1987 SADF overview by William Marshall

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In 1962, the threat to the newly established Republic was stili negligible. Flowever, South Africa's exit from the Commonwealth implied greater self-

reliance in respect of her

def'ence

needs. Liker.l'ise she had to reassess her security position against the background

of the turmoii, chaos and destabilisa-

vaiue, which comes from its geographical

location - at the southern tip of the African coptinent where the ,{tlantic and Indian oceans meet in one of the

Lrusiest sea-routes

in the world. Although

in recent years some military analysts Lrave tended to discount the strategic

new

independent states.

importance of the Cape sea-route in an international conflagration, its importance in terms of sheer statistics and

In the United Nations a numller of mernber states took paxt in a cmsade

the logistics of the West's supply routes is unquestionable.

tion raging in some of Africa's

for the isolatiorr and overthrou'' of ihe South African government. From 1960, rzarious countries intloduced boycotts against South Alrica while sanctions moves \\,'ere augmented by the endea-

The ANC has been deepll, involved in the spate of terrorist attacks in recent years. Altogether 19 major acts of terrorism were committed in 1980. In 1981, the figure rose to 55, but dropped to 39 in 1982. In 1983, the figure rose to 56, and in 1984 reported incidents totalled 44. in 1985, there were no less than 136

terrorist attacks, mastly on a small

scale. Between September 1984 (when a new period of unrest was unleashed in Black townships in the eastern CapeJ and May 19BG some 3 477 private Black homes and 1 220 Black schools were badlir damaged or destro5red, .while 573 Blacks were killed by activists (295 by

the "necklace" method).

vours of anti-South African organisations.

As Lord Chaifont recently pointed out in the foreword to a comprehensive

During the past 25 years new dimen-

study entitled ANrC

sions have been added to South Aftica's

is confronted try a

dedicated to the peaceful establishment of majority rule in South Africa. Nothing, in fact, could be further from the trulh-.

full-scale external thieat in aii its facets. On the internationai front, the R.epublic is isoiateri and subject to bovcotts as never before. trt is the iarget of a concerted anci multi-dimensionai political,

The ANC is in formal alliance with the South African Communist Partv

economic, psychological and propaganda onslaught by virtually the eniire

with ihe Western powers have

been

unilaterall.r' abrogaied, whiie a mandatory arms boycott against the Republic

iras been

effect for over 10 years.

Tirese deveiopments have taken place

in spite of the fact that the rnilita4r

presence of Communist forces on the African suir-continent poses a serious

threat to the Cape Sea Route and Western interests.

The RSA is one of only a few countries on the African continent with an essentialll, pro-Western stance in inter-

national affairs. Thus the externai threat to its security, like that to the

security ol all Western nations, derives frorn the on-going conflict between West and East, the Free World and the Communist world, in which, according tc sorne strategic experts, South Africa has assumed a pivotal position. The external threat to the country's

security can be traced to its intrinsic

1986),

"one of the myths carefully fostered by organs of progressive opinion . . . is that the African National Congress is a straightforward nationalist movement,

posed by terrorist rnovernents.

internationai fiaternity, including its forrner so-calied "ailies". Sanctions and disinvestment carnpaigns are now the order ofthe day" The Republic's defence agreements

Soviet Task

Study of Terrorism, London

the total arms embargo [1977), Soviei expansionism in Africa and the threat Today the RSA

- A

Farce? (published by ihe Institute for

security situation. Her position was aggravaied by developments such as

A camouflaged infantr-v soldier during

field exercise

The importance of the Cape route is clearly dernonstrated by the l'acl lhat it carries 60% of Western Europe's oil requirements aird 20% of ihose of the

Uniied States. In addition, it carries 25% ofEurope's food suppiies. Apart from ihe RSA's position astride

a criticai waterway of the world, there is aiso the country's value tc the West as the prime supplier of strategic rninerals such as chrome, manganese, vanadium and platinurn. Internaliy, too, the threat to the R.epublic's securit3r and stability has increased over the irast 25 years. The

Afrlcan Nationai Congress [ANCj and,

its Marxist backers are

fomenting

unrest and subversive activities in the townships. trade unions, political and cultural organisations and even ihe churches, while the incidence of bombings, murders and intimidation against innocent civilians continues.

(SACP). The SACP founded the militant wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe iThe Spear ol the Nation). lts method is

violence and terrorism: the randorn killing of innocent civilians, people whose cause it claims to serve bv means of intimidalion.

The South African government could

nol [olerale lhis wilhoul- taking action and in the past decade the South Afiican Security Forces {including the SADF] have been actively involved in com-

bating terrorism. Since 1S80, nine cross-border operations were launched

by small unlts of the SADF. Taking into account the number of terrorist attacks, there can be no doubt that by hitting terrorist bases in neighbouring countries, the SADF has severely cur-

tailed terrorist incidents

in the RSA,

saving many lives in the process. These operations have underscored the facl. thal lhe Souih African govern-

ment remains firm and resolved to counter terrorist attacks organised by ihe ANC from beyond the country's borders.

The SADF. generally considered 1o be lhe conlinerrt's mosl iormidable military force, consists of four arms. These are the three combat services, the Armlr, Air Force and Navv, supported by the SA Medical Service. Clj ur" headquartered in the Pretoria area. The

four arms are supplemented b1, 11a,6 supporting services, the Quarterrnaster Ceneral and Chaplain General.

The SADF's structure is mcnolithic and integrated. Overall command is rrested in an offlcer designated Chief of

lhe South Africarr Defence

Force.

Appointed from one of the four arms he is accountable to the l,{inister of Defence for implementing the South African gorrernment's clefence

po1ic1,.

The chief of each of the four arms

commands his own service and plans

and conducts singie-service operations, bul always wilhin paramelers ol the national defonce strategy as laid down by the State President on the advice of the State Security Councii.

to defend the couniry against external

threats. It is also charged n,ith preventing

and suppressing terrorism and internal

disorder, preserving life, health and

properly. and mainlaining essential services. This compares well with most Weslern defence forces.

In decision-making, the Chief of the SADF is assisted bl several councils and comrnillees. lhe most imporlalrl

Fersonnel

being the Ilefence Command Cbuncil. ihe Delent e Staif Council, lhe Dclenr;e Planrring Commillee antl lhe Financial

The Force is esserrtiallv a citizen force and carecr soldiers oi lhe permanenl Force account lor a very small per-

Committee. Combined thev determine

general slralr-gJ. la1 down managemenl

centage

policies and undertake iinancial plan-

of the total

complement.

National servicemen make up the bulk of the fuli-time force. They do two \rears,cttmpulson, military training follovved b]' pari-tirne service for a fuither

ning.

12 years and 20 years respectivelli 1,yi1[

Functions

Citizen Force and Commando Force units, and are headquartered at

In terms of the Def'ence Act of 1957, as amended, the SAIIF's maior function is

strategic points countryn ide.

ORGANIGRAM OF THE SADF CTIIEF SADF PERSONAL ST'AFF TNSPECTOR GENERAL

(SUPPORTTNG SERVTCES)

PUBLIC RELATIONS

CHAPLAIN GENERAL

QUARTERMASTER GENERAL

CHIEF DEFENCE FORCE STAFF

(STAFF DIVISIONS)

INTELLIGENCE

ARMS OF T}IE SERVICE

CHIEF ARMY

CHIEF AIR FORCE

CHIEF hJAVY

SURGEON GENERAL

college. Here members are selected for

leadership qualities and instructed in

the theory and practice of modern war-

fare, The SADF also runs three common training institutions for ail

members.

The first is the College for Educational Technology which, with the

most modern teaching aids, is used to

train instructors, media centre co-ordinators, training managers and in-

structional designers. A wide variety of teaching aids (such as transparencies, slide tape presentations and television programmes) are also produced by the college.

At the Defence College, Pretoria, senior officers study strategies and procedures of joint operations specific to this country. On guard with a light machine gun

The SA Military Academy at Saldanha

White male citizens are liable for military service at the age of 18 and remain liable unlil 5b. There are lwo intakes annuaily in February and

August. These 1rolng men are allocaied

to various bases and instailations r,rrith their first 12 weeks being devoted to

basic training. This

is followed

specialist instruction appropriate lo thL trainee's particular corps or unit.

After 6 to 11 months training,

ser-

vicemen are posted to operational and other units and headquarters for the

rest ol their initial service. The subsequent service commitment in a Citizen Force or Commando Force unit is a maximum of 720 davs over a period of 12 years. This is divided into

six cycles of two years, in

which servicemen usualiy do two tours of duty of g0 and 30 days (or 60 and 60 days) respectively. After ihis thev are

placed on the Active Citizen Force

Reserve for five years. During this period, though, they may be called up only in emergencies and with the ap-

proval of the Minister of Defenrp. Further service in the Commando Force, up to 12 days annually until the

age of 55, may be required.

The Ciiizen Force provides approxi-

mately 47% of the SADF,s current strength and is similar to corres-

ponding Western establishments. Some of the units date back well over 100 years, when the British tradition of volunteer regiments took root in Natal and the Cape. Among ihe oldest are the

Cape Field Artillery, established in 1857, and the Natal Mounted Rifles (1854), Natal Carbineers (1855J and

the Cape Town Rifles (1855).

The Commando Force units similarlv

a long tradition and trace their origins back to the times when each have

frontier community was responsible for its own defence. Spread throughout the country, these units have a virietv

ol communily-orientated

mainly counter-insurgency. 4

functions,

Although only White males are iiable

for compulsory service, there are hundreds of Coloured, Indian and Black volunleers. These rolunleers are accepted annually at speciai units and training establishments. Thev receive the same training and enjoy lhe same privileges as their White counterparts.

The SADF is not a preserve of the male. Since 1970, women have been appointed in 65 musterings in supporting services in all four arms. Thev serve in the Permanenl Force, th; Citizen Force and in the Commando Force. Again, there is no discrimination in respect of conditions of service or promotion.

Training Each arm of the service has its own specialist training schools as well as a

provides selecied Permanent Force officers with academic training comparable to anything similar in the world. The Academy is the Facultv of Military Science of the Universitv of Stellenbosch and offers three main fields of study for the B.Mil. degree: physical science, human sciences, and economics and commerce.

HISTORY Behind the SADF is a proud militarv tradition ol almost lhree cenluries. a unique blend of the traditionaliv South Alrican and the best Brilain off"t

"orld during its finest hours. The SADF,s

record in two world wars, the Korean war, and in local theatres is surpassed bjt.rone and rivalled by few.

World War One At the end of 1918, the Union had

Field Marshal f c smuts, accompanied by Mai Gen Frank Theron (right) on an inspection tour of south African troops in the western Desert during i,vJrtd wu. r*o

The State President's

Unit

.1.11

contributed 254 666 soldiers of all races including 25 000 Black and Coloured auxiliaries. They fought in

numbered

South Africans first saw action in East Africa where 1st SA Division

South West Africa, East Africa, Egypt,

l2l officers and 3 032 men. In the foilowing five days, 684 were killed and 1 709 seriously wounded. Only 29 officers and 751 men survived

within five months. From the first assault on EI Wak on 16 December 1940 until the Italian surrender in May 1941, the South Africans suffered no defeats. Then the 1st SA Division was incorporated into the Allied Bth Army which eventually

Palestine, France and Flanders. Of these, 12 354 were killed and Z +Oa

the battle.

decorated. No fewer than four won the

World War Two A total of 334 J24 full-time volunteers of all races served with the Allied Forces in World War Two, winning

Victoria Cross. The then Union Defence Force's first assignment was to neutralise German South West Africa. In 1916, the famous South African Brigade was immortalised in the Battle of Delville Wood,

France. On the morning of 15 ]uly, when it went into battle, the brigade The 20-mm Ratel infantry fighting vehicle

7 114 decorations on the battiefields oT

Africa, ltaly and the Middle East, and at sea. The total number of South Africans who lost their lives during the conflict was 12 046.

helped destroy the Italian

Forces

drove the Africa Corps of Field-Marshal Rommel from the Western Desert. Here the contingents distinguished themselves in the Sidi Rezegh battle, where South African gunners put out of action 52 of Rommel's 108 tanks, and in the

battle of El Alamein on 23 October 1.542 - the Allies' first decisive victory in World War Two.

Later, 6 SA Armoured Division

fought with the Allies in Italy from April 1944 until May 1945, when the German forces surrendered.

In extensive patrols around the South

African coastline the Air

Force

Iaunched attacks on 23 U-boats, and piayed a major role in campaigns in Abyssinia, North Africa, Sicily, Italy and Europe. tn the Abyssinian campaign, South Aflica was pitched against

the Italian Air Force of up to 300 modern machines. Yet with their few

Hurricanes, Hartebeest and Fairey aircraft they flew 6 517 sorties and accounted for 71 Italian aircraft. They also destroyed railways, convoys and supply dumps. Their most memorable feat was the

Boston Shuttle Service during which

18 aircraft of 12 and 24

Squadrons

showered hundreds of tons of bombs

on the Africa Corps which was relentlessly pushing the 8th Armv back

towards Egypt.

South African airrnen won many

medals, awards and decorations whicl included 32 DSOs, eight CBES, 26 OBEs, BB AFCs,63 MBEs, two MMs,24

DFMs, 14 AFMs and four American DFCs.

From January 1541. until the end of the war ihe SA Naval Forces (SANF) with no more than a dozen trawiers

South West .4,frica/Narnibia For 20 years, South Africa has been embroiled in unconventional warfare in ihe northern regions of South \A,esl Africa/Namibia against the South West

Africa People's Organisation {SWApO), at the express request of the elected

representatives

of the peoples

con-

cerned.

wrote the first stirring chapter in the history of the SA Navy. Three of the

The SWAPO insr.rrgents have been no match for the South African securitv forces operating in close co-operatioir with the SWA Territory Force, which has a numlrer of combat units drawn from ali sections ofthe local popuiation.

complement was

Nearly all SWAPO incursions have been staged from bases in southern Angola. From time to time the SADF has launched pre-emptive operations to destroy these bases, disrupt the

and whalers, converted into

minesweepers and anti-submarine vessels,

minesweepers and one of the four antisubrnarine vessels were lost as a result of enemy action. By the end of the war the SANF 1,A

iJZ, of

whom

more than 3 000 served with the Royal Navy. They won 223 awards and decorations.

In the Korean war, the "Flying Cheetahs", attached to the USAF's

lgth

Fighter Bomber Wing, flew more than 12 OOO sorties in support of UN forces against Communist aggression from the north. Decorations and rnedals earned

included three Legions of Merit, two Silver Stars, 50 DFCs, 40 Bronze Stars,

r\ir Medals, and 152 Clusters to the

Air Medals.

These R'ussian T55 tanks captured

lorces.

Examples

Korea

176

enemy's supply lines and logistics, and prevent a large build-up of enemy

of these are:

Operation

Reindeer against bases at Cassinga and Chetequera in May 1978, and 0peration Sceptic against the command and control post QFL and the defence head-

quarters at Lubango in Jr.ine 1980.

After these successfui

operations

SWAPO changed its tactics. Moving its bases further north, it elicited the active

supporl of the Angolan government troops {FAPLAI, their Cuban cornrades and advisers from other Communist

countries. As a result the distinction between FAPLA and SWAPO became bi u nred.

Against this scenarjo Operation

Frotea. lhe largesl mechanised opera-

tion by the SADF since World

War

Two, was launched in August 1981. It iasled lor lwo monlhs. Large quantities of sophisticated armaments were captured or deslroyed. and the enemy's

entire logistics system in southern

Angola destroyed.

Operation Askari was launched in

similar circumstances in December 1983. Once again the enemy was

routed. Large quantities of arms were captured, including the new Russian AGS 17 grenade launcher which had never been used outside the Soviel Union and Alghanislan. and a complele SA-9 anti-aircraft missiie system, the first to lallinlo Western hands.

SADF's operalions in South West Africa/Namibia are at two levels -

military and civic. The SADF has embarked upon an extensive programme of socio-economic development for the peoples in the operational area. Young South African doctors, dentists, teachers, altisans, engineers, agriculturists. clerks and accountanls serving in comtraI units in conjunclion wilh stale departments help the locals to build a sound civil infrastructure by providing skilled services which wauld otherwise be unavailable. These services are only provideci on requesi.

in Angola, clearly illusirate the Soviet Union's large-scale int olvement in that country

In terms of the

Defence .Act (lrSi.Z),

which provided for ccmpulsory military training of ali males between the ages of 17 and 35 years, the Army was the first of three SADF combat services to be established on a firm footing. Contrary to popular belief, the .A.rmy has a relatively smail Permanent Force element, as the vast majority of soldiers are national serviceraen or members of either the Citizen Force or Commando

Force.

The Army has two main functions.

Its primary task is the

land-ward

defence of the RSA. Secondly, ii ma;' be called upon to assist the Police in maintaining law and order, as well as countering terrorism and insurgency. Commando Force units located countrywide are responsibie for effective counter-insurgency measuxes by the Arrny. These units defend their particular areas or regions - either independently or in support of the Police - as circumstances dictate.

The country has been divided into L0 territorial commands" These commands make use of the Citizen Force and Commando Force, as well as fulltime units, to combat insurgency and

terrorist infiltration in iheir

areas. These commands are (with headquarters

The G8 artillery system

Cornrnand

operate under one commander at all

The Chief of ihe Army who is in overail

ievels.

command, reports to the Chief of the Defence Force. The command and control structure allows both conventional and counter-insurgency forces to

During counter-insurgency

oDera-

tions, command and control are decentralised as far as possible. However, during conventional operations they

brackets): Far North (Pietersburg); Eastern Transvaal (Nelspruit); North Wesi {Fotchefstrooml; l"lorthern Trans, vaal (Voortrekkerhoogte, Pretorial; Wit-

watersrand (Johannesburg); Natal [Durbanl: Orange Free State (Bloemfonieinl: Eastern Province (Port Elizabeth);

Western Province iCape Townj; and

Northern Cape IKirnberleyJ. The Army is currently waging a low intensity anti,terrorist war in the opera-

tional area on the border between South West Afiica,4{amibia and Angoia. At the sarne

time it is actively engaged in

preventing terrorist infiltration of the

Republic. On the various occasions,

since 191.2, it has been called upon to assist other security forces in main-

taining or restoring law and order. Nevertheless, the Army's primary function remains ihe protection of th-e

Republic's inhabitants and the integrity of its borders against conventional onslaught.

The Army has a significant number of superbly trained and equipped divisions and brigades, composed of units

stationed countrywide. These forces are always at the ready to wage a conventional land battle and to take the fight to the enemy - anywhere on ihe sub-continent.

,d mounted infantryrnan on patrol

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infantry *n

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are centialised a[ I*ve!s not Arrn y Head,quarte s.

ior.q,"er

tha]x

,A.rni.3r

ls di.,:ided into several corps,

as "'r,nth an5, na*Celn arm.rr. Tire a.ne

of the army. Tlae majoriiy cf naiional ser-ricernen are atrsortred brr ihe infan'trv Corps nhere thev unrtrergt intensive iraining in the use of miiitary

Eattaiicrr, The ilog School, the Equestrlan Centre and ihe Siate preslclent,s LLai.t.

t-he

Cc'rr-^i:s

Th:

di stri-bilte d c o',.rir try-p7f ,j g " The infanii;,-ioan, whetiier on foot cl horsehack, motor-cycie, -backbone or aunoured vehlcle, is

foitorving

ihe fighting colps: Infanir,rr, altiitrery-,

Anii-Alicraft and z\rieoured Conps. The su'oporting rorps and services aie: Engineer's, Slgnals, Tecirnical Selvices, DitXnance S ervice s " i'rerscnl-'ue1, Fi;lanc e,

.. '1.:arr lrJlrgs;p.: Ca'e;

ir,E.

arrny, cori.sisic ot'a numller clf hattaiions

i; e*pmffie'HBdffi

Servicem.en vrriih treadenship poientiai are sent lo the Intantrv Sct:ooL af

Udd*shocr,' vr,hele llle.,i aie q;v-n sPeJ;dl:Si :nslruclion i:r aci;lion tl noinlal ccurses.

S;\ !-mfaaatry Catrnrs f ir:: c'::p;. :;.r iar "5: ;a,gesr .rr ii.e

'Fcer*e

I/ireap{]:xs.

Ail Cornenando Force rinits and rnost Citizen Force itnits are ccnstiilient elei:renis ot'the infantr3r Corps,

Theron C*mbat School,

s-rrch as

coniposed entirel;"' of volunteels fitru [he colouned conemunity. L4embels serve as lniantry-

mcn es vleil as i"

a.ious sup,poning

services.

The ccrps has a proi,,C rtartirne histor',r. In World War One. trn'o bettaiions served in Easi Africa, the Middie East and France" Their mosi fanous engage-

ment -!i/as the tsatile oi Square lJill againsi tlee Turks iir Falestine in Seoiember l9 i8. Thrs hisioric vicio15. is cornmernoratecl to ihis day.

Corps mernbers served ',,r'ith t}:e Atlied

Iluring Wcrld War Two,

eam€ts

rhes* etrlite are **rasstel:-ic3.su-aFsem{:r ietfar$ry; lrattaEio:ss, hul d,rex,+: g1e:.s*enmr:E i.l merfmlg frollt are;q-b$&Erd c!!e&" Th*3r p€ay a def*resive r*$-e elre*. $e-*s: wrFle fuave .i.: rsjw.l;ii}*tedi Lheir Ci€ig*ii Fa:sce eercice ilteSr b6 rqte}&{.!cate# tc th*se wlits. .Ea*k li ii u:niE is cesponsiEs$e fqse' thc sec$Frig *f, it* gr*c'ti*rai*x her** €Fse" Smat:er "*nits i 1- ere teilsred s.p*c!ftc*lt.y to guard viiaE !ffistaiEctielns" $ ii1

;:iriF;j!j:]i#l+1!ti.ra!;ii:i:J:+r

This unique corps is

the

parachuie

.i ii

r!!'::l:rii:rjl5.+i:::!;Fi-!:f.ii]

?he ilape Cetrps

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45 000

in East .&frica, italy anri the l!"{id.riie East. A.it}iough ttie Corps uras dishanded after both in;crlC *a,ars, it Forces

in the eartr1, Sixties Coloureci Corps Training Centre was established at Eersterivier. The firsi officers r,irere comrnissicned 'uvas resuscitateri

when the

1975.

S.&

F F

|f t

SpecialisCd

unitg'..

Experience rgained ,by

the South African,,folce*, against SWAFO'has .ior :.a ', led humber : of i specialised infantry. unitd; These . ,include: ,a 'r

moun[ed iqfantry unit,

],,a',motor.-

cycle :nhit, ,{og'handlsrs, and traekers,

All theie ',uriits are ''ri.ained as infantry trsfriie' ,selection; The i'

mounted 'and. motor-cyclel units opelate. basically as infantry but eajoy, higher: rnobility."i11,, lerrtrin un. suitable-,for heavy :vehicles; One of

nnounted rgfantry:s great advania$es ig, silence arrd,,itlii :ther:efore ,used

mostl5l:in, patioi work. The motor,l qtcle'units handle,ioad lpatrols and reactidn fore e rtasks.

Trackerg .,r,undeigo demanding hainine end,assist infantry units in pursuing telpoiists. Dogs and their

handleis :support infantry patrols,

aie .used ;for:r' ,bag6,.'"*";ritv,, for lracking. and for searching out

mines and exploiives; Eaeh of these t4sks lequires a speciflcafy:irainedi

dog''-,'',.,,""..' r'r''--'i'-i-'

home of the School of Armour and similar units. Bloemfontein is also the headquarters of t Speciai Service Battalion. This battaiion has a twin unit (2 SSB) based at Zeerust, Western Transvaal.

Basic equipment consists of two armoured vehicles: the Olifant tank and the Eland Armoured Car whije several new configurations of the famous Ratel vehicle have also made an appearance.

SA Engineer Corps Army engineers have an impressive

record of achievement often under hazardous conditions. From World War

One to the present unconventional campaign, they have kept roads open, bu ilt temporarl' bridges over rjvers.

disposed

of enemy mines,

provided

water supplies and established the physical infrastructure without which fighting elements would have ground to a ha1t.

Training is provided at various centres and those people with leadership potential are sent to the School of Engineers, Kroonstad. Bethlehem's 2 Field Engineer Regiment is the operational unit ofthe engineers.

All construction is done by 1 SA Artillery The SA Artillery has a long and proud tradition as the South African Army,s

senior corps. Natal and the Cape Colonl' both had voluntary artillery batteries in the British tradition, while the then South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State maintained state artilierv units staffed by full-time personnel. SAA's two major fieid units, 4 Artil-

lery Regiment and 14 Artillery Regiment, are Lrased near Potchefstroom, Western Transvaal. Their main artillery pieces are the

localiy manufactured

15b

medium gun and GG (mobile version of the G5), the 140 mm field gun and the 127 mm multiple rocket-launcher. The gun crews are supported by

locating batteries that use advanced

electronic equipment to pinpoint the source of enemy mortar or artillery fire. A

nti-Aircraft (SAAA)

The SAAA operates closeiy with the

Air

Force. Equipment includes radarcontrolled anli-aircrall guns. The Anti-

Aircraft School and l0 Anti-Aircraft Regiment are based at youngsfieid, Cape Town.

SA Armoured Corps

in a sense. lhis corps represents lhe steel fist ol the Army. Bloemfontein,

capital of the Orange Free State, is the

high school students. After

each year.

lntelligence Corps Members of this corps provide intelligence backing to all army formations and headquarters. Training is given at

the Army's Intelligence Kimberley.

established

1971. as a

SA Corps of Signals For this corps, general training programmes are carried out at Heidelberg (Army Gymnasium). Here national ser-

vicemen with an aptitude for electronics are trained in telecommunications. These servicemen are appren-

ticed artisans, students or universitv graduates, technical co[lege students and technicai high school students. After basic training, some are trans-

ferred to 4 Electronic Workshop near Cape Town (the Army's major training centre for radar operators); and others to 2 and 5 Signal R.egiments, Wonderboom, Preloria.

Those national servicemen who

remain behind at Heidelberg are split

specialist

training. Those with leadership qualities are trained to become instructors

for the technical personnel who maintain and service Signals Corps, equ

ipment.

Technical Service Corps (TSC) Members of this corps can be regarded as the "Mr Fix-its" of the army. These men maintain, repair and recondition

every piece of army equipment * barring signals' equipment. To them, Olifant tanks, Ratel infantry combat

civil

defence

college. Today, the more than 300 volunteers enrolling each year follow courses designed lo provide basic

training required for further instruction

in a host of support service musterings.

This varied and interesting course lasts 12 months. It inciudes handling small arms and proficiency in parade work and physical fitness. Officer training

The men from Lenz

Engineer

School,

lVomen in the Arrny The SA Army Women College was

47 Survel, Squadron, 35

Support Unit, SADF Engineer Support Unit and cartographers.

basic

training, each is given specialist instruction in the trade of his choice or the army equivalent of his civilian trade. In addition, a number of Permanent Force apprentices are taken in

courses are aiso held.

The essential services are provided by

cars,

heavy ordnance, pumps and generators hold no hidden mysteries. Most of the national servicemen allocated to TSC are apprentices or technical

struction Regiment, based at Springs.

into several groups for

Con-

vehicles, troop carriers, trucks,

Members of 21 Ballalion are unique in the sense that they are ai1 volunteers. A 35-mm anti-aircraft gun

Since the unit was established in 1.974. it has served as the main Lraining eslablishment for Black Permanent Force members of the Army.

Training Vital for any modern and dedicated army are well-trained men in its ranks. For this reason, each corps has one or more specialist training schools where those displaying initiative are trained as junior leaders and instructors. In addition, each corps, brigade or division has its own training programmes and proving grounds where the various

units are moulded into a

coherent

fighting force.

The Army Battle School, commissioned in 1978, based at Lohatlha. near Postmasburg, in the semi-desert region of the north-west Cape, is at the apex of all practical training arenas. The plains where the school

is situated are arid

scrub and represent the type ofcountry the army is likely to operate in, in the

event of conventional conflict. Large-scale exercises are held from time to time when units of the various corps are trained together at formation

Infantry soldiers during

torv.

The army has its own institution of staff training at the SA Army College, Voortrekkerhoogte. It provides training

level. The latest such exercise was Thunder Chariot (1984). the largest peace-time exercise in the Army's his-

candidate officers of the sA Army receive instruction on sub-machine guns

training exercise for all middle and senior-ranking officers up Io the rank of colonel. Several

hundred Permanent Force. Citizen Force and Commando Force officers from all over the country enrol yearly to follow staff courses and receive instruction in every conceivable aspect, of modern warfare.

j I

The South African Defence Force sees sport and physical training playing

positive roles in the physical and

mental deveiopment of its members, thereby contributing to ihe SADF's overall efficiency and combat-readi, ness. Therefore sport participation is seen as an integrated part of SADF

training prcgram!'nes.

The aim of Defence Force Spori is not merely achievements or to break records, bui to iirrprove and maintain high standards in sporiing facilities and in the general organisation and administration of sport. Today there are fer,r, sports in which Defence does not participate. trn mosi categories a great number of players compete at provincial and inlernaliorral levels.

Sport is dealt with as part of the members' military training and is organised, arranged and controlled by sports councils, committees and clubs. This is done in terms of the principles and ruies applicable to amateur sport. The SADF annually produces its quota of Springboks. Several of lts sportsmen

and women have treen selected for South African invitation teams and crowned as national champions.

Sport is not practised in isolation though, close iiaison takes place at

Defence Force cycling had a world champion in Wirnpie van der foIerwe

national bodies' examining bcards and are rnembers of their coaches' associations, as is the case in boxing and

club, provincial and national levels with civilian sports bodies. These compete in the relevant provinces'

wrestling.

ieagues and iake part in national championships. Various members of the S.{DF hold positions on provincial and national sports bodies. Members regularly pariicipale in

of Roberts Helghts were instructed to create physical recreation faciliiies for hundreds of soldiers not engaged in specific sporting events. In :i981, General Jannie Geldenhuys, then Chief of the Army, rein-

provincial anci national sport courses, and sometirnes act as instructors. Others serve on the provincial and

Potted Sports in 1939, officers

troduced potted sports or "bondel-

sports" as an active sport. l"{any peopie

can participate at minimum cost and

Gary Neirnan, Springbok barefoot water-ski champion in action

with little

adrninistration. Unlimited

numbers take pari at different physical levels and in various events"

Cycling Defence cycling has a world champion

in Wimpie van der Merwe. In the

1986

World Amateur Road Cycling Tour, he took second place, two points behind Belgium's Pierro Cuypers, and in 1987

won the event. Not only did Defence have its own team in the event, it also

had membels in other

competing

teams.

Road Running The world famous Comrades Marathon {90 km) held annually in South ,A.frica, is one of the toughest marathons in the world. In the early years of the race, Defence had a smail entry, but as the race members increased annually more Defence runners took part. As a result their achievements have improved greatly.

Watersport The South African climate is particularly suited to watersport and here Defence fares well, as many units are stationed at the coast. Surfing, sailing, barefoot water-skiing and lifesaving are some of the sports where the SADF has

produced wolld champions including 7X

the first time since 1978. All provincial teams compete in the Currie Cup Tournament.

Wrestling Amateur wrestling is one of the strongest sports in the Defence Force and plays a prominent role in National Amateur Wrestling. For many years, Defence has produced amateur champions at national level and for the 10th

consecutive year had several ]unior and Senior SA Champions in 1987, winning the Willie Liebenberg trophy

for the most points and the Hennie Potgieter shield for the most champions.

team won all their matches at the North Fesiival Hockey Championships. These championships are in the same ieague as the men's Allied Tournament.

Power tifting Wietz Steyn recently became the new world champion in the men's section while two women, Mannatjie Visser and Maryna de Bruyn, endeci iunnersup in the women's section during ihe World championships.

Karate Over lhe past two decatles the SADF has produced several Karate Springboks. The SADF is presently regarded as one of the strongest karate provinces

Hockey The Defence Men's Hockey Teams have

won every minor and major titie in South African Hockey and Pretoria Defence's first team is the L987 Champion of Champions. As in rugby, two teams were invited

to the national ciub tournament Ben Fouch6e is a prornising Defence Force golfer

Pretoria Defence Club, the winners, and Potchefstroom which took fourth place. The Defence Women's Hockey

in the RSA and severai SADF Karatika serve as national referees.

Other Sports

In conclusion, there is SADF participation in less u'ell-known sports such as hot air ballooning, kick boxing, polo cross, motocross and speed boating, u'here you will find members of the SADF wearing their Springbok blazers wilh pride and glory.

Quentin Posthumus and Garry Neiman who won world titles in the ramp and slalom evenls. The best known Defence competitor

in worid sport is

yachtsman, John

Martin, who won two legs of the BOC Around ihe World Yacht Race and finished fifth place overall. Martin has been a Springbok for a number ofyears.

He follows Reed, one

in the footsteps of Bertie of South Africa's ieading

seamen.

Rugby On the local rugby scene one of the outstanding performances was given by Pretoria and Cape Town Defence Rugby Clubs

in 1987. Eight of the

most

powerful clubs were invited to take part in the annual SA Club Champion-

ships in Durban. The championship is one of the most prestigious tournaments on the South African Rugby calendar. Cape Town Defence won the

trophy, with Pretoria Defence taking fourth place.

In 1987, Cape Town

Def'ence Rugby in the Western Province, beating the powerful Sleilenbosch Universily IMaties) leam,

Club won both major leagues

n,hile Pretoria Defenie won another major event. the Carllon Cup.

Soccer

On the soccer field, Defence won the popuiar Soccer Currie Cup Trophy for

A member of the SADF in action during a show jumping event

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The SAAF is organised into two regional and four functional commandi.

The headquarters is in Pretoria. Air fall under one of the regional commands fall under the bases that do not

headquarters.

Western

Air Command

With its headquarters in Windhoek this command controls all air operations in support of counter-insurgencv missions,

supply flights, evacuation of injured

personnel and dropping supplies. Ongoing assistance to the inhabitants of the northern areas includes flying in medical teams, supplies, and food to d roughl-stricken and/or fl ooded areas.

Air Command \\'ith ils headquarters at Silvermine, near Cape Town, Southern Air Command is responsible lor all Southern

maritime air operalions. air-sea rescue missions as well as relief and rescue operations in the vicinity ofthe coast. It also takes part in maritime and

land operations with the Naval Commands West and East and the three Army commands within its area of

responsibility. Silvermine controls various squadrons equipped with

different aircraft ranging from maritime

heiicopter squadrons, one ground attack combat squadron, helicopter squadrons flight and heavy helicop-

SADF Language Service Due to the multi.national composition of the SADF, communicatioas

take place in several langurges. In order to irnprove the effectiveness of communications and relations among all population groups, the

using the Cape route and guards South African fishing and mineral rights

African languages to all PF members in daily contact with

tersJ, a medium transport squadron and

maritime reconnaissance squadron. In co-operation with the SA Navy this command monitors ali shipping

lerrilorially.

SADF language service

members groups.

Airspace Control Command Airspace Control Command is responsible fol supplying early warning and air defence weaponry back-up to the Air Force, while providing air traffic control services to users of South African airspace. This is done by employ-

ing two main svstems - mobile

of African

teaches

papulation

In this way the Defence Fsrce sets an example in transcultural contact, In addition, translation. editorial, terminological and interpreting seryices are provided in all European, African and some other languages,

and

stati c.

Mobile slrstems can be developed at

short noiice almost anywhere in the country. Radar units give cover to tactical elements of the Air Force while

air defence missile and gun weaponry are used to protect strategic national points.

A highly sophisticated static system ensures that the industrial heartland of the country is safe-guarded against enemy air activity by employing fighter aircraft in an intercepting role.

integrated

Air Traffic

Control

jointly operated by the SAAF and the Directorate of Civil

organisation,

Aviation is currently being developed' This system rvill greatly improve flight safety in South African airspace and will be of direct benefit to all users of the airspace.

Flight control and airspace operators are trained by the Airspace Control School at Air Force Base Waterkloof.

This command provides ihe specialisti

trolled purchasi ng facili ties,

The Air Force has ovet 778 000 items

military training ai the Air Force

G5'rn-

nasium, Valhalla. Air Force personnel must pass various courses at the School for Logistic Training and the SAAF College, while officers complete their development and staff courses at the SAAF College.

in its inventory - one of the largest in the southern hemisPhere.

SAAF Training Command Headquartered in Pretoria, SAAF

Training Command controls

all training institutions in the SAAF. This includes pilots, navigators, flying crew and technical personnel training. Basic training for technicians is given at the School-for Logistic Training, Verwoerdburg.

Most apprentices must complete part of their training at one of a number of

technikons. Due to the varietY of sophisticated equipment and aircraft in use there are many satisfying and exciting careers on olfer for young men. National servicemen and Pemanent

Air Logistics Command

A flight engineer servicing an Alouette

logisiic senices the SAAF requires. These lnclude creating new designs and approving modifications' Overall control is obtained through utilising highly sophisticated compuler-con-

Force members complete their basic

Tactical SuPport Command Taclical Support Command has lhe task of establiihing and operating fully equipped mobile temporary field strips or civilian airfields. Its main elements are Citizen iForce Tactical Airfield units located around the country and ready for rapid mobilisation. Highly specialised mobile units provide every conceivable facility lhat may be required lor a base of up 1o 500 people, and established literally anywhere. These include electricitY, water supplylpurification, refuse removal, abiutions. mobile canteens, workshops, communications, air traffic control and landing faciiities, storage and operational command posts' Refuelling a Mirage F1 fighter aircraft

III helicopter

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military .utilisation. The Ecological.

lervices comprises

number of inter-

-' "Ecplogica'l.planning ensures that the . . planning'and executlon o.fl training

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fi P,ea' l;t1ilqdjifjie,,S::liifrrFl,,,dar€€it' 1|;1:,ihqEjifje,b|riroi*,::S#aatt'";-0..rfOl:.0&Xli&al 'mb kepl .. 'way warn tlrat tllat the adverse effects atp keol - qdverse

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ecohoficAl p.lanrring, T\e"rrui.r"n fl'eld

TODAY'S navy is a fully fledged and

highly elfective fighting lorce. operating in conjunction with the

Army and Air Force.

trts functions are

the same as those of other navies. lt is organised. slatled and equipped to protect South Africa's 3 000-kilo-

metre coastline,

its six major

deep-

water harbours and Walvis Bay, as well

as its territorial waters and the EEZ (exclusive economic zone, including fishing waters).

This means that, as with the other arms of service of the SADF, it has conventional and counter-insurgency

functions. In the former it co-operates with the Air Force to counter armed maritime threats against the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa/ Namibia, and supports the iandward battle when necessary. In the latter it co-operates with the police, harbour and local authorities, when protecting naval installations and

nationai harbour key points against

terrorism and insurgency. Crew members of a rninesweeper

Facilities and Equipment Simon's Town, the Nav-v's major base, is the only fully developed miiitary naval base on the African coastline outside the Mediterranean. Shortly after the base was taken over from the Royal Navy in terms of the Simon's Town Agreement, the S,{ NavY launched the first major development programme, including extensive new

docking facilities, workshops, store-

rooms, office buildings and a Power station. Further extensions and improvements lbllowed during ihe Sixties

and Seventies. The dockyard area has been eniarged twice. First in the late Sixties, when a substantial area of iand was reclaimed from the sea to build the submarine basin and support facilities. Later the harbour area was more than

doubied when the PW Botha tidal

basin, which encloses nearly 30 ha of water, was constructed. The harbour can now accommodate up to 50 ships at a time. The deep water of Simon's

Bay, Iargely protected by the surrounding mountains against winter gales, can aiso provide safe anchorage

for warships of any size.

Repair and refitting facilities at Simon's Town are second to none.

These include a synchro-lift which can lift vessels of up to 2 000 tons out ofthe

water on to a platform from where they are transported on a series of raiis to "parking bays" or one of two sheds for 2A

easy access by the repair and maintenance teams.

Today. all repair, mainlenance and conversion programmes are carried out

by dockyard personnel, often in cooperation with private local contractors. Vessels used by the Navy are ideally

suited to a task which, following the mandatory arms embargo imposed by the UN Security Council in 1977, no longer includes protecting the general Western interests in the strategic Cape sea-1anes.

effective operation of the Navy's vessels and their advanced weapon and other systems demands considerable investment in training. However, the Navy does command a

fairll, lslgs Citizen Force with bases located in areas from which most national servicemen allocated to the Navy are drawn. Two of these bases,

SAS Rand and SAS Magdiesberg, are on the Transvaal Highveld, about 600 km froil the nearest salt water, and the others are at the coast.

Women play an important role in

These vessels include fast missilecauying strike craft for surface attack, a flotilla of submarines, a flotilla of mine

ioday's Navy. The war-time SA Women's Auxiliary Naval Service

countermeasure vessels

Seventies and all young Fermanent Force recruits are drafted to the SAS Saldanha, the SAS Jalsena or the SAS Sirnonsberg where they receive basic training similar to their male counter-

and

two

helicopter-carrying replenishment vessels.

Cornmand and control The Navy's headquarters is based in Pretoria for closer liaison with the other arms of the SADF. There are two area commands, i.e. the Naval Command West with headquarters at Siivermine in the Cape, and Naval Cornmand East with its headquarters on the Bluff in Durban.

Fersonnel The total staff complement of the Navy is smaller than that of either the Army or the Air Force. Most of its members belong to the Permanent Force, as the

(SWANS) was resuscitated in the early

parts.

After that they undergo specialist training in non-combatant musterings,

especially in administrative and technicai fields. Some work as tactical data operators on advance communications

equipment

at Silvermine, the joint Southern Air

headquarters of

Command and Naval Command West, and others as naval radar operators at shore installations. South African Indian volunteers who want to join the Navy have their own training unit, the SAS /alsena, situated

on Salisbury Isiand in Durban harbour. This is a practical arrangement as most Indians live in and around

Durban. The available facilities allow for

maximum intake of 200 volunteers a year. In 1987, the SAS Jalsena received aimost 2 000 applications. Their service of two ),ears, which a

includes five months'basic training, is identical to that of other naval voiunteers.

On completion they can join

the

Permanent Force and usuallv all but few elect lo do so.

General training All national servicemen allocated to the Navy, together with all young volunteers for the Permanent Force, are drafted to the SAS Saldanha on the west coast for their 13-week basic

training. This includes a comprehensive course in the fundamentals of seamanship.

Basic training is followed by specialist training in the various musterings. If the trainee is to be an artisan or technician, he will go to the

More than 2 000 civilians

are

employed in the Simon's Town Naval dock-yard. It is the highesi concentra-

tion of trade disciplines in ihe Republic, and more than 50 different

trades are practised. There are currently more than 2 100 apprentices undergoing training in the dockyard.

Basic tnaining for young officers is given at the Naval College, Gordon's Bay, 50 km north-east of Cape Town. Specially selected midshipmen are also trained as officers at the Naval College. Specialist training is given at the SAS Simonsberg and the various flotillas.

After an introd uctory cou rse of formal iraining followed by a short spell at sea, candidates are given specialist instruction in the various musterings as well as in the mechanics and functions of all systems and equipment on board. An important training facility is the

computer-controlled simulator which realisticaily reproduces all the opera-

The Navy's DAPHNE Class submarines are based at Simon's Town, where

ihe flooding or sinking of a

is the SAS Hugo Biermann.

While the DAPHNE craft are small to submarines of the super powers, they are quiet and highly compared

with their deep diving capability, well-suited to operating in South African waters. They also require a relatively small manoeuvrable and,

Simonsberg,

complement of about 50 officers and

if he is to be a rating in another branch, he will continue his training at the SAS

periods at sea.

tional situations with which

trainirrg and docking facilities were constructed in record time for the arrival of the first submarine from France in May 1971. The support base

will be able to perform their duties efficiently as members of a team in the confined space of a submarine during long determine whether they

Submarine Flotilla

Navy's technical training school at the

SAS Wingfield and

inciuding psychological tests

sub-

marines malr be confronted, including vessel.

Advanced training includes exercises

with and against the Nav5,'s other

ves-

sels.

Strike Craft Fiotilla The flotiila of Minister Class Strike Crall revealed ior the first time in Mav 1979, is the pride ofthe |Javy. The ships, as well as their sophisticated defensive and offensive devices have been designed and built in South Africa. They are ideal in coastal waters and have the striking power of ships many times their size.

Later the prospective seaman is drafted to a vessel for an extended practical training period or to some

has been developed and the Navy's

to keep the vessels and their crews operating efficiently at sea. This

own technicians and artisans have the experience to strip and overhaul these craft. The maintenance programme is designed to keep at least two sub-

backed by a comprehensive array of electronic devices which can track and identify targets and ward off missile

marines at sea most of the time. Candidate submariners - all volunteers - undergo rigorous selection tests,

. Unlike lhe large battleships of yore. they are very fast (with a maximum speed in excess of 30 knots), highly

shore installation where he will be a member of a large team whose job it is

training cycle is repeated until trainees

comply with the high standard of

proficiency required.

Marines on the Zambesi River (Caprivi)

A full logistic and support facility

The craft carry guided

surface-to-

surface missiles capable of destroying Iarge vessels. Mounted aft, these are

attacks.

manoeuvrable and capable of changing course in a matter of seconds. They require minimum maintenance and repairs. and can operate from any port.

Mine Counterrneasures Flotilla

The MCM flotilla which

operates

minesweepers and mine-hunters main-

tains the expertise of being able to neutralise any enemy mining to the Republic's harbours and iheir approaches.

The operational life of the MCM vessels is greatly extended by regular rotation of vessels in commission and lhe excellent base support facilities availabie. Besides remaining proficient in their primary role, these vessels are also used for

coaslal patrols and sea-training. The Mine Countermeasures Flotilla is virtually the only force of its kind in Africa.

The Support Vessels The SAN's first replenishment ship, the SAS Tafelberg, has been refitted and modernised in the Simon's Town dockyard. A large flighl deck belween lwo superstructure islands and two hangars. 27

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F"iaeracui:ra F-aarfooar Fetr'{ri bsets duril-lg a trainireg sessian

cile ori eiiir.er side of the fr;nnel,

-were

aii,dsC at the sa::ie iime. This has given

abie unulilised space hetcv.. tke ijight deck, which lias i;een used !,1 provide

,ldav3r and tor maiiy 3/€ars vessels have scoured the

oldesi in i-he

its survey

ffiili aad tw+ 2G mm -:^":Otl We)'e d:SO AdCed.

given tire SAS Tafbibel.6 a vaiuaL,tre searilh and rescue, aird rtrisaster reiief

sou-i.hern cceans, carefuli,v plotting e\reIy under'r^,'ater ctag, prorrlontory, rnountain a:rd va,lie,v, to :rake the Cape sea-tranes sai'el f*r Eii vessels. The SAil i'-rofea is engaged in ihis impcrieni jask. Sho is fitted with the

potentiai"

repienistrrnei:t siliP 5AS Sla*eilsf;e"r6 r{ias cc,:rllmissicireil. in 1-987. The iccally d*signed and h'.:iii .ressel of 12 50t) tons wi-ti slt.c.ptre;riexit ttre 5AS T-a.fbiberg in ail her p;:esent role.. arad witrl greatl3r enhance atl th* S,4 hTa";y's capahili'iies in hel specific

i,ri:Lcsi

heliccpte.t' capahillty was taken when it i:ecame clear lhrat the *qAAF Shacktretons -vr;outd i?nally have tc he rietired-

of operating tvtra F:mas or Super Freion Freiicr:piers. She is there,r*re ilcr,{,- able io rep}enish by sia.1i, i6ui and v*rticaL :eplenishinent

-iler the capahitriiy

i':r.-;itre'pl. "{'lcir; 4{l

The decisi*n to give her

this

-l.4/ittlorlt

any relllacemeilt trelitg avaitrable 1e tire near ii.rirlre. Th.e 5AS T"afbrnberg

pres€nted s{1e porsibiiity tn

get scme "e-ves ;n tXle sky" andl at s feesonai]le cost. RoXes +nvisagsd for

arnded acc".rnrnoiaiion arrri

:rnedicai.

faciliiies ai little add"itional co-ei"

and tne Coupi*d rviih her helicoirtei-s ability tn carrlr large "b*al,s, 'ihis has

T'he

fielcn cf operaiions ai sea.

:he Fur::ras, irtci;;de visuai reco:iiraies&nc€, ve$se} id-eatificatiori, vertlep, -lertrep to sliore, and c ttlx-nu.nicati*ns fi.ights, In a patrcl silpport rcle, tire

wili offer exceiient enduiance ccr:,pl*d -,^.,lth tLr.e capahiiiiies of iler hetritcp+"er.<. $AS ?'afiJ&erg

The c*nv*rsicn iesuii*d ira ccnsider-

Fi--c'd

gr ap

*:si

of ihe tda4i is the ckr*rting auiil*xit.v for the $eas altrng the criasts of tlee Repu'mlic cf South

Tlie

trlv- e

s't

Afri

selected track aclcsg ihe area to he surrreyed. Tlie lnfcrniation gaihered b1r tleis u.ressel is plocessed into a series of c,i.larts arrd other publ-icaiions, i.irc,ur ing raviE:t,orr guirjes anil Iide-

tai:les. These are aico artailable anci on sale to tLre public and shippirtg lines cf tb.e *world.

aanc'cy

'1ihe hyojr*grapher

Afri n a en el 5 *uii-i

l:lcdsrn autornaiic survelr. data-

logging a*d stiip guidaace equipment. lL cornput*r guid.es tne ahip *n e pl"e-

c ai f

',larr:ii.r

h-vdrn-rgraphic i:ranclh

t:he

The l{av3r's ir"3rdr61tt**n*r coardinates navigation walningc t0 lnariners in the South Atlantic and indiail iicean, and represents Soutil .Afiii:a cn the trnternational F{ydr:ographic {-}r6anisaticn"

candidate iivers must pass a series ai

l.'-;a.ct,u,gic n; $ervicg Sver the c€mtur:ies, f,rorcx CEassic 6c-ne,'r end Grcek :!nnel" e[fa-rooEogical

shipping anri harhour installations

q0h$5icgy i€ ;frTpfi4i581: ";r pr-=#ict lng ilerr*ris€ he&na-viorar and c:'eatieg

naval vesseis in d:ydock.

gooo rela;ion; "":'j,[r .*:a. *ecilte !ixF&ir&Fr civir: :.iris..: nrr-a.rams-Ees ?fuese pr:ogr arF'F,F$ r'a',il;.' rr-c'.':Je :aiu;alioe*', a.tTic jl:"Jj l: ena. lech-nicai assisrance

rnost effec'rive units in ihe SADF.

I;::ow:elge B'rns phved aar c"n,]on!anc l oee :.: rililii.ary *{rejftE:i}fts" TEre SeilF " reeB;si"g th: irz".l.cp, tence of inr's" appc.r,.:ac! ir.* i;::; ..::h;:nrc* glsils isr '8S76

:i .i

stringent selection tests hefore emharki n g ott a :tlert Ll uti t ir; i ni ng il r.ig!'t I i :i-,e. Thusc ii t:n cumpneic iir- ;",ur"e , er'tainlSr 6qlnsliiute crle of the fittesi and

ffiivers TFre ltravy's frogmen are trained at ihe

5AS Srrncnsberg Diving

School

Siuion's Tolnrn.

Atter rornpieting their basic training and searnanshi.p courses ai the S.45 SaLdanka aad the SAS Srrnonslrerg, Tlae new

reple:liskment vessel of t&e

S,&

Their major role is

protecting

against sabotags end insurgency. Feace-

time duties include ..rnclelo,vater'ber'thing salvegr] or lepaiis, and assisting in

&€ariqaes

The shift in emphasis in the 5A hiav5,'s ciuties in 1979 ied to the revivai of the htlanines Branch. trt is ihe function of -branch rio protect our trarhours and tFris narial iiastaiXations against coirventiona.tr assaulI or sabctage f,r'om iar:c c: sea. Some rnarin,es are nationai servicemen Lrr rner-nbers or" the Pernlanent

Force, l-rui most are cira-run from tlae ranks of the Ciiizen Force. They are organised on a txigade basis and operate in clcse co-operaticn with the pclice and other euthorities.

Units have now been esiabiished

frcn

Rici-r-ard's Bay i,n ti-le north-east

thlcugh Durban, East {.oirdcn, Fort Enizatleth, Simcn's Torrun, Tahle tsay to Saidanha Bav, as well as Waivis tsay^ Because the riuties of the rnarines are an ar,':ralgain of those of sailors and sondiers, they are iraineri as both, and

is tough and crrmprehensive. .After training, which includes deployrnent on ttre S\VAA"iamiilia rlver borders, such a harbour protecticln rrnit is proficient ir-l infantry tactics, unarined cornbat, diving techniques and counterinsurgency operations The F{FEs (harb,our patrol nroatsJ used by the marines aie designed and built in South ,A,frica, and rank among the most heavil,rr armed smaltr tioats in the consequently their training

-"^"rorlt'i

Search apid R.escue R.escue operations aiong

the southern

and eastern seaboards are underiaken h,v units of the Narzy and the Air Force in co-operaiion r,r,lth ilie Nationai Sea Rescue trnstitute {NSRI}, a vo}uniany private organisation funded lalgeiy ity doreations from the pubiic.

Navy, the S,{S Fra&ems&e-rg

u:.

;':

F1''

The morale of the South African Forces

in the operational

area is very high. One of the most important contributing factors is the South African Medical Service (SAMS) which is the lourth arm of the SADF.

The SA Medical Service provides the necessary med ical and related support to the SADF in land-. air-, and seaward operations, and also carries out its own distinctive operational tasks.

As well. the SA Medical Service provides continuous base-orientated medical and related services to all Permanent Force members and their dependants, Citizen Force and Commando Force members, and national servicemen.

The SAMS follows a multi-clisciplinary approach and its personnel represent more than 50 recognised medical and paramedical prolessions.

services available are as comprehensive as possibl'e and remain at the highest level ol proficiency. the Service

appoints prominent private specialists

as consultants to supplement the expertise of the growing number of specialists in its full-time complement.

The utilisation of no less than 50 different occupational categories of people within the SA Medical Service, is an outstanding example of this multiprofessiona l ism.

The Service maintains close contacl

with national health authorities and professional bodies. All professional staff employed by the Service are registered with the SA Medical and Dental Council and other bodies, to

ensure uniformity and excellence of standards in service and professional conduct.

The Service is represented in a variety of medical related organisations. A contributing factor is the

selection of medical companies and by

evaluating the ellicacy of

these

prod ucts.

CSIR and Armscor also lurnish

valuable scientific and technological

information at the request of SAMS to fulfil each and every need SAMS may experience in military operations and elsewhere.

The SAMS Nursing College is an institution registered with the South African Nursing Council. Nursing training includes a four-year Diploma which, in associaiion with the University of South Africa, leads to professional nurse status

general, psychia-

tric. community and midwife.

There

are olher lraining courses for enrolled nurses as weli as a six-month training course for nursing assistants. Bursaries are available for medical and dental students and facilities for

post-graduate studies

at the univer-

sities of Pretoria. Stellenbosch and the Orange Free State. Various sections of the three military hospitals have been accorded academic status by the Medical and Dental Council. The Medical Service benefits from the arrangement because a workforce of clinical assistants in various specialities is placed at its disposal.

Medical Care As with the best civilian and military medical services in the world, South Africa places equal emphasis on preventive, curative and rehabilitation services.

Air Force

memtrers are tested

in a decompression chamber at the Institute of Aviation Medicine

Personnel The Service consists of a full and parttime lorce. The former has professi,cnal

men and women who are Permanenl Force members, and suitably qualified national servicemen who serve in their respective professions after undergoing

basic military orientation. The parttime force includes members of the Citizen Force and Commando Force units lhroughout the country. To ensure that medical and related

Surgeon's General's membership of the

Advisory Committee on

National

Health, Population Development, the SA Medical and Dental Council, and the Medical Association of SA. Medical services are rendered on request to independent States in co-operation with the Department of Foreign Affairs.

SAMS keeps itsell up-to-date with the many new medical products on the

market by maintaining contact with medical representatives from a large

"Prevention is better lhan cure" is a very apt dictum as regards lhe SAMS policy to establish lacilities for preventive medicine. Hygiene officers. doctors and health training staff combine efforts to create an awareness of preventive, curative and rehabilitation services. As well they impart preventive knowledge to

the local population in

specific

national states to try and control the spread of disease. These long-term projects are already bearing fruit with

the promise of even better conditions lor lhe future.

health

Curalive services cover the full spectrum of medical and related care. These may be conveniently divided into: medical, dental, psychiatric and nursing care, pharmaceutical, welfare, general military health, rehabilitation, specialist job selection, velerinary services and community health care. The comprehensive medical care

programme starts with consultation and diagnosis. This is followed by recognised treatment by the appropriate medical staff and hospitalisation

if necessary. Dental care covers the full spectrum, conservation,

from extractions to

maxillo-facial and oral surgery, and prostheses. It is the policy ofthe Surgeon General

achieve optimal rehabilitation. In

the SAMS this is regarded as a process whereby the quality and length of life are extended and involves the combination and co-ordination of medicai,

paramedical, psvcho-sociological and educational facilities in training and re-educating disabled persons. The ultimate goal in rehabilitation is to assist the physically and/or mentaliy

disabled individual in the optimum realisation of his capabilities, ensuring the adjustment necessary for a productive, well-balanced lifestyle.

The process of rehabilitation is by its intervention in

characterised

physical, social, psychological and spiritual levels of the individual's existence including appropriate aftercare and follow-up. Within the SAMS the utilisation of the multi-disciplinary

A member of

the SA Medical Service spraying a pool

with insecticide

part of a mosquitocontrol programme,

policy.

of disease or the development of health hazards which may impair the readiness or efficiency of the SADF. Thus, the Medical Service's hygiene officers monitor health conditions in the total environment. They also ensure that food conforms to the most stringent hygienic standards.

treatment and stay

to prevent the occurrence and spread of

treatment team which is a fundamental

element in the holistic approach to rehabilitation and a pre-requisite for successful adjustment, is standard

Since a disabled individual's in hospital are

largely determined by the extent of his

injury, he may spend anything from one to 18 months in a recovery wing of a military hospital. The Medical Service is the largest distributor of pharmaceutical supplies to military and non-military institutions in the country. It is a supply

administration of daunting proportions and means that the Service's pharmacists not only dispense medicines, but are responsible for administering this vital service as well.

Other services rendered The military welfare service promotes

the sound social functioning of of the SADF and their

members

families, on the basic assumption that the best soldier is a soldier welladjusted and free from worries about family or other social problems.

Many calls for welfare

assistance

come from servicemen called up for border duty after their initial two-year period of training. Once a problem has been identified, qualified officers take the appropriate remedial action. The general military health programme involves applying various measures

and techniques to prevent the outbreak

The veterinary section's function

disease among the SADF's animals, particularly horses and dogs, and to treat them accordingly. This includes the control of diseases such as rabies in areas where the SADF is deployed.

Veterinarians also do extensive research programnres testing the suitability of species, selecting the best

nutrition under specific conditions and managing ali breeding programmes,

A survival

centre provides training

for SAAF flying personnel and seiect groups of other soldiers. The course includes survival techniques in bush, desert and coastal areas. It is based on the assumption that a man with oniy his uniform and knife must survive however harsh the conditions and any possible enemy threat. Speciai training is given on poisonous and edible vegetation and insects, and how to get food from the sea without the usual equipment.

Military Medicine Institutions To comply with the diverse specialised needs which a modern defence force, such as the SA Defence Force, expects from its medical facilities, SAMS has,

apari from the usual back-up of

specialised services, all the know-how in fields typical of military medicine. The Service also renders specialist selection services for the Institute for Maritime Medicine. The SADF applies

its own stringenl Iests to screen prospective divers and submarine personnel for the Navy and the Mer,

chant Navy. Similarly, the Institute for

Aviation Medicine at Verwoerdburg, Pretoria, screens pilots fdr the Air Force and Civil Aviation. At the same time, SAMS can, with good reason, boast of expertise in fields such as heat exhaustion, trauma and the management of disasters. During extensive flooding coupled with the loss of many lives and homes at Laingsburg

1984, SAMS personnel

were on the scene within hours. Doctors treated patients and pharmacists renewed lost supplies, tablets for patients suffering from non-visible ailments such as high blood pressure, diabetes, arthriiis,

etc.

psychological team as well

rescue workers treated inhabitants who suffered from shock and depression. The evacuation of the injured or

ill patient receives priority attention in SAMS. If vehicle transport is too slow, or the pick-up point inaccessible, i.e, in combat areas or on mountain ranges, SA Air Force helicopseriously

ters are tasked to evacuate the patient. As soon as a soldier is wounded he becomes a SAMS responsibility. Treatment starts immediately and is continued

until he reaches a doctor or a doctor reaches him. Once stabilised the patient is evacuated to a rear field or base hospital.

SA Delville Wood Commemorative Museum (France)

This museum has been created

proclairn the full signilicance ol South

Alrica's National War Memorial al Delville Wood. ll recalls the sacrilice ol

War Graves Commission across the road to Longueval, in which 151 South Africans. B2 oi whom are identilied. lie buried amdng other soldiers of the British Empire.

Fort Beaufort

25 000 South Alrican volunleers. men ancl women ol all races and creeds, who laid down their lives in two world

The idea of exploiling lhe rich mililaiyhistorical potential of Fort Beaufort by

wars and in Ko'ea. and commemorates the readiness ol lhe people ol South Africa to take up arms in defence of the values ol lhe Weslern world. The design ol the museum is based

establ ishing a military museum. was first considered in 1973. The buiiding

became available for museum purposes

Cape

complex. The museum consisls ol nine exh ibit d isplay rooms. The Marlello lower. completed some time after 1893, forms part of the fortifi-

on lhe Caslle ol Cood Hope in

Town. the [irst permanenf iortificalion in Soulh Alrica. Its penlagonal shape lorms part olthe Soulh African Delence Force emblem.

The archileclure of thc building harmonises lt ith the other structures on site. namell lhe Soulh Alrican Nalional War Memorial and the Cross o[ Conserrration.

The laller. occupying a cenlral posi-

tion in lhe complex. is shellered by the museum and can be seen lrom any angle inside through the glass panels, fi Ueirs

the inscriptiorr "For lheir laith and lor their freedom they died".

One's

first v iew on entering lhe

museum lhrough the main entrancc. is ol an engraved glass wirrdorv depicling

Dellville Wood afler lhe battle. The inscriplion at the bottom ol lhis panel is taken from the speech delivered b1'

Ceneral I B M Herlzog at the me morial's inauguration on 10 October 1926. The Battle honours awarded to the South Alrican forces during lhe Iwo

world wars and lhe Korean war

are

engraved on lhe large windows lacing

the courtyard. The engraved border surrounding them depicts South A lr ica's n at ion a I fl o r,r'er Prolea lykaroides - and lhe flower emblems of the four provinces. The passages Iinking the bastions house the bronze panels featuring the works oi lour prominent South African artists: Dawie de jager, Mike Edwards, Tienie Pritchard and Jo Roos. The participation of all South Africans, regardless of colour or creed, in combat

or auxiliary services, constitutes

the theme oi these r,r'orks ol art. The message conveyed by these panels is South Africa's preparedness to assist her Western aliies in their struggle to prolecl lhe freedom ol the Western

World. The Monument. lhe museum arrd lhe wood form a unity supplementecl blr the Cemetery of the Commonwealth 26

in 1975. In 1980, iI was declared a National Museum, and wilh lhe Marlello Tower. forms a slriling

cations at Fort Beaufort, that were aulhorised a[ler lhe Sixlh Fronlier War. It is surrounded bv several old huildings r.t hich dale bu, k to ihe dals

when Ft-rrt Beaulort played an important role in the defence of the frontier. The round lower. conslrucled of large hewn stones, is in good condition and a swivel gun mounted on a wooden frame

slill slands al lhe top of lhe fortress. The [ower's name is Jerived lrom Mortella, the scene ola Brilish naval raid in Co rs ica

The Donkin Reserve Military lVIuseum

The Donkin Reserve Mililarv Museum was oificially opened in igzg. It is Aerial view of Fort Klapperkop in Pretoria

situated next to the Elizabeth Donkin

Memorial Pyramid on lhe Donkin Reserve. overlooking lhe brrildings of Main Street and Algoa Bay in Port Elizabeth. Access to ihe Muscum carr be gained either by elimbing the sleps from Chapel Street or bJ, strolling over lhe Reserve lrom Belmonl Terrace. The

museum is open to the public every day except Christmas Day and Good Friday. Admission is lree. The museum calers lor and welcomes organised schooi parties. Lectures on the museum exhibits and historv ol tlre East Cape are given by slall. Historical and militarv video shows are ar,ailable upon requesl. The museum's exhibits are displal,ed in six rooms and the lighthouse 1or,r'er. In the lighthouse tower there are eight levels each of which has a different naulical display.

Fort Klapperkop and Fort Schanskop The military museums, Fort Klapperkop

and Forl Schanskop in Preloria.

are

part of a system of four first-class fortifications. They were built in the period l896 lo lBgB to safeguard the capital of the old South Alrican Republic againsl a further imperialist onsliught suih as the abortirre jameson Raid of December r

895.

Built in a spirit ol deliance. the lorts are a symbol of the sacrifice that the old

ZAR was prepared to make to protect ils lradilions. lreedom and national

launched

to construct a

prestigious

new museum on Bays Hill above AFB Swartkop, the SAAF's first base.

Naval Museums The first irnportant collection of SA Navai relics assembled in South Africa is now on dispiay in the SA National Museum ol Miiitary History in Johannesburg.

Although the SA Navy had retained certain historic guns and other naval relics in the trophy accounts of its ships and shore establishments, it was not until 1965 thai the first Naval Museum was mooted. A naval com-

mittee chaired by Cdr (iater R Adm)

Fiying history : The vintage Hornet Mcth of the SA Air Force Museurn which has been restored to flying condition

identity against the might of an international superpower. Fort Klapperkop was opened as the

SADF's first museum during the

Republic Festival of 1966 with its prime objective being to educate and motivate Defence Force members by exhibiting ihe development of South Africa's own

military capabilities, and instilling pride in their military traditions and

achievements.

Secondly, the museum would serve as a wjndow of the SADF io portray our" proud image as winners to the general

public

- parlicularly lor scholars

who

are, after all, the national servicemen and leaders of the future. Fort Schanskop, adjacent to the Voortrekker monurnent, porirays the theme of the early military history of the ZAR from the First War of Independence and the Anglo-Boer War up to 1910.

Forl Klapperkop supplements the

therne of our proud history from 1910, including World Wars One and Two to

the current rnilitary operations thai safeguard our country and nation against terrorism and subversion, and incursions across our borders. Forl Klapperkop also houses the National Defence Force memorial. This honours all SADF members who have been kiiled on active service since 1961.

The SAAF Museur:r Since its establishment

of the early years were five Ventura a farm in the Western Cape and scores of Avro Anson bombers from

fuselages and components from various sites. The rnuseum workshops at Lanseria have been responsibie for restoring, to

airworthy condition, a number of

vintage aircraft including a DH Hornet Moth, a Fairchild Argus, a DH Chipmunk and a DH Vampire. These aircralt logether with a Fieseler Storch, restored by I Air Depot, operate as part of the uruseum's historic flight.

Other projects tackled by the Air

Force units, on behalf of the museum, include the restoration of the Sikorsky S-55 and Alouette II helicopters to be flown by 19 and 17 Sqn respectively. 17 Squadron also works on the SAAF's origlnal helicopter, a Sikorsky S-51. As weli as the aircraft, over 70 airframes are in storage, mainly at AFS Snake Valley. awaiting restoration or exchange deals.

Other important museum activities include the preservation ol uniforms, medais and tradges, with the museum librrary being responsible lor aero-

nautical books, aircrew

log-books, posters, maps and printed mernorabiiia dating back to World War One.

This library also houses one of the finest colleciions of technical docurnents relating to aircraft of the past. A photo-

graphic and

1976, the

SAAF Museum has grc',vn ta become the largest single coliection of a..riaiion relics in Southern Africa. Established

under the guidance of Col P M I

McGregor, the museum's early actjvities centred around the recover5, of aviaticn items from crash sites, scrapyards and airfields, with the first appeals being made for photo aibums and log-books. Among the most significant recoveries

fiim archive is plesentiy

being established. Since 1978, the museum has issued 31 commemorative envelopes of signifi-

cant events in SAAF history and is responsible for historicai research reialing to SAAF units as well as local and foreign inquiries on the history of the SAAF.

Although the museurn has a srnall temporary public display at Lanseria, a

fund-raising campaign has

been

C Biermann was formed to bring a naval museum in itre Castle in Cape Town inlo being.

As there were insu llicient naval it was decided to share the museum with the other arms of the exhibits

service and the Military Museum in the Castle was opened by Gen R C F{iemstra on 25 November X966.

A highiv

successfui maritime week

in Cape Town lrom 21 - 2S March 1968 eventually led to the establishment o{ South,Africa's first purely marilime museum on the floor above lhe Military Museum at the Castle. The museum was opened by V Adm H H Biermann on 18 May 1971. The exhibils included models and paintings of warships and merchani vesiels. The venue of the museum. in South

Africa's oidest and mosl imporlant building. cnsured that sorne izr ooc people visited it every year. On 17 February 1986, the Military and

Maritirne Museums at the Castle were forced lo close to enable restoraLion work on the wing in which they were housed to commence.

Scon aflerwards the SA National Maritime Museum withdrew its exhibits to establish a new maritime

{luseurn in Table tsay Flarbour. Some ol the military componenls are in slore, awaiting re-housing on completion ol the restoralion. Eventually the Castle will have a large museurn complex, occupying lhe entire wall between the seaward-facing Buren and Katzenellen-

bogen bastions.

Al present the SA Naval Museums Branch runs two museums: the N{artelio Tower in Simon's Town {opened on 2 May 1973) and the Museum of Coast and.Anti-Aircraft Artiliery at Fort Wynyard in Green Point (opened in November 1987). Museum brochures and research on museum items and related subjecls are published from time lo time.

Archeologisrs of the SADF busy with excavations al

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