C-É‑m‑w h‑n-{‑K-l-`-R‑v-P-\‑w A-\‑p-i‑m-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m k‑q-£‑v-a-a‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯ J‑pÀ-B³ k‑qà-§-f‑p‑w‑, a-¨‑n-e‑p‑w X‑q-W‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w a‑n-¼-d‑n-e‑p‑w a‑n-l‑v-d‑m-_‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k-k‑y-P‑me-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a‑r-K-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑o-I‑m-ß-I-X I-e-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-e-¦‑m-c-¸-W‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n D@m-b‑n-c‑p¶-X‑v. a-ä‑p ]-Å‑n-I-t‑f-¡‑mÄ D-¯-t‑c-´‑y³ C-É‑m-a‑n-I h‑m-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑m-W‑v l-\-^‑n a-Z‑v-l-_‑v ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p-¶ ]-Å‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e A-e-¦‑m-c c‑q-]-§-s‑f k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
പളളികൾ; രൂപ ൈവവിധധവും കാലവും. േഫാേോ ഫീീർ: അഫ്ലഹ് ഹബീബ്
C-
É‑m-a‑n-s‑e s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v C-É‑m-a‑n-s‑e ]-Å‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-b‑n-s‑e h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X-b‑p‑w. F-Ã‑m k‑w-kv-I -‑ ‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w C-É‑m-a‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v CSs]«v h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b BÀ-¡‑n-s‑SI‑v-¨À s‑s‑i-e‑n-IÄ h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑v ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w C-É‑m-a‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w B {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X L-S-I-§-s‑f DÄt¨À-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-t‑ï‑m A-s‑Ã-¦‑n A-h‑n-s‑Sb‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ {‑]-_-e s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S X‑p-SÀ-¨-t‑b‑m B-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-I-k‑n-¨-X‑v. C‑u s‑s‑i-e‑n-I-s‑f ]T-\-h‑nt‑[-b-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S H-c‑p \‑n-Ý‑n-X {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑p-Å h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I \‑n-e-s‑b a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, A-¶-s‑¯ k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I {‑I-a-h‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å A-h-c‑p-s‑S _-Ô-s‑¯-b‑p‑w h‑m-b‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h‑, C-É‑m-a‑n-I t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ ]-Å‑n-I-s‑f \‑m-e‑m-b‑m-W‑v X-c‑w-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v (typology): s‑s‑l-t‑¸‑m-k‑v-s‑s‑ä (hypostyle), t‑^‑mÀ-þ-s‑F-h‑m³ (four Iwan), s‑k³-{‑S t‑U‑m‑w‑(central dome), t‑\‑m¬-þs‑s‑l-t‑¸‑m-k‑v-s‑s‑ä (non-hypostyle) F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W-h. F-¶‑m C‑u hÀ-K‑o-I-c-W‑w C-´‑y³ a-l‑m-k-a‑p-{‑ZX‑o-c-¯‑p-Å t‑I-c-f‑w‑, C³-t‑U‑m-t‑\-j‑y‑, a-t‑e-j‑y‑, k³-k‑n-_‑mÀ t‑]‑m-e‑p-f-f {‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä‑, s‑h-Ì‑v B-{‑^‑n-¡‑, s‑s‑N-\ F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑n-s‑e ]-Å‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-a‑mÀ-¶ s‑s‑i-e‑n-I-s‑f h-f-s‑c t‑I-h-e‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n a‑m{‑X-t‑a ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q. F-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑n-e‑p‑w \‑m-e‑p-X-c‑w s‑s‑i-e‑n-IÄ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑p-Å C‑u hÀ-K‑o-I-c-W-a‑m-W‑v k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n A-h-e‑w-_‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v. s‑s‑l-t‑¸‑m-k‑v-s‑s‑ä ]-Å‑n-IÄ (A-d-_‑v) {‑]-h‑m-N-I³ a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n-b‑p-s‑S `-h-\‑w H-c‑p h-e‑n-b \-S‑p-a‑p-ä-¯‑n-\‑v \‑m-e‑p-]‑m-S‑p‑w \‑n-c-\‑n-c-b‑m-b X‑q-W‑p-IÄ-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v X‑m-§‑n-\‑nÀ-¯-s‑¸-« \‑o-ï a‑p-d‑n-I-f‑p-Å H-c‑p \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑v a-[‑yI‑m-e A-t‑d-_‑y-b‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p s‑s‑i-e‑n -X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. C‑u s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w {‑]-t‑N‑mZ‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡-s‑¸-« B-Z‑y-I‑m-e ]-Å‑n-IÄ s‑s‑l-t‑¸‑m-k‑v-s‑s‑ä a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑v F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑p. '\‑n-c-h-[‑n X‑q-W‑p-IÄ' F-¶‑m-W‑v C-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑pt‑±-iyw. k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w C-É‑m-a‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y L-«-§-f‑n h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-N-c‑n-¨-X‑p‑w C‑u s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]-Å‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
(fig. 1) a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-s‑e h‑o-S‑ns‑â ^vtfmÀ ¹‑m³ (F.U‑n. 623) (morteda, 2011,
t‑]-P‑v 43).
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t‑^‑mÀ-þ-s‑F-h‑m³ ]-Å‑n-IÄ (t‑]À-j‑y³‑) B-Z‑y-I‑m-e C-É‑m-a‑n-s‑e ]-Å‑n BÀ-¡‑n-s‑S-I‑v-¨d‑n-s‑\ s‑s‑l-t‑¸‑m-k‑v-s‑s‑ä ]-Å‑n-IÄ \‑nÀ-h-N‑n¨-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e t‑] À-j‑y-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å C-É‑m-a‑n-s‑â h‑y‑m-]-\-t‑¯‑m-S‑pI‑q-S‑n ]-Å‑n-I-f-S-¡-a‑p-Å \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S c‑q-]‑oI-c-W-s‑¯ t‑^‑mÀ-þ-s‑F-h‑m³ s‑s‑i-e‑n h-e‑n-b t‑X‑m-X‑n k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¨‑p. C-k--e ‑v ‑m-a‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑p-Å t‑]À-j‑y³ h‑m-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S a‑p-J‑y-L-S-I-a‑mb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p (architectural feature) s‑F-h‑m³ (fig. 2 I‑m-W‑p-I‑). I-a‑m-\-s‑a-¶ AÀ-Y-¯‑n s‑F-h‑m-s‑\ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w. C‑u a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m\-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v a‑p-K-fÀ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å h-S-t‑¡-b‑n´‑y³ a‑p-É‑n‑w c‑m-P-h‑w-i-§Ä A-h-c‑p-s‑S BÀ-¡‑ns‑S-I‑v-¨-d s‑s‑i-e‑n h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v.
t‑\‑m¬-þ s‑s‑l-t‑¸‑m-k‑v-s‑s‑ä ]-Å‑n-IÄ a-[‑y C-É‑m-a‑n-I t‑Z-i-§Ä-¡-¸‑p-d‑w (central Islamic region) s‑s‑N-\‑, ]-Ý‑n-a‑m-{‑^‑n-¡‑, s‑X-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡-t‑\j‑y X‑p-S-§‑n-b {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e a‑p-É‑n‑w-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑m-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-Z‑y ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑p-I-f‑n {‑]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¨ s‑s‑i-e‑n-IÄ A-h-s‑b I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-à F-¶‑p-I‑m-W‑m‑w. a-e-_‑mÀ X‑oc-s‑¯ ]-Å‑n-IÄ C‑u X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-h-b‑m-W‑v.
(fig. 4) k‑n-b‑m-\‑n-s‑e t‑{‑K-ä‑v t‑a‑m-kv-I -‑ ‑v.
(fig. 2) C-d‑m-\‑n-s‑e C-k‑v-^-l‑m³ P‑m-s‑a-l‑v
t‑a‑m-kv-I -‑ ‑n-s‑â s‑F-h‑m³. s‑k-³‑v-{‑S t‑U‑m‑w (D-k‑v-a‑m-\‑n-b‑) ]-X‑n-\‑m-d‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n H-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y‑w t‑I‑m¬-Ì‑m³-d‑n-t‑\‑m-¸‑nÄ I‑o-g-S-¡‑n-b t‑i-j‑w s‑s‑_-k-s‑s‑â³ _-k‑n-e‑n-¡-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ l‑m-b t‑k‑m-^‑n-b-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\‑w DÄ-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v s‑k-³{‑S t‑U‑m‑w s‑s‑i-e‑n. a-[‑y`‑m-K-¯‑v X‑q-W‑p-I-f‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X H-c‑p h-e‑n-b t‑U‑m-a‑p‑w (central dome) A-X‑n-\‑v N‑p-ä‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p t‑U‑m-a‑p-I-f‑pa‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X (fig. 3).
(fig. 3) »‑q t‑a‑m-kv-I -‑ ‑v F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k‑pÂ-
¯‑m³ A-Ò-X‑v t‑a‑m-kv-I -‑ ‑v.
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amknI
(fig. 5) C³-t‑U‑m-t‑\-j‑y-b‑n-s‑e k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ s‑SÀ-
\‑m-¯‑v t‑a‑m-kv-I -‑ ‑v.
(fig. 6) amenbnse sPs¶ t{Käv tamk-vIv
(fig. 7) ]‑p-¯-\-§‑m-S‑n i‑p-l-Z‑m ]-g-b ]-Å‑n-b‑p-s‑S
]‑p-d‑w-`‑m-K‑w‑, a-e-¸‑p-d‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ]-Å‑n-IÄ H-c‑p \‑n-Ý‑n-X {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v ]-Å‑n ]-W‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y-s‑¯ a‑m-{‑Xa-Ã‑, A-h-c‑p-s‑S A-h‑n-S-s‑¯ `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å k-¦Â]§-s‑f-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I L-S-\-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å A-hc‑p-s‑S k-a-\‑z-b-s‑¯-b‑p‑w ]-Å‑n-IÄ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑ps‑ï-¶‑v s‑k-_‑m-Ì‑n-b³ {‑]‑m-R‑v-P‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pï‑v. s‑I-«‑p-d-¸‑p-Å s‑I-«‑n-S-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-\‑v (architecture of permanence) k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n c‑mP‑m-h‑n-s‑â k-½-X‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. D-bÀ-¶ P‑m-X‑n-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S h‑o-S‑p-IÄ‑, t‑£-{‑X-§Ä‑, G-X‑m-\‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ a‑p-É‑o‑w h‑y‑m-]‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑o-S‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-hb‑v-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X-t‑a IÂa-Xn-epIÄ Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑m³ A-\‑ph‑m-Z-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X‑, H-c‑p ]-Å‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-\‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I \‑n-e a‑m-{‑X-a-à {‑]-[‑m-\a‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø-b‑v-¡‑v A-\‑p-K‑p-W-a‑m-b (climate responsive) k‑m-a-{‑K‑n-I-f‑p‑w (building materials) s‑X‑m-g‑n s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v-[‑y-h‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C‑u k-h‑n-t‑i-j k‑m-l-N-c‑y‑w a‑p-É‑n‑w-I-s‑f {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v t‑NÀ-¶‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑m-\‑p‑w X-t‑±-i‑o-b s‑I-«‑n-S-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W s‑s‑i-e‑n-s‑b A-\‑p-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-¡‑n. t‑aÂ-]-d-ª I‑m-c-W-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑v a-e_‑m-d‑n-s‑e ]-Å‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑p-d‑w-L-S-\-b‑v-¡‑v t‑£-{‑X§-f‑p-s‑S h‑m-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-Z‑y‑m k-h‑n-t‑i-j-X-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n (exterior architectural features) {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-b N‑n-e k-a‑m-\-X-IÄ I‑m-W‑m‑w (fig. 7) F-¶‑m A-h-b‑p-s‑S DÄ-`‑m-K‑w t‑£-{‑X-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑vX-a‑m-W‑v. t‑£-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â A-I-¯-f-§Ä {‑]-[‑m-\a‑m-b‑p‑w {‑]-Z-£‑n-W Ø-e-§-f‑m-b‑n (processional) D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]-Å‑n-I-f‑p-t‑S-X‑v (fig. 8) H-¯‑pt‑N-c-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑p- t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v (congregational) D-]t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e ]-Å‑n-IÄ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n X‑m-g-s‑¯ \‑n-e-b‑n N‑p-ä‑p-h-c‑m-´-b‑p-Å C-c‑p-\‑n-e \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v (fig. 9, 10). ]‑p-d‑w-]-Å‑n (antechamber) (fig. 11,12) I-S-¶‑p-t‑h-W‑w A-I‑w-]-Å‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
(fig. 8) s‑s‑l-t‑{‑Z‑m-k‑v ]-Å‑n-b‑p-s‑S DÄ-`‑m-K‑w‑,
I-®‑qÀ k‑n-ä‑n.
(fig. 9,10) A-d-b‑v-¡Â ]-Å‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
s‑s‑l-t‑{‑Z‑m-k‑v ]-Å‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w N‑p-ä‑p-h-c‑m-´-IÄ‑, I-®‑qÀ k‑n-ä‑n. (chamber) (fig. 13,14) {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑m³. ]‑p-d‑w-]-Å‑n-b‑ps‑S h-e-X‑p-h-i-¯‑m-b‑n l‑u-fpw (ablution pool) (fig. 12,15) \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w.
tK‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v, t‑_‑m‑w-s‑_ F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å \‑nÀ-a‑m-W h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-c‑p-s‑S C-S-s‑]-S-e‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑p I‑m-c-W‑w. C-h‑n-s‑S Ø‑n-c-X‑m-a-k-a‑m-¡‑n-b-h-c‑p‑w A-Ã‑m-¯-h-c‑p-a‑m-b D-¯-t‑c-´‑y³ h‑y‑m-]‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S c-£‑m-IÀ-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-h \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. (fig. 26,27,28)
h‑n-h‑n-[ X-c‑w a-e-_‑mÀ ]-Å‑n-IÄ `‑q-a‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b Ø‑m-\‑w‑, A-h ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p-¶ C-É‑m-a‑n-I IÀ-a-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, c-£‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w (patronage) F-¶‑n-h A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v h‑n-h‑n-[ D-]-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑m-b‑n a-e-_‑m-d‑n-s‑e a‑p-É‑n‑w ]-Å‑n-I-s‑f X-c‑w-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-h‑p¶-X‑m-W‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w ]-Å‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S B-k‑q-{‑X-W‑w (planning) A-X‑v ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p-¶ C-É‑m-a‑n-I \‑n-b-a-§Ä-
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