field Survey

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Benguet and Ifugao Farmers

Socio-Economic Related Factors

Perception to Climate Change

Climatic Indicators When are Farmers Vulnerable

92 107

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture

114

Risk Mitigation

125

FFS Summary and Conclusion

137

Appendices

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

141

vii

I. Introduction The people of Cordillera, collectively known as Igorots or people of the mountain, lived to their name. They consider themselves as part of the land and the forest, with forest not just as source of wood, lumber, and many others but their life itself. They nurture the land and the forests to ensure that it will remain capable of nurturing them. This perspective enables them to survive the many challenges of nature over time, including the harsh climatic environment. The Cordillera is one of the regions in the Philippines that host many indigenous people groups with rich culture and cultural practices, like the Isneg, Kalinga, Bontok, Kankanaey, Tingguian, Gaddang, Ayangan and Tuwali, Kalanguya or Ikalahan, Ibaloy. These groups of people live in the hinterland and survived the many environmental challenges using the indigenous knowledge that was handed down by their forefathers from generation to generation. In the Philippines indigenous knowledge‟s contribution in resource management is well recognized, having been validated for their technical and scientific soundness by many investigators. While local knowledge, beliefs, indigenous tools and practices in the Cordillera enable them to live with nature, their knowledge have not been assessed in terms of technical soundness, effectiveness and its applicability in the context of climate change. UNEP defined indigenous knowledge (IK) as knowledge that an indigenous (local) community accumulates over generations of living in a particular environment. This encompasses all forms of knowledge – technologies, know-how skills, practices and beliefs – that enable the community to achieve stable livelihoods in their environment. It is also defined as institutionalized local knowledge that has been built upon and passed on from one generation to the other by word of mouth and served as basis for local-level decision-making in many rural communities. Thereby, has value not only for the culture in which it develops, but also for scientists and planners who are determined to improve conditions of those who are in rural communities. Aiming to contribute in the national processes of developing adaptation strategies for the impacts of climate change in agriculture, this study entitled “Local knowledge and tools for assessing vulnerability of the agricultural systems to changing climate”, was conducted in the Cordillera region. This was based from the premise that integrating indigenous knowledge into the national climate change policies can lead to the development of effective alleviation and

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

adaptation strategies. The study, therefore, aims to identify and verify local knowledge and indigenous tools/practices in, a) assessing climatic condition, b) identifying its impacts, c) identifying adaptation options, and, d) assessing the vulnerability of their source of livelihood, agriculture in particular. This study focuses on the two provinces in the Cordillera, the Ifugao province where the famous rice terraces can be found and the Benguet province, which is considered as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;salad bowlâ&#x20AC;? of the country. The agricultural activities in these provinces are considered at risk to climate change and one of the most vulnerable provinces to the brunt of climate change.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

II. Methodology For this study, three approaches were utilized to determine the level of awareness of the agricultural sector in Ifugao and Benguet on climate change, their observed impacts, tools and indicators they utilized for assessing their vulnerability and some adaptation strategies practiced in their provinces during the previous events. The approaches used are: focus group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII) and formal field survey (FFS). Each approach was conducted after the other. FGD was conducted for selected group in the agricultural sector (MAO, MPDO, Farmer leaders). In the KII knowledgeable individuals on agriculture and their locality are selected from among the farmer sector group. In the FFS data gathering was conducted in the four pilot municipalities in each province, namely, Atok, Buguias, Sablan and Tuba in Benguet province and Alfonso Lista, Banaue, Kiangan, and Mayoyao in Ifugao province. For the formal field survey, additional respondents from four non-pilot municipalities in each province were interviewed. The respondents were chosen randomly through the list of farmers in the respective municipalities and were given a pre-tested questionnaire that can be statistical analyzed to describe the IK of the communities studied. Each of the three methods has strengths and weaknesses that can be designed and utilized for specific purpose. In this case, all of the three methods were utilized in the area to ensure that all methods are tested before introducing it to the stakeholders in Ifugao and Benguet as tools for data gathering for their assessment of their future vulnerability to climate change impacts. Each method served as tool for validation of gathered information.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

III. Synthesis Synthesis of the results and discussion was divided into four parts: a) respondents‟ level of awareness and indicators of climate change, b) observed impacts of climate change to agriculture and community, c) tools and indicators of vulnerability to climate change, and d) adaptation strategies and adaptive capacity. Local knowledge and vulnerability assessment tools were identified based from their responses, either explicitly or implicitly answered.

 Indicators of climate change

Respondents may not be aware of the greenhouse gases, of sea level rise, of greenhouse effects, of different scenarios and of projected climatic change but they are definitely aware of the changing climatic condition. Respondents from both provinces in all data gathering activities, including respondents from non-pilot municipalities shows high level of awareness of the changing climatic condition. Below is a list of indicators of climate change one way or another, enumerated by the respondents in all data gathering activities:  longer dry season or drought  frequent occurrence of typhoon  unpredictable weather  increasing intensity of rainfall  shorter cycle of El Nino and La Nina event  extreme coldness at night and extreme hotness during daytime,  emergence of new pest and diseases  Migration of different kinds of birds.  dying of birds, high mortality of livestock due to changing temperature and longer dry season  movement pattern of animals like snakes seen from the lowland  changing hue of colors of the sky  more flooding and more landslide  deviation of climate pattern from the traditional Tiarco calendar

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

In addition to the above list, respondents also mentioned of increasing intensity of typhoons and drought in their locality as well as occurrence of frost and hailstorm which were not observed for a long time. Subsequently, communities are experiencing other climate related hazards like flooding, landslides, and pest and diseases outbreak. Interestingly, however, the two provinces have their own set of indicators of impending climate associated disasters. In Benguet for example, some participants recall that their folks use animal and insect behavior to predict weather changes. Sneezing carabao is an indicator that a typhoon will be hitting their area, movement of termites and ants is an indicator of the long rain coming and the humming of Kiling bird signal that the worst/strong typhoon has already gone. Old folks on the other hand rely on cloud formation and sun-moon arrangement or formation to detect possible typhoon coming. In the case of Ifugao, indicators include, flowering of bamboo, vigorous growth of endemic grass (“filao”) as an indicator of a shifting weather condition, changing hue of the color of the sky on the east side – an indicator of strong rains or typhoon, dark clouds moving to the southern direction - an indicator of strong rains coming and frequent morning thunders – an indicator of changing climate for the next 3-5 years, snails crawling upward the plants – indicator of strong typhoons coming. Anecdotal as it seems, but there also some scientific explanation behind it. Animals have better sensory perception that human and they are more sensitive to air movement and changing temperature which are the basic indicators of changing climate. Early flowering of bamboo is an adaptation response of plants. They will flower to ensure propagation in spite of impending disaster.



On Impacts of climate change The observed climatic changes have positive and negative impacts in both provinces

though mostly negative. Some of the cited effects include:  Low crop production due to lack of water or destroyed crops due to flooding of fields;  Increased pests population specifically whorl maggot in rice, aphids in beans, weevil in sweet potato, giant worms in paddies and many others  High mortality rate in poultry (chicken) due to hot weather and sporadic rains  Fish kills (tilapia in ponds) due to cold weather

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Very poor growth of vegetables due to daily temperature aberrations (i.e. too hot in the morning and too cold in the evening);  The general effects of changing climatic conditions on crops are as follows: stunted growth, crop damage, poor quality of produce, higher input hence low net profit, and occurrence of more pests and diseases.  Similarly in livestock, stunted growth and higher mortality and morbidity rate were observed resulting to low income and low return on investment.  In agroforestry and watershed area, reported impacts include scarcity of potable and irrigation water supply, inadequacy of surface water for production and domestic use, and stunted growth of trees and seedlings.  Aquaculture and fisheries were also not spared from climate change impacts. Delayed growth of fingerlings and higher mortality rate were also observed in ponds and field fish culture. Interestingly, farmers‟ observations, experiences and own knowledge of the biophysical characteristics of their farms, enable them to further describe the effects of climate change based on farm location and orientation as follows:  Rice terraces in higher elevations are more affected by heavy rains.  During extended dry months, insufficient water supply affects rice production  In the case of typhoon occurrence, less damage were experienced in farms with surrounding natural barriers

 On vulnerable groups and tools for assessing vulnerability

When asked to identify vulnerable groups or areas or communities, respondents have their own basis for claiming vulnerability of certain crops, animals, people or places. In Ifugao for example, farmers claimed that farms without plant cover can be easily eroded and dried up and eventually prone to landslide. Similarly, farms in steep slopes and with high elevations like Banaue and Mayoyao are prone to landslide especially when there are no longer “muyong” or communal forest in the area. Towns with poor road network are vulnerable in any climate extremes because they cannot sell and buy products and assistance cannot be delivered immediately like in the municipality of Tinoc. Municipalities with denuded forest are said to be prone to drought like Alfonso Lista and Banaue because of lack of supply of water during extended dry season. Farmers from Kiangan, on the other hand, claimed that new generation Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

of farmers are the most vulnerable to climate change because they have not learned to watch, analyze and adapt to the changing climatic condition. Young farmers they claimed are dependent on new information and technologies that are not tested overtime. Cultural erosion made the new generation more vulnerable to changes. In Ifugao, rice production systems and the tourism industry are the two most vulnerable sectors to the impacts of climate change. In the case of Benguet, not only the farmers but also those who are dependent in Benguet for the supply of vegetables are vulnerable to climate change. Benguet is the salad bowl of the country, any loss in production in this area will affect the economy not only of the province but also of the people in the lowland who imports vegetable from this area. In conducting vulnerability assessment, both the direct impact and indirect impact areas over time should be looked into. To assess oneâ&#x20AC;&#x;s vulnerability, tools and methods suggested by some respondents are characterization of the area and identification of crops and livestock that are highly affected by the changing climatic condition. To the majority of the respondents, vulnerability assessment is a new term that researcher really find it hard to extract information as to local ways of doing it. However, local government officials in Ifugao suggested that the best way to do it is to make a complete list of constituents with database of their location and other socio-economic profile, which is exactly what is being done by the scientific community. As to the tools and methods for data gathering, the following methods which in one way or another was utilized during the conduct of this study, can be introduced, namely, historical accounting, hazard and resources spot mapping, and evaluation of seasonal calendar coupled with focus group discussion, key informant interview and formal field survey. Some local knowledge and techniques for assessing the effects of climate adversities on their agricultural systems that arise from the discussion are as follows: ď&#x201A;§ Post damage assessment through an organized masterlist of affected farms - a record of farms affected in terms of crop damage, erosion, flooded fields or unplanted or farm kept idle are prepared and done by the municipal agriculture office along with other

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

local government units. Often this is utilized or required for declaiming calamity areas and allocation of calamity funds and support from national government.  Visual observation and actual count of abandoned farms - Abandonment of rice farms for them indicates that the farm owner is seriously affected by either the extended dry season or too much rain. Abandonment of the farm to them indicates that the farm owner is unable to cope or recover from the damage and that the farmers need to seek employment (non-farm) for income to enable them to buy food. Note that rice farming in most part of Ifugao, especially in Banaue and Kiangan is solely for home consumption. Reconstruction of the terraces, according to them is labor requiring so before they use their time on reconstructing the terraces, the farmers would opt to do non-farm work to be able to buy food for the family. From this experience, the staff from local government and municipal agriculture has deduced that often those who abandon the rice fields are the economically poor farmers/farm households.  Own knowledge of Elevation, Slope and Soil Errodability – With their long time experience in farming, farmers can anticipate the likely damages and extent of damages that the farm will have based on the elevation and slope.  Previous experiences on extent of typhoon effects based on farm orientation and surrounding natural barriers – Adverse effects of strong winds and typhoon were observed to be less in areas where there are surrounding natural barriers. As the farmers put it, it depends on the farm orientation, whether facing the wind direction or covered by natural barriers (mountain and trees).  Repeated experiences on community or individual effort in prioritizing rehabilitation of dikes and terraces based on proximity of farms to watershed and water source – As earlier discussed, farms in terraces in higher elevations are often destroyed by flooding during heavy and continuous downpour causing water overflow destroying dikes and terraces resulting to landslide and soil erosion. In the advent of drought or extremely dry season, farms in terraces located in lower elevations are more affected. Extreme soil dryness, as observed by the farmers causes the problem worms to bore their way out of the soil creating large holes destroying the terraces and causing soil erosion.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3



On adaptation strategies employed in the past

In the past many of the farmers in these provinces have been exposed to different kinds of environmental changes and have developed coping strategies to face these phenomena. They may therefore have to offer valuable knowledge to learn from for future adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. This section reports the different adaptation strategies performed by the farmers to cope with the difficulties brought by the different climatic drivers. Below are some of the adaptation strategies employed by the respondents for specific climate drivers:

Climate Drivers Drought

Impacts

Adaptation strategies

Stunted growth, crop loss,

 Maintaining „Muyong‟,

dried up of field

 Adjustment of cropping calendar  Increasing farm inputs  Improved local irrigation systems  Crop rotation  Planting of new variety

Flooding

Crop loss

 Building of dikes  Re-channeling of drainage water  Sacrificing animals to deities  Staggered cropping  Finding other sources of income  Multicropping system

Landslide

Destruction of fields,

 Reforestation

Loss of human lives

 Building of dikes

Crop and animal loss

 Repair of fields

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Changing planting or harvest dates, according to them, are effective and cheap method option. However, the major risk could be shifting to a different market window that might give them lower prices. Another strategy that some farmers here adopted is changing varieties. This is another low-cost option, although some varieties can be more expensive. About a number of them also used crop rotation and staggered cropping. Almost the same strategies are used by the farmers in Ifugao. A large number of them also adjust their planting date if there is drought. They also change variety of crops if necessary. Some considered finding other water source or increased use of irrigation to cope.

 Some Lessons Learned from the FGD, KII and FFS Conducted  In developing a vulnerability and adaptation assessment tool for the Ifugao and Benguet provinces, local experience to climate hazards that affect most of their agricultural system is an important consideration because this will provide the participatory basis for prioritizing and developing effective adaptation measures;  Important considerations in assessing vulnerability of the production system are: farm location in terms of elevation and slope, presence of natural barriers, proximity to water source, poverty or income level of the farm households, cultures and traditions, historical events. Extent and degree of the effects of climate change related factors on the agricultural systems vary based on their farm and household characteristics;  Local means of assessing damages are all based on local experiences, observations and knowledge of their agricultural landscape and practices expressed in terms of loss in crop yields, erosion and damages on dikes; damaged crops, increased pest incidence, alteration of the cropping systems and cropping calendar, number of abandoned farms, death of fish and livestock (chicken);  Local ways of anticipating changes in weather are cannot be considered as purely anecdotal. Most of the indicators mentioned have some scientific basis and explanation and should not be discounted  IK could compliment risk management and increase the adaptive capacities of communities as they serve as early warning systems for specific hazards experienced throughout the hundreds of years of their upland existence

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Part I: Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant Interview A. Focus Group Discussion To identify and verify local knowledge and indigenous vulnerability assessment tools for the agricultural systems in the province of Ifugao and Benguet, three data gathering approaches were employed: Focus Group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII) and formal field survey (FFS). FGD is a qualitative method of data gathering from a homogenous group of respondents. It is done in a form of group discussion of approximately 6 to 12 persons guided by a facilitator. KII is also an informal form of data gathering wherein selected members of the community knowledgeable on the topic of interest are selected for a one on one discussion. Key questions are prepared to serve as guide for discussion. Formal field survey on the other hand, utilizes pre-prepared more detailed interview schedule. For the FGD conducted at Ifugao and Benguet, representatives from the pilot municipalities were invited to participate in the one day group discussion held in each of the provinces. For each municipality, representatives from the stakeholders in the agricultural sectors, namely, farmer leaders, elderly, municipal planning officer (MPDO), municipal agricultural officer (MAO) and LGU officials were invited to participate. Representatives for each sector from each municipality were grouped together to discuss issues on climate change, their vulnerability to it, their tools and methods for assessment of vulnerability and their indicators of vulnerability. In Ifugao, participants were grouped as farmers group, planners group (MAO and MPDO), group of elders, and decision makers group (LGU officials). Each group has one facilitator to facilitate the discussion of the guide questions provided to the group and a note taker from among themselves to report the outcome of the group discussion. After two to three hours outputs were presented in a plenary discussion. FGD participants in Benguet were also grouped into farmers and LGU officials, except in Buguias, Benguet where the participants were divided into groups based on zoning and land use, to wit: Loo proper as residential, Sitio Taba-o as agricultural and Modayan and Panayawan as residential.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Focus Group Discussion in Ifugao The FGD conducted for the province of Ifugao was held at Ifugao State University Function Hall last August 4, 2010. Fourteen participants from the pilot municipalities for the MDGF Outcome 3 project in the Cordillera region participated in the activity. The composition of FGD participants in Ifugao are shown in Table 3 below. Majority of the participants are from the municipality of Banaue (50%) followed by the municipality of Mayoyao (28.57%). Majority of the participants are farmers (42.86%), male (64.28%) and most of them are 46-60 years old (50%). Table 3. Brief profile of FGD participants Municipality

Number of

Percentage

Representatives 1. Banaue

50.00

2. Kiangan

7.14

3. Mayoyao

28.57

4. Alfonso Lista

14.29

100.00

1. Farmers

42.86

2. MPDC

14.29

3. MAO

14.29

4. NGO

7.14

5. Councilor

21.43

100.00

0-30

7.14

31-45

21.43

46-60

50.00

60 and above

21.43

100.00

Male

64.28

Female

35.72

100.00

Occupation

Age

Sex

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Discussion in each group covered the following topics: a) observed climate variability and extremes in the last 10 years, b) impacts of climate variability, c) vulnerable groups, people, and crops, d) adaptation strategies, and e) vulnerability assessment tools/indicators.

ď&#x201A;§ Awareness about Climate Change Table 4 below shows the summary of FGD respondentâ&#x20AC;&#x;s observed changes in Ifugao. Natives from the area claimed to have observed and experienced, changes in climatic condition, specifically: rainfall variability, daily temperature aberrations and typhoon occurrence. Observed variations in rainfall are further described as: a) delayed onset of rainfall - i.e. expected rainy months from where their cropping calendar is based is altered thus can no longer be depended upon for their crop production patterns.; b) extended dry season - i.e often referred to as el nino, there are more dry months experienced during the year; c) high amounts of rainfall during rainy months - i.e heavy downpour during the rainy months; d) sporadic rains i.e sudden/unexpected rains during dry and rainy months; e) dryer dry months; Daily temperature aberrations are further described as wide variation in daily temperature. During cool months (From November to January), very low temperatures are experienced during night time and very high temperatures during daytime (like summer time). Typhoons are described as stronger and more frequent. These climatic changes significantly affected their lives, it causes flooding, landslide, drought, crop losses and even loss of lives. Other indicators of climatic changes in the pilot municipalities are proliferation of new plants and insect species and its excessive growth, e.g. proliferation of giant earthworm in rice paddies. In the past, giant earthworms were found only in the mountain but now it is serving as pest in rice paddies and longer and bigger in sizes than the worms found earlier in the mountains. These are not climate variables but farmers and elders associated it with climate changes. They believed that changing climatic variables encourage the excessive growth of the mentioned species.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 4. Observed climatic changes in the pilot municipalities in the last 10 years. Observed Changes in Climatic Variables 1. Extremely warm temperatures

Mayoyao, Lamut, Ifugao

2. Extremely cold temperatures

Banaue, part of Kiangan and Mayoyao

3. Occurrence of typhoon during

Banaue, Kiangan, Alfonso Lista and

summer months 4. Stronger rains

Location

Mayoyao Banaue, Kiangan, Alfonso Lista and Mayoyao

5. New species of plants and insects (e.g. Japanese grass,

Banaue, Kiangan, Alfonso Lista and Mayoyao

aphids, 6. Plant/insect/worms growth behavior (bigger worms)

Banaue, Kiangan, Alfonso Lista and Mayoyao

Almost all respondents agree with the changes noted above but with regards to vulnerability, farmer group claimed that vulnerability depends on several factors, one group or sector or location might be vulnerable to one climatic variables and impacts but not to other climatic changes for example, Banaue might be vulnerable to landslides but Alfonso Lista may not be. For example, Banaue which is located in steep slopes without cover and production are supported by the “Muyong” or community forest for water supply is more vulnerable to climate change especially drought as compared with Alfonso Lista because of its crops and not dependency on forest for water supply. If forest covers were removed and climate change took place at faster rate, rice terraces in Banaue will be most exposed and vulnerable to landslide. Similarly, areas without concrete roads will be most vulnerable during extreme events e.g. during typhoons some municipalities like Tinoc will be easily cut-off from communication and transport. Table 5 shows the matrix of the summary of outputs of discussions. Result shows that all groups (farmer, elders, LGU officials, MAOs and MPDOs) have high level of awareness on changes taking place in their environment, with the farmer‟s group observing more indicators and more are specific. Their awareness on climatic change was based from their close observation of the environment according to the farmers. LGUs, MAOs and MPDO, on the other

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

hand gained awareness from watching multi-media reports and attending trainings/seminars on climate change. To cope up with the impacts of this climate variability, people learned to employ some adaptation strategies like adjusting their planting time, changing crop varieties, subsidizing the cost of production, migration, etc. All groups identified who, what and where the vulnerable sectors/groups are, and how they assess the vulnerability of the identified sectors or groups. The farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x;s group mentioned about slope, sources of income, crop varieties, location, type and color of soil, existing land uses and time of occurrence of typhoon as their basis for assessing the vulnerability, while elders, noted the changes in the bio-physical, the socio-cultural, and economics condition of the Ifugao that makes them vulnerable to the observed climate changes.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 5. Summary of Focus Group Discussion‟s output. Observed Climate Observed Vulnerable Group Change Phenomena Impacts/effects Groups and areas Farmer’s group

 Extremely warm temperature (e.g. in Mayoyao)  Extremely cold temperature (e.g. in Banaue)  Longer dry season followed by longer wet season  Occurrence of typhoons even during summer  Longer and intense rains coupled with thunders  More thunderstorms  Proliferation of new varieties of plants and species of insects and worms

 Increase in rice yield/production in some parts of Mayoyao  Frosting of plants in some parts of Banaue  Physiologic changes in plants and insects (excessive production)  Change in size of earthworm  Surge of insects  Landslide  Flooding  Decreasing rice productivity  They can no longer follow their cropping calendar which was develop hundreds of years ago because of climatic changes in the last 5 to 10 years

 Places without cover  Farms in steep slopes and high elevations (Banaue, Mayoyao)  Areas without good road network (Tinoc)  High elevation areas (Mayoyao)  Denuded forest (Alfonso Lista and Banaue)  Area where “muyong” no longer exist  Lowland areas vulnerable to drought  Banaue vulnerable to landslides  Lamut is vulnerable to high temperature based from its location

Local coping Strategies

Vulnerability Assessment Tools/Indicators

 Timing of planting, they wait for the “Tumona” to start planting. The Tumona is the community elder, also farmer leader, who determine when is the best time for planting to minimize risk based on behavior  They used to plant rice from Dec to January. Now they plant as late as April because of unavailability of rainfall or longer dry season  Planting of other crops, some crops are not suitable for longer dry season or for longer wet season so they chose crops appropriate for the season  Raising of livestock/animals, this will serve as additional source of food in times of famine associated with drought  Reviving the “bayanihan” system to repair irrigation systems if the damage of typhoon are minimal  Crop diversification, some crops can survive at extreme condition so this will ensure food availability in times of crisis.  Planting of additional crops nontraditional crops for exploration and possible sources of income  Reforestation using fruit-bearing trees to protect the soil and have other sources of food  Reviving the “muyong” system  Reviving the traditional/organic rice culture

 Land uses, some land use are more vulnerable than the others  Road network accessibility, those areas without good road network are cut-off from communication every time there is typhoon like the municipality of Tinoc  Location, Lamut and those areas in the lowland are more vulnerable to increasing temperature, some areas already experience drought even without climate change. Further increase in temperature will affect crop yield  Land covers, denuded forest are prone to landslide if typhoon occurs after long dry season because of soil cracks  High elevation areas, these are prone to landslides and erosion, especially if open to vegetable gardening  Younger generations who no longer observe their environment are prone to climate change because they are dependent on forecast which is not reliable. Younger generation can no longer read the environment (no longer observe the sky, the moon, the plants, the

Progress Report for Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3 –Synthesis Report

Group

Observed Climate Change Phenomena

Observed Impacts/effects

Vulnerable Groups and areas

Local coping Strategies  Reviving the “tinawon” rice cropping system  Value formation  Tapping of government assistance for unmanageable (within the community level) damage

Government Officials (SB councilo rs, SK and one NGO)

 Increasing day and night temperature  Longer dry and wet season  More frequent El Niño and La Niña events

 Change in cropping schedules  Destruction of paddies due to El Niño followed by La Niña events that resulted to landslides of paddies  Positive effect in Mayoyao rice production systems. Increasing temperature resulted to increase in rice yield in some parts of Mayoyao  Lowland/flat lands, in lower elevation rice lands are last to dried-up during dry season. Note from elder in the group: Observed impacts of disasters to people in all walks of life in the province cannot be attributed solely to climate change but to the compounded effect of several changes:

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Battad, Banaue is the most vulnerable place to drought because of its current status. The communal forest in this municipality is already deforested hence irrigation supply of water is decreasing especially during dry season  Rice fields in steep slope and in high elevation because of natural flow of water, these areas dried up during extended summer or longer dry season (El Nino)  Communities who are dependent on agricultural produce for their income are vulnerable to CC  Those with other sources of income are less vulnerable to CC  Subsistence

 Pumping of water from the river to the irrigation sites during drought  Take advantage of the positive impact of high temperature to rice production by planting rice twice a year  Intercropping of onions and vegetables with upland rice  Revive the “chiaowa” arrangement as LGU initiative to cultivate the abandoned fields  Have a database/census of farmer/owner of abandoned rice fields for acceptable sharing arrangement  Revive traditional practices/rules on tree cutting within the communal forest or “muyong”  Enhance eco-tourism activity within the Banaue area to keep the cultural heritage, i.e. The Banaue rice terraces in spit of climate change  Tapping of local materials for irrigation system, e.g. bamboo as pipe for irrigation water

Vulnerability Assessment Tools/Indicators trees, etc) they don‟t even observe the behavior of animals which are good indicators of changes in climatic pattern

 Vulnerable areas/people/crops etc were identified based from reported damage in times of extreme events  Based from people‟s report on affected areas, crops, places  Based from the report of MSWD re: affected group  Based from report of local officials, barangay leaders during time of disasters  Changing attitudes towards ritual practices (elder in the group noted that younger generation no longer observed their environment for the signs of times, and depends instead on the advice of technicians who are not immersed in the field/nature /environment, hence, they are often caught unaware and vulnerable to impacts of climate change)  Traditional/cultural practices associated to production systems are eroding. These practices evolved from hundreds of years of living with nature and observing its behavior, then handing it down from generation to

Group

MPDO and MAO group

Observed Climate Change Phenomena

 More frequent El Niño and La Niña

Observed Impacts/effects

Vulnerable Groups and areas

economic, sociocultural and political changes within the province and even outside. The changes in people‟s simple lifestyle to modern lifestyle make the impacts of climate change to all sectors of life in Ifugao become more prominent.

farmers  Tourism industry is vulnerable to the impacts of CC on the agricultural production specifically on impacts of CC on the rice terraces.

 Yield loss

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Farmers 

Local coping Strategies

Vulnerability Assessment Tools/Indicators generation. Farmers unaware of the traditional practices are more vulnerable to climate change  Ignorance of environmental behavior – farmers who are not in tune with nature are more vulnerable to climate change  Farms of part-time farmers are more vulnerable to impacts of climate change because of their absences in the farm

   

Providing seed subsidy Swine dispersal Value formation Reviving the “muyong” or the community system  Reviving the “hinuop” or the family forest system/practices  Follow/observe the “tumonas” for time of planting and other activities. The “tumona” know how to predict/forecast the weather and climate pattern based from his observation of plants and animal behavior as well as reading of moon and sky.

 Low lying areas as vulnerable to longer drought period  Landslides prone areas

 Effects of Changing Climate on Agriculture Based on the participants‟ observations and experiences, the changes in climatic conditions in the area as described above, negatively affects their agriculture. Some of the cited effects include:  Low rice yield due to lack of water or destroyed crops due to flooding of rice fields;  Increased pests population specifically whorl maggot in rice, aphids in beans and “Tanga” in sweet potato due to rise in temperatures;  High mortality rate in poultry (chicken) due to hot weather and sporadic rains  Fish kills (tilapia in ponds) due to cold weather  Very poor growth of vegetables due to daily temperature aberrations (i.e. too hot in the morning and too cold in the evening); Interestingly, farmers‟ observations, experiences and own knowledge of the biophysical characteristics of their farms, enable them to further describe the effects of climate change based on farm location and orientation as follows:

 Rice terraces in higher elevations are more affected by heavy rains. Because these farms are closer to the water source, too much amount of rain causes overflow thus destroying dikes, flooding rice fields and eroding soils. In situations where there is overflow, rice terraces in lower elevations also get flooded eventually destroying the crop.  During extended dry months, insufficient water supply affects more the rice terraces in lower elevations. Water flows through the rice terraces located in higher elevations only which are closer to the water source.  As regards to temperature effects, rice planted in terraces in higher elevations is cited to be more affected by very low temperatures. On the other hand, rice terraces located in lower elevations were observed to be affected more by extremely high temperatures, especially during dry months.  In the case of typhoon occurrence, less damage were experienced in farms with surrounding natural barriers. (Some stated it as depending on farm orientation). Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Local knowledge and techniques for assessing the effects of climate adversities on their agricultural systems  Post damage assessment through an organized masterlist of affected farms - a record of farms affected in terms of crop damage, erosion, flooded fields or unplanted or farm kept idle are prepared and done by the municipal agriculture office along with other local government units. Often this is utilized or required for declaiming calamity areas and allocation of calamity funds and support from national government.  Visual observation and actual count of abandoned farms - Abandonment of rice farms for them indicates that the farm owner is seriously affected by either the extended dry season or too much rain. Abandonment of the farm to them indicates that the farm owner is unable to cope or recover from the damage and that the farmers need to seek employment (non-farm) for income to enable them to buy food. Note that rice farming in most part of Ifugao, especially in Banaue and Kiangan is solely for home consumption. Reconstruction of the terraces, according to them is labor requiring so before they use their time on reconstructing the terraces, the farmers would opt to do non-farm work to be able to buy food for the family. From this experience, the staff from local government and municipal agriculture has deduced that often those who abandon the rice fields are the economically poor farmers/farm households.  Own knowledge of Elevation, Slope and Soil Errodability – With their long time experience in farming, farmers can anticipate the likely damages and extent of damages that the farm will have based on the elevation and slope  Previous experiences on extent of typhoon effects based on farm orientation and surrounding natural barriers – Adverse effects of strong winds and typhoon were observed to be less in areas where there are surrounding natural barriers. As the farmers put it, it depends on the farm orientation, whether facing the wind direction or covered by natural barriers (mountain and trees).  Repeated experiences on community or individual effort in prioritizing rehabilitation of dikes and terraces based on proximity of farms to watershed and water source – As earlier discussed, farms in terraces in higher elevations are often destroyed by flooding during heavy and continuous downpour causing water overflow destroying dikes and terraces resulting to landslide and soil erosion. In the advent of drought or extremely Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

dry season, farms in terraces located in lower elevations are more affected. Extreme soil dryness, as observed by the farmers causes the problem worms to bore their way out of the soil creating large holes destroying the terraces and causing soil erosion.

 Anecdotal indicators of anticipated weather disturbances  Flowering of bamboo once after several years and of an endemic grass (“filao”) is an indication of a shift /change in weather condition;  Orange hue or reddening of the sky on the east side – an indicator of strong rains or typhoon;  Dark clouds moving to the southern direction - an indicator of strong rains coming  Frequent morning thunders – an indicator of changing climate during the last 3-5 years;  Snails crawling upward the plants – indicator of strong typhoons coming  Use of Tiarco or the traditional calendar with description of monthly weather. This has been used by the farmers as guide to their planting season. The disparity between what was described in the calendar and the climate they are experiencing for the last 3-5 years is one of their proof or indicator of changing climate.

 Local Adaptation Measures

Most of what will be discussed in the section of the report is short-term adaptation measures or the immediate reaction of the farmers after having experienced the damages or the effect of weather aberrations on their farms, on their crops and on their lives as a farming community.

 Reconstruction of Terraces – This was usually done once terraces were affected by landslide and hole boring by giant earthworms... While this is labor intensive and requiring time, individual farm owners either do these themselves or hire other farmers to do it. Institutional support to this was also initiated together with the office of the municipal agriculturist, where bayanihan or communal effort to reconstruct damaged terraces is practiced to avoid increasing number of abandoned farms. Access to Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

irrigation water is blocked in farms owned by those who refuse to participate in this communal activity.  Widening or Diversion and blocking of waterways – in times of excessive rain which often result to overflow and flooding of rice fields, farmers widen waterways or redirect water ways. In these activities, temporary structures are used. Dikes are also repaired annually to avoid water leaks from rice fields.  Change variety of rice planted – Because of the observed impacts of changing temperature on the yield of rice especially on the growth of the traditional rice variety, “tinawon”, some tried planting short term rice variety. From the traditional rice variety “Tinawon” for which the province is well known for, some farmers already shifted to another locally-produced variety which they call “California”, in the hope that this will give higher rice yield.  Off-farm employment – some farmers work for other farmers to earn income especially when their own farms and crops are adversely affected by the drought or flood.  Non-farm employment – some opt to engage in non agricultural activities when their farms and crops are damaged like “labandera”, construction workers or workers in wood craft cottage industry.  Planting of root crops as alternative staple food, specifically in Banaue, where most women farmers are active in planting of vegetables surrounding rice fields, gabi is planted for home consumption. Women also plant sweet potato in the upper portion of the agricultural landscape (locally called kaingin or gubat), also for home consumption and as alternative to rice as staple especially in time of scarcity and rice crops damage.



Local Vulnerability Assessment Tools and Indicators

The elders in the group provided some words of wisdom regarding vulnerability assessment tools and indicators. According to them, failure of the younger generation to live with nature and observe its behavior and pattern makes this younger generation of farmers more vulnerable to climate change. The dependency of the younger farmers to the external advices and inputs and the changes in their lifestyle make them vulnerable to changes, Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

including climate change. Observed impacts of disasters to the people of Ifugao cannot be attributed solely to climate change but to the compounded effect of several changes: economic, socio-cultural and political changes within the province and even outside. The changes in peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x;s simple lifestyle to modern lifestyle make the impacts of climate change to all sectors of life in Ifugao more prominent.

Focus Group Discussion in Benguet The FGD in Benguet was participated by four sectors namely: local government officials (barangay chairs and councilors), household heads, farmers and women sectors. Majority of the participants are from the municipality of Buguias (35%), followed by the municipality of Atok (27%). Almost all of the participants are farmers (78%). The participants consist of 75% male and 25% female as majority of them are farmers (Table 6). Table 6. Brief profile of FGD participants in Benguet province Municipality

Number of

Percentage

Representative

(%)

Sablan

17.64

Tuba

19.60

Atok

27.45

Bugias

35.29

100

Farmers

78.43

Councilor

3.92

MAO

7.84

Technician

5.88

Researcher

3.92

Male

74.51

Female

25.49

Occupation

Sex

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Discussion in each group revolved around the three sub-topics: a) observed climate variability and extremes in the last 10 to 30 years, b) impacts of climate variability and c) adaptation strategies, perceptions on effectiveness and adaptation options recommended by representatives from each pilot municipality. Summary of the topics discussed during the FGD in Benguet are as follows.

 Historical events of climate variability and extremes The focus group discussions held separately for each selected municipality of Benguet revealed several interesting observation on climate variability, its impact to their farming practice and productivity and their strategies to cope up with the adverse impact. The result of the FGDs revealed that rural people have knowledge on traditional methods employed by their ancestors for predicting weather pattern for the year. These they believe were used as basis for the timing of planting, choice of crops to plant as well as strategies for planting. Some of the participants recall that their folks use animal and insect behavior to predict weather changes. For example, sneezing carabao is an indicator that a typhoon will be hitting their area. The movement of termites and ants also predict the coming of the rains. The migration patterns of birds also indicate typhoon events. The migration pattern of birds by month with identified species started from August through the occurrence of bird locally named “Tiway”, followed by “Aladong” which occurred in September, “Kiling” which occurred from October to November and “Siyet” which occurred in the month of November. Bird‟s migration served as an indicator for the farmers when to plant especially the humming of Kiling bird which is the sign that the worst/strong typhoon has already gone. Some, however, remembered that their old folks rely on cloud formation and sun-moon arrangement or formation to detect typhoon. However, they admitted that such traditional methods of predicting weather pattern are no longer use because of primarily the advent of modern agricultural practices that relies on science-based weather forecasting method but most recently, unpredictability of the weather patterns. Occurrence of typhoons, for example, could no longer be directly related to bird migration pattern because the occurrence of typhoon has become very erratic and more frequent.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

For the last two years alone, several typhoons had visited the province. They also noted the drought event after a strong typhoon as in the case of Typhoon Pepeng. They also observe extreme variability in the temperature. For example, their province is experiencing shortened cold season unlike in the 80‟s when it is still cold even in the month of March. Table 7. Historical events of natural disasters in Benguet province Year/Month October 2009

Event Strong

Impact/Response typhoon Floods, land slides

Pepeng

Decrease in prices of farms products

November 2009

Drought

Decrease planting

farm of

productivity,

drought

resistant

crops such as Ube, Gabi, tiger grass, pineapple, gabi, cassava, banana,

ginger,

ube.

These

species/crops could adopt the area‟s weather. May April 2010

Drought

deforestation and kaingin change the planting schedule Army worms infestation

February-May

El Nino

2010

Drought, Decrease water supply Decrease farm productivity

May-June 2010

Hailstone

Decrease productivity

February 2010

Extreme increase of Shortened cold months temperature

July-December

Planting Season

 Local Impacts of climate variability and extremes

The following is the discussion on the impacts of the climate variability and extreme on local communities. It is very notable in the discussion the knowledge and perceptions of the participants on the interactions of the different component of the environment. For example, it is Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

also clear to them that water shortage could be attributed to several factors such as removal of vegetation or deforestation, change in land use and population increase. It could be observed that each of factors cited is directly related to each other. The participants therefore claim that one of the major impacts of climate variability to them is the water shortage. The shortage in water supply has become more regular during the months of February-May in the last 10 years. A severe water shortage was experienced by more than half of the municipalities of Benguet in 2010. This effect of climate change on water supply is expected to be raised by the participants because most of them are farmers who relied on irrigation to supply water requirements of their farms. Some claims that because of the water shortage, competition over water distribution between households and irrigation water requirements had become contentious issue. While they attributed the water shortage to climate variability, they also emphasized that deforestation due to land use conversion should also be cited. The need for new areas for farming was also a result of the growing population of the community. Another impact of the increased climate variability is the confusion on the timing of planting as well as in the selection of crops. A wrong timing or decision on what crops to plant would be devastating to the farm productivity and would therefore adversely decrease farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x;s income. This they attribute to the erratic weather pattern that has become more pronounce especially during the last decade. Because of the water shortage complemented with the high probability of wrong timing of planting or choice of crops contributed to the remarkable decrease in the agricultural productivity. The familyâ&#x20AC;&#x;s health and nutrition would be compromised as a result they will be vulnerable to some diseases especially cold and coughs. Some participant also attributed army worm infestation to climate change which they believe provided the necessary environment for the growth and proliferation of army worms. Finally, and most importantly, they cited land slide and flooding and heavy soil erosion as most devastating impact of the climate change. These had become very pronounce even during heavy rains only. According to them, landslides and floods block road and this affected transport of their farm products depressing farm gate prices.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

ď&#x201A;§ Local Adaptation strategies, perceptions on effectiveness and recommendations For the purpose of consistency with the structures of this paper, discussions on adaption strategies include all those that the participant employed in order to address the issue on climate change whether such are successful or not so successful. For example, they cited opening up of new areas for kaingin as a strategy because this will increase their productivity. They also identified intensive application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides as part of their strategies to increase farm productivity. Nonetheless, other strategies cited are more relevant. These include planting of trees and other drought resistant species to regulate microclimatic condition. The farmers have listed vegetables planted during season with abundant water and in the event when there is water shortage. During rainy seasons which is in the month of October to March, vegetables planted include beans, broccoli, pipino, peas, cabbage, cauliflower and anthurium (cut flower). On the other hand, drought season (rest of the months) vegetables planted include cassava, pineapple, banana, ginger, ube, togi, camote and tiger grass. These species are considered drought resistant varieties. The planting of other agricultural crops or diversification of farm products and multi cropping to augment income was also recommended. They also suggested modification of the agroforestry practice to take into consideration the existence of other forest tree plantation species. Participants in all municipalities have employed soil and water conservation practices such as rip rapping and terracing and planting of bamboo, calla lily and daisy... Likewise, they also claim to practice crop rotation as they believe this will ultimately conserve soil fertility that is necessary for the growth and development of the succeeding crops. To minimize flooding of flood prone areas, they construct, improve and maintain drainage canals during summer months or prior to the onset of rainy and or typhoon seasons. The farmers also established water impounding system as a water reservoir that they will use for irrigation during drought season. They also conduct tree planting to improve vegetative cover of the watershed. Trees locally called tembel (Ficus nota) and agimit (Ficus minahassae) were planted and prohibited from cutting. These trees were perceived to absorb and hold more water necessary during drought season. Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

As for the occurrence of pest and diseases, the participants declared that they are also employing biological pest control. They are also using innovative indigenous method using available materials such as used oil rub to prevent and eradicate the attacked of flies. They spread the used oil over the polyethylene to trap the flies.

B. Key Informant Interview For the KII activities in Ifugao, the team visited the pilot Barangay for the MDGF project in each municipality. In Mayoyao, Ifugao the KI activity was conducted in the training hall of the municipal agricultural office located in the town center, with the full support/assistance and presence of the municipal agricultural officer. In Alfonso Lista, it was conducted in the Barangay Hall of the pilot barangay, while in Kiangan and Banaue, the activity was conducted in a farmer leaderâ&#x20AC;&#x;s house located within the pilot Barangay. The conduct of the activity in each site lasted for 1.5 hours 3 hours. In the province of Benguet, the KII activity for the four pilot Municipalities (Sablan, Bugias, Atok and Tuba) was conducted at Benguet State University BSU), La Trinidad, Benguet. The participants include Municipal Agriculture Officer (MAO) and DA-Agricultural technicians. Discussion in all these activities revolved on topics designed to identify indigenous vulnerability and adaptation assessment tools for the impacts of climate change in agriculture, e.g. observed climatic pattern in the last 10 to 30 years, observed impacts, affected group, activity and adaptation practiced. Later they were asked how they come up with their conclusion that these particular groups are vulnerable or not, what are their bases or indicators. Similar questions were posed during the KII in each municipality, only the approach was individual interview and not in group.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Key Informant Interview in Ifugao

Brief description of the KII activity conducted in the four pilot municipalities in Ifugao are summarized in Table 8 below. Table 8. Brief description of KII activity conducted in the four pilot municipalities in Ifugao. Municipality a. Mayoyao

Brief Description of Activity Conducted The KII in Mayoyao was participated by 35 local residents representing various sectors mostly male and female rice farmers, personnel from the local tourism and police units, women representative

from

barangay

health

and

nutrition program, private local tourist guide, a vegetable farmer.

All the participants

are

knowledgeable about rice farming, it being a major activity in the area.

Participants‟ ages

range from mid-twenties to late sixties. Years of experience in farming range from 15 to over 30 years.

Male and female participants in the

activity are almost of equal number. Number of participants – 35 Group composition: Rice farmers - 27 Local tourism officer - 1 Police officer - 1 Barangay health and nutrition worker - 1 Tourist guide - 2 Vegetable farmer - 3 Age composition – mid-twenties to late sixties Sex composition: Male

- 15

Female

- 20

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Municipality

Brief Description of Activity Conducted Years of experience in farming – 15 to 30 years

b. Kiangan

KII in Kiangan was participated by 21 rice farmers from Barangay Nagacadan with almost equal distribution of male and female aging from 20 to 70 years of age. No. of participants -

Group composition: Farmer leader - 3 Rice farmer

- 16

Retired teacher - 1 Barangay health worker - 1 Sex composition Male - 15 Female - 6 Age composition – 20 to 70 years old Years of Experience in farming – 10 to 50 years c. Alfonso Lista

KII in Alfonso Lista was participated by 16 individuals from the pilot site of the MDGF Outcome 3 project in the Cordillera. In addition to the 13 corn farmers interviewed, the municipal agriculturist,

agricultural

technicians

and

municipal planning officer were also interviewed. Majority of the participants are male (9) and elderly (45 and above).

Number of participants = 16 Group composition MAO – 1 MPDO - 1 Agricultural technician – 1 Rice farmer - 6 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Municipality

Brief Description of Activity Conducted Vegetable farmer – 2 Corn farmer -5

Sex composition: Male = 9 Female = 7 Age composition – Ranging from 21 to 65 d. Banaue

The

group

discussion

Banuae

was

participated mostly by women rice farmers who are

all

authentic

residents

Banaue.

Respondents‟ rice fields are located in terraces in both high and low elevations. Those with farms located in lower elevations also grow vegetables on the rice fields, during favorable weather

conditions,

before

and

after

rice

production. The respondents are also involved in the production of sweet potato, planted in higher elevations locally referred to as gubat (forest). Only 2 male farmers were present. Ages of the participants ranged from mid-twenties to earlyforties, except for one elder woman farmer, whose age was over 60.

Their years of

experience in farming range from 15 years to over thirty years as they claim they have been involved with farming early in their lives. One lady technician, apparently an expert in farmer training on rice pollination, also participated in the discussion. Number of participants – 18 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Municipality

Brief Description of Activity Conducted Group composition â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rice farmers (18) Years of Farming experience 0-5

6-10

11-15 =

16-20 =

21-25 =

26-30 =

Age composition: 23-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

>61

Outputs for KII activity in Ifugao are summarized in Table 9 and 10 below. Respondents from each pilot municipality in Ifugao were asked about the vulnerability factors observed in the area such as hazards and adaptive capacity as well as information related to indigenous knowledge and tools for assessing vulnerability. Guide topics/questions such as awareness on climate change and their perceived impacts were used to elicit information.

Table 9. Output of the Key Informant Interview with farmers in Ifugao province, August 2010. Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions Mayoyao

Awareness/

Long dry seasons; sporadic rain (stronger); thunder in AM;

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions Hazards

Perception on

unexpected typhoons(stronger); wide changes (fluctuations) in

CC,

temperature;

observations

INDICATORS

during last three

 Long drought: too cold in Nov-Jan

years

 Decrease in temperature: dead fish in rice field; families use 2 blankets;  Forming of bulges in dikes: they repair it;  Rice-affected by lack of water; with low yield but fruits are more frequent to bearing;  before mangoes are good in equality, now fruits are lesser and seeds are not good;  rice experiences more insects(whorl maggots) due to long dry season; beans: aphids;  June is palay harvest season, now July or even August (delayed – planting) so rice is not fully-developed;  Chickens die easily due to hot weather and spontaneous rain;  Lower part is more affected by extreme heat  Higher part is more affected by extreme cold  Heavy rains(typhoon): depends on the natural barriers  Too much rain: lower-flood; upper-erosion; *depends on the stage of the planting of crop  El nino- lower part is more affected since upper has water shed  Morning thunder- signal for a rain to come; serves as fertilizer to the plants;  Too hot in the morning then rain in the afternoon make the vegetables (sari-sari from manong lasing) dead.  Hot season: sweet potato dies; Maize (June: planting): frequent rain

Adaptive

Local Effort to

Capacity

recover from the



Palay: change variety (before tinawon-now California-January) since tungro infestation (bansot) occurs

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions effect/ damage



Vegetables: apply fungicide (when raining)

of climate



Gabi: plant gabi in rainy days

change related



Monitor weather forecast, and observe sky, clouds and wind

factors on the production

direction for prediction of thunders and signs of heavy rains 

system

For protection from landslide and flooding: community are planting Gmelina, Narra, tuwol, mahogany along the road during month of September (seedlings from the DENR); fruit seedlings are bought privately



Landslide: redirecting the water system; water passage made wider; remove the water on the rice fields; yearly the dikes are fixed to ensure that the water from the rice field would not leak;

Banaue 

Increasing frequency of rainfall event;



Changing climatic pattern: extremely cold summer months; March

Awareness/

Hazards

Perception on

to June: rainy season; Jan-Feb: cold; May to June: hot; Observed

CC,

thunders even during wet season: Thunder used to be on summer

observations

months only now observed even on August Typhoons are frequent

during last five

to come;

years



Rain: dark clouds from north



Typhoons: orange hue of sky



Change in climate: when Filao (sticks created as bed in floor) flowers



Experiences

Exposure

/observed

Drought: bamboo flowers (once out of many years)

 Observed impacts on crops: rice, camote, vegetables based from more than 20yrs of observations as farmers

Effects of climate related factors;

 Need to adjust the planting season: Used to plant rice during the months of Feb to March now, need to plant as early as December  Rice: Harvest late; poor harvest due to poor grain development and poor tillering;

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions  Camote: during the dry season more pests are found; dried and stoned to prolong hot and worms are found inside;  Vegetables: stunted growth and cutworms, pechay: plenty of worms; yellowing of leaves of vegetables; leaves become white and insects (mosquito like) eat the leaves;  High(kaingin)-camote; highly affected by cold; typhoon: landslide (not Aspect of the Production

really affected); too much rain: blacking of leaves and dying of plants  Medium(payo)-rice, vegetable, potato; hot and dry:2

System Affected and

affected;

typhoon: with temporary flooding; too much rain: affected  Low(payo)- rice, vegetable, potato: hot and dry:1 affected; typhoon: st

Extent/Level of

with flooding; too much rain: affected

Damage/Effect ( Low, Med. High) on the production systems

Adaptive

Local Effort to

 Do farm operations as laborers; labandera: non-farming;

Capacity

recover from the

 Wait for the “Tumona”, the respected elder leader who knows how to

effect/ damage

interpret signs of climatic changes, to plant first. This helped them

of climate

minimize risk of losses due to climatic hazards.

change related

 During times of low production of traditional “tinawon” rice, they

factors on the

exchange 1 bundle of “tinawon” rice for 2 bundles of “pinidwa” or

production

new rice varieties to have enough food.

system Alfonso Lista 

Persistent pest and insects

Awareness/



Proliferation of new corn pest

Hazards

Perception on



Shorter return period of El Nino

CC,



Increasing volume and flow of water in rivers during typhoons

observations



Frequent occurrence of typhoon

during last five



Observe changes in plant growth

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions years



Drastic changes in temperature



Flowering of local climate change indicators like bamboo



Shorter interval of typhoon occurrences



Shorter interval of recurrence of drought

Experiences



Migration of pest and insects from other places to their corn plant

Exposure

/observed



Yield loss

Effects of



Decreasing irrigation supply of water

climate related



Chicken infestation

factors;



Drying up of paddy fields



More rain more pest



Primarily affected crops are rice and corn, mango , banana and some vegetables



Locust attack wipe out their crops



Cropping pattern was highly affected by climate variability

Aspect of the



Time of planting and harvesting needs adjustment

Production



Income of farmers was highly affected due to poor harvest High

System Affected

impacts on income of farmers due to high losses associated with

and

pest

Extent/Level of Damage/Effect (low, med. High) on the production systems o To cope up with the changing climatic condition, farmers use new

Adaptive

Local Effort to

Capacity

recover from the

corn variety every planting season

effect/ damage

Farmers also adjust their planting season by planting one to two

of climate

months earlier that their usual planting time. E.g. planting on

change related

January instead of planting on Feb or March. To save from paying

factors on the

high loan interest, they seek for bank/institution with lowest interest

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions production system

rate instead of getting loans from traders. Other remarks: 

Farmers complain their vulnerability and lack of government support in their effort to combat CC



The community admitted that their adaptive measures were not enough since nature was unpredictable

Nagacadan, Kiangan 

Too much rain, intense rain

Awareness/



Longer duration of rainy and dry season

Hazards

Perception on



Frequency of rain occurrence per month

CC,



Typhoon occurrences

observations



Duration of rainy season

during last five



No defined summer

years



Hot/warmer nights and day temperature Thunderstorm occurrence



Drying up of paddy fields

Experiences



Dying of trees and plants

Exposure

/observed



Excessive growth of pest like insects and diseases due to favorable

Effects of

climatic condition

climate related factors; 

Due to low production and production losses, farmer‟s income was

Aspect of the

highly affected. Farmers cropping pattern was also highly affected,

Production

they have to adjust the time of planting and diversify in crop planted

System Affected

to ensure harvest. In general, their farming practices were highly

and

affected.

Extent/Level of Damage/Effect (low, med. High)

Other remarks: 

Farmers claimed that introduction of new species of plants and

on the

crops as well as pest like kuhol and worms by DA aggravate the

production

impacts of climate change to the farmers in Kiangan

systems

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabil

Information Related to Indigenous Knowledge and Tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ity Factors

Guide Topic/

Local Knowledge/Practices

Questions 

restoring the “muyong”

Adaptive

Local Effort to



reviving the “bayanihan

Capacity

recover from the



raising livestock

effect/ damage



use of organic fertilizers (going organic)

of climate



reviving the traditional varieties

change related



stopping the illegal logging

factors on the



reviving the traditional practice of tree planting as requirement for

production system

wedding 

Innovative irrigation design and systems using local materials like bamboo and PVC to minimize water pilferage.



planting of local tree species to restore the watershed



review the policies/ordinances



revive the traditional farming rituals

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 10. Output of the Key Informant Interview with MAOs in the pilot municipalities in Ifugao province, August 2010 Vulnerabili

Information Related to Indigenous knowledge and tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ty Factors

Guide

Local Knowledge/practices

Questions Banaue Banaue is basically a rice producing municipality not for commercial CC

Awareness/

purposes but mainly for home consumption, generally organic farming

Hazards

Perception on

without pesticide spraying

 Experience of El Niño- cracking of soil was observed (January to June 2010), lots of crops were devastated and were announced as calamity area early this year.  Unable to plant any crops, hence observed decrease in rice production area.  Rice farmers and vegetable farmers were affected/vulnerable. (stakeholders) by/to drought  During the height of the El Niño they made a listing of farmers who were affected.  Assistance given by DA was not appropriate for the farmers  MAO in Banaue is still master-listing the rice farmers affected by La Niña this year.  Elders say that based from experience drought events took place every 10 or 5 years but now it is occurring more frequent and there were more drought, and flooding these days,  Fruiting and wilting indicate a long El Niño to come.  Changing the hue of the sky to red or orange on the Eastern side is a sign of a typhoon (La Niña) coming.  Snails when going up the plants indicates strong typhoons.   Increase/decrease in rice production;

Experiences

Exposure

/observed

 late planting and less production since seeds are already older before planted;

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabili

Information Related to Indigenous knowledge and tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ty Factors

Guide

Local Knowledge/practices

Questions Effects ;

 abandoned rice fields are usually sold or leased;  Improved Chiaowa system was observed i.e. farmers need to be involved in “bayanihan” and non-participant farmers are blocked from using irrigation.  Fallow rice fields are indicators that these areas have been affected.

Aspect of the

 The MAO reported that planting date and cultural practices were

Production

highly affected by climate change resulting to farmer‟s low income

System and

due to poor harvest.

Extent/Level of

 El Niño and La Niña contributes to the outbreak of pest and

Damage/Effect

diseases like excessive growth of giant earthworm which are

(low, med.

destroying dikes

High) on the production

 In effect, destruction of rice terraces due to pest, landslide and flooding affects the tourism industry in Banaue.

systems

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabili

Information Related to Indigenous knowledge and tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ty Factors

Guide

Local Knowledge/practices

Questions Adaptive Capacity

Late planting and early planting (reaction from delayed work activities); Local Effort to

close the irrigation canal (since in La Niña, rice are already planted)

recover from the effect/ damage of

El Niño- manage irrigation system: SCHEME: cleaning of canal is done before transplanting.

climate change

 They are basing their adaptation thru observing on the soil.

related factors

 The local agricultural calendar no longer applies; hence, they just

on the production system

observe the condition of environment on monthly basis.  Monthly they have expectations for the climate according to their observation (local calendar w/ monthly description)  It is still being used and they do critical analysis on why is the month changing. And so they know when the planting time is. However they are wondering because what they have expected was not observed.  They adjust the planting calendar as an adaption strategy.  15 years ago they use leaves from forest to move out the worms on rice (not proven scientifically)  IPM is an adaption to pest management thru government services  Farmers are only reactive regarding climate change since it is not yet documented in their place.  Tie houses before typhoon occurs. But for flood, unfortunately they can do nothing.

Mayoyao  Mayoyao (rice as major crop) is highly affected by climate change; CC

Awareness/

 More than 1300 families were affected by drought this year.

Hazards

Perception on

 Seabirds from the lowland going to the upland indicates forthcoming

drought. And this become more frequent  Changing the hue of the sky to red on the Eastern side of Ifugao is an indication of coming La Niña.  More pest and diseases were observed recently. MAO reported that

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Vulnerabili

Information Related to Indigenous knowledge and tools for Assessing Vulnerability

ty Factors

Guide

Local Knowledge/practices

Questions heavy and more frequent rain resulted to more infestations on rice

In Mayoyao, the general impact of increase in temperature is increased CC

Experiences

Exposure

/observed Effects; Aspect of the

in rice production. Family can sustain rice supply for 3 to 6 months. In lower part of Mayoyao however, negative impacts of CC are felt due to flooding.

Production System Affected ADAPTATION: Diverting irrigation; preserving rice by consuming more Adaptive

Local Effort to

high value crops like camote and buying lowland rice(more affordable)

Capacity

recover from

and looking jobs in lowland areas; inform farmers earlier and drain the

the effect/

rice terraces canal.

damage of climate change related factors on the production system

 1000 families were given half sack of rice and 1 gallon of cooking oil  Survey was conducted to identify affected families  They do nothing when heavy rain comes  Pesticides are not applied during rainy season even rice are infested because this is also washed out. They invoke the intervention of the Lord, instead of spraying, to let the rice dry.  When La Niña is projected, they divert the irrigation to the river so there will be no flooding in rice terraces. Those who are far from irrigation systems plant earlier before the El Niño  They set criteria for identifying the vulnerable areas –economic loss, population affected, infrastructures damages, agricultural area damages (like landslide);  Red cross hosted a program due to crop infestations, based on area of crop affected (since they only cater their support for war victims but this is a special case);

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Key Informant Interview in Benguet KII in Benguet were participated by the respected Municipal Agricultural Officer (MAO) of the four municipalities of Sablan, Buguias, Atok and Tuba. The DA- Agricultural technician of Tuba was also among the key informant. Summary of information gathered from the activity are summarized in discussion below and in Table 11 that follows.

 Tuba, Benguet (Barangay Taloy-Sur) According to the participants, several typhoons had visited the town during the last two years. They had also noted unexpected heavy rains resulting to confusion among the farmers as to when and what crops to plant. The community also experienced extreme and altered pattern of temperature and drought events. Drought was particularly experienced after tropical depression “Pepeng.” This phenomenon resulted to water shortage both for domestic and irrigation purposes. The water shortage resulted to a very low yield of sayote production as compared to the time they started planting the crop. The changing climate condition has also affected human health such that prevalence of cough and cold had become more frequent. Not only did the climatic variability and change affected the community‟s planting schedule and cropping pattern, it likewise affected the growing period of the crop. To adapt to this situation the farmers started planting drought resistant variety such as fiber grass, pineapple, gabi, cassava, banana, ginger, ube. They had also resorted to tree planting projects to improve and regulate the microclimatic conditions of their community. They plant trees in their watershed areas to improve water supply. Some of the identified trees recommended for planting are Narra, coffee, sabdang tree. The participants are also concerned with the rehabilitation of the mined-out areas within their community. They had proposed planting of bamboo which they perceived as the most suitable crops for these mined-out areas.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Sablan, Benguet (Barangay Bayabas) The barangay suffered drought from May to April, 2010. The drought did not only decrease their agricultural productivity, but also rendered their lowland farm unproductive. The situation farmers had resorted to “kaingin” making activities taking advantage of the rich and fertile soil of the forest. They clear portions of the forest to give way for the planting of cash crops not only to meet their basic food requirement but also to augment their income during the drought period. While water supply has not been a major concern of the community, the problem on water supply is only evident during summer months. Nevertheless, water supply from irrigation and from the watershed is equally distributed. This enables the farmers to plant rice from the month of July to October. Farmers still used their traditional farming system without considering any factors such as market, yield, etc. However, to adapt to changing climate pattern and also to increase their income, the farmers had started practicing multi cropping (agroforestry) and had also engaged in planting non-traditional crops which they called “pakbet” veggies. The farmers also used indigenous methods in predicting local weather condition. For example, they predict rain based on animal behavior such as ant and termite, a sneezing carabao indicates that a typhoon will occur.

 Atok, Benguet (Barangay Paoay) The farmers confirmed the changing temperature and rainfall pattern in the community based from their experience. They claimed that the coldest months in the area now starts from December and ends in January unlike during 1980s, when even summer season especially month of March was still cold. The community also experienced unusual heavy erosions caused by heavy rainfall. They also mentioned that based on their observation typhoon causes landslides and earthquakes (perhaps due to the movement of large boulders). They also claimed that they had experienced prolonged drought season last year.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

They farmers also complained on the presence of pest and diseases, particularly leaf miners attacking the leaves of important crops. Other diseases mentioned include Nematodes virus that attacks potatoes, celery, broccoli, and carrots while Club roots virus attacks cabbage. The farmers also attributed the water shortage that they had been experiencing to the change in land use and vegetative cover in the watershed (e.g. Paoay and Kulbung water shed). They say that such had adversely damages the watershed that supplies water for the locality thereby creating water shortage. The farmers of this barangay also employed traditional indigenous practice in their farming activities. They rely on migration patterns of birds to detect typhoon events. They also determine their planting schedule and crops planted based on migration pattern of particular birds in a particular month. According to this tradition, migration starts from August through the occurrence of bird locally named “Tiway”, followed by “Aladong” which occurred in September, “Kiling” which occurred from October to November and “Siyet” which occurred in the month of November. Their folks would also claim that humming of Kiling bird indicates that the worst/strong typhoon has already gone. However, it was revealed by the oldest farmer participant that since 1970, the bird‟s migration pattern is not consistent especially the Kiling‟s movement. Other participants could also recall their old folks relying on cloud formation and sunmoon arrangement or formation to detect typhoon. The farmers also practice soil and watershed conservation method. They minimize soil erosion by adopting both engineering and vegetative method such terracing, rip rapping, and planting of Chinese bamboo, calla lily and daisy. They also employ crop rotation and plant the appropriate crop combination to mitigate attack of pest and diseases. They also select crops and modify cropping calendars and schedules to adjust to altered weather condition. The community admitted that their adaptive measures were not enough since nature was unpredictable. At present, they just follow the following as the rule of the thumb: the regular season/time for harvesting crops are the months of November to February; the months of July to September for planting; and the months of November to February are risky for planting due to typhoon.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

ď&#x201A;§ Buguias, Benguet (Barangay Loo) Barangay Loo, Buguias, Benguet also belongs to the medium elevated area of the province. Sixteen farmers participated in the discussion. They were divided into groups based on zoning and land use, to wit: Loo proper as residential, Site Taba-o as agricultural and residential Modayan and Pan-ayawan.

ď&#x201A;§ Loo-Proper (residential) The community has been experiencing El Nino or prolonged dry months. For this year, dry months started last February and ended May. These prolonged dry months have resulted to water shortage necessitating water allocation particularly in irrigation. They also attribute the water shortage to rampant conversion of forest to agricultural lands. They believe that the ecological services of forest to regulate water supply was hampered due to this continued denudation of forest. The volume of water allocated for each farmer has also been declining due to the decreasing water supply. Some farmers perceived that there is unequal sharing of irrigation water. This has created conflicts among farmers in the area. Their solution to address the issue is through the installation of river submersible, hose establishment and negotiation/agreement among the users. The participants also acknowledged improper waste/garbage disposal as another major problem of their community. They claimed that dumping of garbage to waterways and roadside are prevalent. Their solution includes recycling, composting, junkshop, and disposal burning including plastic. The participants also shared some indigenous knowledge or belief that they used in relation to farming. The presence of tiway and tala (oriole) birds during September according to them is an indicator of rain. They also believe in the offering of animal like pig and chicken as sacrifice for bountiful harvest.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Sitio Taba-ao (Agricultural and Residential) The community cited landslide as the major impact of changing climate to their community. Landslide rendered some road impassable, blocking or hampering trades for their products. Most often than not, prices of vegetables/crops in the market drop because they produce could not be marketed outside their municipality. The participants also cited pest and diseases attacking their farm as another effect of changing weather pattern. This has reduced their vegetable production, particularly cabbage by 1/3. To avoid this, farmers are no longer cultivating cabbage or they rotate crops they plant within three months i.e. cabbage-white potato-leaks- snap beans-lettuce. They also fallow or plant corns during extremely dry months when there is water shortage. The farmers employed biological control, for example, by planting Fenus or Pegasus to avoid the presence of diamond back moth they also cited hailstones that occurred last May to June causes a 70% decrease in production. If there is a frost in vegetables, they change crop or the government subsidized. The participants‟ also raised their concern over the pricing of their commodities. The farmers claimed that they have to contend with the low gate price set and offered by the middleman because of the ready cash. Some farmers do the “habol presyo” in the market. They had also blamed illegal importation of vegetables (tie up) as such could offer same vegetable at much lower price. They claimed that this can ultimately remove their main source of income as it would be cheaper to buy imported vegetable. They also cited the lack of vegetable storage facilities as well as no vegetable/crops processing that would provide value added features. Other related issues raised include lack of cooperation among farmers and dependency on inorganic agricultural inputs.

 Site Modayan Participants from this sitio also cited land slide as a major indicator of climate change. These made their roads non-passable affecting movement of people and products. Another impact of the climate change is the water shortage. However, they also attribute this to rampant cutting of trees. Their solution is through road improvement, concreting, reproofing, drainage and reforestation

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Sitio Pan-ayawan Participants from this sitio cited water shortage as their major problem. They attribute this to denuded mountains, removal of trees and climate change. There are also impassable bridges and roads due to muddy and slippery road cuts due to landslide particularly during heavy rains and typhoon events. Their solution is though reforestation. Participant also acknowledged increasing human population as a major concern. According to the participants, although family planning is being actively promoted in the sitio, many couples in the barangay, has children numbering 8, 16, 4, and 15. They believe that the more children you have, the more laborers in their farm you could have. Community has few migrants. Many citizens work in the barangay as farmer. The participant also noted that changing weather pattern also resulted to wrong forecasting, endangering health and properties. Table 11. Output of the Key Informant Interview with MAO, Benguet, July 2010.

Vulnerability

Information Related to Indigenous knowledge and tools for Assessing

Factors

Vulnerability

Guide

Local Knowledge/practices

Questions Atok

CC Hazards

Awareness/

 Occurrence of Flooding

Perception on

 Occurrence of heavy rain

CC, observations

 Occurrence of landslide

during last five

 Occurrence of extremes temperature

years

 Occurrence of Pest and diseases (leaf miners and army worms)

Other factors causing environmental

 Degradation

forest

ecosystem

(cutting/logging

activity)  Land use conversion or expansion of areas/area invasion

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

problems

(vulnerability

caused

environment,

productivity

the

abuse

problems,

use

the

conversion

agricultural areas to commercial areas/infrastructure such as subdivision causing the destruction of aquatic resources, farmers practice)

CC Exposure

Experiences /observed

 Due to extreme temperature farmers planting crops from lowland

Effects of

 Vegetable shortage

climate related

 Social problem (nutrition) caused people‟s migration

factors;

 Low yield /productivity  Low farmers income  Wind movement  Cropping

seasons

change

(though

some

are

unconscious of the changes)  Animal behavior like pattern of movement

of ants and

birds and plant behavior like the flowering of bamboo trees  Unbalanced ecosystem due to cutting of endangered species mostly broad leaf trees (e.g Alum it, Tail, Tule, etc.);  Lakatan plantation affected by aphids‟ infestation.

Adaptive

1. Local Effort

Capacity

to recover from

 Landfill, planting of short crops, construction of green house, and change of annual crop to perennial.

the effect/

 Immediate recropping of drought resistant plants/crops;

damage of

 Use calla lily for soil erosion. This is also a practice in

climate change related factors on the production system

Buguias  Planting of drought resistant crops such as Ube, Gabi, etc  Protective measures against pest and diseases or by spraying immediately before the attack.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Planting of bamboo could be used by vulnerable areas.  Establish catch basin to be used during dry season  Migration of farmers to other places such Nueva Vizcaya  Collecting water in dump-out type, Looking for a good location (farmers own adaptive measure)  Crop diversification  Planting of high value plants (flowers, ornamental bamboo)  Adapting technology such chemicals, lighting, blocking as a response to change in the length of cropping days.  Return from usual farming system to conventional farming system (from dependency on organic fertilizers to inorganic fertilizers reliant).  Tissue culture of Banana by Bureau of Planting Industry.  Due to gradual increase in temperature, recently, certain plants such as eggplant and Indian mango trees could be planted Tuba  Occurrence of several typhoons CC Hazards

Awareness/Per ception on CC, observations during last five years

 Unexpected heavy rains which cause the farmers confusion when to plant.  After tropical depression “Pepeng”, drought was experienced by the community.  Extreme temperature  Impact on health problems such as cough and cold  Occurrence of erosion and natural hazard such as earthquake

Other factors causing environmental

 In the past, the community is small but as the time passes by people started to practice kaingin making

problems Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Water shortage both for domestic and for irrigation CC Exposure

Experiences /observed Effects; Aspect of the

purposes (Causes: population, no unity within the community)  Low sayote yield compare to the time they started

Production

planting the crop. The decrease occurred after the Mt.

System

Pinatubo eruption during 1990s

Affected  Applying the barangay‟s disaster management plan Adaptive

Local Effort to

Capacity

recover from

 Planting resistant variety such as fiber grass, pineapple, gabi, cassava, banana, ginger, ube.

the effect/

 Tree planting

damage of

 Fertilizers: both organic and inorganic

climate change

 Planting trees is the solution in the watershed areas

related factors

(forest) while vegetable planting for the agricultural

on the

areas.

production system Sablan

CC Hazards

Awareness/Per ception on CC, observations during last five years

 During May to April, the barangay experienced drought in which deforestation and kaingin were their main solutions.  Presence of army worms  Water from irrigation is allocated equally among farm lots of the municipalities.  Water shortage is not a major problem of the community.

CC Exposure

1. Experiences

However, these shortages, which only happen during

/observed

summer

Effects; Aspect

distribution and increase in the population within the

of the

barangay.

Production

season,

are

often

caused

uneven

 Reduction of kaingin due to aphids attack (bunchy top)

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

System Affected

 Sneezing of the carabao as indicator that the typhoon will come  Ant and termite movements are their indigenous tool as

Adaptive

1. Local Effort

Capacity

to recover from

 Existence of multi cropping

the effect/

 Farmer still used their traditional farming system without

damage of climate change related factors on the production

an indicator that the rain will come

considering any factors such as market, yield, etc.  Modification of the agroforestry since there are already crops planted like mahogany, gmelina  Other sources of income (other crop planted such Pakbet veggies) as their response to climate change

system

Table 12. Output of the Group Interview/Discussion in Benguet, July 2010. Vulnerability

Information Related to Indigenous knowledge and tools for Assessing

Factors

Vulnerability

Guide

Local Knowledge/practices

Questions Atok  Typhoon causes landslide and earthquake CC Hazards

1.Awareness/P

 Change in temperature was experienced wherein the

erception on

coldest months were from December to January but

CC,

during 1980, even summer season especially month of

observations

March was also cold.

during last five years

 The community experienced unusual erosion caused by heavy rainfall.  Presence of pest and diseases also nematodes and leaf miners  Drought was experienced in the year 2010. To answer

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

the problem, they just change the planting schedule  Since 1970‟s, the bird‟s migration pattern is not consistent especially the Kiling‟s movement  Clouds formation (nimbus) and sun-moon belief as an indicator of typhoon but only old folks know this indigenous tool  Birds‟ migration as indicator of typhoon  Pattern of bird‟s migration by month Ti-wayAugust AladongSeptember Kiling October to November Siyet November Bird‟s migration as an indicator for the farmers when to plant especially the humming of Kiling bird which is the sign that the worst/strong typhoon has already gone.

Note:  Harvesting time are the months of November to February  Risky planting months are from July to September due to typhoon  Marketing practice is trading post  Nematodes virus damages Potatoes, Celery, Broccoli, CC Exposure

1. Experiences /observed Effects; Aspect of the

and Carrots while club roots virus attacks Repolyo  Change in land use causes watershed (Paoay and Kulbung water shed)/water shortage  Kaingin existence due to Sayote farming

Production System Affected  Making canals/drainage and household preparation are Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Adaptive

1. Local Effort

Capacity

to recover from

some of their adaptive tools during typhoons.  The community still adapts cultural practices through

the effect/

offering of pig to goddess. The person to offer has a

damage of

good moral character

climate change

 Planting systems as a response to soil erosion: terracing,

related factors

rip rapping, anti-erosion planting (e.g. Chinese bamboo,

on the

calla lily, daisy)

production

 In terms of pests and diseases, the solution are liming,

system

seed selection and crop rotation  Fertilizers: 14-14-14, urea  Selection of crops and cropping calendars as their tools as well as biological control  Planting trees is their rehabilitation measures 

Buguias

CC Hazards

1.Awareness/P

 Effect of El Nino (February -May 2010)

erception on

 Presence of tiway and tala (oriole) birds during

CC,

September as an indicator of rain

observations

 Occurrence of pest and diseases

during last five

 Landslide

years

causes

road

and

low prices

vegetables/crops in the market.  Hailstone occur from the month of May to June causes 70% decrease in production

Other problems:  Prices in market. The problem is associated with the middleman (ready cash). Some farmers do the “habol presyo” in the market  Lacks of farmers cooperation  No vegetable storage  No vegetable/crops for value added of crops processing  illegal importation of vegetables (tie- up) which cause a Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

threat for the farmers

Other factors  Garbage management has no mechanism for garbage causing

disposal. Their Indicators are dumping of garbage to water

environmental

ways and roadside. Their solution includes recycling,

problems

composting, junkshop, and disposal burning including plastic.

CC Exposure

1. Experiences

 Shortage of potable water caused by forest denudation

/observed

(caused by conversation of forest to farm vegetables for

Effects;

larger income)

Aspect of the Production System Affected

 Water from the spring is slow during summer season - NIA in selected areas  Presence of leaf miner in potato, cabbage, celery and all leafy vegetables  Presence of cracks in carrot tuber  Problem: non-passable road when typhoon occurred  Water shortage due to rampant cutting of trees. Their solution is through road improvement, concreting, reproofing, drainage and reforestation  Problem: water shortage due to denuded mountains, removal of trees and climate change  There are also impassable bridges and roads due to muddy and slippery road cuts. Their solution is though reforestation Other remarks:  Increased of population is not a caused to water shortage Some source of water is shallow well (50ft)  No insurance for crops If there is no usage of fertilizer there is a decrease of harvest for about 75%

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Adaptive

1. Local Effort

 Boiling of water before drinking

Capacity

to recover from

 Allotment of water to farm irrigation due to unequal

the effect/

sharing of water (some famers have disagreements if

damage of

there is shortage). Their solution is through river

climate change

submersible, hose, negotiation

related factors on the production system

 They still do offering of animal like pig and sacrificing as their indigenous tool.  Reduction of vegetable production (1/3) caused by pest (crab root). To avoid this, farmers do not plant cabbage. Crop rotation (cabbage then white potato then leaks then snap beans/lettuce) for three months is their additional solution for the problem. If there is no water, they fallow plant corns.  Tiris and use of Fenus or Pegasus to avoid the presence of diamond back moth.  In the presence of small amount of damage in the farm they do repairing but if large they just abandon the farm.  If there is a frost in vegetables, they change crop or the government subsidize  Increased in farm inputs(chicken dung and fertilizer) Remarks: Crops planted includes cabbage, white potato, Chinese cabbage

Other

According to the participants, family planning is being

information

practiced by many couples in the barangay. However, when some of the participants were asked about the number of their siblings, following were their responses: 8, 16, 4, and 15. They want to have many children because they believe that the more children you have, the more laborer in their farm. Community has few migrants. Many citizens work in the barangay as farmer. Wrong forecasting, health danger, Poor education were their common community problems.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Part II: Formal Field Survey The formal field survey is one of the three approaches used in this component in order to identify and verify local knowledge and indigenous vulnerability assessment tools for the agricultural systems in the province of Benguet and Ifugao. It was conducted to have a more detailed interview with the farmers. ď&#x201A;§ Survey Objectives The general objective of this component is to assess the perceived local impacts, vulnerability assessment tools, and local adaptation measures of farmers in local communities of Benguet and Ifugao to address climate change in the agriculture sector. Specifically, it aims to compare the vulnerability assessment tools and local adaptation measures used by farmers from Benguet and Ifugao provinces. Also, it aims to provide input in designing the local vulnerability indicator assessment tool. ď&#x201A;§ Survey Design The survey was conducted in the province of Benguet and Ifugao. It includes both the pilot-demonstration and non-pilot-demonstration municipalities covering the high, medium and low elevation. A random sample of 320 farmers for the whole survey was considered in which 160 were selected from the province of Benguet and the other 160 were farmers from the province of Ifugao. A random sample of size 160 per province was determined according to the sampling design providing precise quantitative estimates of characteristic of interest per province. To allocate the 160 farmers in each province, 8 communities were considered. Four of these were the pilot-demonstration sites considered in this project, while the other four were the predetermined non-pilot-demonstration areas. The pilot sites were composed of 2 communities from low, 1 from medium and 1 from high elevation. The four predetermined areas categorized as non-pilot sites were also composed of 2 communities in low, 1 in medium, and 1 in high elevation areas. From each identified community, either classified as pilot site or not, 20 farmers were selected randomly.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

ď&#x201A;§ Areas of Data Collection

Benguet is subdivided into 13 municipalities namely Atok, Bakun, Bokod, Buguias, Itogon, Kabayan, Kapangan, Kibungan, La Trinidad, Mankayan, Sablan, Tuba, and Tublay. Eight of these 13 municipalities were considered in the survey. The four pilot municipalities identified in the project are Atok representing the high elevation, Buguias with medium elevation, and Sablan and Tuba with low elevation. Table 13 shows the chosen barangay for each pilot municipality. These were the barangays identified by the project as the pilot sites. On the other hand, the four municipalities that were considered to represent the non-pilot communities are Bakun identified with high elevation, La Trinidad with medium elevation, and the municipalities of Kapangan and Itogon with low elevation. Again, for each of these non-pilot municipalities, one barangay was predetermined to be part of the survey. Table 13. List of barangays of Benguet considered in the survey. Pilot Areas

Non-Pilot Areas

Municipality

Barangay

Municipality

Barangay

Atok

Paoay

Bakun

Amposongan

Buguias

Loo

La Trinidad

Beckel

Sablan

Bayabas

Kapangan

Taba-ao

Tuba

Taloy Sur

Itogon

Poblacion

Ifugao, on the other hand, is composed of 11 municipalities including Aguinaldo, Alfonso Lista, Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao, and Tinoc. Eight communities were also considered for the province of Ifugao. Like in Benguet, four of these were classified as pilot sites and the other four were the non-pilot sites. The four municipalities determined in the project as pilot sites are Alfonso Lista with low elevation, Kiangan with medium elevation, and the municipalities of Banaue and Mayoyao with high elevation. For non-pilot sites, the four municipalities that were considered to represent the low, medium, and high elevations are Lamut, Hingyon, and Hungduan and Tinoc, respectively. The barangay considered in the survey for each municipality is shown in Table 14.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 14. List of barangays of Ifugao considered in the survey. Pilot Areas

Non-Pilot Areas

Municipality

Barangay

Municipality

Barangay

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

Lamut

Lawig

Kiangan

Nangacadan

Hingyon

Poblacion

Banaue

Viewpoint

Hungduan

Hapao

Mayoyao

Bato-alatbang

Tinoc

ď&#x201A;§ Data Collection Complete list of farmers for each of these municipalities of Benguet and Ifugao were requested from their respective Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO). From the lists generated, a random sample of 20 farmers per barangay was considered. A survey questionnaire was constructed to serve as the survey instrument. It has three components including sociodemographic characteristics of the farmers, socio-economic characteristics, and knowledge of climate change. The climate change component measured the farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x;s knowledge about climate change, indicators for the occurrence of different climatic drivers, effect of climate change on agriculture, and different adaptation strategies that the farmers applied to overcome effects of climate change and climate variability in context of local adaptation strategies. Appropriate arrangements and coordination for the formal approval of the survey protocol through letters as well as verbal communication were conducted in all participating municipalities. Hence, with the permission of the municipality mayors, the data collection in Benguet and Ifugao was done on August 16 to 20, 2010 and August 23 to 27, 2010, respectively. The survey was conducted using a face-to-face interview. Enumerators that were hired for this survey are local residents of the said provinces since they know the locality as well as the dialect of the farmers which is crucial in the conduct of interview. To properly guide enumerators, an orientation was done on August 20, 2010 before the survey was conducted. The objective of the survey was discussed and each question in the survey questionnaire instrument were thoroughly explained and demonstrated. An enumeratorâ&#x20AC;&#x;s manual was also provided to guide enumerators in their data collection. Moreover, site coordinators were designated in each site to make sure that a proper interview was being implemented. Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Socio-demographic Characteristics of Benguet and Ifugao Farmers

The province of Benguet is located at the southern end of the Cordillera region. It has total population of 372, 533 (NS0, 2007) that makes it the most populous province in the region. It is the homeland of three tribes, collectively referred to as Igorots. The Ibaloi live in the southeast, the Kankana-ey in the northwest, and the Kalanguya in the east. Most of the farmers in this province are Kankana-ey comprising about 72% of the population of farmers (see Table 15). This tribe is followed by Ibaloi with about 23% of the population. Some of the farmers are combination of these three tribes and very few are Ilocano (0.30%).

Ifugao, on the other hand, is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Covering a total land area of 262,820 hectares, the province of Ifugao is located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests. About 40% of the farmers in this province are Tuali (see Table 16). Some are Hananga (15.20) and Ayangan (14.46), and the remaining 30% of the farmers are shared by Kankana-ey, Kalanguya, Eganga, Oyyayi, Ifahâ&#x20AC;&#x;her, Cagay-an tribes, Ilocano, and Tagalog.

Table 15. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet by Ethnicity Ethnicity

Percent of Farmers

Ibaloi

22.63

Kankana-ey

71.65

Kankana-ey/Ibalo

2.56

Kankana-ey/Ilocano

1.58

Ilocano

0.30

Kalnguya/Ibaloi

1.28

Total

100.0

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 16. Percentage distribution of farmers in Ifugao by Ethnicity Ethnicity Percent of Ethnicity Percent of Farmers Farmers Kankana-ey 0.24 Tuali 39.92 Ilocano 7.86 Ifugao 3.24 Kalanguya 4.38 Oyyayi 1.29 Hananga 15.20 Mayao 1.30 Eganga 1.52 Ifahâ&#x20AC;&#x;her 0.65 Ayangan/Ifugao 0.65 Cagay-an 0.65 Tuwali/Ifugao 7.99 Tagalog 0.65 Ayangan 14.46

Farmers in Benguet and Ifugao are mostly 29 years of age and older. In Benguet a larger percentage of farmers aged 29 to 38 years, while it is 49 to 58 years old in Ifugao (refer to Table 17). In can be seen in Table 6 that many women in Benguet and Ifugao are involved in farming, but a larger percentage is observed in Ifugao than in Benguet. Majority of the farmers in both provinces are married comprising about 83 and 82% of the population of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao, respectively. On the average, farmers from Benguet have 4 children, while it is 5 in Ifugao with a variability of 3 children for both provinces. There are, on the average, 3 members in the family of Benguet and Ifugao farmers who are involved in farming (see Table 20).

Table 17. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by age group Age group

Percent of Farmers

(years)

Benguet

18 to 28

7.08

3.03

29 to 38

27.84

16.18

39 to 48

21.60

22.48

49 to 58

19.27

33.04

Above 58

24.21

25.27

Total

100.0

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Ifugao

Table 18. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by gender Gender

Percent of Farmers Benguet

Ifugao

Male

69.52

57.65

Female

30.48

42.35

Total

100.0

Table 19. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by Civil Status Civil Status

Percent of Farmers Benguet

Ifugao

Single

9.23

5.53

Married

83.18

81.96

Widow/er

7.04

11.84

Separated

0.55

0.67

Total

100.0

Table 20. Statistics on the number of children and number of members in farming of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao. Mean

Standard

Minimum

Maximum

deviation Benguet Number of children

3.70

2.70

Number of household

2.71

1.60

members involved in farming Ifugao Number of children

5.3

2.66

Number of household

2.29

1.34

members involved in farming

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Among the farmers in Benguet, around 27% graduated from high school. Very few of them were able to go to school after their graduation from high school and only 3.14% of them were able to earned degree. Many of those who earned a college degree took Commerce, Mechanic and Electrician course (refer to Table 22). Most of the farmers in Ifugao were not able to reach high school. Only about 21% finished their elementary education. Like in Benguet, small percentages of farmers were able to enroll in college and only around 10% graduated. But compared in Benguet, more farmers in Ifugao earned a college degree and many of them graduated from Education course (see Tables 21 and 22).

Table 21. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by Educational Attainment Educational

Percent of Farmers

Attainment

Benguet

Ifugao

No Formal Schooling

0.84

6.34

Elementary

17.25

25.16

Elementary Graduate

20.52

21.05

High school

22.87

12.78

High school Graduate

27.46

13.13

College Undergraduate

7.09

10.42

College Graduate

3.14

9.84

Vocational

0.83

1.28

Total

100.0

Undergraduate

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 22. Percentage distribution of College graduate farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by Course taken Course

Percent of Farmers Benguet

Ifugao

Commerce

16.90

7.20

Mechanic

16.05

15.60

Engineering

3.09

5.63

Vocational

5.00

Electrician

16.31

Criminology

2.50

2.30

Hotel and Restaurant Management

2.50

Education

11.92

27.49

Secretarial

1.37

8.36

Nurse

3.24

7.20

Accountant

10.60

13.83

Midwifery

10.60

Hometech

2.28

Marine

2.91

Computer Programming

7.20

100.0

Total

Aside from farming, some of the farmers depend on other means to generate income like forming a business or looking for employment. They feel that climate is becoming more and more variable and unpredictable, and it become necessary for them to supplement their livelihoods with income generating activities beyond agriculture in order to minimize their vulnerability to hazards. In Benguet, a number of farmers in pilot and non-pilot communities are also receiving daily wage comprising about 10% and 7% of the population of farmers in pilot and non-pilot, respectively. Three percent of the farmers from non-pilot sites in Benguet have a family member working abroad. Benguet, as one of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x;s leading gold producers, considers mining as their another major industry, but only around 2% of the farmers in the province are involved in this industry and they are from the municipality of Itogon. A small number of farmers from pilot sites, particularly from Kapangan municipality, are involved in food processing. Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Some of the Ifugao farmers in pilot and non-pilot sites are also employed and receiving daily wage or salary. Also some of them generate income from wood carving in addition to their agricultural earnings. Relatively more farmers in pilot sites who are all from Banaue (15.2%) considered wood carving as an alternative mean than in non-pilot sites (3.6%). Moreover, relatively more farmers in Ifugao run a business than those in Benguet (refer to Table 23).

Table 23. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by their other source of income Other Source of

Percent of Farmers*

Income

Benguet

Ifugao

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

1.7

5.1

9.5

5.3

0.7

0.9

Daily Wage

9.7

7.2

21.1

6.0

Salary

2.4

1.8

7.4

3.5

Wood Carving

15.2

3.6

OFW family

3.0

Mining

1.66

Pension

1.66

2.5

1.7

Driving

2.3

Truckingâ&#x20AC;&#x;s

2.3

Business Food processing

member

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

ď&#x201A;§ Socio-Economic Related Factors Agriculture, mining, and tourism are the major industries in Benguet. This province, often called the Salad Bowl of the Philippines, is an ideal place for producing vegetables because of its cool climate and high altitude. Major crops in this province include potatoes, Baguio beans, peas, cabbage, lettuce, and carrots. Table 24 presents the crops that are usually planted by the farmers in the pilot and nonpilot sites of this province. It also shows the average yield that the farmers produced from their field and a measure of dispersion of yield for each crop. It can be seen from the table that the largest percentage of farmers in pilot sites that include Paoay (Atok), Loo (Buguias), Bayabas (Sablan), and Taloy Sur (Tuba) planted cabbage. They were able to produce in their latest harvest 7,935 kgs, on the average, with a variability of 1,133.55 kgs. Non-pilot sites which include Amposongan (Bakun), Beckel (La Trinidad), Taba-ao (Kapangan), and Poblacion (Itogon) also have cabbage as the leading crop. In these sites, the farmers produced about 16,000 kgs of cabbage with a standard deviation of 22, 228.63 kgs, higher compared to that of pilot sites but exhibit more variability as well. Most of the farmers in pilot sites (54.49%) planted potato with an average yield of 4, 833. 75 kgs in their latest harvest and a standard deviation of 4, 244. 14 kgs. However, in non-pilot sites, sayote ranked second as the leading crop. About 23% of the farmers in these sites planted sayote with a usual yield of 12, 210.88 kgs and a standard deviation of 25, 25.44 kgs. Other leading crops in pilot sites of Benguet consist of carrots, Chinese pechay, and lettuce with 37.14%, 24.8%, and 15.76% of the farmers in these sites plant them, respectively. Alternatively, in non-pilot sites, other leading crops include palay (19.53%), potato (18.10%), and Chinese pechay (14.93%). The top ten crops usually planted by farmers in pilot municipalities and non-pilot sites in Benguet are further described in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. It can be noted that the two sites have common leading crops namely cabbage, potato, and Chinese pechay, but more percentages of farmers in pilot sites planted these crops. Larger percentages of farmers were observed in pilot sites that planted these crops since all the four municipalities in this site are planting these crops compared to the non-pilot sites wherein only a certain community is planting a particular crop. For instance, cabbage is being planted in non-pilot sites only by those farmers in Beckel, La Trinidad, while potato is being planted by farmers from Amposongan, Bakun.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Furthermore, it can be observed from Table 24 that small percentages of farmers planted corn (1.41%), pipino (0.73%), pineapple (0.92%), yakun (0.37%), tiger grass (0.92%), banana (1.83%), and siling labuyo (0.43%). This is maybe because these crops were only popular from a particular community. Corn, pipino, and yakun are usually crops from Taloy Sur, while pineapple, banana, and tiger grass were produced usually by farmers in Bayabas, Sablan. Moreover, crops which are not that popular in non-pilot sites are pineapple (0.31%), camote or sweet potato (1.03%), pipino (0.31%), tomato (0.31%), squash (0.61%), and cassava or kamoteng kahoy (0.92%). These crops were planted by some of the farmers in Poblacion, Itogon. In this survey, there are some crops that are identified planted by farmers only in pilot sites but not in non-pilot sites and vice versa. Crops like celery, radish, gabi, yakun, ube, ginger, siling labuyo, lettuce, and green onion were some of the crops found planted by pilot sites farmers and not by most of those in non-pilot sites. On the other hand, tomato, peanut, squash, cassava, and Malaysian mums are some crops planted in non-pilot sites but not usual in pilot sites. But these crops both for pilot and non-pilot sites were only planted by very few farmers. Among the leading crops in both sites in the province of Benguet, cabbage is consistently the crop with highest yield, on the average. The mean yield of cabbage is relatively higher in non-pilot sites with mean yield of 16,000.10 kgs/ha than in pilot sites with mean yield of 7, 935.65 kgs/ha. But it can also be noted that the variability of yield is higher in non-pilot sites than those in pilot sites. This indicates that the yield of cabbage harvested by farmers in nonpilot sites is more dispersed than those in pilot sites. It can also be observed that though small percentage of farmers in pilot sites planted celery, it has the highest mean yield among the crops in these sites with mean of 20, 379.65 kgs/ha and standard deviation of 19, 416.03 kgs/ha. In terms of earnings from these crops, Table 25 shows the statistics of income on different crops planted in Benguet. Among the leading crops identified earlier in the pilot sites, farmers usually earn more by planting potato generating a mean income of Php 48, 001.5 with a standard deviation of Php 55, 116.8. It can be also be notice that among the crops listed in the pilot sites, palay yielded the highest mean income of Php185, 492.7 with a standard deviation of Php209, 482. In contrast, non-pilot sites have highest income, on the average, for cabbage with mean of Php17, 781.20 and standard deviation of Php15, 607.10. But like in pilot sites, the highest mean income is observed in crop which is planted by small percentage of farmers. In Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

non-pilot sites, Malaysian mumps has the highest mean income of Php33, 084.6 with standard deviation of Php35, 709.8. It is important to note that all these crops have large standard deviations implying that the income generated by the farmers from these crops varies so much. There could be farmers earning well from these crops, but there could also be some who are not earning that much or not earning at all.

Table 24. Statistics on the yield obtained during the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x; latest harvest of certain crop for the province of Benguet Crop

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Percentage

Mean

Standard

Percentage

Mean

Standard

of farmers*

(kg/ha)

deviation

of farmers

(kg/ha)

deviation

Banana

1.83

1,550 pcs

2,027.42

-----

Beans

2.63

106.74

17.28

8.69

129.21

140.83

Bell

2.26

2.45

5,000

Cabbage

60.97

7,935.32

1,133.55

33.74

16,000.10

22,228.63

Camote

7.78

138.18

35.86

1.03

150

Carrots

37.14

2,239.02

1,778.08

12.37

2,900

666.08

Cassava

-----

0.92

44.33

41.65

Celery

8.06

20,379.68

19,416.03

------

Chinese

24.8

3,781.82

1,085.32

14.93

9,331.67

9,653.85

Corn

1.41

201.63

320.22

9.92

240.55

165.92

Gabi

4.02

31.5

18.8

----

-----

Ginger

1.28

41.95

9.28

-----

Green

2.26

1,000

-----

15.76

2,028.57

1,297.24

-----

11.42

824.62

895

-----

------

3.17

47.93

14.89

Pineapple

0.92

25.88

0.31

150

Pipino

0.73

1,750

1,308.17

0.31

Pepper

Pechay

Onion Lettuce Malaysian Mums Peanut

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Potato

54.49

4,833.75

4,244.14

18.1

5,830.09

5,001,12

Radish

7.76

5,666.67

1,477.79

------

Rice/Palay

5.93

2,060.60

1,082.96

19.53

1,482.48

1,152.73

Sayote

2.44

389.29

322.47

23.1

12,210.88

25,250.44

Siling

0.43

12.5

-----

0.61

0.92

130

124.42

-----

------

Labuyo Squash Tiger Grass

bundles

Tomato

------

0.31

Ube

2.63

133.28

73.49

-----

Yakun

0.37

-----

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet province

Gabi

Rice/Palay

Radish

Camote

Celery

Lettuce

Chinese Pechay

Carrots

Potato

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cabbage

Percentage of Farmes

Figure 1. Top Ten Crops Planted in Atok, Buguias, Sablan and Tuba ,Benguet

Crops

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Percentage of Farmers Ca bb ag e Sa yo Ri ce te /P al ay Ch P in ot es at o e Pe ch ay M Ca al ay r sia ro t s n M um s

Figure 2. Top Ten Crops Planted in Bakun, Itogon, Kapangan, and La Trinidad, Benguet

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Be an s Pe an ut

Co rn

Series1

Crops

Table 25. Statistics on the income (in Pesos) obtained during the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x; latest harvest of certain crop for the province of Benguet Crop Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Min

Max

Mean

Std dev

Min

Max

Mean

Std dev

Banana

300

750

562.5

198.2

n/a

Beans

300

500

473

69.12

120

3,000

1,792.10

885.8

Bell Pepper

800

100,000

Cabbage

1,200

159,000

28,860.90

35,220.10

360

45,000

17,781.20

15,607.60

Camote

150

1,500

756.6

622.9

150

9,000

3,205.20

3,188.70

Carrots

750

112,000

31,370.30

27,359.30

200

21,000

9,425

7,488

Cassava

n/a

270

2,000

864.7

849.3

Celery

4,000

90,000

58,778.70

34,925

n/a

Chinese

100

37,000

8,278.90

10,610.70

500

12,000

7,083.30

3,781.50

Corn

250

1,488

684.5

485.7

25,000

5,925.60

9,068

Gabi

300

100,000

18,641.70

36,877.30

1,000

1,250

1,125

136.3

Ginger

750

3,760

1,858.70

1,254

n/a

Green

1,000

n/a

Lettuce

800

19,000

5,983.30

6,609

n/a

Malaysian

n/a

5,600

140,000

33,084.60

35,709.80

Pechay

Onion

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Mums Pipino

8,000

24,000

16,000

8,372.30

200

Potato

1,350

240,000

48,001.50

55,116.80

300

44,000

16,328.60

15,434.50

Radish

15,000

64,000

39,666.70

17,393.90

n/a

Rice/Palay

6,400

560,000

185,492.70

209,482

4,000

37,500

16,612.20

11,791.30

Sayote

100

2,100

707.2

696.6

31,000

6,333.30

9,929.50

Squash

n/a

375

Tiger Grass

2,000

17,500

9,750

8,023.90

n/a

Tomato

n/a

600

Ube

375

3,000

2,025.30

1,160.70

n/a

Yakun

1,875

n/a

Ifugao culture revolves around rice which is considered a prestige crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumption. Rice is the crop that majority of the farmers in this province planted. About 81% of the farmers in pilot sites including Namnama (Alfonso Lista), Nangacadan (Kiangan), Viewpoint (Banaue), and Bato (Mayoyao) planted rice, while about 72% of the farmers in non-pilot sites consisting of Lawig (Lamut), Poblacion (Hingyon), Hapao (Hungduan), and Tinoc (Tinoc) planted this crop (refer to Table 26). Aside from rice, some of the farmers in the pilot sites of this province planted corn comprising about 15% of the population of farmers. In non-pilot sites, corn and camote are also the other crops that the many of the farmers planted with 12.37% and 10.23% of the population of farmers, respectively. The top ten crops planted by farmers in Ifugao are further described in Figures 3 and 4. It can be seen from the graphs that for both sites, rice/palay is the major crop with corn as the next in rank. There is slightly higher percentages of farmers in pilot sites planted these crops compared in non-pilot sites. Moreover, very few of the farmers from both sites planted vegetable crops. In pilot sites, it is in the barangay Namnama where peanut is usually planted. The crops like squash, beans, bell pepper are usually produced by farmers in barangay Nangacadan. Gabi crop is usually planted in Bato, Mayoyao. Vegetable crops like Baguio pechay, bell pepper, carrots, and cabbage are the crops usually planted by the farmers in Barangay Viewpoint of Banaue. Conversely, vegetable crops like carrots, beans, sayote, and pechay are the other crops usually produced in Poblacion of Hingyon and Tinoc. Farmers in Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Tinoc planted sayote, cabbage and mum aside from rice, while potato is usually planted in Poblacion Hingyon. Between rice and corn, farmers from pilot and non-pilot sites in Ifugao, were able to produced higher yield for corn in their latest harvest. An average yield of corn produced by pilot sites farmers was 1, 563 kgs/ha with a standard deviation of 2, 985.6 kgs/ha, while 1, 161.1 kgs/ha is the average yield of rice that they produced with a standard deviation of 1, 007.3 kgs/ha. On the other hand, in non-pilot sites, farmers harvested 2, 383.3 kgs/ha of corn, on the average, with a standard deviation of 1, 634.5 kgs/ha. An average of 1, 264.2 kgs/ha of rice was produced by farmers in non-pilot sites with a standard deviation of 1, 384.8 kgs/ha. Though most of the farmers in the pilot sites of Ifugao planted rice compared with corn, higher returns from corn were acquired. They were able to generate income on crop an average of Php13, 537 with a standard deviation of Php 14, 130. Some of the farmers earned as much as Php 48,000 for this crop. They earned, on the other hand, an average of Php 6, 635.15 with a standard deviation of Php 3, 717.1 for rice. This is because many of the farmers planted rice for their personal food consumption only (refer to Table 27). In contrast, farmers in pilot sites in the province of Ifugao generated a higher income with rice compared with corn. They earned, on the average, Php 20, 800 with a standard deviation of Php 20, 483 for rice, while Php 16, 691.7, on the average, for corn with a standard deviation of Php 14, 028.9. Farmers here could earn as much Php 56, 400 and Php 40, 000 for rice and corn, respectively. This may imply that more farmers in non-pilot sites indeed consider rice farming as their major source of income, while many of the farmers in pilot sites used their harvest for their own food consumption. Among the vegetable crops, farmers in pilot sites earned by planting carrots an average income of Php 10, 278.9 with a standard deviation of Php 1, 499.80. Consistently in non-pilot sites, carrots yield an average income of Php 27, 807.40 with a standard deviation of Php 21, 299.10. A higher income for carrots is observed in non-pilot sites compared in pilot sites, but exhibits higher variability at the same time

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 26. Statistics on the yield obtained during the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x; latest harvest of certain crop for the province of Ifugao Crop

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Percentage

Mean

Standard

Percentage

Mean

Standard

of farmers

(kg/ha)

deviation

of farmers

(kg/ha)

deviation

Beans

7.4

154.54

331.46

6.19

1,043.82

587.43

Bell Pepper

0.5

100

3.44

1,525

375.05

Cabbage

-----

6.19

8,433.43

9,460.75

Camote

1.16

51.45

40.15

10.22

283

Carrots

2.13

11,173.70

5,442.25

6.87

3,081.48

1,822.08

Chinese

1.63

20,000

3.78

733.82

1,291.41

Corn

14.68

1,563

2,985.58

12.37

2,383.33

1,634.45

Eggplant

4.02

3.09

49.41

48.51

Gabi

2.75

446.67

722.5

0.61

21.25

1.36

Ginger

-----

2.06

Lettuce

1.63

3,600

-----

1.03

200

Peanut

0.88

250

1.03

800

Pineapple

4.02

650

254.05

-----

------

1.03

3,000

80.55

1,161.11

1,007.33

71.82

1,264.24

1,384.18

-----

1.03

375

2.01

-----

Squash

0.5

-----

String

1.04

14.33

7.82

1.02

141.61

92.28

2.51

8.39

0.82

----

-----

3.09

40.59

33.96

Pechay

Malaysian Mums

Potato Rice/Palay Sayote Siling Labuyo

beans Tomato Upo

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) for Ifugao province

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 27. Statistics on the income (in Pesos) obtained during the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x; latest harvest of certain crop for the province of Ifugao Crop

Beans

Pilot Sites Min

Max

Mean

Std dev

Min

Max

Mean

Std dev

100

64,00

4,771.10

15,834.4

7,000

18,00

10,483.6

3,843.70

14,40

20,00

16,350

2,299.10

1,440

45,00

27,243.6

15,766.4

0 Bell

Non-Pilot Sites

600

0 600

Pepper Cabbage

n/a

Camote

1,200

1,250

1,225

25.41

n/a

Carrots

9,500

13,00

10,278.9

1,499.80

2,250

66,00

27,807.4

21,299.1

14,000

15,00

4,656.70

6,218.60

40,00

19,691.7

14,028.9

Chinese

14,00

Pechay

Corn

1,600

48,00

204

0 135,367

14,129

3,500

0 Gabi

215

750

482.5

271.8

n/a

Ginger

n/a

3,500

Lettuce

24,00

24,000

n/a

1,000

n/a

12,00

12,000

4,600

56,40

20,800

20,483

Malaysian Mums Potato

Rice/Pala

594

12,00

6,635.15

3,717.10

Sayote

n/a

500

Squash

490

5,000

3,361.90

2,279.10

n/a

Talong

n/a

600

1,000

717.7

194.03

Tomato

250

n/a

Upo

n/a

300

900

476.5

291.04

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Crop in Benguet that is commonly planted during wet season in pilot and non-pilot sites is rice/palay in which 74.6% and 62.8% of the population of farmers in pilot and non-pilot sites said that they schedule planting rice during the months of December to July and February to August, respectively (refer to Table 16). Other crops that most of the farmers in pilot sites plant during wet season include beans (100%), sayote (75%), and lettuce (71.4%). Conversely, in non-pilot sites, Chinese pechay (57.1%) and bell pepper (100%) are the crops usually planted during this season. Compared with wet season, more crops are planted during dry season. For the province of Benguet, in general, carrots, potato, cabbage, camote, corn, pipino, gabi, pineapple, and cassava are crops usually planted during dry season (see Table 28).

Table 28. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet by season planted of certain crop and month the crop is usually planted Crop

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Season Wet

Dry

Season Wet and

Months

Wet

Dry

Dry Carrots

18.5*

17.5

Wet and

Months

Dry April- July

16.7

83.3

Jan-March; April-July

Potato

35.6

18.4

March-July

14.3

85.7

Jan-July

Cabbage

31.2

56.1

12.7

August

36.8

58.9

4.4

August

Celery

27.9

72.1

Jan-July

n/a

Radish

March-July;

n/a

57.1

42.9

April-June

33.9

66.1

June; July;

Nov-March Chinese

100

April-May

Pechay Beans

Nov Rice/Palay

74.6

25.4

Dec-July

62.8

32.6

4.6

Feb-Aug; Aug-May

Tomato Bell

n/a

100

Apr-Oct

100

Sept-Dec

60.7

39.3

Jan-April;

Jan-July

Pepper Camote

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

July Corn

100

Jun-Aug

46.8

53.2

April-July; Dec-April

Pipino

100

Jan-March;

100

July-Aug

42.8

16.2

Jan-July;

Jun-Aug Sayote

Feb-Aug

Dec-Jan Gabi

14.8

26.2

59.1

Jan-July

100

March-Aug

Pineapple

100

April-July

100

March-June

Yakun

100

Feb-Aug

n/a

Ube

30.7

69.3

Jan-June

n/a

Ginger

26.5

April-Aug

n/a

Squash

n/a

100

Jan-Aug

Cassava

n/a

33.3

66.7

March-May; July-Aug

Tiger

100

Feb-Aug

n/a

100

March-Apr;

n/a

Grass Banana

July Siling

100

May-Sept

n/a

71.4

28.6

July-Sept;

n/a

Labuyo Lettuce

Dec-Jan Green

100

April-May

n/a

100

Dec-Jan;

Onion Malaysian Mums

May-Aug

It can also be seen from Table 28 that crops like celery, radish, gabi, ube, banana, and siling labuyo are crops that are commonly considered by the farmers in pilot sites that can be planted either during wet or dry season comprising 72.1%, 75%, 59.1%, 69.3%, 100%, 100% of the population of farmers, respectively. Alternatively, all farmers in non-pilot sites who plant

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Malaysian mums said that this crop can be planted either during wet or dry season and usually during the months of December to January or May to August. Both farmers from the pilot and non-pilot sites in Benguet considered planting palay during wet season, while many from the same sites considered planting carrots, potato, cabbage, camote, corn, pipino, gabi, pineapple, and cassava during dry season. Thus, it can be said that whatever interventions that were done in the project sites may also be considered for non-pilot sites. Most of the farmers in Ifugao plant, on the other hand, Chinese pechay during wet season in which 52.6% and 77.3% farmers in pilot and non-pilot sites, respectively plant it usually during the months of May to August. During this season also when all farmers of gabi and lettuce in pilot sites plant these crops. In non-pilot sites, on the other hand, most of the farmers plant beans (55.7%) and camote (74.9%) and all farmers here plant corn during wet season. During dry season, crops that most of the farmers in pilot sites plant include carrots (77.7%), beans (53.6%), and camote (68.6%). Alternatively, most of the farmers in non-pilot sites plant peanut (100%), sayote (100%), ginger (100%), carrots (57.5%), potato (100%), and cabbage (50.5%) (See Table 29). Rice as the major crop in this province, according to the farmers in Ifugao, can be planted either during wet or dry season. About 54.3% and 43.5% of the farmers in pilot and non-pilot sites, respectively plant rice either during wet or dry season with January to July as the usual planting months. Consistently in Benguet, Malaysian mums farmers in Ifugao plant the crop either during wet or dry season mostly during the months of April to June. Similarly with Benguet, it can be observed that farmers from pilot and non-pilot sites in Ifugao have almost the same crops planted during wet and/or dry seasons. Hence, with these considerations, it can be assumed that pilot sites are good representative for the rest of the province, and project interventions for the pilot sites can be extended to the non-pilot sites.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 29. Percentage distribution of farmers in Ifugao by season planted of certain crop and month the crop is usually planted Crop

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Season Wet

Carrots

Dry

77.7

Season Wet

Months

Wet

Dry

Wet

and

Dry

22.3

Jan-Feb;

Months

42.5

57.5

Jan-March

MarchJune Potato

n/a

100

April-May

Cabbage

n/a

49.5

50.5

August

Chinese

52.6

38.7

8.6

May-July

77.3

22.7

June-Aug

Beans

39.9

53.6

6.5

55.7

22.3

22.1

Rice/Palay

3.8

41.8

54.3

Jan-Aug

30.8

25.7

43.5

Jan-July

Tomato

19.6

80.4

June-Aug

n/a

Camote

8.7

68.6

22.8

Jan-July

74.9

25.1

Jan-July

Corn

23.5

47.1

29.4

Dec-Mar;

100

June-July

100

March-

Pechay

May-Sept; Oct-Jan Peanut

100

Dec-March

April Sayote

n/a

100

April-May

Gabi

100

Feb; June;

100

June

July Pineapple

100

Dec-June

n/a

Ginger

n/a

100

June-July

Squash

61.1

38.9

Jan-Aug

n/a

Siling

100

n/a

Lettuce

100

July-Aug

n/a

Eggplant

100

Jan-June

29.4

70.6

March;

Labuyo

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

May-Aug Upo

n/a

29.4

70.6

May-Aug

Malaysian

n/a

100

April-June

Mums

Leading crops identified in Benguet and Ifugao provinces are mostly planted in upland area of a certain site. In Table 30, it can be seen that crops like carrots, potato, cabbage, rice, pechay, bell pepper, peanut, and sayote are planted in the upland location of all barangays in pilot and non-pilot sites of Benguet and Ifugao provinces. Celery and radish are usually planted at lowland conditions of pilot sites in Benguet. It can also be observed that corn are mostly planted at lowland in Benguet, but can be planted either at the lowland or upland conditions in Ifugao Table 30. Crops that are mostly planted in lowland, upland, and mountainous in Benguet and Ifugao provinces Location Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Sites Lowland

celery,

camote

corn

carrots, mums,

carrots,

potato,

camote, pechay, ginger,

banana,

radish,

corn, ginger

green

onion Upland

carrots, cabbage,

potato, rice,

bell

pepper, lettuce

rice,

carrots,

mums,

corn,

peanut,

potato,

cabbage,

cabbage, rice,

gabi,

pechay,

rice,

corn,

banana,

peanut,

sayote,

bell

pepper

peanut,

camote, sayote,

bell pepper

pechay, banana,

bell

pepper Mountainous

camote, gabi

Table 31 shows the fruits that are planted by some of the farmers in Benguet province. It can be seen that very few of the farmers in this province have fruit trees in their farm. Fruits Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

that are found planted by these farmers are papaya, rambutan, lanzones, pineapple, and banana. Only about 3% of the population of farmers in pilot sites of Benguet has pineapple and banana in their farms. The highest yield that these farmers produced is pineapple with mean of 1,525 kgs/ha which gave them an average income of 75,000 pesos during their latest harvest. On the other hand, in the pilot sites of Benguet province, fruit trees which small percentages of farmers planted are lemon, papaya, rambutan, coffee, bayabas, star apple, avocado, and mango. Lemon is the fruit tree planted with highest mean harvest of 150 kgs/ha yielding a mean income of 2,250 pesos. However, and only about 2% of the farmers planted this crop. Many of the fruit trees are planted by the farmers for their personal food consumption. For the province of Ifugao, fruit trees that very few farmers from pilot sites have in their farms are papaya, lanzones, coffee, avocado, mango, banana, orange, lituco, and pomelo. A mean yield of 2,550 kgs/ha and mean income of 6,750 pesos were produced from orange fruit. Farmers earned an income of 25,000 pesos in harvesting, on the average, in their latest harvest of lanzones. In contrast, banana and mango fruits are usually for personal consumption (refer to Table 32). Table 31. Statistics on the yield and income obtained during the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x; latest harvest of certain crop for the province of Benguet Fruit Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Percentage Mean Mean Percentage Mean Mean of farmers* Yield Income of farmers Yield Income (kg/ha) (Php) (kg/ha) (Php) Lemon 0 ---------1.93 150 2,250 Papaya 1.45 200 3,000 0.73 10 150 Rambutan 1.45 25 1,000 0.21 20 800 Lanzones 1.45 60 3,000 0 ---------Pineapple 2.95 1,525 75,500 0 ---------Coffee 0 ---------0.73 12 1,200 Bayabas 0 ---------0.31 50 750 Star apple 0 ---------0.31 8 160 Avocado 0 ---------0.31 4 For Personal Consumption Mango 0 ---------0.31 20 For Personal Consumption Banana 2.95 230 For Personal 0 ---------Consumption *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet province

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 32. Statistics on the yield and income obtained during the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x; latest harvest of certain crop for the province of Ifugao Fruit Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Percentage

Mean

Percentage

Mean

of farmers*

Yield

Income

of farmers

Yield

Income

(kg/ha)

(Php)

(kg/ha)

(Php)

Papaya

2.06

270

12,000

------

-----

Lanzones

0.67

200

25,000

------

-----

Coffee

0.67

None

------

-----

Avocado

5.50

104

None

n/a

Mango

1.03

300

None

1.34

375

None

Banana

4.46

340

None

1.39

417

None

Orange

2.06

2,550

6,750

------

-----

Lituco

1.03

100

2,000

------

-----

Pomelo

1.63

58.5

1,234.1

------

-----

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Ifugao province

Small percentage of farmers in the pilot sites of Benguet raised native chicken (1.45%), native pig (3.37%), and swine (1.45%) with average number of heads of 5, 4, and 8, respectively. Farmers who are raising native pig earned, on the average, 40,000 pesos. Farmers raising swine generated an average income of 6,000 pesos. Moreover, farmers raised native chicken only for their own food consumption. In the non-pilot sites, on the other hand, very few of the farmers raised livestock including carabao, cattle, goat, native chicken, and swine. About 11% of them raised swine and earned from it an average income of 8,798.8 pesos. A relatively higher income is generated by raising cattle amounting to 32,921.4 pesos, on the average. Some farmers in these sites also have on the average, 3 carabao, 11 goats, and 11 native chickens but did not consider it as another source of their income (see Table 33).

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 33. Statistics on the percentage of Benguet farmers raising a particular livestock/poultry, number of heads raised, and income Livestock/Poultry Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Percentage

Number

Mean

Percentage

Number

Mean

of farmers*

Income

of farmers

Income

heads

(Php)

heads

(Php)

Carabao

------

-----

0.31

None

Cattle

------

-----

0.94

32,921.4

Goat

------

-----

0.63

None

Native Chicken

1.45

None

1.05

None

Native Pig

3.37

40,000

------

-----

Swine

1.45

6,000

10.68

8,798.8

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet province

Like in Benguet, farmers in Ifugao both from pilot and non-pilot sites raised broiler chicken, native, and goat only for their own food consumption and not to generate income from these livestock. In addition, small percentages of farmers in non-pilot sites of Ifugao province raised one carabao and 4 cattle, on the average and also did not earn from these. Relatively more farmers in Ifugao raised native pig (27.10% in pilot sites and 13.47% in non-pilot sites) and swine (10.86% in pilot sites and 3.37% in non-pilot sites) compared in Benguet. However, much higher income is observed in Benguet by raising these livestock compared in Ifugao. Moreover, duck is observed raised by few farmers in this province. (Refer to Table 34).

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 34. Statistics on the percentage of Ifugao farmers raising a particular livestock/poultry, number of heads raised, and income Livestock/Poultry Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Percentage

Number

Mean

Percentage

Number

Mean

of farmers*

Income

of farmers

Income

heads

(Php)

heads

(Php)

5.49

None

0.59

None

Carabao

None

5.35

None

Cattle

None

1.39

None

Goat

0.69

None

1.39

None

Native Chicken

19.04

None

14.46

None

Native Pig

27.10

11,250

13.47

8,608.4

Swine

10.86

5,533.3

3.37

10,969.4

Duck

1.20

5,550

0.59

None

Broiler Chicken

*Proportion of farmers out of the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Ifugao province

Furthermore, farmers from both provinces were asked if they are raising fish or other aquatic life. Small percentages of the farmers raised fish and all of them raised tilapia in their farm. It can be seen in Table 23 that no farmers from pilot sites of Benguet who were involved in the survey raised any kind of fish, while only 0.73% of the farmers in the non-pilot sites of the said province raised tilapia with an average weight of 25 kgs. They were able to earn during their last harvest a mean amount of 25,000 pesos. Also, 4% of the farmers in non-pilot sites of Ifugao were able to produced about 1, 5667 kgs of tilapia and generate an average income of 131,833.3 pesos. More farmers in the non-pilot sites (3.96%) of this province raised tilapia as their other mean to earn than in the pilot sites. Table 35. Statistics on the percentage of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces rising Fish, weight of fish, income and farm size Fish(Tilapia) Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites % of farmers*

Non-Pilot Sites 0.73

Pilot Sites

Non-Pilot Sites

Weight (kg)

-----

500

1,566.7

Income (Php)

-----

25,000

10,000

131,833.3

Farm Size (ha)

-----

0.08

0.76

0.07

1.03

3.96

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot)

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

 Perception of Climate Change Agriculture can be considered as one of the climate-sensitive sectors of the country‟s economy. Climatic variability and change affect our country‟s agriculture through rainfall, typhoon and temperature conditions on plant and animal production. Indirectly, it affects our agriculture through changes in soils, water, pests, and diseases. It is also critical for the environment, with farmers actively managing much of country‟s land and water resources. In this study, farmers‟ knowledge regarding climate change was assessed by asking them whether they believe in climate change or not. Majority of the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao provinces believed and aware of climate change (see Table 36). They cited different reasons as their bases for climate change and these are presented in Table 37. Among those, many of the farmers in Benguet believed in climate change because of El Nino and La Nina (14.5%), changes in rainy season and dry season (11.43%), they experienced extreme strong and frequent typhoon (8.95%), they observed more pests now compared before (8.76%), they have poorer quality of crops (8.03%), and a few of them believed that climate change is a will of God and it is biblical (1.26%). The top ten indicators of climate change that were mentioned by the farmers in Benguet are given in Figure 3 with El Nino and La Nina as the top indicator. Some of the indicators used by farmers in Benguet for climate change are also used by those in Ifugao. Many of the farmers in Ifugao believed in climate change because of longer dry season or drought (18.11%) that they are experiencing for the past years. There are also event of extreme, strong and frequent typhoon (17.19%). Some of them also indicated unpredictable weather (11.49%). Like farmers of Benguet, they believed on climate change because of the poorer quality of crops compared before (10.29%), they now encountered low production (10.11%), extreme hotness was experienced (9.83%), and because of El Nino and La Nina that happened in their province (8.64%). Relatively more farmers in Ifugao believed that the climate change is happening because it is a will of God. The top ten indicators in this province are presented in Figure 6 with longer dry season in the lead. There are also some indicators used by very few farmers from Benguet which are not mentioned by farmers from Ifugao. These include extreme coldness at night and extreme hotness during daytime, local knowledge that they have learned from their parents can no longer be applied, there are presence of crab roots, and they observed migration of different kinds of birds. Alternatively, some indicators of climate change indicated by small percentages of Ifugao farmers but not by those in Benguet are dying of birds, high mortality of livestock, Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

snakes seen from the lowland, fast movement of cloud, orange color in the sky, scattered clouds in the sky, and frequent thunderstorm. Table 36 Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by whether they believe in Climate Change or not Whether they believe in Percent of Farmers Climate Change Benguet Ifugao Yes 95.9 99.7 No 4.1 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0

Table 37. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao by the indicator that they considered on climate change Indicator of Climate Change Percent of Farmers Benguet Ifugao Biblical 1.26 4.41 More pests 8.76 7.44 Poor quality of crops, damaged crops 8.03 10.29 Poor quality of soil 3.75 1.56 Low production/harvest 4.21 10.11 Changes in planting schedule 0.54 2.67 Decreased water level 6.20 2.48 El Nino, La Nina 14.50 8.64 Longer dry season/drought 4.70 18.11 Extreme, strong, frequent typhoon 8.95 17.19 Changes in rainy season and dry season 11.43 7.17 Unpredictable weather 6.65 11.49 Extreme change in temperature 2.79 3.40 Extreme hotness 6.27 9.83 Extreme coldness 1.41 3.58 Extreme hot and cold weather 6.16 1.47 Extreme coldness at night and extreme hotness 2.83 0 during daytime Local knowledge can no longer be applied 0.54 0 Presence of crab roots 1.22 0 Migration of different kinds of birds 0.92 0 Dying of rivers 0 0.37 High mortality of livestock/poultry 0 1.47 Snakes seen from the low lands 0 0.37 Fast movement of cloud, orange color in the sky, 0 1.47 scattered clouds in the sky Thunderstorm 0 0.28 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

To further analyze the awareness of farmers about climate change, their experiences on different climatic drivers for the past 20 years were determined. The climatic drivers included in this survey are drought, flood, frost, hailstorm, landslides, lightning and thunder, pests, rainfall, extreme coldness, extreme hotness, and typhoon. Table 26 presents the percentages of farmers in Benguet who experienced a particular climatic driver from 1991 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010. If possible, the number of times of occurrence of that event was also asked. As illustrated in Table 26, the percentages of farmers in Benguet with experienced on each climatic driver increased from the decade of 1991-2000 to 2001-2010. Most of the farmers in pilot sites observed drought (58.09%), frequent rainfall (54.31%), and typhoon (79.9%). Also, in general, each identified climatic driver occurred more frequently in 2001-2010 than years before these. Conversely, in non-pilot sites, large percentages of farmers said that drought (70.24%) and typhoon (90.6%) occurred more frequently these past ten years and they believed that these are effects of climate change. Like in Benguet, the percentages of farmers in Ifugao with experienced on each climatic driver increased from the decade of 1991-2000 to this decade of 2001-2010. But it can be observed that more farmers in Ifugao have observed these climatic drivers compared to those in Benguet. The occurrence of each climatic driver is generally more frequent for the past ten years than years before 2001. In the pilot sites of this province, majority of the farmers said that they encountered drought (96.86%), more frequent landslides (70.14%), observed more pests in the farm (63.74%), more frequent rainfall (69.51%), and stronger typhoon (92.85%). The same scenario is seen in the non-pilot sites of this province. Majority of the farmers confirmed drought in their locations (94.5%) from 2001 to 2010. About 69% of the farmers said that their farms suffered more from pests than before. Outcome of frequent rainfall (60.14%) and typhoon (89.69%) are now more problematic than before. In general, for Benguet and Ifugao, all of the identified climatic drivers have been experienced by many of the farmers in the years of 2001 to 2010 than those years before this decade. It may also be important to note that other factors such as land use change due to socio-economic drivers probably contributed to the increase in experienced drivers such as landslides, flood, drought and pest. Moreover, it can be observed that among the climatic drivers, lightning and thunder did not cause any problems to the farmers and hailstorm is not usually experienced by most of the farmers from Ifugao.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 38. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet who experienced occurrence of a particular climatic driver/event for different period Pilot Sites 1991-2000 2001-2010

Events Drought

Non-Pilot Sites 1991-2000 2001-2010

24.43*

58.09

5.93

70.24

Flood

2.26 (2)**

31.89 (3)

1.84

19.22 (2)

Frost

17.47 (2) 15.52 (2) 14.36 (4) 3.30

39.28 (4) 32.38 (2) 38.73 (4) 4.83

0 6.03 2.63 0

21.98 35.17 27.91 (6) 2.76

26.88 (3)

44.90 (4)

3.58

37.22 (8)

10.75 11.67

54.31 (4) 42.76

1.43 (3) 0

32.21 (6) 34.76

0.73 9.84

44.90 79.90 (6)

0 5.42 (6)

47.14 90.60 (10)

Hailstorm Landslides Lightning/Thunder Pests Rainfall Extreme Temperature

Cold Hot

Typhoon

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet province **Values inside the parentheses are frequency of occurrences

Table 39. Percentage distribution of farmers in Ifugao who experienced occurrence of a particular climatic driver/event for different period Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Events 1991-2000 2001-2010 1991-2000 2001-2010 Drought 15.18* 96.86 7.22 94.50 Flood

0.88

39.18 (2)

36.43 (3)

Frost

6.78

1.37 (10)

4.12 (12)

Hailstorm

2.01(2)*

11.04 (5)

3.78

4.81(2)

Landslides

3.76 (6)

70.14(10)

3.78 (2)

29.55(5)

Lightning/Thunder

2.26

14.05

1.72

2.75

Pests

2.63

63.74 (8)

2.06

68.73 (5)

8.53 (4)

69.51(7)

1.03

60.14 (3)

Rainfall Extreme

Cold

0.50

18.32

1.03

39.18

Temperature

Hot

2.63

11.92

63.58

12.05(4)

92.85(9)

1.03

89.69(5)

Typhoon

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet province **Values inside the parentheses are frequency of occurrences

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

ď&#x201A;§ Climatic Indicators After evaluating the awareness of farmers on climate change and climate variability, it is the main purpose of the survey to identify indigenous tools that the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao usually used to know that their agricultural farm is already vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and climate variability brought about by the different climatic drivers.

ď&#x201A;§ Drought Drought is considered by most farmers as one of the climate hazards identified as having a major influence on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x;s livelihoods. Table 40 shows the different tools used by the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao that this study was able to document through the survey. Farmers from Benguet believed that drought is coming and they will be vulnerable to this when there is a decrease in the water level in the watersheds (see Table 40) since less rainfall to maintain water level in rivers. About 15% of the farmers from Benguet considered that drought is approaching if they see dead fishes in the rice fields. This can be attributed to prolonged period without rainfall, hence cannot replenish clean water. Because there is no moisture in air to cool ambient temperatures during drought, extreme hotness is the basis of around 7% of the farmers. Moreover, migration of seabirds from lowland to upland (8%), orange hue of sky (9.34%), and change in migration pattern of birds like killing, ti-way, aladong, or siyet (5.33%) are some of the indigenous knowledge that are being applied. Migration pattern of birds are usually used as indicator of drought since birds naturally seek the best condition for them and their young ones. When the conditions at breeding sites become unfavorable due to low temperatures, migratory birds fly to regions where conditions are better. Further illustration of the top local indicators that are usually used by the farmers in Ifugao is given in Figure 7.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 40. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of drought Drought Indicator Percent of Farmers Drought Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Change in migration pattern of birds like kiling, ti5.33 17.50 Less harvest 0.67 0.0 way, aladong, or siyet Decreasing water Migration of level in the 22.00 28.75 seabirds from 8.00 3.75 watersheds lowland to upland Dead fishes in rice fields 14.67 13.13 No rain 1.33 2.50 Dried leaves 0.67 0.0 Orange hue of sky 9.34 8.75 Dry soil 0.67 0.0 Radio/TV news 6.67 0.63 El Ni単o 0.67 0.0 Shape of the moon 1.33 0.63 Epidemic among livestock and 2.67 3.75 Soil erosion 3.33 1.88 poultry Flowering of Stunted growth of bamboo 0.67 37.5 plants 2.00 1.25 Flowering of filao 0.67 2.50 Sun crowning 2.00 Forming of bulges Too cold in Nov. to in dikes 0.67 0.0 January 0.67 3.13 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Guidance from old folks Extreme Hot temperature Changes in their local calendar Dragonfly Flowering of sunflower Giant worm Movement patterns of ants/termites Sneezing carabao

3.33

3.13

7.34

27.50

Water shortage Wind movement Clear sky

0.0 0.0

0.63 0.63

0.0 0.0

0.63 3.13

0.0 0.0

1.88 1.25

Falling leaves Flying comets Humming of birds Outbreak of cutworm Soil cracks

3.33 2.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.88 1.25 1.88 3.75 1.25 6.25 1.25 46.88

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

Almost the same tools are used by farmers in Ifugao. In addition, many of the Ifugao farmers think that drought is getting nearer if they already see soil cracks due to lack of moisture. About 38% of the farmers in this province considered flowering of bamboo as an indicator of drought. Early flowering of bamboo is an adaptation response of plants. They will flower to ensure propagation in spite of impending disaster. More farmers in Ifugao than in Benguet regard that decreasing water level in the watersheds (28.75%) and hot temperature (27.50%) imply drought. Also, farmers in Ifugao believed that they are already vulnerable to drought if they notice dead fishes in the rice fields (13.13%) and also changes in the migration pattern of birds (17.5%). Sneezing carabao is an indicator that a typhoon will be hitting their area. Animals have better sensory perception that human and they are more sensitive to changing temperature. As can be further observe in Figure 8, seeing soil cracks as the indicator of drought is one of those that many of the farmers in Ifugao used.

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

ď&#x201A;§ Flood Compared to drought, lesser tools are employed by the farmers from the two provinces to discern their vulnerability to flood. Those tools that were gathered after the interview with the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao are listed in Table 41. It can be noticed that for those tools identified in Benguet, very few of the farmers used them. Among those who mentioned tools in the survey, many of them said that flood is coming if it is unusually too cold in November to January. Some of them also stated that they could only know if they are vulnerable to flood via radio or television news. Some of the local methods still applied by the farmers in this province to determine that flood might occur are by looking at the nimbus cloud formation, if there are movement of dark clouds, by considering the shape of the moon, if they observe changes in the migration pattern of birds, and if there is unusual barking of dogs. Barking of dogs as an indicator of climatic hazard is not scientifically proven, but it can be considered that animals may have sensory capabilities to sense climatic hazards. Some vulnerability assessment tools to flood used by farmers from Benguet are also observed in the interview with Ifugao farmers. In addition to those already mentioned earlier, farmers from Ifugao could know that flood might occur if they notice more dragonfly than usual; if they see giant worms; and if there is lightning and thunder in the morning. However, like Benguet farmers, very few of the Ifugao farmers exercised these identified tools. It can be observed that very few of the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao have knowledge about possible indicators for the occurrence of flood. Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 41. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator for the occurrence of flood Flood Indicator Percent of Farmers Flood Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet Ifugao Benguet Ifugao Change in migration pattern of birds like 2.50 0.63 Radio/TV news 3.12 0.63 kiling, ti-way, aladong, or siyet Cloud formation Shape of the (nimbus) 1.25 0.0 moon 0.62 0.0 Forming of bulges in dikes 0.62 0.63 Soil erosion 2.50 0.0 Guidance from old Too cold in folks 1.25 0.63 November to 3.75 0.63 January Unusual barking Heavy rains 1.25 0.63 of dogs 0.62 Movement of dark Dragonfly 0.0 0.63 clouds 1.25 1.25 Lightning & thunder Giant worms 0.0 0.63 in the morning 0.0 0.63 *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

ď&#x201A;§ Frost Table 42. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that They used as indicator of the occurrence of frost Frost Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet Ifugao Change in migration pattern of birds like kiling, ti-way, 6.25 1.25 aladong, or siyet Epidemic among livestock and poultry 0.0 0.63 Flowering of sunflower 1.87 0.0 Migration of seabirds from lowland to upland 0.62 0.0 Too cold in November to January 21.25 5.0 Wind movement 6.25 0.63 Withered fruits 0.0 0.63 *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

Frost causes economic damage when it destroys plants or hanging fruits. About 21% of the farmers in Benguet feel that frost is approaching when it is too cold in November to January. Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Other tools that they used are the wind movement and few of them mentioned about flowering of sunflower and migration of seabirds from lowland to upland. This maybe because lowland is already experiencing cold spells and birds fly to seek shelter in upland forests (see Table 42). Similar tools for the occurrence of frost were observed in Ifugao. In addition to the earlier tools, farmers from Ifugao could assess the possible occurrence of frost if there is epidemic among livestock and poultry and there are many withered fruits because of low temperature damage, though small percentages of farmers employed these tools.

ď&#x201A;§ Hailstorm Since hailstorm is encountered by many of the farmers from Benguet and few from Ifugao, indicators for hailstorm cited here were observed only from Benguet, particularly in Atok municipality. Ifugao farmers in the survey have no indicators for the occurrence of hailstorm. Table 43 shows that very few of the farmers from Benguet employed local knowledge to that hailstorm might happen. Only about 1% of the farmers in Benguet considered hailstorm is approaching if they experience lightning and thunder in the morning due to heavy build up of cloud formations and when they observed stunted growth of plants. Table 43. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet province by the tool that they Used as indicator of the occurrence of hailstorm Hailstorm Indicator Percent of Farmers Lightning and thunder in the morning 0.62 Stunted growth of plants

0.62

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province

ď&#x201A;§ Landslide Benguet and Ifugao are both prone to landslide because of the mountainous characteristic of the two provinces. Landslide affects not only the livelihood of the farmers but the lives of the farmers as well. Table 44 presents the surveyed indicators that the farmers used to recognize their vulnerability to landslide. About 43% and 13% of the farmers in Benguet and Ifugao respectively mentioned about soil erosion as indicator of landslide. Loose soil and/or ground could collapse when it rains heavily. Other local tools that small percentages of farmers used include dog pulling the mat, Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

forming of bulges in dikes because of saturation of soil contained by dike, movement of dark clouds as precursor of heavy rains, and unusual barking of dogs. A few of them indicated that landslide may occur after heavy rainfall, and if there are land conversion, hence lost of forest cover that holds the soil and while some of them depend on news from radio or television. Table 44. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of landslide Landslide Indicator Percent of Farmers Landslide Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao No way for Dog pulling the mat 0.62 0.0 transportation 1.25 0.0 Forming of bulges in dikes 0.62 2.50 Radio/TV news 2.50 0.0 Heavy rainfall 1.25 3.13 Soil erosion 43.12 13.13 Unusual barking of Land conversion 1.25 0.0 dogs 0.62 0.63 Movement of dark clouds 0.62 0.0 Wider creeks 0.62 0.0 Soil cracks 0.0 5.63 *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

ď&#x201A;§ Lightning and Thunder Table 45. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of lightning and thunder Lightning and Thunder Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet Ifugao Cloud formation (nimbus) 0.62 1.25 Epidemic among livestock and poultry

0.62

Lightning and thunder in the morning

1.87

Wind movement

3.12

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces

Lightning and thunder as another climatic indicator included in this study is not actually a problem to most of the farmers in Benguet and Ifugao. Many of them stated that their agricultural productions are not vulnerable to lightning and thunder. In Benguet, farmers who indicated their vulnerability to this event mentioned about cloud formation, epidemic among livestock and poultry, lightning and thunder in the morning, and wind movement as tools (see Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Table 45) that there will be lightning and thunder that will adversely affect their crops. In Ifugao, on the other hand, farmers who considered that they could be vulnerable to lightning and thunder used the cloud formation as tool.

ď&#x201A;§ Pests Many of the farmers now noticed the occurrence of more pests in their crops compared in their previous years of planting. As already mentioned earlier, they believe that this is happening as one of the effects of climate change. It can be seen in Table 46 the different indicators that are applied by some of the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao in assessing their vulnerability to pests. Among those that are listed in Benguet, relatively more farmers said that more pests will adversely affect their crops if there is epidemic among their livestock and poultry. More indicators of occurrence of pests were mentioned by Ifugao farmers. Farmers here speak about outbreak of cutworm, outbreak of fruit flies, snails going up the plants, giant worms, yellowing of crops as their indigenous tools to know that they are already vulnerable to pests.

Table 46. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of pests Pests Indicator Percent of Farmers Pests Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Blitzes, mites, Holing/yellowing of solarium

0.62

0.0

Cloud formation (nimbus)

plants

2.50

1.25

0.0

Movement of dark 1.25

0.0

clouds

Epidemic among

Snails going up the

livestock and

plants

0.62

1.25

0.62

0.0

1.25

0.0

1.25

poultry

4.37

6.88

Giant worms

0.62

3.75

Virus of sayote

5.00

Dead fishes in rice

Begins/wiking

0.0

fields

Outbreak of cutworms

Outbreak of fruit 0.0

14.38

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

flies

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

ď&#x201A;§ Rainfall Table 47. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of rainfall Rainfall Indicator Percent of Farmers Rainfall Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet Ifugao Benguet Ifugao Acidic soil 0.62 0.0 Humming of birds 2.50 1.88 Lightning and Angry birds

0.62

0.0

thunder in the morning

6.25

7.50

5.00

3.75

Migration of sea Betil (Famine)

0.62

0.0

birds from lowland to upland Movement of dark

By months

4.37

0.0

clouds

35.00

37.50

8.12

4.38

Movement patterns

5.00

11.25

Orange hue of sky

0.62

6.88

Presence of pests

1.25

Change in migration pattern of birds like kiling, ti-way,

of ants/termites

aladong, or siyet Changing water level in the watersheds

3.75

1.25

36.24

40.63

0.62

0.0

Radio/TV news

5.62

0.63

0.62

0.0

Shape of the moon

3.75

6.88

1.25

Cloud formation (nimbus) Cold-like symptoms in chickens Deformed plants (leaves) Epidemic among livestock and

Snails going up the

poultry

1.25

2.50

plants

1.25

Flowering of mirasol

0.62

0.0

Soft soil

0.62

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

100

Giant worms

0.62

0.0

Soil erosion

13.75

6.88

Grasshopper

0.62

0.0

Sun crowning

5.62

9.38

0.62

3.13

Wider creeks

0.62

0.0

2.50

0.0

0.63

Guidance from old folks

Cats accidentally Wind movement

11.87

15.00

Changes in their local calendar

getting wet Chicken cleaning its

0.0

2.50

feather

Cold temperature the whole day

2.50 0.0

0.63

Ducks flapping their

Dragonfly

0.0

Forming of bulges in

wings

0.0

2.50

dikes

0.0

3.13

Giant worms

0.0

1.88

Hot temperature

0.0

5.00

Land conversion

0.0

1.25

Noisy frogs

0.0

0.63

Sneezing carabao

0.0

3.13

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

101

Frequent rainfall is vulnerable to crops and may affect farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x;s harvest. From previous results, farmers stated that they experience frequent rainfalls these past few years. As seen in Table 47, there are many indicators the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao employed in assessing that rainfall might come. In Benguet, many of the farmers said that rainfall is coming when the cloud formation is nimbus (36.24%), when there are movement of dark clouds (35%), and when there is soil erosion (13.75%). Some of the indigenous tools used by the farmers are when the soil is acidic, when they notice angry birds, giant worms, grasshopper, and when they experience famine. The top indicators of rainfall in this province are further described in Figure 9. Consistently, the indicators used by many of the farmers in Ifugao which are also applied by many of the farmers in Benguet are the nimbus formation of clouds (40.63%) and movement of dark clouds (37.5%). Some respondents recall that their folks use animal and insect behavior to predict weather changes. A relatively larger percentage of farmers considered movement patterns of ants/termites (11.25%). Some of the respondents also used the wind movement (15%), sun crowning (9.38%), and lightning and thunder in the morning (7.5%) as useful tools in assessing those farmers here are already vulnerable to rainfall. There are more other indigenous tools used by some of Ifugao farmers and these are listed in Table 47. As can be Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

102

seen in Figures 9 and 10, both provinces have the same top indicators of rainfall might be coming and these include nimbus cloud, movement of dark clouds and wind movement.

ď&#x201A;§ Hot Temperature Hot temperature is considers by most of the farmers as one of the indicators of their vulnerability to drought. Hence, most of the indicators for the occurrence of this climatic driver are the same indicators used by the farmers to drought. Again like in drought event, the decreasing water level in the watersheds due to faster evaporation rate and soil cracks are the main indicators used by the farmers to assess the occurrence of hot temperature. Table 36 listed the different tools used by farmers in the two provinces. In Benguet, some of the indigenous knowledge used includes falling leaves because of dried out leaves, orange hue of sky, presence of pests, migration of seabirds from lowland to upland, and change in the migration pattern of birds. Farmers from Ifugao also mentioned about decreasing water level in the watersheds due to faster evaporation rate. Animals have better sensory perception that human and they are more sensitive to air movement and changing temperature which are the basic indicators of changing climate. Hence some of the locally indicators used are t like snake coming out and change in the migration patterns of birds. Falling leaves and flowering of bamboo that could be a stress reaction of plants to ensure the proliferation are also indicators used by the farmers to assess their vulnerability to hot temperature. Table 48. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of hot temperature Hot Temperature Percent of Farmers Hot Temperature Percent of Farmers Indicator Indicator Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Acidic soil 0.62 0.0 Grasshopper 0.62 0.0 Animals getting sick

0.62

0.0

Humming birds

2.50

Betin (Famine)

0.62

0.0

Land conversion

0.62

Too cold in November to

5.00

1.25

Migration of seabirds

3.12

January Change in migration pattern of birds like

2.50

0.0

from lowland to upland 2.50

Movement patterns of 1.25

ants/termites

0.62 0.0

kiling, ti-way, Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

103

aladong, or siyet Decreasing water level

11.87

8.75

No rain

1.87

0.0

(nimbus)

1.25

1.88

Orange hue of sky

1.87

2.50

Dead fishes in rice fields

1.87

1.25

Presence of pests

1.25

Radio/TV news

3.75

Soil cracks

1.25

10.00

Clear sky

0.0

0.63

in the watersheds Cloud formation

Deformed plants (leaves)

0.62

Falling leaves

0.62

Flowering of trees

0.62

0.63

Epidemic among

Flowering of

livestock and poultry

0.0

3.13

bamboo/hablang

0.0

2.50

Giant worms

0.0

0.63

Shape of the moon

0.0

0.63

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

ď&#x201A;§ Cold Temperature Very few of the farmers in Benguet and Ifugao mentioned tools for the occurrence of cold temperature. The different indicators that were observed from these farmers are presented in Table 49. Almost similar tools were identified from farmers in two provinces. Among those that were listed, many said that their experience of coldness during the months of November to January indicates that their crops are vulnerable to cold temperature. Table 49. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of cold temperature Cold Temperature Percent of Farmers Cold Temperature Percent of Farmers Indicator Indicator Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Animals getting sick 0.62 0.0 Land conversion 0.62 0.0 Change of migration pattern of birds like

8.75

Migration of seabirds 3.75

from lowland to upland

1.25 0.63

kiling, Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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ti-way, aladong or siyet Changing water level

0.62

0.0

Presence of pests

0.62

0.0

0.62

0.0

Radio/TV news

5.62

0.0

in the watersheds Cold-like symptoms in chickens Deformed plants (leaves)

Too cold in November 0.62

0.0

to January

33.12

30.00

livestock and poultry

5.00

6.88

Wind movement

2.50

0.0

Humming of birds

0.62

1.88

Cloud formation

0.0

1.25

Epidemic among

Flowering of filao/hablang/sunflower

8.04 0.0

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

ď&#x201A;§ Typhoon Table 50. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the tool that they used as indicator of the occurrence of typhoon Typhoon Indicator Percent of Farmers Typhoon Indicator Percent of Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Change in migration pattern of birds like 11.87 6.25 Movement patterns 5.00 3.13 kiling, ti-way, of ants/termites aladong, or siyet Changing water level 1.25 0.0 Orange hue of sky 6.87 15.00 in the watersheds Chicken cleaning its feathers 1.25 0.0 Radio/TV news 8.12 1.25 Cloud formation (nimbus) 16.87 5.00 Shape of the moon 3.75 1.88 Guidance from old Chicken playing on folks 3.75 2.50 ashes 0.0 0.63 Lightning and thunder Sun crowning 14.37 8.75 in the morning 6.25 0.63 Movement of dark 20.00 Wind movement 23.74 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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clouds Changes in their local calendar

27.50 0.0

31.88

1.25

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province

The occurrence of typhoon is one of the most climatic hazards to agricultural production and human and animal health. Indicators found from the farmers in Benguet and Ifugao are similar with those used for rainfall. The common indicators identified from two provinces include cloud formation, movement of dark clouds, wind movement, orange hue of sky, and sun crowning. Many of the farmers who said that they are vulnerable to typhoon used these indicators (see Table 50). It can also be seen from the information that there are farmers that did not use any tools to assess that typhoon might come and just depend on the news from radio or television. More farmers from Benguet (8.12%) than from Ifugao (14.37%) are no longer using indigenous knowledge on agriculture. Figures 11 and 12 show the top indicators of typhoon in Benguet and Ifugao, respectively. Both provinces have the same top indicators with wind movement in the lead.

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ď&#x201A;§ When are Farmers Vulnerable? ď&#x201A;§ Drought Farmers were asked about the period of drought that they already consider their crops vulnerable. Different periods of time were given and these are summarized in Table 39. Many in Benguet (pilot and non-pilot sites)

stated that 1 month of drought is already

vulnerable to them. The farmers of sayote mentioned that at this point, the crop leaves already turned to yellow and even the sayote fruit stopped growing. In Ifugao, many of the farmers indicated that they are already vulnerable at 2 to 3 months of drought. This period is already a critical stage, according to them. Any kind of vegetables regardless of the variety can no longer be planted at this point. Pests are also increasing, cracked soils, burned leaves, stunted growth of crops, water shortage, and low harvest are some of the effects of the longer drought. On the other hand, a few of them are already vulnerable at 2 to 3 weeks of drought. Farmers of wombok said that the 2 to 3 weeks of drought already affect the quality of their crop.

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Table 51. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the period of drought that they already considered themselves vulnerable Period of Drought Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Sites 2 weeks 2.26 1.43 0 2.06 3 weeks 2.6 0 0 0 1 month 11.73 16.87 0 14.78 2 months 10.57 3.07 10.54 5.84 3 months 11.18 4.91 9.91 20.96 4 months 5.62 2.35 11.92 3.78 5 months 1.95 1.02 0 5.84 6 months 0 0 0 4.47 *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

ď&#x201A;§ Flood Table 52 gives the different time period of flood that the farmers considered themselves vulnerable to the said climatic driver. The periods vary from 1 day to 1 month and very few of the farmers from the two provinces responded to this question. It can be seen from the table that a small percentage of farmers from Benguet stated that their crops are already vulnerable at 1 day period of flood. In the pilot sites of Benguet, many of the farmers said that the 5 days of drought is when they considered their crops vulnerable, 3 days for farmers from non-pilot sites, and 3 days for farmers from Ifugao. These are the periods of flood that they observed that their fields are drowned, there are soil erosions, plants are damaged, and strong enough to erode dikes. These are also the periods that they can no longer transport to their fields and gave them low harvest or even no harvest at all.

Table 52. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the period of flood that they already considered themselves vulnerable Period of Flood Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Sites 1 day 0.37 0 0 0 2 days

4.89

0.72

1.63

3 days

4.52

5.01

4.12

5 days

6.78

2.06

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1 week

2.26

1.37

1 month

1.43

3.44

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

ď&#x201A;§ Frost No information was gathered from farmers in Ifugao with regards to their vulnerability to frost since most of them did not consider this event vulnerable to them. While, some farmers from Benguet indicated that their crops are vulnerable to frost. In Benguet, many of those farmers who said that they are vulnerable to the event specified that 1 day to 2 days of frost already affect their crops. These periods could already destroy the leaves of their plants and damage their crops. Pest like wiking is observed during this period. It can also be seen from the table that for a small number of farmers 5 to 6 hours of drought are already vulnerable to their crops.

Table 53. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet province by the period of frost that they already considered themselves vulnerable Period of Frost Benguet Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Sites 5 hours 1.95 0 6 hours

1.95

1 day

9.04

2 days

11.3

3 days

17.38

4 days

2.26

1 month

1.95

2 months

0.37

3 months

0.73

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) Of Benguet province

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ď&#x201A;§ Hailstorm Table 54. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the period of hailstorm that they already considered themselves vulnerable Period of Hailstorm Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Sites 3.5 minutes 1.95 0 0 0 4 minutes

5 minutes

0.50

7.5 minutes

2.01

10 minutes

3.91

2.97

14 minutes

1.95

1.37

15 minutes

2.97

2.01

16 minutes

3.91

30 minutes

1.95

9.51

1 hour

1.43

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

A small number of farmers indicated their experienced on hailstorm as climatic hazard. Among those who responded from Benguet, hailstorm of 10 to 15 minutes with approximately 2 cms hailstorm size is already vulnerable to their crops (refer to Table 54). According to these farmers, this already creates hole in their leafy vegetables (especially on cabbage). However, many farmers indicated that hailstorm has very minimal effect to their crops and actually for most of the farmers from Benguet and Ifugao, hailstorm has no effect at all.

ď&#x201A;§ Landslide Relatively more farmers from Ifugao than from Benguet indicated their vulnerability to landslide. In Benguet, many of the farmers believed that even a single landslide may destroy their crops and their lives as well. They usually experience hard transportation and they cannot visit their fields. In fact for some of them, they experienced no food and even deaths caused by the landslide. Almost the same distribution is observed in Ifugao. Farmers here also signified Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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that landslide regardless of the number of its occurrence adversely affect their farming. It destroyed their rice fields, they need to reconstruct their terraces, harvest is affected and they donâ&#x20AC;&#x;t even have food for their daily living. Sometime, they need to skip one planting season and may not plant for a year. And worst, destroyed their houses.

Table 55. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the number of landslide that they already considered themselves vulnerable Number of Landslide Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Sites 1 4.4 9.51 33.0 2.41 2

0.73

3.48

3.78

0.86

1.37

1.95

1.37

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

ď&#x201A;§ Pests According to the farmers, problem on pests is one of the effects of climate change on their crops. They responses with regards to their vulnerability occasions vary. Some of the farmers from Benguet mentioned that when their 2 to 3 plots are attacked by pests, it will already gives them low harvest and low income. In fact for some, they already feel vulnerable if 1 to 2 plots of their field are affected by pests because of fast increase in the volume of pests. Many experienced hard time dealing with this problem because of the different kinds of pests attacking their crops, in addition to the fact that pesticides are expensive. In Ifugao, some of the farmers who indicated their vulnerability to pests said that they are already vulnerable if more than 30% of their planted areas are infected by pests, some said 40 % infestation, but many said if more than 50% are invaded by pests. Pests indeed destroyed their crops and really affect their livelihood.

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ď&#x201A;§ Rainfall Very few numbers of farmers from Benguet and Ifugao mentioned about the frequency of rainfall which they considered themselves vulnerable. A small percentage of them said that a strong one-day rainfall may already adversely affect their crops. Two days straight of rainfall easily destroyed the leaves and rotten their crops. Very strong rainfall which lasts for five days can cause flood which damage the plants. Everyday rainfall destroys the leaves and roots of their crops. Frequent rainfall adversely affects their harvest. Some of them said that rainfall is good for palay but not for root crops. For sayote farmers, straight 7 days rainfall is already vulnerable.

Table 56. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the frequency of rainfall that they already considered themselves vulnerable Frequency of Rainfall Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Sites 3 days 2.26 0 0 5 days

2.45

0.75

Once a week

5.80

9.71

Twice a week

4.64

0.75

Every other day

6.17

10.43

Everyday

14.60

13.55

Once a month

2.45

Twice a month

6.78

2.45

0.25

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

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ď&#x201A;§ Hot Temperature Temperature is important for plant growth and development. However, note that there is an optimum temperature range for maximum yield for any crop. Some farmers from Benguet who considered themselves vulnerable to hot temperature said that they are already vulnerable to this climatic driver with a temperature of at least 30oC. In Ifugao, some of the farmers feel that they are already vulnerable with a temperature of at least 26oC. Also, some of them experienced a temperature as high as 40oC. Because of extreme hot temperature, their plants are withered. Moreover, as impacts of hot temperature, leaves get dried leading to poor quality of crops, soils are cracked, there are yellowing of crops, stunted crops, and they cannot work longer in their farm.

ď&#x201A;§ Typhoon

Typhoon leads to flood and landslides, hence indeed affects farmers seriously. Most of the farmers are vulnerable to typhoon. Table 57 shows the percentage distribution of farmers from Benguet and Ifugao according to the typhoon signal that they considered themselves vulnerable. Many of the farmers from these provinces regarded themselves as highly vulnerable to typhoon with signal number 3. It can also be observed that more farmers from Benguet than in Ifugao are already vulnerable to typhoon with signal number 1.

Same effects of typhoon were observed from the farmers of Benguet and Ifugao. For them, typhoon will indeed cause them low production and for strong typhoon, no harvest at all. Plants are rotten regardless of signal. They cannot work in their farm because of heavy rain. Landslides might occur and will affect their transportation. There will be poor production of rice, young plants died, uprooted crops, all crops are destroyed. Table 57. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the typhoon signal that they already considered themselves vulnerable Signal Benguet Ifugao Pilot Sites* Non-Pilot Pilot Sites Non-Pilot Sites Sites 1 27.2 16.2 1.7 0.9 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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22.2

9.5

1.7

0.9

42.0

27.6

86.9

43.7

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

ď&#x201A;§ Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture

Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. In developing countries like ours, climate change will cause yield declines for most important crops. Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of the world, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative. In Benguet, in general, majority of the farmers indicated that climate change adversely affects their crops. Most of them said that because of climate change they encountered more pests and diseases to their crops, hence poorer quality of crops. To improve their harvest, they need to increase their production input. But because input was higher than the output, low profit was usually expected (see Table 46). The same scenarios are observed for the pilot and nonpilot sites of Benguet, though generally more farmers from pilot sites experienced it.

From the same table, farmers from Ifugao were indeed negatively affected by climate change because of the increased in the production input and lesser income due to high input and low output. Smaller percentages of farmers in Ifugao mentioned about the occurrence of more pests and diseases to crops as effect of climate change compared in Benguet wherein many of the farmers indicated this effect. Table 58. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by their perceived effect of climate change on their crop Crop Benguet Benguet Ifugao Ifugao Pilot Non-Pilot Pilot Non-Pilot Sites* Sites Sites Sites Stunted growth of crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 10.1 15.6 Higher production input

87.8

94.0

90.1

91.0

80.5

88.2

Greater damage due to

9.4

4.7

7.6

2.5

3.3

2.7

54.2

50.3

52.6

41.4

44.2

42.2

force majeure incidents Poorer quality of crops

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produced Lesser income due to high

92.4

66.3

82.8

59.2

50.0

56.8

93.9

69.6

84.9

23.3

37.8

27.2

input and low output Occurrence of more pests and diseases to plants e.g. Corn Plant hopper *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

Climate change also affect livestock and poultry both through direct effects on production and indirectly through changes in grain prices, and pasture productivity. Many of the farmers from the pilot sites of Benguet revealed that they experienced higher mortality rate of their livestock and they attributed it to climate change. About 32% of them said that stunted growth of their livestock was also due to climate change that is happening in their province. In the non-pilot sites of this province, most of the farmers specified that stunted growth is the main effect of climate change in their livestock (see Table 59). On the other hand, generally in Ifugao, a large percentage of farmers believed that the higher mortality rate on their livestock is due to climate change that they are experiencing now.

Table 59. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by their perceived effect of climate change on their livestock/poultry Livestock/Poultry Benguet Benguet Ifugao Ifugao Pilot Non-Pilot Pilot Non-Pilot Sites Sites Sites Sites Stunted growth 32.4 63.4 43.6 17.2 15.3 16.7 Higher mortality rate

41.7

18.0

33.1

57.1

49.2

55.0

Higher production input

4.2

5.5

4.7

0.8

0.6

Poorer quality of produce

10.4

26.6

16.3

4.0

2.6

3.6

Lesser income due to

15.9

31.8

21.6

2.2

3.3

2.5

high input and low output *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

Not all of the farmers who were interviewed can give views regarding the possible effects of climate change on fisheries/aquaculture. This is maybe because only a small number of them have experience on raising fish. For those responded from the pilot sites of Benguet, Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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many pointed out that the higher mortality on their fish is due to the unpredictable change in the weather. Alternatively, in its non-pilot sites, about 39% and 31% of the farmers believed that climate change motivates the delayed on the growth of their fish and caused them to generate low income.

Table 60. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by their perceived effect of climate change on their fisheries/aquaculture Fisheries/Aquaculture Benguet Benguet Ifugao Ifugao Pilot Non-Pilot Pilot Non-Pilot Sites Sites Sites Sites Delayed growth 17.1 30.8 21.9 3.7 12.5 6.0 Higher mortality rate

38.8

28.3

35.1

29.0

28.6

28.9

Higher production input

3.3

6.5

4.4

0.0

Poorer quality of produce

10.8

21.6

14.6

2.5

0.9

2.1

Lesser income due to high

3.3

39.3

16.0

0.0

4.7

1.2

input and low output *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

In terms of agroforestry and watershed, large percentages of farmers from Benguet believed that scarcity of potable water supply and inadequacy of potential water resources to sustain agricultural productivity are effects of climate change. In Ifugao, most of the farmers from the non-pilot sites have the same sentiments as with those from Benguet. However, in the pilot sites of the province of Ifugao, less than half of the population of farmers indicated same observations. Moreover, it can be noticed that more farmers in Benguet than those in Ifugao talked about effects of climate change on agroforestry and watershed which may indicate that water shortage is more of a problem in Benguet than in Ifugao. Table 61. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by their perceived effect of climate change on their agroforestry and watershed Agroforestry and Benguet Benguet Ifugao Ifugao watershed Pilot Non-Pilot Pilot Non-Pilot Sites Sites Sites Sites Scarcity of potable water 61.6 70.2 64.7 40.2 54.0 43.8 supply Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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Inadequacy of potential

64.7

73.0

67.7

37.2

51.5

40.9

8.1

1.7

0.9

1.5

water sources to sustain agricultural productivity (like rivers, creeks, and springs) Stunting of newly planted trees *Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in a particular site (pilot or non-pilot) of Benguet and Ifugao provinces

Aside from the effects of climate change on agricultural production in general, farmers from the two provinces are also asked to evaluate the impact of a particular climatic driver to farmers in each location (lowland, upland, mountainous) as to whether it affects them positively or negatively or not at all. Table 62 presents the modal rank given by the farmers from Benguet regarding the effect of climate change in different locations. Farmers from this province feel that farms regardless of its location are adversely affected by extremely cold or hot weather, frequent landslide, long wet season and erratic change in weather, though the effect is only moderate. Moreover, more frequent and heavier rain adversely affect farmers no matter the location of their farm is, but lowland compared to upland and mountainous locations is believed to be more negatively affected. Frequent flooding strongly adversely affects lowland, moderately adversely affects upland farms, but does not affect at all farms in the mountainous location. Furthermore, it can be seen from Table 62 that all the three locations in Benguet are considered to be strongly adversely affected by long dry season and stronger and frequent typhoons, but never affected by frequent thunders in the morning. In the province of Ifugao, on the other hand, the effect of a particular climatic driver varies among the three locations. Still, like in Benguet, the province as a whole regardless of the farmâ&#x20AC;&#x;s location is strongly adversely affected by long dry season, strong and frequent typhoon, and in addition, frequent landslides. Lowland farms are also strongly adversely affected by long wet season and frequent flooding in which the effect on upland is moderately negative. Extremely hot temperature affects the three locations negatively but moderate. Moreover, upland and mountainous are moderately adversely affected by extremely cold temperature, erratic change in weather, and strong earthquake but does not affect at all those who are in the lowland location. Upland is strongly adversely affected by frequent and heavier rain, while the lowland and mountainous are moderately and adversely affected by the event. Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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Furthermore, farm regardless of its setting are not affected by thunders in the morning (refer to Table 63). Table 62. Modal rank given by the farmers in Benguet province regarding the impact of a certain event to farmers in each location. Climatic Drivers/Events

Farm Location Upland Mountainous 2 2

Extremely cold weather

Lowland 2

Extremely hot weather

More frequent and heavier rain

Frequent flooding

Frequent landslide

morning

Long dry season

Long wet season

Erratic change in weather

Frequent thunders in the

Stronger and frequent typhoons

1 – strongly adversely affected, 2 - moderately adversely affected, 3 – no effect, 4 – moderately positively affected, 5 – strongly positively affected

Table 63 Modal rank given by the farmers in Ifugao province regarding the impact of a certain event to farmers in each location. Climatic Drivers/Events

Farm Location Upland Mountainous 2 2

Extremely cold weather

Lowland 3

Extremely hot weather

More frequent and heavier rain

Frequent flooding

Frequent landslide

morning

Long dry season

Long wet season

Erratic change in weather

Frequent thunders in the

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Stronger and frequent typhoons

1 – strongly adversely affected, 2 - moderately adversely affected, 3 – no effect, 4 – moderately positively affected, 5 – strongly positively affected

Leading crops in Benguet and Ifugao that are affected by each identified climatic driver whether positive or negative are listed in Tables 64 and 65, respectively. All crops are in Benguet are adversely affected by strong and frequent typhoon. Cabbage, Chinese pechay, carrots, sayote, lettuce, beans, and potato as one of the leading crops in this province can be considered as one of those crops that are affected by climate change. According to the farmers, cabbage is strongly adversely affected by extremely cold and hot weather, by frequent and heavier rain, long dry season as well as long wet season. Hence, cabbage is said to be adversely affected by erratic change in weather. Same observation was noticed for lettuce, carrots, Chinese pechay and sayote, except that the latter two are also adversely affected by frequent landslide. Baguio beans is strongly adversely affected by extremely hot weather, frequent landslide, long dry season, long wet season, and erratic change in weather. Camote is found to be strongly adversely affected by frequent landslide and long dry season. It is not affected by climatic drivers like extreme cold weather, frequent and heavier rain, and frequent flooding. Palay is strongly adversely affected by long dry season and of course strong typhoon. It is also adversely affected by some climatic drivers but the effect is just moderate. Moreover, extreme cold weather and long wet season actually has no effect to palay. Aside from strong typhoon, banana is strongly adversely affected by erratic change in weather. This crop is not affected by extreme cold weather as well as by the extreme hot weather, but moderately adversely affected by extreme thunders in the morning. Tiger grass which is more popular in Sablan is strongly adversely affected by frequent flooding, long wet season, and strong typhoon. Moreover, mums which are planted by most of the farmers in La Trinidad are not affected by many of the climatic drivers, except that it is adversely affected by strong typhoon and frequent landslide. Furthermore, all crops are adversely affected by strong and frequent typhoon, and majority of them are not affected by thunders in the morning. Some of the crops planted in Ifugao are listed in Table 62 together with the climatic driver in which they are affected. The leading crops in this province are palay and corn. For the farmers here, though palay needs rain, it could also strongly adversely affected by rainfall if it is frequent and heavy. Palay, because affected adversely by strong and frequent typhoon, is also strongly adversely affected by frequent flooding and frequent landslide. Low production of palay Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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is usually experienced during long dry season and long wet season. However, it is not affected by frequent thunders in the morning and strong earthquake. Corn as the second leading crop in the province, is strongly adversely affected by extremely hot weather, long dry season, long wet season, and strong typhoon. In contrast, it is observed that gabi is the only crop observed in the survey which is not affected by most of the climatic drivers except for strong and frequent typhoon. The climatic drivers that adversely affect other crops including cabbage, potato, Chinese pechay, carrots, sayote, camote, beans, lettuce, etc, are the same as those that are observed in the province of Benguet. Again, all crops are adversely affected by strong typhoon and not affected at all by the occurrence of thunders in the morning, while tomato is positively affected by hot weather.

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Table 64. Crops in Benguet province that are affected adversely or positively or never affected by a certain event Climatic Drivers/Events

Strongly Adversely Affected

Extremely cold weather

Cabbage, Celery, Corn, Sayote, Chinese pechay, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

Extremely hot weather

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Corn, Pipino, Sayote, Chinese pechay, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

More frequent and heavier rain

Frequent flooding

Frequent landslide

Effect Moderately Adversely Affected

No Effect

Carrots, Potato, Radish, Tomato, Peanut, Pipino, Pineapple, Brocolli, Tiger grass Celery, Radish, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Peanut, Squash, Cassava

Palay, Camote, Ginger, Squash, Cassava, Beans, Banana, Mums

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Celery, Corn, Sayote, Chinese pechay, Ginger, Bell Pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

Radish, Palay, Tomato, Peanut, Pipino, Pineapple, Brocolli, Tiger grass, Banana, Beans

Camote, Ginger, Squash, Cassava, Mums

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Celery, Radish, Pineapple, Brocolli, Chinese pechay, Tiger grass, Banana, Camote, Peanut, Pipino, Sayote, Pineapple, Chinese pechay, Ginger, Squash, Cassava, Beans, Mums

Palay, Tomato, Peanut, Beans, Green onion, Mums

Camote, Corn, Pipino, Sayote, Bell Pepper, Lettuce

Potato, Palay, Tomato, Tiger grass

Carrots, Cabbage, Celery, Radish, Corn, Banana, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

Frequent thunders in the morning

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Banana

Moderately Positively Affected

brocolli Pineapple, Ginger, Tiger grass, Banana, Mums

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Celery, Radish, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Pipino, Sayote, Pineapple, Brocolli, Chinese pechay, Ginger, Squash, Tiger grass, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion, Mums

121

Table 64. Continuedâ&#x20AC;Ś. Climatic Drivers/Events

Long dry season

Long wet season

Erratic change in weather

Stronger and frequent typhoons

Strongly Adversely Affected

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Celery, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Pipino, Sayote, Chinese pechay, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Celery, Radish, Corn, Peanut, Sayote, Chinese pechay Tiger grass, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

Cabbage, Celery, Corn, Peanut, Sayote, Pineapple, Chinese Pechay, Beans, Banana, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Celery, Radish, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Pipino, Sayote, Pineapple, Brocolli, Chinese pechay, Squash, Cassava, Tiger grass, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Green onion

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Effect Moderately Adversely Affected

No Effect

Radish, Pineapple, Ginger, Squash, Cassava

Brocolli, Tiger grass, Banana, Mums

Tomato, Camote, Pineapple, Beans, Banana

Carrots, Potato, Radish, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Pipino, Brocolli, Ginger, Tiger grass

Moderately Positively Affected

Pipino brocolli Palay, Ginger, Squash, Cassava, Mums

Mums

Ginger, Banana, Mums

122

Table 65. Crops in Ifugao province that are affected adversely or positively or never affected by a certain event

Climatic Drivers/Events

Strongly Adversely Affected

Effect Moderately Adversely Affected

No Effect

Extremely cold weather

Potato, Cabbage, Beans

Carrots, Palay, Tomato, Corn

Camote, Peanut, Gabi, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Squash, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Eggplant

Extremely hot weather

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Corn, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Beans, Lettuce, Eggplant

Palay, Camote, Peanut, Squash, Bell pepper

Gabi

More frequent and heavier rain

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Peanut, Chinese Pechay, Beans, Lettuce, Eggplant Palay, Chinese Pechay, Beans, Eggplant

Corn, Squash, Bell pepper

Gabi, Ginger

Potato, Palay, Camote

Tomato

Carrots, Cabbage, Corn, Peanut, Gabi, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Squash, Beans, Bell pepper, Eggplant Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Gabi, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Squash, Beans, Bell pepper, Eggplant

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Palay, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Eggplant

Tomato, Squash

Gabi

Frequent flooding

Frequent landslide

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Tomato

Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Gabi, Ginger, Squash, Beans, Bell pepper

Frequent thunders in the morning

Long dry season

Moderatel y Positively Affected

123

Table 65. Continuedâ&#x20AC;Ś. Climatic Drivers/Events Long wet season

Erratic change in weather Stronger and frequent typhoons

Effect Strongly Adversely Affected Carrots, Potato, Cabbage, Palay, Corn, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Squash, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Eggplant Carrots, Cabbage, Peanut, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Eggplant Carrots, Cabbage, Palay, Tomato, Camote, Corn, Peanut, Chinese Pechay, Ginger, Squash, Beans, Bell pepper, Lettuce, Eggplant

Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

Moderately Adversely Affected

No Effect

Tomato, Camote, Peanut

Gabi

Potato, Palay, Camote, Corn, Squash, Beans

Tomato, Gabi

Positively Affected

Potato, Gabi

124

ď&#x201A;§ Risk Mitigation In the past many, of the farmers in these provinces have been exposed to different kinds of environmental changes and have developed coping strategies to face these phenomena. They may therefore have to offer valuable knowledge to learn from for future adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. This section reports the different adaptation strategies performed by the farmers to cope with the difficulties brought by the different climatic drivers.

ď&#x201A;§ Drought Table 66. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the adaptation strategies that they used if there is drought Adaptation Percent of Farmers Adaptation Strategies Percent of Strategies Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Adjustment of Increasing farm inputs planting dates 27.49 33.75 (fertilizer, chicken dung, 3.12 3.75 etc) Applying the barangay disaster management plan 3.12 7.5 Kaingin system 11.87 4.38 Avoid burning plant residues 0.62 3.13 Lime application 9.37 0.0 Bahala na system 0.62 0.0 Migration of farmers to 2.50 0.0 other farm areas Planting of water Building of dikes 8.75 8.13 succulent trees 0.62 0.63 Change of crop/crop Putting a screen on the rotation 14.37 7.50 pigpen 0.62 0.0 Change of variety 13.12 12.50 Recropping/replanting of 3.12 3.13 same crop Converted the feces of animals as 3.75 Rip rapping 0.62 organic fertilizers 1.88 0.0 Rotation of supply of Deforestation 0.62 8.75 water 0.62 0.0 Establish catch basin 10.00 7.50 Sacrificing animals 1.87 0.63 Exercise zero tillage in the farm 21.87 4.38 Safeguarded the forests 1.25 1.25 Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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Table 66 continuedâ&#x20AC;Ś Find other water source, set up irrigation Finding other source of income Greenhouse Multicropping system

1.87

24.38

Seed selection

3.75

9.37

8.76

11.25

1.25

0.62

0.0

Staggered cropping Use organic fertilizer in the farm

10.62

6.25

0.0

3.13

Plant fruit trees

0.0

0.63

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

Strategies of farmers from Benguet and Ifugao to deal with the adverse effects due to drought are given in Table 66. Many of the farmers in Benguet considered adjusting their planting dates to cope with drought. Changing planting or harvest dates, according to them, are effective and cheap method option. However, the major risk could be shifting to a different market window that might give them lower prices. About 22% of the farmers in Benguet exercised adoption of conservation and notillage practices. Another strategy that some farmers here adopted is changing varieties. This is another low-cost option, although some varieties can be more expensive. About a number of them also used crop rotation and staggered cropping. Some other strategies testified by the farmers from Benguet are detailed in the table. Almost the same strategies are used by the farmers in Ifugao. A large number of them also adjust their planting date if there is drought. They also change variety of crops if necessary. About 24% of them considered finding other water source or increased use of irrigation to cope. Figures 13 and 14 show the adaptive measures for drought event that many of the farmers in the two provinces applied. It can be observed that many of the farmers from both provinces used the adjustment of dates strategy.

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ď&#x201A;§ Flood

Table 67. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the adaptation strategies that they used if there is flood Adaptation Percent of Farmers Adaptation Percent of Farmers Strategies Strategies Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Adjustment of planting dates

3.75

0.0

Greenhouse

1.25

0.0

chicken dung, etc)

0.63

0.0

Kaingin system

8.13

0.0

Rip rapping

5.63

1.25

9.38

1.25

fertilizer in the farm

7.50

0.0

Finding other water

0.0

0.63

0.0

0.63

Applying the

Increasing farm

barangay disaster

inputs (fertilizer,

management plan

8.75

7.50

Avoid burning plant residues

0.63

Building of dikes

16.25

5.00

Terrace Drainage system

0.63

1.88

Exercise zero tillage in the farm

Use organic 2.50

1.25

Finding other source of income

source, set up 0.63

0.0

Putting sticks in between corns

construction

irrigation Widening of outlets

0.0

0.63

of rice paddies

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

Farmers from Benguet and Ifugao practiced the same coping strategies to deal with big floods. Building of dikes is what many of them did. Some considered applying the barangay disaster management. Also, terrace construction and kaningin system are strategies found in this survey significant for some of the farmers. Other strategies to manage the effects of flood which are being practiced by few farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces are presented in Table 67.

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ď&#x201A;§ Frost and Hailstorm Frost and hailstorm are climatic drivers not so much observed in Ifugao. Majority of the farmers from Ifugao did not consider themselves vulnerable to these. Thus, coping strategies for these events are observed only from some of the Benguet farmers. Some of these adaptation strategies to frost include adjustment of planting dates, applying the barangay disaster management plan (which are also strategies to cope with earlier climatic drivers), converted the feces of animals as organic fertilizers, using of organic fertilizers in the farm, and watering plants more frequently Furthermore to deal with hailstorm, some of the farmers plant water succulent trees, some think about recropping o replanting same crop, and some even considered spraying of insecticides.

ď&#x201A;§ Landslide Landslide is experienced by most of the farmers from Ifugao and they considered themselves very vulnerable to this event. Table 68 shows the same strategies used by the farmers in Benguet and Ifugao to improve their livelihood that may be adversely affected by landslide. Among those which are listed in the table, similarly for both provinces, the main practices of the farmers are rip rapping, terrace construction, and building of dikes. More farmers in Benguet than in Ifugao considered deforestation, while more farmers in Ifugao considered looking for other source of income (refer to Figures 15 and 16).

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Table 68. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the adaptation Strategies that they used if there is landslide Adaptation Percent of Farmers Adaptation Percent of Farmers Strategies Strategies Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Adjustment of planting dates

0.62

0.0

Migration of farmers to other farm areas

1.87

1.25

Rip rapping

16.21

20.63

0.62

0.0

Avoid burning the plant residues

0.62

0.0

Sacrificing of Building of dikes

5.61

5.00

animals Safeguarded the

Deforestation

6.23

0.63

forest

1.87

0.63

of income

3.12

8.13

Terrace construction

13.71

19.38

Greenhouse

0.62

0.0

Use of organic 1.25

0.63

Finding other source

fertilizers in the farm Planting of Exercise zero tillage

0.0

2.50

pineapple

0.0

0.63

Kaingin system

1.25

Drainage system

0.0

0.63

0.0

0.63

Using cassava to fence corn and palay to avoid soil erosion

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

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ď&#x201A;§ Pests

Increasing prevalence of different pests and diseases to crops is said to be one of the effects of climate change. Some of the mitigation measures used by farmers in Benguet are given in Table 69. It can be seen that the strategies that a number of them applied include spraying of insecticides, use of organic fertilizers in the farm, and increase farm inputs by putting more fertilizers on their crops. A small number of farmers in Ifugao practiced mitigation measures to lessen the occurrence of pests in their fields. Some of the measures that they used are same measures considered by farmers from Benguet (refer to Table 69). Table 69. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the adaptation strategies that they used if for pests Adaptation Percent of Farmers Adaptation Strategies Percent of Farmers Strategies Benguet Ifugao Benguet Ifugao Applying the barangay disaster management plan

0.62

2.50

Kaingin system

0.62

0.0

Bahala na system

0.62

0.0

Lime application

5.61

0.0

4.99

0.63

Mix kuhol with watwat

0.62

0.0

Change of crop/crop rotation

Recropping/replanting Change of variety

0.62

1.25

of same crop

3.12

0.0

1.25

0.0

Seed selection

0.62

0.0

4.99

1.88

Spraying of insecticides

15.58

0.63

Convert plants as organic fertilizer Converted the feces of animals as organic fertilizer Finding other source of income

0.0 0.62

0.63

Terrace construction

0.62

Use organic fertilizers in Greenhouse

1.87

0.0

18.70

2.50

the farm

16.21

1.25

Increasing farm inputs (fertilizer, chicken dung, etc)

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

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ď&#x201A;§ Rainfall and Typhoon Rain, according to the farmers, is good to many of the crops. However, frequent and heavier rain may already destroy their crops and may also lead to floods. As mentioned, strong typhoon adversely affects almost all crops. It is also observed earlier that almost all farmers are vulnerable to this event whatever its signal is. Strong typhoon will result to flood and landslide. Hence, it is regarded as one of the climatic drivers which are very vulnerable to crops and to the lives of farmers as well. Farmers from the two provinces have similar approaches to mitigate the effects of rainfall and worst typhoon. The same adaptation strategies are also applied for these two climatic drivers. The main strategies used by a number of farmers from these provinces include adjustment of planting dates; staggered cropping, use of organic fertilizers, rip rapping, kaingin system, building of dikes, change of crop or crop rotation, and the terrace construction (see Figures 17 and 18). The detailed percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao according to the identified strategies to cope with frequent rainfall and strong typhoon are presented in Table 71 Table 70. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the adaptation Strategies that they used if there is rainfall Adaptation Percent of Farmers Adaptation Strategies Percent of Strategies Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Adjustment of planting dates

13.71

13.13

Lime application

7.48

0.0

plant residues

8.73

8.13

Multicropping system

3.74

3.13

Bahala na system

0.62

Potting

0.62

0.0

Building of dikes

21.19

Radio/TV news

0.62

0.0

Avoid burning the

21.25

Change of crop/crop

Recropping/replanting of

rotation

16.21

6.25

same crop

1.25

0.0

Change of variety

6.23

4.38

Rip rapping

11.22

7.50

Composting

0.62

0.0

Sacrificing of animals

1.25

Seed selection

2.49

4.38

2.49

3.75

Spraying of insecticides

1.87

0.63

Converted the feces of animals as organic fertilizer Exercise zero tillage in the farm

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Finding other source of income

1.25

Staggered cropping

3.74

0.63

Greenhouse

1.87

0.0

Terrace construction

4.99

4.38

12.47

8.13

Increasing farm inputs (fertilizer, chicken dung, etc)

Use organic fertilizers in 8.10

3.13

the farm Applying the barangay

Kaingin system

9.35

7.50

disaster mgt. plan

0.0

5.63

0.0

6.88

Drainage construction

0.0

2.50

0.0

0.63

Drain water from rice paddies

Migration of farmers to Build catch basin

0.0

0.63

other farm areas

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

Table 71. Percentage distribution of farmers in Benguet and Ifugao provinces by the adaptation Strategies that they used if there is typhoon Adaptation Percent of Adaptation Strategies Percent of Strategies Farmers Farmers Benguet* Ifugao** Benguet Ifugao Adjustment of planting dates

4.36

4.38

Avoid burning plant

Kaingin system

4.36

0.0

same crop

1.87

0.63

Recropping/replanting of

residues

1.25

Building of dikes

11.22

5.63

Rip rapping

3.74

1.88

3.12

0.0

Sacrificing of animals

2.49

0.63

of income

3.12

1.25

Stays at home

1.25

0.63

Greenhouse

1.87

0.0

Terrace construction

4.36

2.50

0.0

8.75

Build storage

0.0

0.63

1.25

Drain water from rice paddies

0.0

3.13

Build catch basin

0.0

0.63

Change of crop/crop rotation Finding other source

Applying the barangay disaster mgt.

Building of fences

0.0

Drainage construction

0.0

1.88

*Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Benguet province **Proportion of farmers in the total number of farmers in Ifugao province

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ď&#x201A;§ Extreme Temperature As already mention, temperature is important for plant growth and development. However, for any crop, there is favorable temperature that could able them to grow and develop with good quality. With the results presented earlier, more crops and most of the farmers are said to be more vulnerable to extremely hot temperature than with extremely cold temperature. Higher temperatures eventually reduce yields of desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest proliferation. Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-run crop failures and long-run production declines. With these, most of the strategies for adaptation to extreme temperature are applied by a number of farmers to cope with extremely hot temperature. Some of the main strategies followed by small percentage of farmers in Benguet are adjustment of planting dates, changes of crop or crop rotation, and the Kaingin system. Conversely, farmers from Ifugao exercise no-tillage, avoid burning plant residues, and applied Kaingin system. Some of them also find for other water source or set up irrigation.

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FFS Summary and Conclusion The formal field survey component is one of the approaches used to assess the perceived local impacts, vulnerability assessment tools, and local adaptation measures of farmers in local communities of Benguet and Ifugao to address climate change in the agriculture sector. It also aims to provide input in designing the local vulnerability indicator assessment tool. Agriculture, mining, and tourism are the major industries in Benguet. This province, often called the Salad Bowl of the Philippines, is an ideal place for producing vegetables because of its cool climate and high altitude. Major crops in this province include potatoes, Baguio beans, peas, cabbage, lettuce, and carrots. Ifugao, on the other hand, is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. It is located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests. Majority of the farmers here planted rice/palay. There are some of them who planted corn and camote. Agriculture can be considered as one of the climate-sensitive sectors of the country‟s economy. Climatic variability and change affect our country‟s agriculture through rainfall, typhoon and temperature conditions on plant and animal production. Indirectly, it affects our agriculture through changes in soils, water, pests, and diseases. Respondents from both provinces in all data gathering activities, including respondents from non-pilot municipalities shows high level of awareness of the changing climatic condition. Top indicators of climate change for both provinces include El Nino and La Nina, changes in rainy season and dry season, extreme, strong and frequent typhoon, more pests, poor quality of crops or damaged crops, unpredictable weather, extreme hot or cold temperature, and longer dry season. The leading indicator used by farmers in Benguet is El Nino and La Nina, while it is longer dry season in Ifugao.  Climatic Indicators The different climatic drivers considered in this component include drought, frequent rainfall and typhoon. And as effects of these, flood, occurrence of pests, and landslide were considered as climate hazards. Drought is considered by most farmers as one of the climate hazards identified as having a major influence on people‟s livelihoods. The leading locally-used indicators by farmers in Benguet are decreasing water level in watershed since hydrological droughts are associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortfall on surface or subsurface water supply. Seeing dead fishes in rice field is another indicator of drought that they usually used. This is maybe because too little water inhibits Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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growth and in extreme cases can kill fish. Also, fish cannot be cultured without water and poor quality of water can impede growth and cause death. On the other hand, in Ifugao, many of the farmers cited about soil cracks and flowering of bamboo as their indicators of drought. Frequent rainfall and typhoon are vulnerable to crops and may affect farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x;s harvest. Both provinces have the same top indicators of rainfall might be coming and these include nimbus cloud, movement of dark clouds and wind movement. Frost causes economic damage when it destroys plants or hanging fruits. Farmers from both provinces feel that frost is approaching when it is too cold in November to January. Benguet and Ifugao are both prone to landslide because of the mountainous characteristic of the two provinces. Landslide affects not only the livelihood of the farmers but the lives of the farmers as well. Farmers from both provinces mentioned about soil erosion as indicator of landslide. Loose soil and/or ground could collapse when it rains heavily. Many of the farmers now noticed the occurrence of more pests in their crops compared in their previous years of planting. They believe that this is happening as one of the effects of climate change. Relatively more farmers from both provinces said that more pests will adversely affect their crops if there is epidemic among their livestock and poultry. Farmers from both provinces regardless of their location (lowland, upland, mountainous) feel that they are strongly adversely affected of long dry season and stronger and frequent typhoon. In addition, farmers from Ifugao indicated their vulnerability to landslide.

ď&#x201A;§ Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. In developing countries like ours, climate change will cause yield declines for most important crops. Although there will be gains in some crops in some regions of the world, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative. Most of the farmers in the pilot sites of Benguet said that because of climate change they encountered more pests and diseases to their crops, hence poorer quality of crops. While farmers from the non-pilot sites indicated that to improve their harvest, they need to increase their production input. But because input was higher than the output, there was low profit. Farmers from Ifugao, both from pilot and non-pilot sites, had same sentiments as with those in Benguet.

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Climate change also affect livestock and poultry, and fisheries and aquaculture both through direct effects on production and indirectly through changes in grain prices, and productivity. Many of the farmers from both provinces said that the higher mortality rate on their livestock and/or fisheries is due to climate change. In terms of agroforestry and watershed, large percentages of farmers from Benguet believed that scarcity of potable water supply and inadequacy of potential water resources to sustain agricultural productivity are effects of climate change. ď&#x201A;§ Risk Mitigation In the past many, of the farmers in these provinces have been exposed to different kinds of environmental changes and have developed coping strategies to face these phenomena. They may therefore have to offer valuable knowledge to learn from for future adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. Many of the farmers in Benguet and Ifugao considered adjusting their planting dates to cope with drought. Changing planting or harvest dates, according to them, are effective and cheap method option. However, the major risk could be shifting to a different market window that might give them lower prices. Some of the farmers in Benguet exercised adoption of conservation and no-tillage practices. Another strategy that some farmers here adopted is changing varieties. This is another lowcost option, although some varieties can be more expensive. Many of the farmers in Ifugao also use irrigation to cope with drought. Farmers from Benguet and Ifugao practiced the same coping strategies to deal with big floods. Building of dikes is what many of them did. Frost and hailstorm are climatic drivers not so much observed in Ifugao. Farmers from Benguet also considered adjustment of planting dates in order to cope with frost. Furthermore to deal with hailstorm, some think about re-cropping o replanting same crop. The main practices of the farmers from both provinces in order to cope with landslide are rip rapping, terrace construction, and building of dikes. It was observed that many of the farmers from both provinces considered spraying of insecticides, use of organic fertilizers in the farm, and increase farm inputs by putting more fertilizers on their crops as their adaptive measures for pests. Frequent and heavier rain may already destroy their crops and may also lead to floods and strong typhoon adversely affects almost all crops. Farmers from the two provinces have similar Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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approaches to mitigate the effects of rainfall and worst typhoon. The main strategies used by a number of farmers from these provinces include adjustment of planting dates, staggered cropping, use of organic fertilizers, rip rapping, kaingin system, building of dikes, change of crop or crop rotation, and the terrace construction. Temperature is important for plant growth and development. However, for any crop, there is favorable temperature that could able them to grow and develop with good quality. More crops and most of the farmers said to be more vulnerable to extremely hot temperature than with extremely cold temperature. Higher temperatures eventually reduce yields of desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest proliferation. Strategies used by farmers in Benguet are adjustment of planting dates, changes of crop or crop rotation, and the Kaingin system. Conversely, farmers from Ifugao exercise no-tillage, avoid burning plant residues, and applied Kaingin system.

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Appendices Appendix 1. Brief profile of FGD participants at Ifugao State University in Lamut, Ifugao. Name

Municipality

1. Maria Gabon

Kiangan

Designation/ Work Farmer

Age

Sex

2. Moises Dulnuan

Banaue

Farmer

3. Linda Amawan

Mayoyao

NGO

4. Nancy Lachoana

Mayoyao

Farmer

5. Rudy Choy-awan

Mayoyao

Farmer

6. Joe Choy-awan

Mayoyao

Farmer

7. Richardson Dasalla

Alfonso Lista

Municipal Agrct

8. Robert Binalot

Banaue

Councilor

9. Chester Bahatan

Banaue

Farmer

10. Jimmy Cabigat

Banaue

MAO

11. Perfecta Dulnuan

Banaue

MPDO

12. Jun Dumar

Banaue

Farmer

13. Ruben Bulibol

Banaue

Councilor

14. Samson Day-ao

Alfonso Lista

MPDO

Appendix 2. List of KII Participants from the four pilot municipalities Name Municipality Barangay 1. Augusta Banagyo Mayoyao Poblacion 2. Juan Guinjicna

Mayoyao

Bato

3. Francis Boocan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

4. Peter Nimo Jr

Mayoyao

Mongol

5. Gilbert Ngaya-an

Mayoyao

Bongan

6. Isabel Tavara

Mayoyao

Poblacion

7. Juanita Baawa

Mayoyao

Poblacion

8. Rosie Lubbong

Mayoyao

Bato

9. Sonia Nalimang

Mayoyao

Talboc

10.

Rita Tabiano

Mayoyao

Poblacion

11.

Jerome A. Mombael

Mayoyao

Bato

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12.

John Martin

Mayoyao

Poblacion

13.

Edwin Apalla

Mayoyao

Poblacion

14.

Jerry Lachaona

Mayoyao

Poblacion

15.

Gregoria Marcos

Mayoyao

Poblacion

16.

Francis Hamchawon

Mayoyao

Bongan

17.

Juan Boocan Jr

Mayoyao

Chumang

18.

Peter Lanaon

Mayoyao

Chumang

19.

Fe Changwayan

Mayoyao

Bato

20.

Juan Mongalau

Mayoyao

Poblaciion

21.

Espina Fukasan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

22.

Veronica Atluna

Mayoyao

Bongan

23.

Claire Lumayna

Mayoyao

Bato

24.

Fairybelle Ngayaan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

25.

Jenny Amakin

Mayoyao

Poblacion

26.

Nena Chilagao

Mayoyao

Poblacion

27.

Joe Choy-awa

Mayoyao

Poblacion

28.

Armien Haywood

Mayoyao

Poblacion

29.

Virgilio Ellitan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

30.

Fhaye Amawan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

31.

Fitesgerald Chilagan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

32.

Florence Ponchinlan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

33.

Mae Grace Puguon

Mayoyao

Poblacion

34.

Celina Padchanan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

35.

B Hedchayan

Mayoyao

Poblacion

36.

Virginia Tundaqui

Banaue

Battad

37.

Crestita Pigob

Banaue

Battad

38.

Helen Laya

Banaue

Battad

39.

Nelly Culhi

Banaue

Battad

40.

Amelia Mundatay

Banaue

Battad

41.

Marietta Lumbao

Banaue

Battad

42.

Marites Lumbao

Banaue

Battad

43.

Elma Pumihit

Banaue

Battad

44.

Flordeliza Dumulag

Banaue

Battad

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45.

Mary Timmango

Banaue

Battad

46.

Marilou Pualon

Banaue

Battad

47.

Sheryl Lunag

Banaue

Battad

48.

Carmen Nagnot

Banaue

Battad

49.

Margarita Dayawon

Banaue

Battad

50.

Elsie Mayaru-o

Banaue

Battad

51.

Marina Ambojnon

Banaue

Battad

52.

Emilia Dumulag

Banaue

Battad

53.

Marvel Pagada

Banaue

Battad

54.

Lucia Dulawan

Kiangan

Nagacadan

55.

Magdalina Bulahao

Kiangan

Nagacadan

56.

Wilson Dulnoan

Kiangan

Nagacadan

57.

Sherwin Ulninagon

Kiangan

Nagacadan

58.

Arnold Alaga

Kiangan

Nagacadan

59.

Christopher Calingayon

Kiangan

Nagacadan

60.

Nestor Dulawan

Kiangan

Nagacadan

61.

Samoel Hagada

Kiangan

Nagacadan

62.

Bernard Tguinay

Kiangan

Nagacadan

63.

Pol Belingon

Kiangan

Nagacadan

64.

Joey Bulawon

Kiangan

Nagacadan

65.

Leo Dulawan

Kiangan

Nagacadan

66.

Emelia Ananayo

Kiangan

Nagacadan

67.

Virginia Tuguiganay

Kiangan

Nagacadan

68.

Anthony Dulnaan

Kiangan

Nagacadan

69.

Freddie Buhunao

Kiangan

Nagacadan

70.

Ramon Tayaban

Kiangan

Nagacadan

71.

Norman Daulagan

Kiangan

Nagacadan

72.

Juan Galleon

Kiangan

Nagacadan

73.

Joanne Cansiran

Kiangan

Nagacadan

74.

Phylis Tuguiginay

Kiangan

Nagacadan

75.

Mary Cudiamat

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

76.

Felipa Naval

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

77.

Carlos Mabayog

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

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78.

Jaime Cudiamat

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

79.

Virgilio Julian Jr

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

80.

Jose Tandas

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

81.

Johhny Ngohayon Jr.

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

82.

Lennie Cudiamat

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

83.

William Bongara

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

84.

Reynaldo Cuniahara

Alfonso Lista

Namnama

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Appendix 3. List of FGD participants at Benguet, Name Municipality

Barangay

Sitio

1. Clifford Soriano

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Mudayan

2. Claudio Pay-oen

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Pan-ayaon

3. Manuel Basilio

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Taba-ao

4. Eduardo L. Toclo Sr.

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Pan-ayaon

5. Magno A. Dangpa

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Lanas Sitio Loo

6. Marilyn Atapea

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Pusong

7. Teofilo Olsino

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

8. Eliseo Gabol

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Loo Lanas

9. Thomas Adag

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Togtogyon

10. Rodrigo Damadan

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Tabanco

11. Solano Segundo

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Lanao

12. Enrico Daolypa

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Togtogyon

13. Asano E. Aban

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

14. Edmund Baldaen

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Loo Proper

15. Camelo Liclikud

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Togtogyon

16. Dionisio Badin

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Modayan

17. Belen Sacla

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Lanas

18. June Bilango

Buguias, Benguet

Brgy Loo

Modayan

19. Cristma Soriano

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

20. Melody P. carino

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

21. Luis L. Mnais

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

22. Leonora L. Bolinto

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

23. Flora L. Lumase

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

24. Rosa Damaso

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

25. Remy Kituing

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

26. Elesia T. Alilis

Tuba, Benguet

Taloy Sur

27. Victoria M. Antonio

Atok, Benguet

28. Jaime M. Ebes

Atok, Benguet

29. Santos Prianya

Atok, Benguet

30. Paulo Magsino

Atok, Benguet

31. Leteria L. Pasya

Atok, Benguet

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32. Galito Malingta

Atok, Benguet

33. Brenda Saquing

Atok, Benguet

34. Randy F. Soriano

Atok, Benguet

35. Mylene P. Bolas

Atok, Benguet

36. Alfredo B. Celo

Atok, Benguet

37. Simon T. Backian

Atok, Benguet

38. Apolinario B. Celo

Atok, Benguet

39. Ramon S. Gavis, Sr.

Atok, Benguet

40. Edward S. Mattio

Atok, Benguet

41. Albert Segundo 42. Wilson Teofilo

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

43. Marlyn Dodon

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

44. Ramon M. Anamoco

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

45. Manuel M. Kew-an

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

46. Eugenio S. Cales

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

47. Marcelina Anas

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

48. Norman P. Ramirez

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

49. Dans Balangcol

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

50. Luisa Laruan

Sablan, Benguet

Brgy Bayabas, Teyte

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Appendix 4. List of KII Participant in Benguet province Name Municipality

Designation

1. Manuel Kew-an

Sablan, Benguet

Agricultural Technician

2. Ramon Anamoco

Sablan, benguet

Municipal Agricultural officer (MAO)

3. Constantino T.

Benguet State University

Sudayan Sr. 4. Fred Rufino

Atok, Benguet

MAO

5. Asano E. Aban

Buguias, Benguet

MAO

6. Francisco Binay-an

Tuba, Benguet

MAO

7. Brenda Saquing

DA-CAR

Field Coordinator

8. Randy T. Soriano

DA-SPICACC

Field Coordinator

9. Galito H. Malingta

DA-SPICACC

Field Coordinator

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IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD VERIFICATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TOOLS ON AGRICULTURE IN BENGUET AND IFUGAO SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE PART I: IDENTIFICATION

Respondent No.: ___________________ Date: _______________________________ Interviewee:____________________________________________________________________ Barangay: ____________________________________Municipality: ________________________ Interviewerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Name: ____________________________Signature: ___________________________

PART II: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Age in years:

( ) Below 18 ( ) 29 to 38 ( ) 49 to 58

( ) 18 to 28 ( ) 39 to 48 ( ) Above 58

Sex:

( ) Male

( ) Female

Civil Status:

( ) Single ( ) Widow/wer

( ) Married ( ) Separated

Ethnicity:

_________________

5. Educational Attainment ( ) No formal schooling ( ) Elementary undergraduate ( ) Elementary graduate ( ) High school undergraduate ( ) High school graduate ( ) College undergraduate, specify: Course: ___________________________ Year Level Completed: ________________ ( ) College Graduate, specify: Course: ___________________________ Year Graduated: _______ ( ) Others, pls. specify: ____________________________________________ 6.

Number of Children: ______________________________

Number of Household Members involved in farming: __________________

Source(s) of Income: ( ) Business ( ) Daily Wage ( ) Food processing ( ) Salary

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) Farming ( ) Tourism 148

(

)

Weaving ( ) Wood carving PART III: SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATED FACTORS

1. What kind(s) of crop(s) do you plant? Specify each kind on the following table. For each kind of crop, also indicate: yield obtained during the latest harvest, income generated during the latest harvest, season planted, inclusive months planted, and area of farm where crop is planted in lowland, upland, or mountainous conditions. Income Area Planted (ha) Yield Season Inclusive (Php) Crop Lowland Upland Mountainous (kg) (Wet/Dry) Months

2. What kind(s) of fruit tree(s) have you planted, if any? For each kind, specify the following: yield obtained per kind of fruit tree and income generated during the latest harvest, season harvested and area of farm where trees are planted in lowland, upland, mountainous conditions. Area Planted (ha) Kinds of fruit Income Yield (kg) Season Lowland Upland Mountainous trees (Php)

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3. What kind(s) of livestock/poultry do you raise, if any? For each kind, specify income obtained, and number of heads/birds. Livestock/poultry raised Income (Php) Number of heads/birds Broiler chicken Carabao Cattle Goat Native chicken Native pig Swine Others, please specify:

4. What kind(s) of fish or other aquatic life do you raise, if any? For each kind, specify weight of last harvest (in kg), income, and farm size. Weight Income Farm Size Kinds of aquatic life raised (kg) (Php) (ha) Carp Catfish Tilapia Others, please specify:

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PART IV: CLIMATE CHANGE A. EXPERIENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Do you believe that there is climate change? ( ) Yes

( ) No

2. What is your understanding/indicator of climate change? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. When have you experienced extreme or unusual occurrences for the following events? (please indicate the number or frequency of occurrences) Events Drought Floods Frost Hailstorm Landslides Lightning/Thunder Pests Rainfall Temperature

before 1980's

1981-1990

1991-2000

2001-2010

cold Hot

Typhoon

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B. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 1. The following are some of the indicators used to assess possible occurrences of different climatic drivers/events. For each event, check which of these indicators you apply. Events Indicator

Drought

Floods

Frost

Hailstorm

Landslides

Lightning/ Thunder

Temperature Pests

Rainfall

Typhoon Hot

Cold

Animal and Insect Behaviors change in migration pattern of birds like Kiling, Ti-way, Aladong, or Siyet dead fishes in rice fields epidemic among livestock and poultry humming of birds migration of sea birds from lowland to upland movement patterns of ants and/or termites snails going up the plants sneezing carabao unusual barking of dogs giant worms outbreak of cutworm (corn) Observations in Plants flowering of filao flowering of bamboo Natural Phenomenon cloud formation (nimbus) lightning & thunder in the morning movement of dark clouds orange hue of sky shape of the moon sun crowning wind movement

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1. The following are some of the indicators used to assess possible occurrences of different climatic drivers/events. For each event, check which of these indicators you apply (continued). Events Indicators

Drought

Floods

Frost

Hailstorm

Landslides

Lightning/ Thunder

Temperature Pests

Rainfall

Typhoon Hot

Cold

Natural Phenomenon too cold in November to January hot temperature Changes in their local calendar Others guidance from old folks changing water level in the watersheds land conversion forming of bulges in dikes soil erosion soil cracks

others, specify: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

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2. For each of the following climatic drivers, state how you determine that you are already vulnerable. Climatic Drivers Drought

Duration (

Low

Degree/Level/Intensity Medium

High

)

Remarks:

Floods

Height (

)

Duration (

)

Frequency (

)

Remarks:

Frost

Duration (

)

Remarks:

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2. For each of the following climatic drivers, state how you determine that you are already vulnerable (continued). Climatic Drivers Degree/Level/Intensity Low Medium High Hailstorm Size

Duration

Frequency

Remarks

Landslides

Frequency

Remarks

Lightning/ Thunder

Frequency

Remarks

Pests

Size of infestation

Remarks

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2. For each of the following climatic drivers, state how you determine that you are already vulnerable (continued). Degree/Level/Intensity Climatic Drivers Low Medium High Rainfall Amount

Duration

Frequency

Remarks

Temperature

Increase

Decrease

Remarks

Typhoon

Signal

Remarks

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C. EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE 1. Describe your perceived effect of climate change on the following: Crop ( ) Stunted growth of crops ( ) Higher production input ( ) Greater damage due to force majeure incidents ( ) Poorer quality of crops produced ( ) Lesser income due to high input and low output ( ) Occurrence of more pests and diseases to plants e.g. Corn Plant hopper ( ) Others, please specify _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Livestock/Poultry ( ) Stunted growth ( ) Higher mortality rate ( ) Higher production input ( ) Poorer quality of produce ( ) Lesser income due to high input and low output ( ) Others, please specify ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Fisheries/Aquaculture ( ) Delayed growth ( ) Higher mortality rate ( ) Higher production input ( ) Poorer quality of produce ( ) Lesser income due to high input and low output ( ) Others, please specify ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Agroforestry and watershed ( ) Scarcity of potable water supply ( ) Inadequacy of potential water sources to sustain agricultural productivity (like rivers, creeks, and springs) ( ) Stunting of newly planted trees ( ) Others, please specify ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

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2. Rate the impact of the following events to farmers in each location. Events

Lowland

Farm Location Upland

Mountainous Extremely cold weather Extremely hot weather More frequent and heavier rain Frequent flooding Frequent landslide Frequent thunders in the morning Strong earthquake Long dry season Long wet season Erratic change in weather Stronger and frequent typhoons 1 – strongly adversely affected, 2 - moderately adversely affected, 3 – no effect, 4 – moderately positively affected, 5 – strongly positively affected

What is(are) your basis(es) for determining the impact of climate change on farmers in different locations? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 3. Identify the impact of the following events to farmers according to crop. Please specify the crop(s) planted in your area. Events

Crop

Extremely cold weather Extremely hot weather More frequent and heavier rain Frequent flooding Frequent landslide Frequent thunders in the morning Strong earthquake Long dry season Long wet season Erratic change in weather Stronger and frequent typhoons 1 – strongly adversely affected, 2 – moderately adversely affected, 3 – no effect, 4 – moderately positively affected, 5 – strongly positively affected

What is(are) your basis(es) for determining the impact of climate change on crops? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Component 1B of UPLBFI-SPICACC 3.1 Activity 3.3

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D.ADAPTATION/MITIGATION MEASURES Which of the following adaptation/mitigation strategies do you apply to overcome the effects of climatic change? Adaptation/Mitigation strategies

Drought

Floods

Frost

Hailstorm

Landslides

Lightning/ Thunder

Pests

Rainfall

Temperature (cold)

Temperature (hot)

Typhoon

Adjustment of planting dates Applying the barangay disaster management plan Avoid burning the plant residues Building of dikes Change of crop/ Crop rotation Change of variety Converted the feces of animals as organic fertilizers Deforestation Establish catch basin Exercise zero tillage in the farm Finding other source of income Food offering Increasing farm inputs(fertilizer, chicken dung, etc.) Kaingin system Lime Application Migration of farmers to other farm areas Multi-cropping system Planting of water succulent trees Recropping/replanting of same crop Rip rapping Sacrificing of animals Safeguarded the forests Seed Selection Staggered cropping Terrace Construction Use organic fertilizers in the farm others, specify:

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