Matthew J. Dureiko Committee
Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D. (Lead), Jeff Kruth
urbanism
stadium
M.U.D Capstone 2014 - 2015
stadium urbanism
Stadia, Sport, and the Image of the American City
Matthew J. Dureiko Urban Design Capstone Project
Kent State University CAED _ CUDC Committee
Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D. (Lead), Jeff Kruth Blog
http://mdureiko.wordpress.com/
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“SPORT HAS THE POWER TO CHANGE THE WORLD. IT HAS THE POWER TO INSPIRE. IT HAS THE POWER TO UNITE PEOPLE IN A WAY THAT LITTLE ELSE DOES. SPORT CAN AWAKEN HOPE WHERE THERE WAS PREVIOUSLY ONLY DESPAIR.” NELSON MANDELA, 2006
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contents
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1 intro 2 narrative 3 thesis case studies 4 project case studies 5 methodology 6 site options 7 design options 8 poster session 9 semester reflection 10 schedule 11 blog 12 kent state poster symposium 13 midterm 14 final work 15 sources
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“Stadia have the ability to
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reshape a city. What once
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was a place built for viewing
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an event, is now the most
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important
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piece
of
civic
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infrastructure in the city.�
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Stadia, Sport, and the Image of the American City
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1
Stadia have the ability to reshape a city.1 What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure.2 Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum and Soldier Field were built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment in society. They were spaces for the cities to meet as one, to share their views, and celebrate civic accomplishment.3 The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the role of the modern stadium today? This paper examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.
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NARRATIVE
Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American
city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service.4 The city center today turns to recreation and entertainment with
sport being the central focus.5 Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience
and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.”6 Indianapolis and Phoenix have both re-imagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national
attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly,
Superior Viaduct, 1912, Cleveland, OH
Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it
is not just a city for government.7 Washington D.C.
is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the
major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major
League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of
eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does
a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and
wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.
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After the Gateway Project, Cleveland, OH
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Jessie Owens, 100m Dash, 1936 Berlin Olympics
Babe Ruth’s called shot, 1932 World Series, Wrigley Field
“Stag at Sharkey’s”, George Bellows, 1909
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2014/15 SPORT IN AMERICAN SOCIETY Sport is a democratic institution, or utopia, that judges
“solely” on the basis of talent and skill.8 Sport is a theoretical environment in which social conflict does not exist since
wealth or class does not equate to physical abilities or talent
level. The utopian of equality in sport gives its participants
hope for social change. Baseball, for example, is viewed as a force in which to passed along values such as hard work, social mobility, democracy, and teamwork.9
National elites had begun looking for a culture to better
connect America, and better project its identity to the world.10 The strength of the American image was necessary
for the country’s role in global markets.11 The elites turned to the popularity of amateur sports in order to bond the
nation together. In between all of the other conflicts that plagued America, sport seemed to be the common factor
that all citizens could relate to. Steven Pope describes, “the widespread popularity of institutionalized sport not only provided central reference points of daily conversation,
but also helped popularize an interlocking set of cultural
ideas about America and its relationship with the world”.12 Wealthy business men would soon begin to start organizing
and fielding professional teams as another type of business
venture. Before the media nationally broadcast sporting
news and events, professional sport was able to create
its own mythology that caught on in the American culture. The tale of Babe Ruth, and the “Called Shot” still is passed down from father to son. The stories and mythology of sport are stories patriotism.
Sport is a theme used by some of America’s great artists as
and expression of American society. Ken Burns is quoted “I bleed red, white, and blue,” which is evident in many of
his works, including a documentary titled “Baseball” and
his future film, “Jackie Robinson”. The American painter, George Bellows, is famous for his boxing themed pieces
that depict the social struggles and conflicts in his New York neighborhood. Sport now takes the place of religion as a way to communicate ideologies to the masses.
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SPORT AND THE CITY
markets, like Cleveland and other Midwestern cities, are not
The City is the object that initially helped the growth of
In Cleveland, there is a negative correlation between
professional sports. At first, stadiums and arenas were located in small, residential areas of the city (i.e. League
Park in the Hough neighborhood of Cleveland). Stadiums first developed in these areas so that they would be most accessible to a majority of spectators, the white middle class
that lived outside of the city’s center. With the invention of the car and other forms of mass transportation, business owners
brought stadiums to the city center as a way to bring people
large enough to support all these types of entertainment.
the attendance of the Indians and the number of arts and
recreation establishments in the city (see Table 1). When the Indians have winning seasons, and attract more fans, the money is spent at the game instead of at other recreational
establishments. Attending a sporting event in a downtown
region only redistributes dollars that would be spent there otherwise.13
downtown to help support business interests the owners
Many stadiums are publicly owned in America. This
began to identify with the culture of the people. Team names
franchises can leverage their existence in a city in order to
were involved in. By bringing sport to the city center, teams were changed to appeal to cultural interests. Pittsburgh’s
football team was named after the industry that helped it flourish. New Orleans named its basketball team after the popular music genre that the city is identified with. Team names helped to bring social identity and social investment to an organization.
Social and emotional investment is necessary for modern
professional sports. These investments into sports teams is what keeps people coming back for the product. It
differentiates those who are spectators from those who are fans. The spectator is someone that watches the happenings
of the game and understands the game. The spectator has
no emotional investment into a team, game, or event. The fan is someone who is emotionally invested in all aspects of the game. The fan understands the impact that every play
or event has on the greater whole and the outcome of the season. “Fandom” is equated to a personal investment in
a team, and the professional teams picked up on it quickly.
The more “fans” that a team has, the more powerful the
organization. This is good for the city and for the business of sport.
Sport is one type of recreational activity in the city. It is a type of entertainment that competes for business in the city along with restaurants, clubs, and movie theaters. Most mid-
Boston Red Sox honor Boston bombing victims with 2013 World Series Trophy
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should come as no surprise in a capitalistic society, where profit. Professional sports’ franchises are commodities, and cities and the pro-sports leagues understand that. Cities must compete with each other in order to host one of these
franchises. The city needs the team more than the team needs the city. Certain teams have associated themselves
with certain cities, but it has been proven before that teams
are not bound to a city (i.e. Colts move from Baltimore to Indianapolis, the Browns from Cleveland to Baltimore). The identity of the team, however, is. When Art Modell moved the Browns to Baltimore, a civic outcry occurred. Modell moved
the team, but the “Browns” never left the city of Cleveland. The team is not its own entity. It is a complex structure that includes the city and its fan base.
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THE STADIUM AND THE CITY The stadium has always been the most iconic building in the city. From the Colosseum in Rome, to Soldier Field in Chicago, the stadium is the urban space where cities
gather to express their civic pride. Stadia are the icon of the community that surrounds them. Wrigleyville in Chicago
would be nonexistent if it were not for Wrigley Field. No other building typology has the same effect that stadia have on a city. The stadium as a building typology can not be
understood without understanding the society in which it resides. Stadiums are the icon of the city. They represent
the culture and views of the society; the zeitgeist.14 It comes as no surprise that today’s American city wants to express the prominence of sport. The city receives instant credibility when it expresses its role in the zeitgeist. This idea is not
new to modern times. For example, Santa Maria del Fiore, in Florence was built to shift the religious focus from Rome,
and brought the first papal visit to Florence. The Duomo instantly gave Florence power and prominence in the
Christian faith. The Florentines understood that building the greatest cathedral in the world would bring people
to their city. Shortly after Santa Maria del Fiore, Rome began construction on New St. Peter’s in order to regain the Christian focus. This is very similar to sport stadia in
America today. New stadiums are built to bring attention and cultural power to the city or team. Chicago has Soldier Field, home of the Chicago Bears, because they wanted to “out-do” Paris, and Paris’s new urban plan.15
The stadium is the urban center for the celebration of the ritual that is the event. It is the place where the people gather
to rejoice as one when the team wins, and mourn when the team loses. The stadium is the most urban structure in the
city today. But the stadium is more than a place for sport.
It is a tool for revitalizing the city urbanistcally. It is a center
of economic growth. In many new stadiums, transportation
centers are also introduced alongside. This proves that the stadium grows the city center.
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STADIUM EVOLUTION Stadium evolution has taken place ever since
the Colosseum. Experts have identified five generations of stadium design, which illustrates
this evolution. The first four generations of
stadiums focused inward on the event. Stadiums in generations one through four constantly had to
evolve in order to stay in competition with the TV
(comfort of home) and amusement park (family entertainment). Stadiums in the 1990’s started to address a different type of problem. No longer
were stadiums only built to view games. They
were built as tools for urban regeneration. Public funding of stadiums became almost universal in American cities, and to sell the prospect of using
public money to fund stadia, cities would promote these structures as “cultural icons”, “job creators”, and “tourist attractions”.
The outstanding question is, what is the modern stadium? The modern stadium is no longer a
singular entity. It is a place where people gather, where people view spectacle. It is a place that
symbolizes civic pride and ideals. The stadium is not a singular structure, it is an urban space that houses the spirit of the city.
Further more, the stadium is now used as a
space that exhibits its city. Baseball stadiums
are now designed having the backdrop be the skyline. When the camera views the entire field from behind home plate, it can help but to catch
the buildings behind center field. This helps give
the stadium a sense of place. It gives the stadium a connection to the city.
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SPORT, THE MEDIA, AND THE CITY
seating options to fit their needs. Traditionalists tend to sit
Semi-monopolies that are the MLB, NBA, and NFL control
like to sit together. The spaces around the stadium are home
all aspects of professional sport. They determine which
cities can host teams, where their major events take place, the quality of the stadium, and which games are televised in
certain regions. These industries are the in the forefront of how cities and people view sport. The media has also greatly
impacted the way people choose to take in sport. Stadiums now must compete with HDTV and the comforts of home to
bring people the game. As a result, recently built stadiums now feature a wide range of ways to view the event. Some
stadiums include restaurants that overlook the playing field, seats at field level to bring the fan into the game, and even
spaces that people can view the team as the parade from the locker room to the field. But stadium communities begin
with the type of fans that attend a game. Traditionalist fans
prefer to view the game in its glory, and do not care for the distractions of in-game entertainment. Spectators view the
game almost as background music as they mingle with one another. These types of communities choose different
in the seats where they can view the entire field of play and
to each community of fan. From the luxury boxes to the bleachers, from the nose-bleeds to the center field bar, each
section has its own spirit that is unique to each seating level. The impact of the media on sport has completely reinvented
what the stadium is. Since the Colosseum, the stadium has
been the theater in which sport takes place. Now, it is a piece of the stage set in the performance. Televised games use the stadium as a way to express to the viewer the importance
of the game. A sold out stadium shows the viewer that the game is of utmost importance. People at the game are
now performers in their own right. The cheering and towel
waving communicates to the viewer the emotion in the stadium. Without people in the stadium, the game is equal to a television drama show. Communicating the emotion
surrounding the spectacle elevates the game into something
more than just a show. The emotion is what sells the game to the audience.
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Royals’ Fans react to game winning run.
CONCLUSION Stadia are structures built around the complexities of society, sport, and economics. To say that the stadium is a singular entity underestimates the spirit of the space. It is a space for spectacle. It is a space for pride. The team that plays in the stadium is just as important to the city as the structure itself. You can not tell the story of Rome and the Roman empire without the Colosseum, or Boston without Fenway Park. These places house the identity of the city, and are expressions of the trials and tribulations that its people have experienced.
Stadia shape both the city’s ideals and urban fabric. Urban infrastructure of this magnitude is often overlooked when cities begin to plan for them. With budgets often surpassing $500 million, the city must rethink what a stadium is, how its funded, and what it means to the city. Modern stadiums often fail to successfully impact the city. Modern stadia need to revert back to the past, and become better connected and sewn into the urban fabric. Cities must use these large investments to first, and foremost, positively impact the city, and second, to re-brand their image into a “major league” city.
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ENDNOTES 1
Sheard, Rod., “The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture,”
(Sydney: Pesaro Publishing, 2005) 8.
12
Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation:
Sport, Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 334.
Flowers, Benjamin, Paraphrased from video “Win or Waste: Atlanta at
2
13
Odds over Stadium Proposal”.
Delaney, Kevin J. and Rick Eckstein., “Urban Power Structures and
Publicly Financed Stadiums,” Sociological Forum, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Wiley, 3
see Ford, Liam T., “Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City,” (London: The
2007) 332.
University of Chicago Press, Ltd, 2009). 14 4
Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the
Sheard, Rod., “The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture,”
(Sydney: Pesaro Publishing, 2005) 20.
Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law Review,
Vol.
10,
Issue
2
(http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/
15
Ford, Liam T., Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City (London: The
University of Chicago Press, Ltd, 2009) 1.
sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 219.
5
Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the
Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law Review,
Vol.
10,
Issue
2
(http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/
sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 220.
6
see Wolf, Michael J., “The Entertainment Economy” (Times Books,
1999).
7
Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the
Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law Review,
Vol.
10,
Issue
2
(http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/
sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 223.
8
Reiss, Steven A., “Sport and the American Dream” Journal of Social
History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Oxford University Press, 1980) 295.
9
Briley, Ronald, “Baseball and American Cultural Values” OAH
Magazine of History, Vol. 7, No. 1, History of Sport, Recreation, and Leisure (Organization of American Historians, 1992) 61.
10
Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation: Sport,
Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 328.
11
Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation: Sport,
Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 334.
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Thesis Case Studies
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3.1
EXODUS, OR THE VOLUNTARY PRISONERS OF ARCHITECTURE
Rem Koolhaas’s thesis project discusses how people
become beings of their surroundings. The architecture that surrounds them dictate how they act in a space. He begins to re-imagine how the constraints of architecture
do not have to dictate the society that inhabits it, and how they can redefine their being in a space.
This type of narrative of a culture and society is how I will form my project. Through my process and further research, I will be able to tell my own narrative of a city, how it will grow, and how society will adapt to the city.
The stadium becomes a microcosm of the city and is a direct reflection of how the city evolves over time as a result of cultural and sociological shifts.
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3.2 KOREAN DIASPORA
Carlos Zarco’s project discusses the trials and
tribulations of Korean-Americans in the United States. His thesis uses historical context as a way to define
the problem of having a space for Korean-Americans
to socialize. The project looks at the city and defines a
space for this culture to interact together outside of the structure of the typical American city.
Although Zarco’s project deals heavily with the city, his final product is an architectural piece for the city. He develops this microcosm of a society to explain
the cultural inhabitance in the city, not unlike how the
stadium reflects the American culture in the city. This project was used as a way to re-conceptualize what
urban design can be, and how architecture directly relates to the city and society that surrounds it.
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3.3 Salvaged Stadium
Yaohau Wang of Harvard’s GSD developed a project that looked at the stadium, and how it can serve the
community after it is no longer used for sporting events.
Wang identified the existing program of the stadium,
and how it could be reused and benefit the city. The indepth programmatic research developed the stadium as
a “miniature-city� and discusses how the infrastructure of the stadium becomes impactful for the city.
This programmatic identification is how I plan to explore the design of a stadium, however while it is in use instead of its afterlife. The program of the stadium
should enhance the city, not hinder it. My project will
continue to explore how the stadium, its design, and its program reflect, and assist the city.
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What makes a stadium a
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civic icon?
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How can a stadium reshape
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the city?
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Project Case Studies
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158 Ipswich St.
4.1
Fenway Park, Boston, MA STADIUM BUILT AROUND THE CITY
Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in
the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium,
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but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.
$50k
16 Van Ness St.
ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
12.7k
38 Yawkey Way
PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
STOP + GO TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
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1909
1912
1928
1938
2014/15 Fenway Park is one of the most unique baseball stadiums in
America. This stadium has truly grown with the city. Fenway
is one of the only remaining stadiums that is a living entity. It was not built to completion. It has been renovated and reconstructed, not unlike how a city grows.
59 Lansdowne St.
So what is it about this organism that makes it the perfect baseline case study? Here are three main reasons:
1.) Fenway fits into its context very well. It is not too large for the neighborhood that it is located in. Even the street sections are unique. Not many other stadiums are bound by 2-lane
roads on all sides. The width of the street and the way people
occupy the street have a relationship. Fenway’s streets are always packed and alive before, during, and after games.
2.) It is not located right downtown. Fenway is in the Back Bay neighborhood, which is mainly residential with many bars and 16 Van Ness St.
restaurants too. The thing that this area lacks is parking, yet
that does not seem to be a problem with any of the 35,000+ fans. With public transportation, you are able to come and go with little issues.
3.) It is a growing civic space. It is not overly designed so that any renovation must satisfy its aesthetic. It a space that the people of Boston can touch and leer into. Fenway is not
an enclave like so many of the stadiums today. As long as Bostonians keep going to Red Sox games, Fenway will
continue to evolve and be one of the most unique parks in baseball.
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INTERVIEW w/ CAMERON KING
Cam King is the strategic marking coordinator at Paul
Lukez Architects. I had come across Mr. King and Mr. Lukez through their blog post “Baseball Urbanism”
which focused on how the scale of Fenway Park
relates to the city of Boston. Their contention is that Fenway has become the most important civic building
in Boston due to its respectful design in its context. We
had discussed how Fenway and the Back Bay Fens had grown together, how the stadium gives the Back Bay an identity, and how the program surrounding the
stadium enhances the visitors’ experiences of attending a Red Sox game. After talking with Mr. King, the growth of Fenway Park has allowed the stadium to develop authentic idiosyncrasies that are not seen in other parks.
Fenway’s unique design creates a special relationship between the people of Boston and the stadium. This bond is what makes Fenway arguably the most iconic American stadium.
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831 3rd St.
4.2 AT&T Park,San Francisco, CA CITY BUILT AROUND THE STADIUM
AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San
Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to
improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district
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relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.
$151k
84 King St.
ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
17.2k
155 Willie Mays Plaza
PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
SLOW TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
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1938
2000
2005
2012
2014/15 AT&T Park follows the model of Oriole Park at Camden Yards;
it was built to completion in order to rejuvenate the city. This model works in San Francisco’s China Basin district since the city was in need of expansion. The income of the area, along
with the needs of the city allowed this model to be successful. Why does the design of this project work in San Francisco? 831 3rd St.
Here are three main reasons:
1.) AT&T Park fits nicely in the context. Although it is a much larger stadium than Fenway, the surrounding buildings allow for this scale to fit well. There are 4-lane streets surrounding the stadium, but are designed to the human scale.
2.) It is also located just outside of the city center, like Fenway Park. The surrounding neighborhood is a dense residential area, so the park serves as the district’s leisure space. Parking
does not surround the park, yet there are multiple public transportation stops that are near the park.
3.) It has served as a catalyst for development. As San 155 Willie Mays Plaza
Francisco tries to expand, it uses the stadium as the
centerpiece for development. Over its recent history, AT&T Park has brought many residential and commercial spaces to the China Basin, while more construction is foreseen across the bay as a direct result of its completion.
Waterfront
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1619 NW 3rd St.
4.3 Marlins’ Park, Miami, FL
STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY
Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that
the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what
AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to
1397 NW 4th St.
public transportation.
$32k
1687 NW 7th St.
ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
1.3k
630 NW 16th St.
PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE
FREEFLOW TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
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2002
2009
2010
2014
2014/15 Miami Marlins Park has state of the art design and the most extravagant “experiences� located under its roof. However, this enormous structure seems to fail not only from an attendance
standpoint, but also on the urban scale. Lets compare it to Fenway Park:
1619 NW 3rd St.
1.) It shows the lack of ability to grow. The stadium is a complete entity. There is little more that this stadium has to offer in terms
of how it can better connect within the fabric around it. There is no street edge formed, no scale consideration, and is an extremely expensive investment in an area in Little Havana that is not wealthy.
2.) It is not an authentic space. Every experience and portion of its design was created from nothing; there were no constraints
in the design. They even had to build 4 parking garages as
a way to attempt to relate the scale of the stadium with its context.
3.) Most stadium projects take advantage and exploit the city 1397 NW 4th St.
in order to fund them. However, this project had done this in
an extreme way. For the $630 million project, the city had borrowed $91 million from bonds, which will eventually cost
the city $1.2 BILLION to pay back. This stadium just seems to deflate this area and the city, and does not show any ability to help grow the district.
630 NW 16th St.
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INTERVIEW w/ ROLANDO LLANES
Rolando Llanes is the principal of CIVICA, an architecture firm from Miami. His film, White Elephant:
What is there to save?, documents the story of the Miami Baseball Stadium, which was an icon of Miami until its
demolition. Llanes is also the architect of the four (4) parking garages that surround the new Miami Marlins
Stadium. I had contacted Mr. Llanes to discuss the impact of Marlins Park. We had discussed the reasons as to why the site was selected, how the architecture of the stadium relates to the community of Little Havana,
and how it will serve the area for years to come. His
hope is that it will start to redevelop Little Havana, much like how AT&T Park helped to bring development to San
Francisco’s China Basin. The most important concept we discussed was how the program of the stadium
relates to the community. He stated that businesses such as restaurants and bars are not being established
here because people going to the game would rather
eat or drink inside the park instead of under a parking garage outside of the stadium. This relationship of the program between the city and the stadium will be a major focus of the development of this research project.
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Historical concepts integrate
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the stadium with the city.
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How can this inspire modern
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ideas of today’s stadiums?
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5
“Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials.1� Stadiums are extremely experiential civic spaces which explains why they become some of the most iconic places in the world. The method of research must accept this, and highlight the phenomena of the stadium, and its place in the city. The qualitative research method allows for this type of study of the experience. Newspaper articles, documentaries, journals, and other writings focused on the response of the community concerning the stadium have been studied and documented. Moving forward, information from this research sets up a framework as to how to imagine and visualize the stadium through a different lens.
This research has led to help develop a generic program type for cities and stadiums. The program is not of fixed spaces and quantities, however is based on experience, culture, and society. By defining these broad categories of the program, I was able to compare the stadium to the city. What is seen, is that the distillation of both the city and the stadium reveals similar types of programmatic ingredients. This comparison helps strengthen the concept of the city-stadium, and how the two integrate with each other.
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L. Groat and D. Wang, Architectural Research Methods: Second Edition, (Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013) 224. 1
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1 social classes 1 people
2 visitors 3 residents 4 city laws 5 government branches
2 governing body
6 circulation 7 public spaces 8 civic structures 9 private development
3 built fabric
10 neighborhoods 11 zoning
13 future
16 shrinkage
4 life/society City Program
14 culture 15 expansion
City Program Distilled
12 History
1 fans 1 people
2 spectators 3 media 4 mlb
2 governing body
5 stadium management 6 event rules 7 circulation 8 public spaces 9 seating
3 built fabric
10 stadium communities 11 fan zones 12 team zones
15 future 16 culture 17 renovations
Stadium Program
14 history 4 life/society
Stadium Program Distilled
13 stadium “crust�
63
stadium urbanism
6.1 White Sox, Chicago, Ill. U.S. Cellular Field is home to the Chicago White Sox. Although this is a relatively new stadium, its site does
not allow for it to become part of Chicago’s south side communities. It is bounded by train tracks and I-90, and is located in a sea of parking. With low attendance in recent years, this stadium is not living up to its potential. Site
option 1 would be to find a new site in the South Side to move the White Sox stadium. This new stadium proposal
will be a response to Wrigley Field, home of the Cubs. The
multiple layers of social issues that revolve around this stadium can make for a very rich investigation. Further
research will be done to determine an exact site for a proposed new stadium if this option is selected.
64
< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER
ADEQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH
ESTABLISHED OR UP-ANDCOMING NEIGHBORHOOD
NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE
LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD
POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC
NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7
fall 2014
6.2 Rays, Tampa Bay, FL.
Tropicana Field is home to the Tampa Bay Rays. This stadium is also relatively new, however, looks quite dated compared to the majority of other MLB
parks. With turmoil in the Rays organization, they are attempting to talk with the city in order to obtain
a new stadium for the team, or be forced to relocate. Selecting this option would allow a proposal for
relocation to another city, or to relocate the stadium
in the city of Tampa or St. Petersburg. This option could allow for a more involved dialogue with both the team and the cities.
< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER
ADEQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH
ESTABLISHED OR UP-ANDCOMING NEIGHBORHOOD
NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE
LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD
POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC
NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7 65
stadium urbanism
Introducing Populous’ Living Park, an exclusive baseball stadium for the future What can baseball fans expect their stadiums to look like
new types of space. A city park overlooks rightfield—a riff on
Populous—one of the world’s most prolific stadium designers
green roof—and an enlarged berm beyond leftfield gives the
in 20 years’ time? To find out, Sports Illustrated approached and the architects behind roughly 20 MLB stadiums, including the two most recent venues in New York, Target Field in Minneapolis and Marlins Park in Miami—to look into
Fenway Park’s famed Green Monster, but this time with a stadium community-inspired life and public accessibility 365 days a year.
the future and envision a realistic design for stadiums in the
“Fields tend to be protected domains,” Sherlock said. “There
concepts, they created Living Park exclusively for SI readers,
not take advantage of that? Ultimately, that is what this is
2030s. After the Populous team brainstormed ideas and both the ones now and in 20 years.
The result: A park that doesn’t simply sink into the dense
urban fabric of a city, but merges with it, creating a completely
is an amazing feeling when you get close to the turf, so why
about, bringing on the positive pleasures of life and reducing the stress. These powerful sporting venues are amazing places for people to get lost in the daily life.”
new vision of stadium facades, community and interaction.
Getting to urban sites often proves tricky, so Populous
Mirakian and Greg Sherlock called it, creates a re-imagined
giving transit users a free look at one of the most stunning
The fresh take on a baseball home, as designers Brian communal living room with some flair, such as interactive data glass, public transit lines sweeping through the park and the city built right into the venue. This is, after all, the future.
Looking forward, there’s no need for the high-arching concrete and steel that separate today’s stadiums from the city around them. Mirakian anticipates “transformative stadiums that will really build a community.” The glass structures horseshoed
around Living Park, for example, aren’t just premium
seating, but also serve to combine the city and stadium. A street front on one side that hosts everything from offices
and apartments to retail and restaurants turns into a stadium portal on the backside, offering stellar views onto the field.
brought the public transit line straight through Living Park, views in the city. Mirakian called it a “pretty distinct” element of the design.
From the massive next-gen LED board in rightfield that allows the viewer within to see out, to Google Glass-styled windows in dugout suites behind home plate, Sherlock called
Living Park an “integrated building,” not only merging with
the city and community, but also interacting with the game. Why not have fans in premium seating peering through glass
overlaid with real-time data? “Being able to physically embed
data into architecture is a really powerful thing,” Mirakian said, “and something we’ll definitely see in the future.”
Instead of rising out of the city, the stadium sinks into it.
Offering high-tech experiences also enables the club to create
Trending data suggested increased urban densification,
“The biggest segmentation of fans, the experiential fans, they
giving Mirakian the idea to create a linear park environment
that allows the building to play as the central theme—a place
activated during a game, but where the community can gather at any time, during either the season or offseason.
In this case, the building itself is defined by the edges of
the city, acting as a window into the building on game days. There’s no need for fanciful facades, as the stadium instead flows with the park and city.
You’ll still find a traditional seating bowl tucked below
premium glass-enclosed spaces, but with the future of team
revenue not as reliant on gate receipts, designers can offer
66
new value in premium and enhances the traditional seats. are not here to simply spectate in the event,” Mirakian said. “They are geared toward a participant experience and want
freedom to move about, experience technology in different ways and fundamentally take in a MLB game in different ways. The social space is changing really dramatically.”
By giving fans an in-venue encounter that not only matches the home-viewing experience, but also exceeds it, Populous expects to draw a variety of types of spectators.
“Technology is keeping people in their homes,” Sherlock
said. “We reversed that notion, and in this urban context, this
fall 2014
park-like setting is the community living room where you go to get super technology at your fingertips.”
The 37,500-seat Living Park, which grows if the park is packed, retains traditional elements and enhances them
as well. The seating berm gets magnified, and the away scoreboard is topped by a data-dripping LED board. The seating bowl rises for better views, and the suite experience
creates places to socialize in a fan-flexible way. Populous suggests opening up the dugouts, in-park batting cages and other off-limit areas to allow intersection with athletes.
Populous even modernized the mow pattern of the grass.
COMMENTS This article demonstrates the concept of a stadium as an organism. Populous theorizes the modern stadium to grow as necessary, but in terms of attendance. The
stadium also needs to grow along with the city. The
relationship of the stadium and the city should be just as important as the relationship between the stadium and the event. My capstone project will take this concept of the “living stadium” and relate it to the city as well as to the event.
Now that’s futuristic.
Article by Tim Newcomb of Sports Illustrated
http://www.si.com/mlb/strike-zone/2014/03/13/populousliving-park-baseball-stadium-for-the-future
67
In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to
proper proportions. Then a site is found
Stadium Program
+
Consolidate the stadium using programmatic needs of the city. City Program
stadium urbanism
7.1
a.
that can support this program and the size
of the stadium. The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding
this relationship all together. This option
will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.
a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.
b. Find a site for the playing field. c. Add program onto the site to develop a
b.
civic stadium.
c. 68
fall 2014
7.2 Stadium Program
a.
City Program
+
Explode the stadium and program into the city to integrate into the context. In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city. a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.
b.
b. Find a site for the playing field. c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.
c. 69
4 city laws 5 government braches
7 public spaces 8 civic structures 9 private development
43% OVER $460M
PUBLIC $ SPENT ON STADIUMS SINCE 2000
DAYS USED PER YEAR
TOPIC INTRODUCTION
City Program Distilled
11 zoning
City Program
12 History 13 future 14 culture 15 expansion 16 shrinkage
4 life/society
1 people
3 media 4 mlb 2 governing body
6 event rules 7 circulation
9 seating
Stadium Program Distilled
8 public spaces 3 built fabric
10 stadium communites
Stadium Program
11 fan zones 12 team zones
][
14 history 15 future 16 culture 17 renovations
In option 1, the of the stadium scaled to prope a site is found th program and the The end result is in the urban fab the human instead relationship all tog focus on the desi programmatically city.
2.
1 fans 2 spectators
5 stadium management
LOCATION
AVERAGE STADIUM COST
3 built fabric
10 neighborhoods
4 life/society
In option 2, the pro new civic infrastru compared to the for a new stadium. is then determined program of the cit developed, the st tool in which to l structurally and fi option will focus o grows with the ne and will try to redefi are designed in ter
DISTANCE FROM CITY CENTER < 1 mile 1.1 - 4.9 miles
> 5 miles
0
3
6
9
12
15
# of stadiums
12 a
FENWAY PARK
Stadia have the ability to reshape a city. What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure in the city. Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum was built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment for the society. It was a space for the city to meet as one, to share its views, and to celebrate civic accomplishments. The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the role of the modern stadium today? This project examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world. Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service. The city center today turns to recreation
and entertainment with sport being the central focus. Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.” Indianapolis and Phoenix have both reimagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government. Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.
MIND MAP 1. Amount of good and bad traffic 2. Street width 3. How are the streets used before, during, and after games?
ADJACENT STREET TYPES
SURROUNDING TYPOLOGIES
1. What type of district is the stadium located in? 2. Does it compete with or help other establishments?
1. Does the stadium fit into the surrounding context? 2. How does it relate to the human scale? 3. Does its occupancy reflect the population?
SCALE RELATIONSHIP
NEW DEVELOPMENT?
1. Does it sprun new development? 2. What type of development occurs around it? 3. What scale is the new development?
STADIUM BUILT AROUND CITY
[
1.
2 governing body
6 circulation
13 stadium “crust”
$5 Bill. 81
$460m
1 people
2 visitors 3 residents
MATTHEW J. DUREIKO
Urban Design Capstone Proposal _ Fall 2014 Kent State University CAED _ CUDC Commitee: Adil Sharag-Eldin (Lead), Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby
DESIGN OPT
1 social classes
PROJECT SUMMARY
URBANISM
INVESTMENT
Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.
1909
Section Through Sta
AT&T PARK
IN THE URBAN FABRIC
THE STADIUM + THE CITY The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.
Cities use the stadium as a tool for urban planning and an object to plan around. Instead of planning around stadiums, how can the stadium be planned around the city?
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE CITY?
MASTERPLANNING
1. What else can $500m or more do for the city other than keep a team from moving? 2. How does this budget effect the city?
$500m + Budget
1. Does it spurn new development in the city? 2. What type of development occurs before and after it? 3. What type of people are attracted to the new development?
NEW DEVELOPMENT?
Population
1. How does it respond to the population of the city? 2. Static or dynamic population? 3. Is this population sustainable?
STADIUM URBANISM
1. How does the city plan around the stadium? 2. Does it serve another purpose than hosting games?
1. Does it symbolize the architecture/urban environment of the city? 2. Is it imparitive to the city?
IN THE SOCIAL FABRIC
THE CITY’S USE
THE CITY’S PUBLIC SPACE
CITY BUILT AROUND STADIUM
This project will understand the current relationship between the urban fabric and stadiums, and further question how they can better relate to the city and the surronding context.
1. What civic events take place in it? 2. The place for the city to celebrate civic accomplishments.
AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.
CIVIC ICON/SYMBOL
1938
Section Through Sta
MIAMI MARLINS PARK
This project will understand how the stadium fits in the social fabric and how it can be designed to become the most important civic structure in the city/community.
THE STADIUM + SOCIETY WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY?
70
1. How often does the stadium hold civic events other than sporting events? 2. How does the city relate to the events taking place in it?
CIVIC EVENTS
1. How often does the city celebrate accomplishments in or around this space? 2. What types of accomplishments have taken place in it?
CIVIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS
SYMBOLOGY
1. Does it symbolize the community? 2. Why is it reflective of the community? 3. Does the community have a vested interest in it?
The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.
WHAT HAS IT DONE FOR THE CITY?
1. How has it redefined the image of the city and how it is portrayed to outsiders? 2. What type of social power does it demonstrate?
CIVIC IMAGE
DOES IT RESTORE THE COMMUNITY?
1. Has it brought wealth/prosperity to a lacking community? 2. Does it restore hope to a community?
STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY
stadium urbanism
8 STADIUM
PROGRAM
Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.
2002
Section Through Sta
2014/15 SITE CHOICE CHECKLIST
DESIGN OPTIONS
ple
1.
ety
+
Stadium Program
City Program Distilled
bric
In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to proper proportions. Then a site is found that can support this program and the size of the stadium. The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding this relationship all together. This option will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.
City Program
ody
a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.
b. Find a site for the playing field.
c. Add program onto the site to develop a civic stadium.
b. Find a site for the playing field.
c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.
< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER
ADAQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH
ESTABLISHED OR UP-AND-COMING NEIGHBORHOOD
NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/ NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE
LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD
POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC
NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7
San Francisco, and example of how the owntrodden space in wo have a symbiotic
wn Miami. Once the t the stadium would ark has done for San w income area of the
4. Redefine program, and blend it into the city.
$50k ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
1909
1912
1928
1938
12.7k PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
Section Through Stadium
Yawkey Way Section
Lansdowne St. Section
STOP + GO TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
$151k ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
1938
2000
2005
2012
17.2k PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
SLOW Section Through Stadium
3rd St. Section
Willie Mays Pl. Section
TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
$32k ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
2002
2009
2010
2014
1.3k PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE
FREEFLOW Section Through Stadium
NW 3rd St. Section
NW 4th St. Section
TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
HH Income
3. Determine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium and compare.
Today’s stadiums focus on the event and are objects concieved from capitalism. The city’s investment in the teams that play in these spaces goes beyond the multi-million dollar budget that they require. The social investment is just as important to consider in these massive civic infrastructure projects. The today’s stadium deisgn is focused on building the most advanced modern stadium. This project begins to explore how stadiums such as Fenway Park, and Wrigley Field have grown with the city, how they respond to the urban context, and relate to the society. These investments of $500m+ need to consider the city just as successfuly as they do the teams that play there. The product of this research will be a new way to idealize the modern stadium, and a design that allows the stadium to become a place for the city once again.
Population Density
5 city blocks
2. Understand how the successful stadiums fit into the city and what makes them iconic.
Traffic Flows
12 acre site
compare to stadiums that do not fit in urban
HH Income
15
Find examples of stadiums that fit in urban fabric, and fabric.
Population Density
=
CONCLUSION + PRODUCT
METHODOLOGY 1.
Ohio City (example site)
Traffic Flows
STADIUM SITE SIZE
HH Income
ER
ens of Boston. Over around it and has m in the country. The e stadium also relies
]
a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.
Population Density
+
Traffic Flows
ety
City Program
Stadium Program Distilled
bric
In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.
Stadium Program
2.
ple
ody
71
stadium urbanism
POSTER SESSION COMMENTS _ 11/19/2014 “This is a civic proposal, not one based on finance.” Although this project is developed as a way
to help the community, finance can not be excluded. This project will not be financially driven, however it will use simple numbers to strengthen the argument.
“What is the trajectory of sport? And what does the next generation stadium look like?” Defining how sport will change in the future will help drive design decisions as to how to incorporate it in the city, and how the city will relate to the team and the stadium.
“What about combining multiple sports into one stadium? How is it programmed for not just
one event?” Stadia in the past had used the idea to combine multiple sports into one stadium, however this led to sterile spectator environments. This project will develop a stadium for Major League Baseball as its focus, yet allow for other events to occur during off days.
“What’s the relationship between multiple stadiums in the city? Size, location, etc.?” The most
important relationship between stadiums in the city are their size. A city should have a variation of stadium capacities to allow different size events.
“What’s the relationship between the lifespan of the stadium and when development around it
occurs?” The average age of MLB stadiums is about 25 years old. When cities decide to build a new stadium in hopes of attracting development, they need to consider how long the stadium’s life-span will see the proposed development.
“Think of what the stadium could do for the city instead of just inserting a bunch of new program.” Each city will have its unique issues that a stadium can help. These social issues should
be observed on a case by case basis. Defining what a city’s needs are first will help to develop a program for the city.
“Use your case studies as a way to reverse engineer them. This will help develop a design
concept.” This project will use the concept of stadia such as Fenway or Wrigley; the stadium growing with the city. This concept will be developed to suit a modern design that will greatly impact the city.
“How does the name park evoke its being or type?” The idea of the baseball “park” leads to the
concept of leisure. Baseball stadiums are places for people to relax with friends and other fans during the game, and allows people to take a break from everyday life.
“Are there other examples such as the one in Miami that do work in that type of neighborhood?” Although there are other successful examples of a stadium built in an area of the city to attract development (see AT&T Park), the main factor that does not bode well for Miami is that Marlins’ Park is located in a poor neighborhood, where development is unlikely to follow.
“Look into where parking is in location to the stadium.” The Gateway Project in Cleveland focused on this concept, and decided to offer very little parking. The idea was to make people park away from
the stadium, and filter through the city. This same concept is seen at Fenway Park and Wrigley Field, where access to the stadium is focused public transportation.
72
[
43% OVER $460M
CIVIC EVENTS
CIVIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. How often does the city celebrate accomplishments in or around this space? 2. What types of accomplishments have taken place in it?
NEW DEVELOPMENT?
1. How often does the stadium hold civic events other than sporting events? 2. How does the city relate to the events taking place in it?
This project will understand how the stadium fits in the social fabric and how it can be designed to become the most important civic structure in the city/community.
1. Does it spurn new development in the city? 2. What type of development occurs before and after it? 3. What type of people are attracted to the new development?
1. What else can $500m or more do for the city other than keep a team from moving? 2. How does this budget effect the city?
Cities use the stadium as a tool for urban planning and an object to plan around. Instead of planning around stadiums, how can the stadium be planned around the city?
$500m + Budget
SCALE RELATIONSHIP
1. Does the stadium fit into the surrounding context? 2. How does it relate to the human scale? 3. Does its occupancy reflect the population?
This project will understand the current relationship between the urban fabric and stadiums, and further question how they can better relate to the city and the surronding context.
ADJACENT STREET TYPES
1. Amount of good and bad traffic 2. Street width 3. How are the streets used before, during, and after games?
MIND MAP
1. Does it sprun new development? 2. What type of development occurs around it? 3. What scale is the new development?
1. What type of district is the stadium located in? 2. Does it compete with or help other establishments?
1. How does it respond to the population of the city? 2. Static or dynamic population? 3. Is this population sustainable?
SYMBOLOGY
1. Does it symbolize the community? 2. Why is it reflective of the community? 3. Does the community have a vested interest in it?
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY?
IN THE SOCIAL FABRIC
Population
MASTERPLANNING
IN THE URBAN FABRIC
NEW DEVELOPMENT?
SURROUNDING TYPOLOGIES
DAYS USED PER YEAR
THE STADIUM + SOCIETY
STADIUM URBANISM CIVIC ICON/SYMBOL
THE CITY’S USE
1. How has it redefined the image of the city and how it is portrayed to outsiders? 2. What type of social power does it demonstrate?
CIVIC IMAGE
WHAT HAS IT DONE FOR THE CITY?
1. Does it symbolize the architecture/urban environment of the city? 2. Is it imparitive to the city?
1. How does the city plan around the stadium? 2. Does it serve another purpose than hosting games?
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE CITY?
DOES IT RESTORE THE COMMUNITY?
THE CITY’S PUBLIC SPACE
1. Has it brought wealth/prosperity to a lacking community? 2. Does it restore hope to a community?
The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.
1. What civic events take place in it? 2. The place for the city to celebrate civic accomplishments.
The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.
6 circulation
0
4 life/society
3 built fabric
2 governing body
1 people
4 life/society
3 built fabric
2 governing body
1 people
3
9
12
15
Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.
MIAMI MARLINS PARK
AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.
AT&T PARK
Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.
# of stadiums
6
DISTANCE FROM CITY CENTER
FENWAY PARK
> 5 miles
1.1 - 4.9 miles
< 1 mile
17 renovations
16 culture
15 future
14 history
13 stadium “crust”
11 fan zones 12 team zones
10 stadium communites
9 seating
8 public spaces
7 circulation
6 event rules
5 stadium management
3 media 4 mlb
2 spectators
1 fans
16 shrinkage
14 culture 15 expansion
13 future
12 History
11 zoning
10 neighborhoods
7 public spaces 8 civic structures 9 private development
][
and entertainment with sport being the central focus. Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.” Indianapolis and Phoenix have both reimagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government. Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.
PUBLIC $ SPENT ON STADIUMS SINCE 2000
THE STADIUM + THE CITY
Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service. The city center today turns to recreation
Stadia have the ability to reshape a city. What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure in the city. Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum was built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment for the society. It was a space for the city to meet as one, to share its views, and to celebrate civic accomplishments. The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the role of the modern stadium today? This project examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.
TOPIC INTRODUCTION
AVERAGE STADIUM COST
$460m
$5 Bill. 81
Urban Design Capstone Proposal _ Fall 2014 Kent State University CAED _ CUDC Commitee: Adil Sharag-Eldin (Lead), Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby
MATTHEW J. DUREIKO
URBANISM
2 visitors 4 city laws 5 government braches
City Program Stadium Program
3 residents
City Program Distilled Stadium Program Distilled
1 social classes
12 acre site
Section Through Stadium
2002
Section Through Stadium
1938
Section Through Stadium
1909
2.
=
2009
2000
1912
+
5 city blocks
]
a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.
+
a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.
STADIUM SITE SIZE
In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.
In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to proper proportions. Then a site is found that can support this program and the size of the stadium. The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding this relationship all together. This option will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.
1.
DESIGN OPTIONS
Stadium Program Stadium Program
City Program City Program
STADIUM
INVESTMENT
PROJECT SUMMARY
LOCATION
STADIUM BUILT AROUND CITY CITY BUILT AROUND STADIUM STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY
NW 3rd St. Section
2010
3rd St. Section
2005
Yawkey Way Section
1928
4. Redefine program, and blend it into the city.
NW 4th St. Section
2014
Willie Mays Pl. Section
2012
Lansdowne St. Section
1938
3. Determine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium and compare.
2. Understand how the successful stadiums fit into the city and what makes them iconic.
compare to stadiums that do not fit in urban
c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.
c. Add program onto the site to develop a civic stadium.
1. Find examples of stadiums that fit in urban fabric, and fabric.
METHODOLOGY
b. Find a site for the playing field.
b. Find a site for the playing field.
LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7
NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/ NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC
ESTABLISHED OR UP-AND-COMING NEIGHBORHOOD
POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
FREEFLOW
PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE
1.3k
ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
$32k
TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
SLOW
PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
17.2k
ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
$151k
TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM
STOP + GO
12.7k PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE
ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
$50k
Today’s stadiums focus on the event and are objects concieved from capitalism. The city’s investment in the teams that play in these spaces goes beyond the multi-million dollar budget that they require. The social investment is just as important to consider in these massive civic infrastructure projects. The today’s stadium deisgn is focused on building the most advanced modern stadium. This project begins to explore how stadiums such as Fenway Park, and Wrigley Field have grown with the city, how they respond to the urban context, and relate to the society. These investments of $500m+ need to consider the city just as successfuly as they do the teams that play there. The product of this research will be a new way to idealize the modern stadium, and a design that allows the stadium to become a place for the city once again.
CONCLUSION + PRODUCT
Ohio City (example site)
ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH
ADAQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER
SITE CHOICE CHECKLIST
HH Income Population Density Traffic Flows HH Income Population Density Traffic Flows HH Income Population Density Traffic Flows
PROGRAM
fall 2014
stadium urbanism
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WELL BEING + THE CITY
fall 2014
The theme of this semester has been WELL BEING AND THE CITY. What does it mean for the city to “be well”, and further, what is the “city”? Our course has tried to discover this theme from week one, and this is my personal interpretation as to what BEING WELL in the city means:
BEING WELL is a positive emotion. It is an emotion and a feeling that allows the individual to connect with the physical city. It allows the individual to feel as others around them feel. BEING WELL in the city is when you give to the city and it gives back to you. It is a special relationship that is defined, rather ever-changing. It is not a universal feeling. It can not be quantified, rather only expressed.
This semester has demonstrated that BEING WELL in the city is an individual emotion. The broad range of projects that this class has produced expresses just that. Observing my classmates’ work has allowed me to see the many different layers that make up the city; the same layers that make the city so rich. It has shown me that the “city” is whatever you define it as: it’s not just the buildings, or the people, or the location of the place. This semester has helped me understand that the city is the relationship between the people, the communities, and the environment. The relationships are what define the city.
My personal relationship with sports has allowed me to exploit my views of the city through the medium of professional sport. “Stadium Urbanism” is not about the stadium itself. It is about the realtionship between the place and the people, and how sport socially connects the entire city. Social connections allow the city to BE WELL.
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wk 1
wk 2
wk 3*
wk 4*
wk 5
wk 6
wk 7*
wk 8*
wk 9*
wk 10
wk 11
1/11 - 1/17
1/18 - 1/24
1/25 - 1/31
76
2/1 - 2/7
2/8 - 2/14
2/15 - 2/21
2/22 - 2/28
3/1 - 3/7
3/8 - 3/14
3/15 - 3/21
3/29 - 4/4
11 analyze design + document
10 second review
9 cont. phase 3
8 cont. phase two / develop phase three
7 cont. phanse one / develop phase two
6 develop phase one
5 first review
4 finish masterplan + define concept
3 develop design values/masterplan
1 + 2 uli competition
stadium urbanism
10 spring semester schedule
“developing a base / the master plan” “expanding an idea”
spring 2015 semester = 15 weeks
final review 15
14 final production
13 final production
12 cont. documentation + final production
11 analyze design + document
10 second review
2014/15
final product = re-coceptulize the baseball stadium typology to better integrate into the urban fabric expressed through drawings, models, and writing.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;expressing the conceptâ&#x20AC;?
s
wk 10
wk 11*
wk 12*
wk 13
wk 14*
wk 15
3/15 - 3/21
3/29 - 4/4
4/5 - 4/11
4/12 - 4/18
4/19 - 4/25
4/26 - 5/2
semester starts 1/12 and ends 5/1 * denotes scheduled meeting with advisor(s), with other meetings set as needed.
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Blog: Stadium Urbanism
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11.1
Is stadium design architecture or urban design?
During my first three semesters of graduate school studying architecture and urban design at the CUDC, community has been a major theme. We have discussed different types of communities, and what their needs are. The main difference I have observed is that urban design requires design flexibility for multiple communities while architecture is design for a specific community in mind. So how does this relate to stadium design? The modern stadium is built to service one type of event. However, the best stadiums are designed to relate to the many different types of people that come to the game. For example, Progressive Field in Cleveland serves as the home to the Cleveland Indians. Here, you have of course, the loge and club seats for the season ticket holders. There’s the “Subway Fan Zone” who want to be in a designed community, the “Budweiser Patio” for a party atmosphere, the “Kids Zone” for families with small children, the “Social Media Suite” for young professionals that can’t get off of their cell phones, the bleachers for a casual fan, and a bar in center field for another type of party. These sections directly express the different way fans choose to watch a baseball game. No longer are stadiums designed like Fenway or Wrigley where there is the same type of seating that revolves around the playing field. So if stadiums are designed for these many unique communities, should we consider them as a type of urban design? I think the answer is yes.
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11.2
Sport and public theater.
The popularity of soccer in Britain has lead to a new identity for public theater. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Playing Fieldâ&#x20AC;?, by Assemble, is a temporary outdoor theater designed like a stadium, in hopes that it would attract a different culture to see theatrical performances. Since the stage is not raised from the existing square, while there are no performances occurring, the structure can be used by the public.
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11.3
Mapping America by favorite professional sports teams.
I had come across these maps the other day and found them to be extremely representative of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and society. Now, in a global society, state boarders really have little meaning other than for jurisdiction purposes. Team pride now trumps civic or state pride in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mainstream culture. Remapping the United States by most popular NFL and MLB team really shows how we associate ourselves with our territory. It is especially interesting for me looking at the favorite NFL teams map. In the coming years, the Cleveland Browns are considering moving their training camp to Columbus in hopes of expanding their fan base in the state. It is very similar to when a nation may push their boundaries in order to gain more power, although power in the NFLâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case is fan support, which in turn equals dollars.
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11.4
The media and the creation of “fans”.
In reading Understanding Sports Culture, by Tony Schirato, he identifies that there are two communities that watch sport. There is the spectator. The spectator enjoys to find out what happens in the game. They read the internet, turn on ESPN, or flip on the game to see the outcome of their favorite team. There is also the fan. The fan is someone that is emotionally invested to a team, athlete, event, ect. This person feels the pain of losing and the high of winning. The fan is not satisfied with only the outcome, but want to understand the story and process behind it. They need the full narrative instead of just a summary or the final score. Schirato argues that fandom is learned, and for parts of the early 20th century, it was the media that had taught society to be “fans”. Sport was an event for spectators. Most people did not know when or where events took place. They did not even know who was on a team. It was not until the newspapers started to advertise for games that people became more interested in sport. When events started to attract large amounts of fans, newspapers responded by giving more credence to covering sport. When the media realized that money could be made off of sport, they began to create an “insatiable thirst for sports news” (Understanding Sports Culture, P. 84). Newspapers no longer only printed the final scores of contests. They came up with the “box score” which gave a detailed summary of the stanzas of the game. They began to write more about what happened during the game and the time leading up to the game. The media understood that they would be able to make more money if they were able to get their readers emotionally invested in a commodity. The media taught us to be fans.
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11.5
Why is sport important to people and society?
I was watching a lecture given by Simon Sinek today and he asked the question what is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;cultureâ&#x20AC;?? It as a social bond of people with a common sense of values and beliefs. He talks about the relationships in a culture and how they make you feel wanted and appreciated. They make you feel safe. It is this feeling of appreciation and being part of a collective whole that makes sport an identity of the American culture. Too often we walk into work or school and do not feel appreciated. We feel anxious about getting our work done or finding the correct solution to a problem. Sport gives society an escape from the anxiousness of our daily lives and routines. Sport gives people a way to bond together for one reason: to support a team, to support the collective whole. And when the team wins, we feel like ALL win. Sport is extremely important to a fragmented American society.
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11.6
Sport as utopia.
Sport is a utopian institution in which one is theoretically judged based only on physical talent and skill. I had come across this piece titled “A Meaning of Sports” (Nanda). The first thing that came to mind when looking at this piece was that it so closely resembled the structure of “The Ideal City” by Piero della Francesca. ” The architecture in both works represent the structure and formality of governing bodies (rules and laws), and the use of perspective gives each work a foundation. However, the most glaring, and obvious difference between the two is that “A Meaning of Sports” is filled with people in the foreground while the “Ideal City” lacks any human figures. In the “Ideal City”, people are left out as a way to symbolize that no human is perfect. Yet in “A Meaning of Sports”, people (all women) fill the image. Is the artist suggesting that sport is a place where imperfection (the people) seek idealism? I find the image very interesting and hope you will have your own interpretations of it.
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11.7
Repost: “October in Kansas City: using sports to tell a community’s story”.
How does a city project their image to the rest of the nation? For cities in the midwest like Cleveland, or Kansas City, this image is best represented and communicated by professional sports. For Cleveland, it has been the return of LeBron James that has made the city “cool” and the place to be. For Kansas City, it is the World Series that is projecting its image to the country. In cities such as these, the fan base is so invested in their teams, that these teams represent and reflect the city. John Shreve of the sports architecture firm, Populous (based in Kansas City), discusses how the Royals first trip to the postseason after 29 years is helping to tell the story of their city to the nation on one of the brightest and biggest stages.
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11.8
Wrigley rooftops.
You can think of Wrigley Field extending â&#x20AC;&#x153;outsideâ&#x20AC;? of the stadium itself. Seats to watch the game are found on town-homes across the street from the stadium. These seats are a unique way to view the games, since they offer amenities such as indoor bars and full service dining. What if stadium seats located outside of the confines could be used to better connect the city with the stadium?
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11.9
Atlanta Falcons stadium discussion.
There was much discussion in 2012 about the Atlanta Falcons proposed stadium. Dr. Benjamin Flowers, of Georgia Tech, speaks to the public about what they should expect from a hundred million dollar project. He suggests that asking the design to accommodate other civic functions would help the new stadium integrate better with the community. To see Dr. Flowers speak, skip to 52:30.
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11.10
Sport and the identity of the city.
While reading Mark Rosentraubâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s article about sportsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; facilities and the city center, he discussed that sport is the identity of our culture. He made a point in that Sacramento, the capital of California, brought in an NBA team in order to redefine the city as not only a place for governance. It is similar to Washington D.C. and the fact that they are home to 5 professional sports teams (NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and MLS). It is very significant for these capital cities to understand that their people enjoy sport. It showcases the citizens interests so that visitors can better understand the people of the state and the country. It reminds me of my time in Europe and learning that cities built great cathedrals to express the power of religion.
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11.11
Repost: “Baseball urbanism”.
I came across a blog post by Paul Lukez and Cameron King, of Paul Lukez Architecture in Boston, that talked about how the city and Fenway Park are integrated. Much of what they talk about is Fenway’s integration into the urban fabric, its scale, and its history. The issue with today’s modern stadia is that they are poorly designed in terms of their relationship with the human, the street, and the rest of the urban fabric. Miami Marlins Park is a prime example of a new stadium overtaking a neighborhood community. My observation is that these new mega-stadiums are built to benefit the team and its business interests. The historic stadiums like Fenway and Wrigley Field better connect with their communities, and are the icons of the city. An investment by the city and through public dollars should better consider the city and its people, and not only the teams.
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11.12
New Buffalo Billsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stadium.
Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stadium planning always seems to include possible development. This image of a proposed stadium for the Buffalo Bills is a good example of a city idealizing the how the stadium will generate new development in an industrial area of the city. This idea works when a city does not have room for a new stadium and must find another site. However, in the case of Buffalo, new development outside of the downtown could be detrimental to its current situation. The city should focus more on what is existing, and use its new investment into a stadium to assist in filling in its downtown. Their minor league baseball stadium seems to do this well. In order for Buffalo to develop all of the proposed plan will take years and a lot of money to develop, and in many cases, plans like this are not followed through. For example, Cleveland imagined that by building the Brownsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stadium on the lake would bring waterfront development. After about 15 years, there has not been any of the proposed development that the city envisioned. So why do cities look at stadiums as a way to develop other areas while their city centers remain incomplete?
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11.13
The “five generations” theory
I found it interesting while reading “The Stadium”, by Rod Sheard, that stadium design can theoretically be broken down into five generations:
1. The first stadiums were basically just a field that people would crowd around. Teams would build stands out of wood to accommodate the spectators, but the quality of facilities were not a priority, and people often would watch from places of higher elevation such as hills or rooftops. (1. Villa Park in Birmingham England)
2. The next generation of stadia had to respond to television. Now, fans could watch the games in their own homes and did not have to feel crowded at the event. Stadia began to include better accommodations for fans so that the in stadium experience was more enjoyable than at home. (2. Houston Astrodome)
3. Theme parks became a new form of competition beginning with the opening of Disney World in the 1970’s. Stadiums had to become places for family entertainment. Stadiums started to focus on how to make spaces for the entire family, as well as to make the structure safer. (3. Angels Stadium in Anaheim)
4. As television exploded and started generating more money for the sports teams, the stadium was re-imagined again. This time, it was viewed as a revenue generating machine. Teams were no longer worried about packing in as many fans as possible. They wanted the stadium to make as much money as possible for them, both in its physical presence as well as its digital presence on TV. It had to attract people to the games from their TV’s at home,
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1.
but it also had to make a statement to people watching away from the game. The 2.
Cowboyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stadium in Dallas (4.) was built to host football games, as well as many other types of events, from basketball games to concerts and more.
5. Finally, the stadium has now become a 3.
tool for urban regeneration. Stadia are now seen as ways to help start development and grow cities. With the costs of a new stadium exceeding $500 million, a city needs to understand how that investment
4.
can work for them as well as for the team. Many of the stadiums in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s planned well and have seen their stadium(s) work for them (ie. Baltimore, Cleveland, Denver, Minneapolis, and Pittsburgh). (5. Oriole
5.
Park at Camden Yards).
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11.14
Stadiums after people.
What happens to stadiums once their live is over? The History Channel’s special “Life After People: America’s Pastime” considers this idea. The problem already exists as cities shut down old stadiums and do not have a plan for how they can be used after they become obsolete for sporting events. Should cities, architects, and urban designers take more interest in how these stadiums grow and deteriorate? The stadium is a living structure, no different from the city itself. With more study on the life and death of stadiums, cities and planners can use these spaces to strengthen the city. An example that comes to mind is Piazza Navona in Rome. It is one of the most important public spaces in the city, but was once a stadium for athletics. Can this be a model for the after life of stadiums?
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11.15
What makes a stadium iconic?
Incredible amounts of money go into the design of today’s stadiums. With cities and teams spending nearly $1 billion on new facilities, we would expect them to be around for a long time, but that is not the case in today’s society. So my question is what makes a stadium so iconic that it should not be torn down. Is it because the stadium is an engineering first, such as the Cowboys’ stadium and its arches? Is it because a team that had played there won a championship and it should be considered hallowed grounds? I think it is something else entirely. Wrigley field is one of the most iconic stadiums in all of the U.S. It is perhaps one of the stadiums with the least amenities for fans and players. Sure it has the famous ivy outfield walls, but ivy on walls can’t make a stadium iconic. It is the relationship between the residents and the stadium that make Wrigley Field Iconic. It is the identity of their community, Wrigleyville. It is what brings people to the shops and restaurants in the area. It is so iconic that baseball fans will take a pilgrimage just to see Wrigley. Without Wrigley Field, Wrigleyville would not be Wrigleyville. The stadium is much more than a structure. It is the symbol of its community.
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Design Process + Presentation
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12 Our first review of our design concept took place at Kent Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Graduate Research Symposium, which included research from all colleges in the university. 10 minute presentations were given to selected judges, not necessarily from each presenters background.
To present my research using a more scientific approach, I seperated my data into catagories such as historical analysis, site observations, relevance of the topic, and design proposal. It was my goal to present this design based project in a rational manner, that used the scientific method to outline my project. This was quite difficult, seeing as design is a subjective field, while science is completely objective. The biggest issue that I had during this poster session was just that; to present a subjective project in an objective way. I think that my use of breaking down my theory into these catagories helped the judges understand that I am not just giving a design idea for the site, rather, I was attempting to quantify a problem, and give an experimental solution as to how to solve it.
This process was extremely helpful for me, in that it requried me to go back, and focus my concept and theory in a way that is a-typical in the design field. We usually present beautiful drawings, and give our best guesses as to how a design might work or function. Presenting the work that leads up to the final design allowed me to subjectively present this project.
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[
=
5 city blocks
43% of stadia >$460m
9
1
2
3
10
11
13
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
to public transportation.
2010
2014
does not address any real social or urban problems.
9
as their design, will have to be re-imagined. (Source: Wall Street Journal)
8
congestion. Although the concept of integrating the stadium with an adjacent community was attempted, it
7
such as roads, highways or sewers. With President Obama’s new proposal, financing for stadiums, as well
6
8
7
6
for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access
5
1
3
4
5
does not create a holistic, sustainable community, and poses other implications to the region, such as traffic
4
2
billion - tax free - to teams to assist them in constructing new stadia, which are intended for infrastructure
Relevance
light use
medium use
heavy use
Daily Use
typical site usage
8 Wentworth Garden Apartments
7 Progressive Baptist Church
6 McCormick Tribune Campus Center
5 Crown Hall
4 Red Line
3 w. 35th St.
2 Armour Square Park
1 US Cellular Field
KEY
pollination of program.
stadium will become a tool to allow for the cross
does not offer the linkage that the site needs. The
through each of these bands is under utilized and
between regions. The lone element that cuts
bands of unique program creates a disconnect
cross pollination between program. The vertical
The orthogonal grid system of Chicago limits the
Observations
the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done
15
create a new lifestyle community to surround the stadium to capture more revenue. This “instant urbanism”
12
Residential
exempt bonds to help finance pro-sports facilities. During the last 30 years, these bonds have given $17
2009
2012
2000
1938
1912
6
# of stadiums
ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth
other development occurring
need for the city to expand
district lacking entertainment options
household income > $50,000
population density > 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile
district lacks a landmark
neighborhood occupied 24/7
existing hole in the urban fabric
Rail
Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana,
3
] 1 or more major road adjacent to site
street access on all sides of site
8 - 12 acre parcel
Vehicular
Atlanta’s new stadium proposal takes the Braves 30 miles outside of downtown Atlanta. They are proposing to
2002
2005
1938
1928
1909
0
Days used per year
81
district is in need of more civic infrastructure
existing civic/social infrastructure
access to highway
adequate access to public transportation
established neighborhood
University
In February, President Barack Obama’s 2016 budget was presented to Congress. It calls for barring tax-
Marlins’ Park: Miami, FL
space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.
the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden
AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop
AT&T Stadium: San Francisco, CA
around it.
The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric
neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country.
Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the
Fenway Park: Boston, MA
> 5 miles
1.1 - 4.9 miles
< 1 mile
Dist. to City Center
Public $ spent on stadiums since 2000
$5 Bill.
Committee: Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D., Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby
3 City-Stadium Relationship Types:
12 acre site
Stadium Site Size
Average Stadium Cost
$460m
Matthew J. Dureiko
< 5 miles from city center
Park
Site Selection Criteria
Vehicular
urbanism the city.
Rail Vehicular Rail
game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s culture, the game has become
Residential
itself is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball will conceptualize the modern stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built over time, collaging itself with
this country has. It is played in unique spaces such as backyards, parks, or other public spaces. The game the most important concept that links Fenway Park to Boston is its growth along with the city. This project
stadium is the perfect typology for this new concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is the most urban sport stadium bars is from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing in relation to the community it is located. But
Rail
stadium city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park. Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into the city. Its gates
communities and neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how stadiums are designed. The American baseball are located in the streets, the teamshop is located across the street from the stadium, and access to the
sport and civic events to happen. With many failures in recent stadium design to address the surrounding
The modern stadium has become a place solely for profit maximization. It has become a sterile space for a backdrop for social events. You now go to a game to meet friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in the
University
Investment
stadium built around city
city built around stadium
stadium imposed on city
50 ft.
100 ft.
themselves into the city.
a different way to view a Cubs’ game. Both stadia extend
roofs of v across the street from the stadium, and offer
off days; Wrigley Rooftops are bleachers located on the
down Yawkey Way during game days, and opens it on
the fact that they rely so heavily on the city: Boston shuts
Field are the two most iconic stadia in America due to
teams would build stadia. Fenway Park, and Wrigley
1900’s, when baseball had first become popular, and
of stadium design. It is a concept seen first in the early
The city - stadium is a response to the present theory
The City - Stadium
create the stadium.
a need for negotiation between the city and the team to
large, and take over the neighborhood. This also creates
parcels, it ensures that one entity can not grow too
back to the community. By controlling the size of the
The existing 88 acre site is parcelled equally, and given
Parcels
the neighborhood.
views of the stadium, allowing it to seamlessly fit into
size with the neighborhood around it. This will limit the
the builds up toward the stadium will help to connect its
leads to the overwhelming feeling at the site. Sloping
and out of place. Seeing the massive structure all at once
As you approach the existing stadium, it feels massive,
Building Topography
stadium benefits from the neighborhood.
the neighborhood to benefit from the stadium, while the
the facility, they are distributed into the context to allow
stands, ticket booths, advertisements, and amenities in
placed into the surroundings. Instead of having all of the
The program is exploded from the stadium confines, and
Exploded Program
Design Proposal
w. pershing rd.
w. 35th st.
s. wells st.
s. shields ave.
Site Details
BLDG
Abstract - 88 total acres - Stadium is on 14 acres - Armour Square Park is 9.5 acres - On-site public transportation stops - 1 metro - 8 bus
- Adjacent public transportation stops - 1 metro - 8 bus -Highway access every 1/2 miles -No designated bike lanes
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A Prototype For a City - Stadium Relationship
[
Investment
symbiotic stadium
$460m
43% Over $460m
Average Stadium Cost
Stadium Site Size
$5 Bill.
81
Public $ spent on stadiums since 2000
Days used per year
]
Site Selection Site Photos
Distance to City Center
=
Less than 1 mile
S. Princeton Ave. + W. 33rd St.
1.1 - 4.9 miles
More than 5
Program Stratificati
miles
0 12 acre site
3
6
9
12
15
# of stadiums
5 city blocks
Matthew J. Dureiko Urban Design Capstone Project _ Spring 2015 M.U.D. Final Capstone Review
Abstract
Baseball in the City
The modern stadium has become a place solely
friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in
for profit maximization. It has become a sterile
the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park.
space for sport and civic events to happen.
Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into
With many failures in recent stadium design
the city. Its gates are located in the streets,
to address the surrounding communities and
the teamshop is located across the street from
neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how
the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is
stadiums are designed. The American baseball
from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing
stadium is the perfect typology for this new
in relation to the community it is located. But
concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is
the most important concept that links Fenway
the most urban sport this country has. It is
Park to Boston is its growth along with the city.
played in unique spaces such as backyards,
This project will conceptualize the modern
parks, or other public spaces. The game itself
stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built
is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle
over time, collaging itself with the city.
S. Shields Ave. + W. 35th St.
n
and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s
S. Wells St. + W. 35th St.
culture, the game has become a backdrop for
Site Assessment
social events. You now go to a game to meet Baseball in the Street
League Park
Shibe Park
Forbes Field
Site History
less than 5 miles from city center established neighborhood
Why is This Relevant?
Relevant Examples replicated the stadia of old.
to play in the most modern, technologically
But this problem is not only seen in the new
advanced facility they can. This leaves the city
proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that
with a difficult decision: either renovate or
they plan to develop the community around a
build a new stadium, or allow the team to find
new stadium. The question is will the stadium
another venue else where.
attract development? And can the stadium sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done
In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on
a great job with the Gateway Complex.
Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood
Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena
with the stadium as its anchor. Although the
were sited well, and the programming allowed
team and the architects are thinking along
for development to follow. Now the city’s
the lines of community integration, the design
entertainment districts rely on the stadiums
results in a restrictive neighborhood. All of
and their location. However, when Cleveland
the shops, restaurants, and apartments are
proposed to build First Energy Field on the
Braves themed, creating a space like Disney
shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the
World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial
community by telling them that it would bring
to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new
development with it. It has been 16 years since
development. The project removes itself from
this project was completed, and the proposed
the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does
development has not followed. Understanding
not have to deal with the city’s existing urban
that stadia today have a life of about 25 to 30
issues. And when it comes down to the new
years, cities must ask themselves if future
“urban stadium”, Sun Trust Park is of the
development can occur during that timespan.
same model that has been built for the last 25
And if development has followed a stadium,
years; a standard seating bowl and concourse,
can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?
existing civic/social infrastructure district is in need of more civic infrastructure 8 - 12 acre parcel
sun trust park - atlanta
constructed with false idiosyncrasies to
everyday, even though the average age of a MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want
access to highway
street access on all sides of site 1 or more major road adjacent to site existing hole in the urban fabric neighborhood occupied 24/7 district lacks a landmark population density more than 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile
Residential
household income more than $50,000 Old Comiskey Park composed of multiple structures
district lacking entertainment options need for the city to expand Site prep. + construction
New plan
Insular Stadium Neighborhood
Typical stadium design
typical site usage
Daily Usage
other development occurring ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth
Observation Questions other examples
New stadium projects are discussed almost
adequate access to public transportation
heavy use
1. What role does the stadium have in the community? medium use
2. How is it accepted within the city/community? 3. What are its constraints? 4. What does it attract?
light use
Patriot Place
Buffalo Bills new stadium
LA City of Champions
Historic Figure Ground
Cleveland Lakefront Redevelopment
Stadium Typologies
Old Comiskey Park filled in as a singular structure
1
2
3
2D Spatial Analysis Loop
stadium built around city
Fenway Park - Boston, MA
North Side
Wrigleyville
The grid in downtown Chicago is dense, and
On the north side, main diagonal roads cut through
In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the ce
compressed. This allows for maximum density in the
the rectilinear grid. The residential blocks begin to
formation. The residential blocks s
Loop. Here, the buildings grow taller, to compensate
reshape, and acknowledge the diagonals that bisect
field begin to break up, as morph betw
with the smaller blocks.
them. They begin to warp between the diagonal and the vertical streets.
Warping the Grid Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the
1909
1912
1928
Grid Hierarchy
Resultant Grid Form
1938
neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.
AT&T Park - San Francisco, CA The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents The original grid relates to the context
the mega-block of Chicago. This grid will
around the site. It is pulled into the site
see the heaviest amount of vehicular
to set up a foundation for the rest of the
traffic through the site. It separates the
design.
car away from the neighborhood blocks.
The stadium is located on the site of the
The warped grid slows through traffic,
existing US Cellular Field.
and forms the pocket for the stadium.
city built around stadium AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the
1909
1912
1928
1938
area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.
Miami Marlins Park - Miami, FL
stadium imposed on city
stadium urbanism
13
Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.
114
1909
1912
1928
The stadium acts as a gravitational force,
Community blocks are regulated by a
and the grid warps around it accordingly.
200 ft x 600 ft block size.
The warped grid is trimmed at the site
The pedestrian grid is rotated toward
boundary, and then reverts to its original
the view of downtown Chicago and is
1938
self outside of the site. This defines the
perpendicular to the stadium. A view of
district that the stadium resides in.
either always occurs.
2014/15
Plan Diagram
3D Spatial Analysis
Program Stratification
6 2
5
4 Surface Formation
3
1 n
7
The flat surface is grided to define the space for
The surface then extrudes along the grid to form
The program is then pushed and pulled along the
the program to sit.
space for the program.
grid to reconfigure the space on the site.
The pocket for the stadium to rest in is formed.
Massing The forms flow through the site and connect with the context that surrounds the site. As they move from north to south, they interact with each,
8
moving closer and farther to create unique spaces, as well as a place for the stadium. The stadium is what formed the city, and now the city forms the stadium. This unique approach is what develops the symbiotic relationship between the city and the stadium. It is much like the relationship that Fenway Park has with the Back Bay, and the relationship
Rail
University
Vehicular
Daily Usage
University
Rail
Rail
typical site usage
Park
Vehicular
posed of multiple structures
Rail
Vehicular
that Wrigley Field has with Wrigleyville. Residential
Residential
heavy use
medium use
light use
in as a singular structure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Stadium Program Wrigleyville
IIT Campus
The #SoxSocial Lounge is a place for fans to charge phones, use the internet, or watch the game on tv. Is there a better way to be social than by sitting on Twitter while in a room with 20 other people?
In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the center of the block
Illinois Institute of Technology uses blocks that are
formation. The residential blocks surrounding the
quite large. These begin to pull the traffic away from
field begin to break up, as morph between block types.
campus buildings, with pedestrian paths inside these
Resultant Grid Form
Street Usage
blocks. The parking lots are used before the game for tailgating and playing games with friends. Who needs a baseball game, when you can
The streets are a vital space surrounding the stadium. They shape the stadium, and are filled with activity before and after a game. The stadium and the streets are not seen as two separate things, but are to be used in conjunction with each other; they have symbiotic relationship. The X-Finity zone was developed in the left field section of the stadium, where fans can order food, watch sports on a HDTVs, and demo some of X-Finity’s products. What could be better than watching a game on a big screen at the ballpark?
he large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents
e mega-block of Chicago. This grid will
e the heaviest amount of vehicular
affic through the site. It separates the
r away from the neighborhood blocks.
White Sox legend’s are honored in statues that are distributed around the ballpark. So for only the cost of a ticket, and parking, and gas, and a hot dog, and beer, you can worship your favorite baseball hero.
The Fan Deck overlooks center field at US Cellular, and is built on a concession stand. So for those that
he warped grid slows through traffic,
When there is no game, the stadium is bounded by the adjacent streets. As people on the site use
nd forms the pocket for the stadium.
the streets, they see into the stadium, forming a visual relationship.
can’t get enough of that fried food smell, this is the spot for you.
The Chicago Sports Depot is a retail and restaurant space that also includes vertical circulation for fans to the upper deck; all of your conveniences packed into 300 feet!
ommunity blocks are regulated by a
0 ft x 600 ft block size.
Fundamentals is a kid zone for children where they are able to play a game or two with others. At least its not video games...
The Plumbers Union Local 130 UA shower is an
he pedestrian grid is rotated toward
On game day, the stadium expands into the streets. They close down to vehicular traffic, and are
actual working shower, which was carried over
e view of downtown Chicago and is
used for access into the stadium. This allows for the stadium to have a more appropriate scale
from Old Comiskey. So if you worked up a sweat
erpendicular to the stadium. A view of
ther always occurs.
within its context.
cheering on the team, you can take a shower in front of 40,000 fans before you head home.
115
symbiotic stadium
Chicago Grid Analysis
Site Selection
Site Photos
New Development
S. Princeton Ave. + W. 33rd St.
Loop
A Stadium Composed of the City Matthew J. Dureiko
Urban Design Capstone Project _ Spring 2015 M.U.D. Final Capstone Review
The grid in downtown Chicago is dense, and compressed. This allows for maximum density in the Loop. Here, the buildings grow taller, to compensate
Baseball in the City S. Shields Ave. + W. 35th St.
with the smaller blocks.
League Park
Baseball at the factory
Abstract The modern stadium has become a place solely for profit maximization. It has become a sterile space for sport and civic events to happen. With many failures in recent stadium design to address the surrounding communities and neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how stadiums are designed. The American baseball stadium is the perfect typology for this new concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is the most urban sport this country has. It is played in unique spaces such as backyards, parks, or other public spaces. The game itself is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s culture, the game has become a backdrop for social events. You now go to a game to meet friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park. Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into
Shibe Park
Why is This Relevant? the city. Its gates are located in the streets, the teamshop is located across the street from the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing in relation to the community it is located. But the most important concept that links Fenway Park to Boston is its growth along with the city. This project will conceptualize the modern stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built over time, collaging itself with the city.
New stadium projects are discussed almost everyday, even though the average age of a MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want to play in the most modern, technologically advanced facility they can. This leaves the city with a difficult decision: either renovate or build a new stadium, or allow the team to find another venue else where. In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood with the stadium as its anchor. Although the team and the architects are thinking along the lines of community integration, the design results in a restrictive neighborhood. All of the shops, restaurants, and apartments are Braves themed, creating a space like Disney World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new development. The project removes itself from the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does not have to deal with the city’s existing urban issues. And when it comes down to the new “urban stadium”, Sun Trust
Park is of the same model that has been built for the last 25 years; a standard seating bowl and concourse, constructed with false idiosyncrasies to replicated the stadia of old.
today have a life of about 25 to 30 years, cities must ask themselves if future development can occur during that timespan. And if development has followed a stadium, can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?
But this problem is not only seen in the new proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that they plan to develop the community around a new stadium. The question is will the stadium attract development? And can the stadium sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done a great job with the Gateway Complex. Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena were sited well, and the programming allowed for development to follow. Now the city’s entertainment districts rely on the stadiums and their location. However, when Cleveland proposed to build First Energy Field on the shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the community by telling them that it would bring development with it. It has been 16 years since this project was completed, and the proposed development has not followed. Understanding that stadia
North Side
S. Wells St. + W. 35th St.
stadium urbanism
14
n
On the north side, main diagonal roads cut through the rectilinear grid. The residential blocks begin to reshape, and acknowledge the diagonals that bisect them. They begin to warp between the diagonal and
Site Assessment
the vertical streets.
Program Stratification
less than 5 miles from city center 6
established neighborhood adequate access to public transportation
2
access to highway
Wrigleyville
5
existing civic/social infrastructure district is in need of more civic infrastructure
4
8 - 12 acre parcel
3
street access on all sides of site 1 or more major road adjacent to site
1
existing hole in the urban fabric neighborhood occupied 24/7 district lacks a landmark
7
population density more than 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile
Stakeholders
household income more than $50,000 district lacking entertainment options
8
In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the center of the block
need for the city to expand
formation. The residential blocks surrounding the
other development occurring
field begin to break up, as morph between block types.
ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth
Patriot Place
Buffalo Bills new stadium
LA City of Champions
typical site usage Daily Usage
IIT Campus
of CityCity of Chicago Chicago
White White Sox Sox
Residential Residential
Park Service Park Service
heavy use
medium use
light use
City of Chicago
White Sox
Illinois Institute of Technology uses blocks that are quite large. These begin to pull the traffic away from campus buildings, with pedestrian paths inside these Site prep. + construction
New plan
Insular Stadium Neighborhood
Historical Analysis Fenway Park
1
2
3
4
5
6
Previous Work AT&T Park
Miami Marlins Park
7
8
9
10
11
Warped Grid
Layered Grids
The original grid relates to the context around the
13
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
3D Grids
The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents the mega-
The flat surface is grided to define the space for the program
site. It is pulled into the site to set up a foundation for
block of Chicago. This grid will see the heaviest amount
to sit.
the rest of the design.
of vehicular traffic through the site. It separates the car away from the neighborhood blocks.
1909
1912
116
1938
2000
2002
The stadium is located on the site of the existing US
The warped grid slows through traffic, and forms the
The surface then extrudes along the grid to form space for the
Cellular Field.
pocket for the stadium.
program.
The stadium acts as a gravitational force, and the grid
Community blocks are regulated by a 200 ft x 600 ft
The program is then pushed and pulled along the grid to
warps around it accordingly.
block size.
reconfigure the space on the site.
The warped grid is trimmed at the site boundary, and
The pedestrian grid is rotated toward the view of
The pocket for the stadium to rest in is formed.
then reverts to its original self outside of the site. This
downtown Chicago and is perpendicular to the
defines the district that the stadium resides in.
stadium. A view of either always occurs.
2009
1928
2005
2010
1938
2012
2014
blocks.
Residential
Park Service
Retail Retail
Entertainment Entertainment
Hotel Hotel
Parking Parking
Retail
Entertainment
2014/15
Program Program Ratios Typical Stadium Typical Program Stadium Mix Program Mix
m calMix Stadium Program Mix
Program Mix
Program Mix
Program Mix Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 8% Civic: 7%
Program Mix
Program Mix
Residential: 50%
Residential: 50%
Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10% Civic: 5%
Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10% Civic: 5%
Program Mix
Residential: 50% Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10%Public Space: 10% Civic: 5% Civic: 5%
Residential: 50% Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 8% Public Space: 8% Civic: 7% Civic: 7%
Mix
Proposed Stadium Proposed Program Stadium Mix Program Retail: 20% Retail: Mix 20%
Proposed Stadium Proposed Program Stadium Distribution Program Distribution
Stadium Stadium SiteSite
Program Combo Program TypesCombo Types
Civic, Retail, Entertainment Civic, Retail, Entertainment
Retail, Entertainment Retail, Entertainment
tadium x Program Mix
al: 55% % ment: 10% ace: 15% %
Typical Stadium Program TypicalDistribution Stadium Program Distribution
Program Mix
al: 50% % ment: 15% ace: 8%
Mix
Zoning Typical Dist. Typical Stadium Typical Program Stadium Distribution Program Distribution
Proposed Dist.
Proposed Stadium Program ProposedDistribution Stadium Program Distribution
Program Combos Program Combo Types Program Combo Types
Stadium, Civic, Retail, Stadium, Entertainment Civic, Retail, Entertainment
Civic, Retail, Entertainment Civic, Retail, Entertainment Civic +Retail + Entertainment
Park, Retail, Entertainment Park, Retail, Entertainment Retail, Entertainment Retail, Entertainment Retail + Entertainment
Program Mix
Program Mix
Residential: 55% Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15%Public Space: 15% Civic: 10% Civic: 10%
Program Mix
Program Mix
Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment
Stadium + Civic + Retail + Retail: 10% Retail: 10% Entertainment
Residential: 55% Residential: 55% Entertainment Stadium, Civic, Retail, Entertainment Stadium, Civic, Retail, Entertainment: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15%Public Space: 15% Civic: 10% Civic: 10%
Stadium, Park, Residential Stadium, Park, Residential
Park, Retail,+Entertainment Park, Retail, Entertainment Park Retail + Entertainment
Program Mix
Program Mix
Program Mix
Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment
Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%
Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%
Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%
Stadium, Park, Residential Stadium, Park, Residential
Park + Civic + Retail + Entertainment
Stadium + Park + Residential
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
“The Tilted Sock”
“The Residence in Right Field”
“Left Hotel” LeftOut Out Hotel
Program Combo
Negotiation
Program Combo
Stadium + Residential + Retail
Negotiation
Program Combo
Stadium + Residential + Retail + Entertainment
City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.
Retail developer sells roof and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.
Residential developer sells bottom 2 floors to parking service to lift apartments up to view in the stadium. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to build sky deck and lights.
Negotiation
Stadium + Retail + Entertainment
City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.
Retail developer sells rooftop and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.
Residential developer sells rooftop to team to add seats and advertisements.
City sells parcels to entertainment group to build establishments.
Entertainment group sells rooftop and air rights to hotel company to build hotel.
Hotel sells rooftop to team to build stands, lights, and advertisements.
117
stadium urbanism
The final iteration of this project develops the stadium typology through the collaging of the urban context. The stadium itself is the the visual and the spacial negotiation that occurs over time between the city, the team, and other stakeholders. By using the concept of negotiation, the stadium begins to blend itself with the city, creating a relationship between the stadium and the city that is necessary for eaches well being. This begins to
118
conteract the modern stadium model of building the stadium all at once, only to adjust it
2014/15
over time, costing both the city and the team more money. What is further expressed, is the concept of democracy, in which all parties involved are allowed input to the growth of the stadium, the district, and the city. It is this idea that bringing many parties to the table at the beginning will allow for solutions that are rooted in the community. The following work describes the neogtiation of space in the urban sense, and how a city and stadium can grow over time to work with each other.
119
stadium urbanism
Typical Program Mix Typical Stadium Program Mix Typical Typical Stadium Stadium Program Program Distribution Distribution
Typical Program Distribution Typical Stadium Program Distribution
Program Mix Program Program Mix Mix
Program Mix
Residential: 50% Residential: Residential: 50% 50% Retail: 20% Retail: Retail: 20% 20% Entertainment: 15% Entertainment: Entertainment: 15% 15% Public Space: 8% Public Public Space: Space: 10% 10% Civic: 7% Civic: Civic: 5%5%
Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10% Civic: 5%
Proposed Stadium Program Mix Proposed Proposed Stadium Stadium Program Program Distribution Distribution Proposed Distribution
Proposed Stadium Program Distribution Program Program Combo Combo Types Types Programmatic Combinations Civic, Civic, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment
Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment
Stadium, Stadium, Civic, Civic, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment
Park, Park, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment
Program Mix Program Program Mix Mix Residential: 55% Residential: Residential: 55% 55% Retail: 10% Retail: Retail: 10% 10% Entertainment: 10% Entertainment: Entertainment: 10% 10% Public Space: 15% Public Public Space: Space: 15% 15% Civic: 10% Civic: Civic: 10% 10%
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Program Mix Park, Park, Civic, Civic, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%
Stadium, Stadium, Park, Park, Residential Residential
2014/15
Program Typically, the mix surrounding baseball stadiums includes residential, retail, entertainment, public parks, and civic spaces. These program types are distributed economically; entertainment and retail rings around the stadium, residentail out further, and parks and civic spaces are pushed to the outskirts. This lacks the overlap and mixing of program, and creates a stratified neighborhood. Instead, each program type should be distributed evenly throughout the district, so that each has an equal opportunity to use the stadium to their advantage. By using a simple formula to distribute the program, that is exactly what happens. As well, program starts to overlap, and unique programmatic combinations are revealed. It is where these combonations happen that the negotiations take place, and begin to form the city.
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stadium urbanism
Zoning The site is then zoned according to the program distribution. In doing so, this gives the site a framework in which to grow from. The parceling of the site is equally important, so that one entitiy can not take over control of the entire site, much like what is happening today. What makes a neighborhood a community is the many people and stakeholders involved that each have a say in what happens to their space. It is important to retain this
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concept.
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Stadium Site
123
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stadium urbanism
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p.1
p.2
126
p.3
stadium urbanism
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Phasing The modern stadium, as mentioned before, is built all at once. This leaves very little room for neighborhood growth, and does not allow the city to absorb the stadium. The neighborhood is just as important as the stadium, and each should be planned to maximize eaches maximum potential. The phasing diagrams show that it is important to bring in as much development first to the site (phase 1 = 50% parcels developed; phase 2 = 95% parcels developed). Once most of the parecels are developed, stakeholders can begin to sell their land or negotiate with other stakeholders in order to maximize their assets (phase 3 = stakeholder negotiation and combination of parcels). This will allow for an explosion of new buildings and space to be introduced to the site, so that over time, development does not come to a hault.
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stadium urbanism
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Left Out Hotelâ&#x20AC;?
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Negotiation
1
2
3
1. City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.
2. Retail developer sells rooftop and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.
3. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to add seats and advertisements.
131
stadium urbanism
“The Tilted Sock”
132
2014/15
Negotiation
1
2
3 4
1. City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.
2. Retail developer sells roof and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.
3. Residential developer sells bottom 2 floors to parking service to lift apartments up to view in the stadium.
4. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to build sky deck and lights.
133
stadium urbanism
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Left Out Hotelâ&#x20AC;?
134
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Negotiation
1
2
3
1. City sells parcels to entertainment group to build establishments.
2. Entertainment group sells rooftop and air rights to hotel company to build hotel.
3. Hotel sells rooftop to team to build stands, lights, and advertisements.
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stadium urbanism
15 BOOKS
C. Spirou, Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hardly Sportinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;: Stadiums, neighborhoods,
D. Baim, The Sports Stadium as a Municipal Investment
Press, 2003).
(Westport, Greenwood Press, 1994).
A. Betsky, Considering Rem Koolhaas and the Office for
and the new Chicago (DeKalb, Northern Illinois University
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stadium urbanism