New observations of sea turtle trade in Alexandria, Egypt.

NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT AUTHORS

Liza Boura, Sherif S. Abdullah, Mohamed A. Nada

CONTACT DETAILS

MEDASSET ‐ Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles c/o 4, Ηillside Close, London NW8 OEF, UK | T: +44 2032866189 1c Licavitou St., 106 72 Athens, Greece | T/F: + 30 210 3613572 medasset@medasset.org www.medasset.org

COPYRIGHT

Reproduction and dissemination in full or in part of this publication for educational or other non‐commercial purposes are authorised without any prior written permission provided the source is fully acknowledged and cited.

All photos, unless otherwise stated: © 2014‐15 MEDASSET, Photo: S.S. Abdullah.

Cover Design: Melina Pagoni. Layout: Liza Boura.

CITATION

Boura, L., S.S. Abdullah, M.A. Nada. 2016. New observations of sea turtle trade in Alexandria, Egypt. A report by MEDASSET ‐ Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles. 27 pp.

DISCLAIMER

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A warm thanks to the fishermen, fishmongers and residents in Alexandria who were interviewed for the survey. Thanks are due to Lily Venizelos for encouraging and supporting this survey, for being a true role model and for her dedication to marine turtle conservation. We are grateful to R. Snape (Exeter University), Dr G. Schofield (Deakin University) and Dr A. Abdulla (IUCN) for assisting with species identification through the photographic evidence and for reviewing the manuscript. Our thanks to Dott.sa F. Bentivegna (CNR‐IAMC), MEDASSET Board Members L. Venizelos and Dr M. Kasparek for reviewing the manuscript and to A. Stamatiou for proofreading. Lastly, we express our sincere appreciation to Egypt’s Minister of Environment for his leadership in response to preliminary survey results submitted by MEDASSET in February‐April 2015, and to the staff of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency and enforcement authorities who took part in the police operation in May 2015 in Alexandria.

ABOUT MEDASSET

PREFACE

Please consider the environment SUMMARY before printing this document

Founded in 1988, MEDASSET is an international environmental NGO registered as a charity and limited liability company in the UK and a Permanent Observer‐ Member to the Bern Convention, Council of Europe. MEDASSET works closely with MEDASSET Greece – a not‐for‐profit organisation established in 1993 in Greece, which is a partner to the UN’s Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP).

Both organisations are active in the study and conservation of sea turtles and their habitats throughout the Mediterranean. Common goals are achieved through scientific research, environmental education, lobbying relevant decision makers, and raising public awareness.

The survey was prompted by M. Nada, MEDASSET’s representative in Egypt, and was made possible thanks to S. Abdullah’s enthusiasm and dedication to undertaking the survey as a MEDASSET volunteer, under the co‐authors’ guidance. The survey is a continuation of MEDASSET’s research and conservation projects in Egypt since 1993 and its collaboration with M. Nada in studying and taking action on the issue of sea turtle trade and consumption in Alexandria.

“Within the framework of MEDASSET’s sea turtle conservation programmes in the Mediterranean, the current report aims to provide access to all information collected during the survey, in order to assist Egyptian managers, decision‐ makers and conservationists to safeguard sea turtle populations in Egyptian waters and halt the illegal sea turtle trade in Alexandria. In addition, the findings reported in the document are also relevant for all stakeholders involved in sea turtle research and conservation in Egypt, the Mediterranean and beyond”  Lily Venizelos, MEDASSET President, Member of IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

SUMMARY

The Mediterranean coastal waters of Egypt host important foraging sites and migratory corridors for sea turtles in the Mediterranean. Trade of sea turtles in Egypt has been known to occur since the early 20th century and turtle consumption in Alexandria has been recorded since the 1970s.

Since 1993, MEDASSET has monitored the illegal trade and carried out campaigns that led to law enforcement and conservation initiatives. The current survey is a follow‐up of the last study in 2007. Alexandria’s markets were visited in September 2014 – March 2015 in order to record the trade status and to conduct interviews with 148 persons with the aim of gaining insight into current perceptions.

The survey reveals that hidden trade persists and public trade has resumed. Trade was observed or reported in 6 markets in 3 areas of Alexandria.

Turtles are sourced from fishers in Alexandria who mostly catch them incidentally. Fishermen land 90% of by‐caught turtles instead of releasing them and reported an annual catch rate of 4.51 turtles/vessel (total 216.5 turtles/year by 48 interviewees).

Fishmongers and artefact sellers also reported obtaining turtles from other Egyptian fisheries.

Both loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are targeted and there is a higher impact on adults, which are the most valuable reproductive segment of the populations. The rare leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) is also traded, as revealed by a police operation that was carried out by Egyptian authorities in May 2015 after MEDASSET submitted preliminary survey results.

Fishermen either slaughter turtles on‐board and consume or sell the meat directly to customers, or land turtles alive and sell them to fishmongers.

Three fishmongers are specialised in turtle trade and at least 36 trade sporadically. Turtles are kept alive and emaciating from 1 to 30 days until slaughter. Interviews indicate that trade has increased by 60‐120% in comparison to surveys in 1998‐9 and 2007.

Eighty‐six percent of interviewees have consumed sea turtle meat, even though 90% were aware it is illegal and 79% knew sea turtles are endangered.

Main drivers are tradition or alleged health benefits. The survey indicates that the community does not depend on turtles as a food source and the trade is not considered an important income, except by the few “specialised” fishmongers.

SUMMARY

Fishermen and fishmongers also supply the artefact market. Sale of embalmed turtles and shells, including Red Sea hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) was observed in shops. Interviewees reported artefact sales to tourists, which may imply CITES infringements.

Other endangered species observed being traded were: Isurus oxyrinchus, illegally fished according to Mediterranean fishing rules; and Red Sea species Tridacna spp clams and Triaenodon obesus sharks.

The survey demonstrates that the last major hotspot of illegal sea turtle exploitation in the Mediterranean has yet to be eradicated. The implied 90% mortality rate of by‐caught sea turtles is higher in the Alexandria fishery than in other Mediterranean fisheries that do not supply such a trade. Halting the trade to prevent unnecessary mortality and mitigating fisheries interaction in Egypt will benefit population recovery and amplify conservation efforts across the Mediterranean.

Egypt’s importance as a priority area for marine turtle conservation is reconfirmed by the survey.

The report provides useful recommendations on research, conservation and policy action.

CONTENTS

Introduction ............................................................. 3 Objectives & methods ............................................. 4 Limitations .............................................................. 5 Results ..................................................................... 6 Conclusions ........................................................... 12 Recommendations ................................................ 14 References ............................................................. 15 Annexes ................................................................. 17

LIST OF TABLES, BOXES & FIGURES

Fig. 1. Map of sea turtle trade locations.................. 6 Fig. 2. Trade route from boat to buyer. ................... 7 Box 1. Fishermen interviews ................................... 7 Box 2. Fishmonger interviews ................................. 8 Box 3. Prices of sea turtle meat, blood, shells ......... 9 Fig. 3. Have you drunk sea turtle blood? ............... 10 Fig. 4. Have you eaten sea turtle meat? N=148 .... 10 Fig. 5. Are you aware that killing or trading of sea turtles is illegal? ................................................... 10 Fig. 6. Do you think that it's important to protect them?. ................................................................... 10 Table 1. Average annual trade by fishmongers. .... 10 Table 2. Sea turtles observed on sale.. .................. 11

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

INTRODUCTION

The Mediterranean coastal waters of Egypt are considered to host important loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging grounds and migratory corridors from multiple nesting areas.1 The presence of the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) at sea has also been verified via stranding and bycatch surveys.2

Loggerhead and green turtle nesting in Egypt is considered low compared to other Mediterranean sites: though minor diffuse nesting is scattered along the western Egyptian coastline, the main nesting area is a 22 km sandy shoreline on the North Sinai Peninsula (average 66.5 C.caretta nests/year, 7 C.mydas nests/year).3

Among other threats to sea turtles in Egypt – such as coastal development, pollution and incidental catch in fisheries – trade of sea turtles has been reported since the beginning of the 20th century and consumption is a tradition that has been documented since at least the 1970s, especially in Alexandria.4 Egypt is a signatory of international conventions since the 1970s and has also adopted national laws in the 1990s rendering sea turtle trade and consumption illegal.5

MEDASSET’s surveys in 1993 and 1998‐1999 documented the sea turtle trade, contributed to the adoption of Law 4/1994,6 mobilised law enforcement and empowered local conservation initiatives to halt the trade in Alexandria. Further behavioural surveys of the “Save the Sea Turtle Project” by MEDASSET and Friends of the Environment Association (Alexandria, Egypt) showed that the main consumers were fishermen, fishmongers and community members that had not completed primary education or were illiterate, and that each group requires a different incentive to

1 Laurent et al. 1996. Clarke et al. 2000. Broderick et al.

2007. Rees et al. 2008. Nada & Casale 2011. Nada et al.

2013. Schofield et al. 2013. Stokes et al. 2015. Snape et al. 2016.

2 Clarke et al. 2000. Nada & Casale 2008. Nada et al.

2013. Basem & Attum 2015.

3 In the western section (Alexandria to El Salum: average 7 C.caretta tracks reported per survey. In the central section (Alexandria to Port Said): no nests recorded.

Sources: Kasparek 1993a, b. Clarke et al. 2000. Basem & Attum 2015.

4 Flower 1933. Nada & Casale 2008 5 See e.g. Nada et al. 2013 for the legislative framework.

6 Kasparek 1993a, b. Venizelos & Nada 2000. Nada 2001.

INTRODUCTION

give up sea turtle consumption.7 A project by the WWF International Mediterranean Programme also recorded the trade in 1996.8 The last survey that was conducted in 2007 showed that past efforts reduced the trade, though some covert trade continued, and the major threat was direct killing by fishermen while on board for meat consumption.9 The present survey’s preliminary results were presented in Abdullah et al. 2015, while the current document provides a full account of the survey and its results.

OBJECTIVES & METHODS

The present survey aims to document and assess the status of the sea turtle trade in Alexandria since the last survey in 2007, and after the Egyptian revolution in 2011 that may have affected the trade, for example, due to institutional challenges, in terms of policing and law enforcement to control the illegal landing and sale of by‐caught turtles.

The ultimate objective of the survey is to deliver information to authorities and stakeholders in order to help promote enforcement of the trade ban as well as sea turtle conservation, awareness‐ raising and educational activities in Alexandria, Egypt.

Specifically, the survey objectives included:  Collection of information on number and species of sea turtles traded  Identification of markets and sellers, collection of physical evidence (photos, videos), description of the trade route from fisherman to consumer  Description of behaviours, traditions and opinions that drive the illegal trade.  Identification of conservation priorities, policy recommendations and tailored conservation measures to halt the trade.

To achieve its aim, the survey was implemented through fieldwork that consisted of 1) observational survey and 2) semi‐structured interviews (see further down for details).

The scope of the survey was limited to Alexandria and focused on the trade of sea turtles for consumption, captivity/exhibition and artefacts.

Locations were selected based on past survey results, in order to compare and update past

7 Nada 2003. Nada 2005.

8 Laurent et al. 1996 9 Nada & Casale 2008, 2011

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT findings and information obtained during the current survey interviews. Information from interviewees about trade locations outside Alexandria was not substantiated as these areas were not visited to confirm and observe the alleged trade.

In September 2014 ‐ March 2015, 31 visits were made to survey locations. Fish markets were visited mainly on Friday or Sunday mornings, when there are more customers at markets and hence turtles are more likely to be on sale for slaughter.10 In the first 4 months of the survey, principally observational data was collected, and the surveyor made contact with target groups. Interviews started in January 2015, after the trust of target groups had been gained.

1. Observational survey The surveyor visited the markets, observed the sea turtle trade, recorded photographic and video evidence when possible, and documented the following information in forms (see Annex 1):  market location and name, shop and/or seller name and type  trade type (public/hidden), trade purpose (consumption, exhibition, artefact) and sale prices  number of sea turtles on trade, status (alive, dead, remains), species11 and biometrics to determine age/sex (curved carapace width, curved carapace length, total tail length and post‐cloacal tail length, using a flexible tape measure)12  photographic and video evidence ID Number

2. Semi‐structured interviews Interviews, in a semi‐structured format, were carried out in order to gain further information on the trade magnitude, the trade route, awareness levels, opinions, perceptions and attitudes in relation to sea turtles and their trade. A total of 148 individuals of the following target groups were interviewed:  fishermen (48)  fishmongers (57)  artefact sellers (1)  general public (buyers or residents) (42) The surveyor asked pre‐designed questions during semi‐structured interviews with small groups or with a selected individual from each target group (e.g. fishmonger). A questionnaire (see Annex 2) was filled in by the surveyor after the interview to

10 Nada 2001. Nada & Casale 2008 11 NOAA Sea Turtle Identification Key

avoid interviewee confusion or distrust; together with the semi‐structured interview format, this aimed to ensure that the respondent felt comfortable to openly express views, provide candid answers and additional information.

Interviews were either carried out during the observational survey or separately during location visits made specifically for conducting interviews.

LIMITATIONS

The observational survey is likely to underestimate the number of turtles traded. The survey was not year‐round, was conducted outside the nesting season, during weather that limited fishing. Survey frequency varied: on average 3‐5 location visits were made per month (min 0 in Oct. 2014, max 12 in Feb. 2015). Some markets were visited repeatedly while others were visited once. Hidden trade was confirmed via cross‐questioning of target groups as covert trade in private facilities was not directly observed, except on one occasion. One artefact shop owner confirmed having “many” shells, but did not allow direct observation, hence these were not recorded.

The surveyor was not allowed by the seller to turn sea turtles over to measure them. Therefore, biometrics are not available, however visual observation allowed some insight regarding age (juveniles vs. adults).

Willingness to participate and provide answers varied among target groups and among locations/areas, specifically:  Some questions were not asked or responses were not clear; hence, sample size slightly varies (±2). Questions No.8 & 24.1 were omitted from the analysis due to low sample size.  There is 1 interview with an artefact seller.  The sample size varies among the 3 investigated areas of Alexandria city.  Fishmongers: 46% Abu Qir, 19% El Max, 35% Anfoushi (2% Omar Basha, 21% El Medan, 12% Anfoushi wholesale market)  Fishermen: 79% Abu Qir, 2% El Max, 19% Anfoushi (Eastern harbour)  Consumers/residents: 95% Abu Qir, 2% El Max, 2% Anfoushi (Eastern harbour) El Max is under‐represented in the sample, and there is larger proportion of fishermen and general public from the Abu Qir area.

These limitations are taken into consideration in the results and conclusions sections.

12 Bolten 1999

LIMITATIONS

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

N.Sinai

b

4 a

2 3 1

Fig. 1. Map of sea turtle trade locations in Alexandria, Egypt. Map data ©2016 Google, ORION‐ME Top: Location of Alexandria in the Mediterranean Sea and on the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast.

Bottom: Locations in Alexandria where sea turtle trade was observed or reported.

MAP KEY. Dots: No. 1: El Max; No. 2: Anfoushi area ‐ includes El Medan market and Eastern harbour and Omar Basha which is shown as No. 3; No.4: Abu Qir. Circles: (a) Al Miaddiyyah and (b) Idku, where respondents claim there is trade (a) and a storage facility (b).

RESULTS

The survey reveals that there is both public and hidden (covert/”black” market) trade of sea turtles for consumption and for artefact sale.

Direct observation or interviews confirmed that turtles are traded in 6 fish markets in 3 areas of Alexandria: Abu Qir, El Max and Anfoushi13 area (includes Anfoushi, El Medan and Omar Basha14).

13 Also known as: Anfoushy or Anfoshi; Abou Keer; El Mex,

Specifically:  “Black” market trade in 1 wholesale fish market and at least 3 nearby private buildings (Anfoushi area)  Public trade in 2 wholesale fish markets (Abu Qir, El Max) and in 3 local fish markets (Abu Qir; El Medan and Omar Basha in Anfoushi area).

Fig. 1 shows market locations.

Al Meks or Al Max.

14 Though Omar Basha belongs to a separate “Qesm”, the

known to be part of the area. The grouping also facilitates comparison with past surveys.

market was grouped into the Anfoushi area as it is locally

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Fishermen catch sea turtles incidentally or intentionally

Sell to

Sell to

Sell to

Wholesale market Fishmongers

Sell to

Local individuals & foreigners/tourists for decoration or other uses

Fig. 2. Trade route from boat to buyer.

Interviews with target groups revealed the trade route, which is presented in Fig. 2 and is further analysed in the following sections.

FISHERMEN

Box 1 presents information on the results of interview with fishermen. Fishermen catch turtles incidentally but also intentionally, according to interviews with 48 fishermen in Alexandria (Eastern Harbour in the Anfoushi area and Abu Qir). They reported catching turtles in Alexandria’s coastal waters (around Abo Qir fishing port, Eastern Harbour, Al Miaddiyyah, El Max area), as well as other coastal

RESULTS

Artefact & Medicinal shop owners Sell to

TRADE ROUTE & PERCEPTIONS

Local individuals for consumption Restaurant owners for exhibition

Local fish market Fishmongers

Artefact shops were observed publicly selling embalmed sea turtles and shells in the Anfoushi area, Souk Al Akadin and El‐Sayed Mohamed Karim Al Mazar Street.

In the following areas in El Beheira Governorate, east of Alexandria, trade was reported by interviewees, but was not confirmed via direct observation:  Al Miaddiyyah/El Maadiya, turtle trade  Idku/Edco: “turtle farm” or storage facility owned by the fishmonger has been involved since at least 1998 in “black” market trade of turtles in the Anfoushi area of Alexandria (see next section)

Sea turtles are traded for their meat and shells. There was no observation of sea turtle blood trade and consumption as in past surveys; however, interviews reveal that the tradition still exists (see Fig. 3). Two interviewees reported that eggs found in slaughtered turtles are also eaten. There was no report of nests being targeted for egg consumption. The following sections provide further details of the survey results.

Sell to

Box 1. Fishermen interviews

Do you catch sea turtles by accident or intentionally? N=47 43% catch incidentally, 57% incidentally or intentionally. Turtles are captured intentionally when surfacing to breathe or while mating. One fisherman noted that he caught a tagged turtle.

What do you do with the turtle? N=48 4% always release, 6% sometimes release, 13% eat turtle, 6% sell, 69% eat or sell. Those who release turtles “sometimes”, clarified that their decision depends on the size and species (preference is to large size and green turtles).

On average, how many turtles do you capture per year? N= 48 N=48 fishermen reported a total average catch of 216.5 turtles/year. Average catch per vessel is estimated as 4.51 turtles/year (min=0, max=12).

One fisherman added that there is higher bycatch during summer.

Do you catch more or fewer turtles than a year ago, five years ago or ten years ago? N=48 2% = more, 6% = same, 92% = fewer.

Respondents did not clarify the comparison timeframe.

Which species of turtles do you catch? N=48 92% catch both species, but more loggerheads than greens. All except 1 could identify species and 2 were unwilling to answer.

Have you seen a nesting turtle or nest in your area? One stated seeing flipper marks on ''Alameen'' beach in ''Shahel'' which is 100 km west of Alexandria. Another reported capture of a nesting turtle 15 years ago on Nelson island, which is off the coast of Alexandria.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT waters from Sallum to Port Said (from the Egyptian border with Libya, to the Suez Canal).

Very few fishermen release the by‐caught turtles.

The majority of fishermen either slaughter the turtle on board for personal consumption or for meat sale to their personal customers, or land the turtle alive and sell it either directly to fishmongers in the local fish markets or at the wholesale fish markets through an auction process that is led by the head of the fishermen.

The fishermen provided estimations of the number of turtles caught per year, which indicate an annual capture rate of 4.51 turtles/vessel. Due to survey limitations it was assumed (but not ascertained) that each fisherman interviewed worked on a different boat. Capture rates do not necessarily represent unique captures, as the same turtle may be caught by multiple vessels; however, assuming that 90% of turtles are not released, 4.06 turtles/vessel are likely unique captures.

As noted in limitations, Abu Qir fishermen represent 79% of the total fishermen survey sample; the Abu Qir fleet makes up 58% of the Alexandria area fleet,15 hence survey results are slightly biased towards views of Abu Qir fishermen.

FISHMONGERS

Fishmongers confirmed that they buy live turtles from fishermen or via the auction system in the wholesale fish markets. They slaughter the sea turtles on Friday and Sunday mornings, according to demand. However, if customers are present or an order is made in advance, turtles may be slaughtered on any day. Fishmongers reported that they keep turtles lying on their backs from 1 to 30 days (average 6 days) till sold. Box 2 presents more information on the fishmonger interview results.

Three fishmongers were identified via the interviews as the main suppliers who are locally famous for specialising in sea turtles: two of these trade openly in El Medan and Abo Qir public fish markets; one seller involved in private “black” market trade from a building in the Anfoushi area is the same person reported in all surveys since at least 1993.

Another 36 fishmongers sporadically trade turtle meat and/or shells, but are not specialised in turtle trade and depend on fish sales as their main source of income: 3 were confirmed via direct observation, 2

via observation & interview, 27 only via interview, 4 were reported by other fishmongers.

Slaughter methods that were observed and reported in interviews during the present survey are the same as described in previous surveys.16 In addition, interviewees reported that the turtle meat is used to make soups or stews, is cooked in the oven with rice, fried with garlic and butter, or grilled.

Shells of slaughtered turtles are gifted (to friends to use as decoration or to teenagers to use as mock shields) or are re‐sold to individuals or artefact shop owners.

15 GAFRD 2014

RESULTS

Box 2. Fishmonger interviews (N=57)

Are you supplied with more green or more loggerhead turtles? 96% said loggerheads

Do you sell more green or more loggerhead turtles? 100% said greens

Are you getting more or fewer turtles for sale in comparison to a year ago, to five years ago or to ten years ago?

12% = same 82% = fewer.

2% = more The respondents did not clarify the timeframe of their comparison.

From where/who do you get the sea turtles?

In addition to explaining the trade route (Fig. 2), fishmongers clarified that sea turtles are supplied by fishermen from Alexandria as well as from other Mediterranean coastal areas (Damietta governorate, Port Said governorate) and the Red Sea. Turtles may be transported by road together with fish catch.

ARTEFACT SHOP OWNERS

At least 4 artefact shops trade shells or embalmed sea turtles. One more artefact shop owner displayed an embalmed loggerhead and a green turtle shell but insisted these were not on sale.

The artefact seller who provided an interview stated that he sells embalmed turtles and shells for decoration, and that he also sells shells to eyeglass shop owners and to horse owners, claiming that shells can be powdered and mixed with horse food to boost energy before races. He added that he also orders shells from the Red Sea and that “the quality is better”. An embalming process was described:

16 Nada 2001. Nada & Casale 2008

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT “Place the turtle upside down to decrease the air supply, which will affect muscles. Keep for several days to make it lose some of its fat. Slaughter it to lose about 80% of blood. Remove all organs, meat, brain and bones. Put ammonia and salt on the first day. After washing it, add formalin and finally leave it for a day. Arsenic is added after being dissolved and then polish it. Stuff the whole body and flippers with foam. Add the plastron by using a type of glue.”

(10.47% average annual inflation in 2007‐2014).

Considering that the current price for beef is about 80‐100/kilo and for chicken 48/kilo, turtle meat is relatively cheaper.

Box 3. Prices of sea turtle meat, blood, shells Prices in Egyptian Pounds (EGP).

10 EGP~1.3 USD in 2014‐2015

Whole animal, sold from fishermen to fishmongers: 100‐800 green, 50‐200 loggerhead

Two sellers said that foreigners are among buyers: the above artefact seller said he sells to tourists and locals, e.g. he sold an embalmed turtle to Libyans; and one of the fishmongers highly involved in the trade, said he had sold shells to Turkish and Chinese tourists / tradesmen. This could imply cross‐border trade, in violation of rules of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to which Egypt is a signatory.

RESTAURANTS

No sea turtles were observed alive on display in 2 restaurants that were visited (“Abo Ashraf” and “4 seas”). However, one of the 3 fishmongers specialising in turtle trade stated that he was willing to sell turtles for exhibition. In January 2015, an Egyptian press article reported that authorities released a sea turtle that was held captive in a bath tub at a fish restaurant in Alexandria; the owner said that he displayed it to attract customers.17

IS IT AN IMPORTANT INCOME?

The income generated by the trade, according to the interview results, seems to be considered unimportant for individual income by all groups.

Specifically, the sellers provided the following responses to the question “Is it an important income for you?”:  Yes: 1 fishmonger specialised in turtle sale, 1 artefact seller, 1 fisherman who felt turtle sales compensates for net damage by turtles  No: most fishermen and fishmongers replied that they depend on fish sales rather than turtle sales as their main income.

Sale prices are presented in Box 3. As per past surveys, the price for green turtle meat is higher than for loggerhead meat, reflecting consumer preferences (see Fig. 4). The current average price of 20‐40/kilo is 38%‐75% higher in comparison to past surveys,18 though this can be attributed to inflation

RESULTS

Meat: 35‐45/kilo green, 20/kilo loggerhead, according to 2 fishmongers highly involved in the trade, hence these are likely reliable prices. Price range reported by other fishmongers (N=21): 20‐ 70/kilo green, 15‐35/kilo loggerhead.

Blood: free.

Shells: free or 20‐75 per shell, depending on size and species; green shell price is higher than loggerhead shell. N= 1 artefact seller offers shells for 1000/kilo

Embalmed turtle: 3000, reported by 1 artefact seller

PERCEPTIONS & VIEWS

All target groups ‐ fishermen, fishmongers, artefact sellers, residents or general public in market areas were interviewed about consumption habits and perceptions about sea turtles. Results are presented in Fig. 3‐6. Though results in relation to perceptions of the general public group mostly reflect the Abu Qir area (see limitations), it is expected that they also apply to the public in the Anfoushi area, as past surveys have shown that awareness and consumption is highest in the Anfoushi area.19

Eighty‐six percent have eaten or eat turtle meat (Fig. 4). Almost all fishermen replied that they eat turtles.

Of those who do not eat turtles, 8% were fishmongers and 6% were general public. Only 17% admitted to having consumed turtle blood, of these 9% were fishmongers, 5% were fishermen and only 3% were general public (Fig. 3). Religion was the reason that 83% did not consume blood. Due to limitations (see previous section), frequency of consumption was only investigated among the general public in Abu Qir (8% of total interviewees): n=21 replied “on availability” and n=12 replied 6.5 times/year on average (range: 2‐20 times /year).

Almost all interviewees responded that they are not willing to give up consumption though turtle meat is

17 Mahd 2015 18 Nada & Casale 2008 reports av. price 15/kilo

19

Nada & Casale 2008

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

GRAPH KEY: FG is Fishmongers, FM is Fishermen and GP is General Public.

50 Yes No 40 30 20 10 0 FG FM GP

Fig. 4. Have you drunk sea turtle blood?

N=148 Why? Yes: curiosity, traditions, health & fertility benefits. No: Religious restrictions.

50 Yes No 40 30 20 10 0 FG FM GP

Fig. 5. Have you eaten sea turtle meat? N=148 Why? Yes: nutritious, tasty, traditions, health benefits, curiosity. No: don't like look of it.

Do you prefer green or loggerhead turtle? All prefer green ‐ as per past survey results ‐ except from 2 who had no preference.

Are you willing to stop consumption? No: 88%, but clarified that they do not depend on turtles as a regular food source.

GRAPH KEY: FG is Fishmongers, FM is Fishermen and GP is General Public.

50 Yes No 40 30 20 10 0 FG FM GP Fig. 6. Are you aware that killing or trading of sea turtles is illegal? N=147

50 40 30 20 10 0

Yes No Indifferent

FG FM GP

Fig. 7. Do you think that it's important to protect them? N=148. Two fishmongers clarified that turtles should be protected in order to maintain supply for consumption.

Are you aware that sea turtles are endangered?

Do you know anything about sea turtle biology and life? N=148. 79% replied ‘Yes’, stating inter alia that sea turtles eat seagrass, jellyfish, crabs, fish.

not an integral part of everyday meals, but rather a tradition.

Respondents consumed sea turtle meat despite the fact that 90% are aware that killing and eating turtles is illegal (Fig. 5). There were no differences of awareness levels of the ban among target groups.

The largely affirmative response (82%) in relation to the importance of protecting sea turtles (Fig. 6) is in contrast to consumption behaviours. Almost all fishermen and fishmongers were in favour of protection, though it is unclear if this is due to the income generated by the illegal trade. Interestingly,

only half of the public were in favour of sea turtle protection.

SEA TURTLE TRADE FISHMONGERS

REPORTED

BY

Fishmongers were asked to calculate on average how many turtles they sell per month or year. Table 1 presents their responses. The sum of these averages reported implies an annual trade of 600‐800 turtles, though this estimation should be treated with caution. Past survey estimates were 350‐50020 and 40021 turtles.

Anfoushi area Market Names Fishmongers, N= Average per fishmonger Range

Abu Qir El Max 13 11 17 20 1‐48 1‐50

El Medan 3 43 36‐48

Anfoushi 3 52 48‐60

O. Basha 1 1 1

TOTAL 31

Table 1. Average annual trade reported by fishmongers who were willing to provide estimates.

20 Nada 2001

21 Nada & Casale 2008

RESULTS

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

SEA TURTLES OBSERVED BEING TRADED

On 22 occasions during September 2014‐March 2015, trade was directly observed at:  2 artefact shops in the Anfoushi area  outside 1 private building in the Anfoushi area  4 fish markets: Abu Qir wholesale market; Abu Qir public market; El Medan and Omar Basha public markets in Anfoushi area.

Trade in the other 2 fish markets (El Max and Anfoushi wholesale markets) was not observed but confirmed via interviews.

In total 62 turtles were observed being offered for sale or being slaughtered. In addition, owners of 4 more specimens claimed these were not for sale: 1 green turtle shell and 1 embalmed loggerhead in an artefact shop in the Anfoushi area and 2 sea turtle shells (species not identified) in El Medan fish market.

As regards species, 32% were green, 37% loggerhead, and for 24% species was not identifiable. Four shells of hawksbill turtles from the Red Sea were observed on sale as artefacts.

Table 2 presents further details. Data is not extrapolated to calculate total turtle trade per year, as the frequency of surveys per market was irregular.

Based on visual assessment of the photographic evidence, turtles were adults/sub‐adults; no juvenile turtles were observed. Perhaps small juvenile turtles are not targeted, considering that three fishermen replied that they release turtles depending on their size (see Box 1) suggesting that they did not consider that landing small specimens is worth the risk.

RESULTS

DEAD/SHELL EMBALMED

ALIVE

Seven turtles were injured (eye, flipper, cloaca) and at least 2 turtles showed signs of emaciation22 (Photo 8a, 10a in Annex 3).

Annex 3 includes a selection of survey photos.

STATUS SPECIES

CC CM EI N/I

TOTAL: 31 30 1 20 23 4 15 62 BREAKDOWN PER SELLER TYPE & LOCATION: 2 Artefact sellers 7 1 3 1 4 in Anfoushi area

8 Fishmongers 31 23 17 22 15 of which: No. Location 3 El Medan 30 6 12 21 3 market 1 Omar 1 1

Basha

market 1 El Sayala 12 12 private

building 3 Abu Qir public 1 4 4 1 & wholesale

markets Table 2. Sea turtles directly observed on sale per seller type and location. CC: C.Caretta. CM: C.Mydas.

EI: E.imbricata. N/I: Not identified.

Anfoushi area

Two of the 3 fishmongers highly involved in the trade said they each sell a maximum of 41 and 50 turtles/year. Sale estimations by the third fishmonger are not available, though these are likely to be higher due to a probable larger clientele because of the covert nature of the trade and his involvement in the trade since the 90s. For example, on a single occasion in March 2015, 12 shells of freshly slaughtered turtles were observed outside his building (Photo 1 in Annex 3).

Some fishmongers (n=6) especially noted that more turtles are traded in the summer than in other seasons, which corresponds to higher bycatch of turtles during the nesting season and the post‐ breeding migration period.

OTHER THREATENED SPECIES OBSERVED

The following threatened species were also observed on sale (see Annex 3 for photos).  Three dead sharks, short fin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, on sale in El Medan public fish market. Landing and sale of the species is prohibited in the Mediterranean.23

22

Heithaus et al. 2007

23 Assessed as Vulnerable by the IUCN’s Red List of

Threatened species (IUCN, 2016). Listed on Annex II of the Barcelona Convention’s Protocol on Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity (UNEP/MAP RAC/SPA 1995).

Cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, according to the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (Article 6 of GFCM, 2012). Listed on Annex I of the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Migratory Sharks of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS, 2016). Not on

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT  Two embalmed whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus24 and shells of clams of Tridacna spp25 on sale at one of the artefact shops. Both species are assumed to be sourced from the Red Sea.

ACTION SINCE THIS SURVEY

In February 2015, MEDASSET contacted the Minister of Environment of Egypt who showed deep concern and firm willingness to tackle the issue. In April 2015, MEDASSET (M. Nada) met with relevant senior personnel in the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency and delivered a detailed list of addresses, names of sellers and shops involved in the illegal trade; officials also showed willingness to further work on an action plan to tackle the issue.

In response, on 24 May 2015, a law enforcement operation targeting the two fishmongers highly involved in the illegal trade was carried out by competent authorities, with the collaboration of local animal rights advocates.26 The fishmonger involved in hidden trade in Anfoushi and the fishmonger involved in public trade in El Medan were arrested.

As a result, 9 sea turtles were confiscated alive and released into the sea. Several shells of sea turtles that had already been slaughtered were also found.

Green and loggerhead turtles, as well as a rare leatherback, were among the slaughtered animals (Photo 23a, Annex 3).

During the Meeting of Focal Points for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA UNEP/MAP) in May 2015, Egypt expressed interest in obtaining support for the development of a National Action Plan for Marine Turtles and MEDASSET offered to provide technical support.27

Civil society groups, namely animal rights and environmental activists, are using social media to raise awareness and call for action, carry out educational activities for schoolchildren and release marine turtles that are illegally kept in pet shops and

CITES. Egypt is signatory to the above‐mentioned Conventions.

24 Assessed as Near Threatened by the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened species (IUCN, 2016). Not on CITES. 25 Seven Tridacna spp. are included in the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened species (IUCN, 2016). Tridacna spp. are listed on CITES Appendix II meaning that international trade is controlled, apart from Tridacna gigas that is on Appendix I. Egypt is signatory to CITES. 26 EEAA 2015 27 UNEP/MAP ‐ RAC/SPA 2015

CONCLUSIONS

restaurants, while partnering with local government and police officials.28

CONCLUSIONS

The survey demonstrates that “black market” (hidden) trade of sea turtles continues and that trade in public has resumed. In comparison to previous surveys, there is an increase in the number of turtles traded, and there are more sellers, markets and neighbourhoods involved in the trade. Hence, though partially solved in 2007 thanks to action since the 90s, it is evident that the trade problem has reappeared.

Based on replies of 31 fishmongers, it is estimated that 600‐800 turtles are potentially traded per year which represents a 60‐120% increase in comparison to past surveys. These estimates do not include covert trade by 1 of the 3 fishmongers highly involved in the trade.

Sea turtles are illegally traded mainly for meat consumption but also for artefact sale. According to interviews, blood consumption does not seem widespread, in contrast to the past. There are animal cruelty implications as turtles are kept alive and on their backs, suffering from dehydration, wounds, emaciation, and lung infections for periods ranging from a few days to 4 weeks, until slaughtered.

Trade and consumption are not haphazard but a well‐ established practice. Ninety percent of respondents had eaten or eat turtle meat and at least 3 fishmongers are considered specialised in turtle meat sale, while at least 36 trade sporadically.

Echoing past surveys, the main driver for regular turtle meat consumers is cultural, as a traditional meal that is considered “tasty” and nutritious, with various health and fertility benefits. Another factor may be the lower cost compared to other meat.

In contrast to results of past surveys, an overwhelming percentage of respondents was aware of the law and that sea turtles are endangered.

Hence, action since the 90s has delivered awareness, but not a behavioural or cultural change. Considering that 79% of respondents were in favour of turtle protection, it seems that most do not (wish to) link their consumption to having a negative impact on the survival of the species.

28

Mahd 2015. Moushir 2015, 2016. Hamada 2015, 2016.

“Together to protect wildlife of Egypt” 2015.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT There is a clear supply chain between fishermen, fishmongers and artefact sellers. The artefact trade seems to be a by‐product of the consumption trade, as fishermen land turtles primarily for meat sale and the fishmongers sell shells post‐slaughter.

There are indications that Alexandria may be a source of cross‐border trade as artefacts are sold to tourists by fishmongers and artefact shops, which implies CITES infringements and calls for further investigation. However, this does not seem to be a case of organised mass cross‐border wildlife trafficking, but opportunistic trade.

Both loggerhead and green turtles are targeted, though there is a clear, unchanged preference for green turtles. Of particular concern is the survey reconfirmation that the larger the individual, the more likely it is targeted. Therefore, the trade leads to the removal of demographically valuable breeding individuals from populations and contributes to population growth decline.

The artefact market also targets hawksbill turtles from the Red Sea, indicating that illegal landing and trade is also a problem in this area.

Though mainly sourced from the Alexandria fishery, there are reports that the fishmongers are also supplied by other Egyptian Mediterranean fisheries, which merits further research.

As regards the local economy, the survey shows that turtle trade and consumption is not considered as an important income or a main food source (unlike in other cultures and locations in the world) and hence elimination of the trade will probably only have measurable financial impacts on a handful of individuals who are specialised in the turtle trade.

In relation to bycatch levels of the Alexandria fisheries, the survey provides some insights: the 48 fishermen interviewed estimated that they catch in total an average of 216.5 turtles per year, i.e. they reported an annual capture rate of 4.51 turtles/vessel. Due to survey limitations, capture rate per fishing gear is not available. Fishermen reported that they catch fewer turtles than in the past, which was echoed by fishmongers.

Due to survey limitations described in previous sections, and as estimates are provided via interviews that entail an intrinsic degree of uncertainty, the estimates of by‐caught and traded turtles should be treated with caution. Nonetheless, respondents, knowing that they are involved in an illegal activity,

are more likely to understate rather than overstate their estimates.

A survey conducted during summer 2015 at 3 harbours in Alexandria and Port Said echoes the current report’s findings.29 Researchers aimed to evaluate fishermen’s perceptions about their role in conserving marine turtles, dolphins and sharks. In relation to marine turtles, fishermen (n=62) perceived a negative trend in abundance and were aware that turtles are endangered; most had consumed turtle meat, preferred green to loggerhead, and confirmed that by‐catch is sold in markets. In contrast to the present survey, Abdo Abou Issa et al. report that n=35 fishers said they catch 13% more green than loggerhead turtles.

In conclusion, the illegal trade is increasing avoidable negative impact of the Alexandria fisheries on sea turtle populations. Mortality due to fisheries interaction is one of the most important threats to sea turtle survival in the Mediterranean. In the case of Alexandria, due to the illegal market, fishermen land by‐caught turtles that would have had survival chances if released. Of concern is that 90% of fishermen interviewed land by‐caught turtles. Hence there is much higher bycatch mortality in this fishery compared to other fisheries that do not supply an illegal market for meat consumption.

The coastal waters of Alexandria are a migratory corridor for important loggerhead and green turtle populations breeding in Egypt but also in other countries, namely Cyprus, Turkey and Syria.30 Efforts to mitigate bycatch and mortality impacts and halt the trade in Alexandria, will amplify the conservation efforts at nesting sites in these countries.

Other than mitigating the direct mortality impact, tackling the trade is important at the cultural level also. Phasing out environmentally harmful local traditions, and instead celebrating beneficial traditions, should also be pursued as a cultural goal.

Sea turtle trade and consumption, though practiced until the 1970s, is uncommon in the Mediterranean.

Every effort should be made to eliminate the practice among the communities of Alexandria and close down what is probably one of the last major illegal markets for sea turtle trade in the basin. Without urgent action the illegal trade will continue or perhaps increase considering that overfishing and fisheries resources depletion in the Mediterranean

29

Abdo Abou Issa et al. (in press)

30 See references in introduction

CONCLUSIONS

Page | 13

may lead to further exploitation of every niche and non‐target species such as sea turtles.

This survey re‐confirms the importance of Egypt and especially of the Alexandria region as a priority area for marine turtle conservation in the Mediterranean.

It is also evident that additional conservation efforts and measures are urgently needed. Tackling the illegal trade and human induced sea turtle mortality linked to fisheries in foraging areas in Alexandria and other Egyptian Mediterranean sites will directly benefit the conservation of Mediterranean marine turtle populations.

NGOs & CSOs

NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

RECOMMENDATIONS

DONORS EX P E R T S , NGOs & CSOs

GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT

Drawing from past studies and integrating the current survey results, the following combination of actions is required. The actions require the involvement of a variety of actors and stakeholders; however, we highlight lead actors.

 National Action Plan for Sea Turtle Conservation. Egypt has enacted numerous laws to protect the species, the most important being the Environmental Law 4/1994, which prohibits killing, capturing, transportation, selling, nest destruction and display of an endangered species either dead or alive.

However, there is no Action Plan to systematically guide collective action towards achieving sea turtle conservation objectives.  Law enforcement. Operations at landing sites, public markets and covert (“black”) market trade locations. Confiscation of illegal artefacts.

Key fishmongers specialised in turtle trade are a priority, as prosecution and closure of their operations may act as an example to discourage other fishmongers who sporadically engage in the trade. Operations should focus also in the Abu Qir area (past efforts were mainly targeting the Anfoushi area). Wide dissemination of the law enforcement operations. Alleged trade from/in other areas should also be investigated.

RESEARCHERS, EXPERT NGOs

RECOMMENDATIONS

 Education campaigns and programmes, tailored for each target group. In order to have an effect, these programmes should involve long‐term engagement with each group. The survey demonstrates that the community is aware and that such programmes should focus more on behaviour‐changing, via culturally‐relevant, bottom‐up and community‐based approaches.

The programmes should also include: a “myth buster” regarding fertility and health benefits, explaining hazards of consuming turtles; the value of a live turtle vs a dead turtle; religious, ethical and cultural values in favour of quitting turtle consumption.  Information campaign for tourists on the illegality of sea turtle artefact trade.

 Year‐round survey in all neighbourhoods and markets to identify all possible trade locations for turtle meat and artefacts.  Bycatch survey of the Alexandria fisheries to fully describe bycatch levels and formulate feasible proposals for bycatch mitigation in collaboration with fishermen, placing an emphasis on small‐scale fisheries and reduction of turtle‐fisherman conflicts.  Assessment of sea turtle first aid or rehabilitation capacities or facilities in the Alexandria area. Turtles that are rescued from trade or captivity are directly released into the sea at the moment which decreases likelihood of survival due to emaciation, infections or injuries sustained before or during captivity.

 Capacity building, empowerment and wide engagement of all relevant actors and stakeholders to implement the above actions, e.g. authorities, research and conservation actors, fishermen, NGOs (international/national/local), civil society organisations (CSOs), experts, educators, religious and community leaders, etc.

 Donor support (public, private; national, international) is necessary and essential to fund the recommended above actions.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

REFERENCES

Abdo Abou Issa, A., M. H. Suleiman, M. A. Baha, M. E. Ismail, A. Mancini. In press. How endangered are endangered species? Perceptions of Egyptian fishermen on conservation of megafauna species in the Mediterranean Sea. 36th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 29 Feb ‐ 4 Mar 2016. Lima, Peru.

Abdullah, S. S., L. Boura, M. A. Nada. 2015. New Observations of Sea Turtle Trade in Alexandria, Egypt. In: Kaska, Y., Sonmez, B., Turkecan, O., Sezgin, C. (Compilers). Book of Abstracts of 35th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. MACART press, p. 92 Basem, R., O. Attum 2015. Distribution and status of sea turtle nesting and mortality along the North Sinai coast, Egypt (Reptilia: Cheloniidae), Zoology in the Middle East, 61:1, 26‐31 Bolten, A.B. 1999. Techniques for measuring sea turtles. In: K.L. Eckert, K.A. Bjorndal, F.A. Abreu‐ Grobois & M. Donnelly (Eds.). Research and Management Techniques for the Conservation of Sea Turtles. IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group Publication No. 4. pp. 110‐114.

Broderick, A.C., M.S. Coyne, W.J. Fuller, F. Glen, B.J. Godley. 2007. Fidelity and over‐wintering of sea turtles. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. 274 no. 1617 1533‐1539.

Clarke M., A.C. Campbell, W.S. Hameid, S. Ghoneim.

2000. Preliminary report on the status of marine turtle nesting populations on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Biological Conservation 94(3):363‐ 371.

Casale, P., D. Margaritoulis (Eds.) 2010. Sea turtles in the Mediterranean: Distribution, threats & conservation priorities. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 294 pp.

CMS. 2016. Amendments to Annex 1 of the Sharks MOU: Species Covered by this MOU and their Ranges. CMS/Sharks/Outcome/2.2. Second Meeting of the Signatories (San José, Costa Rica, 15‐19 Feb 2016) EEAA. 2015. Announcement 25 May 2015 “Nine sea turtles return to the natural environment before slaughter. Ministry of Environment, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) www.eeaa.gov.eg/MediaCenter/NewsCenter/tabi d/96/articleID/3548/language/en‐ US/Default.aspx

Flower, S.S. 1933. Notes on the recent reptiles and amphibians of Egypt with a list of the species recorded from that kingdom. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1933:735‐851.

London.

GAFRD. 2014. Table 6‐2 Licenses of Fishermen & Marine fishing Units. In: 2014 Annual fishery statistics reports. General Authority for Fish Resources Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Cairo. Accessed May 2016.

GFCM. 2012. Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/3 on fisheries management measures for conservation of sharks and rays in the GFCM area. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean.

Hamada, M. 2015. “Save the Turtles” awareness activities, January‐February 2015 www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10152947 828767356.1073741846.613257355 Hamada, M. 2016. Animal Zone: Intisar's way to freedom (Green turtle rescued from Fayoum), 22 Jan 2016. www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK5USnrfAtM Heithaus, M. R., A. Frid, A. J. Wirsing, L. M. Dill, J. W. Fourqurean, D. Burkholder, J. Thomson, L. Bejder.

2007. State‐dependent risk‐taking by green sea turtles mediates top‐down effects of tiger shark intimidation in a marine ecosystem. Journal of Animal Ecology, 76: 837–844. doi:10.1111/j.1365‐ 2656.2007.01260.x IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Version 2015‐4. <www.iucnredlist.org>.

Kasparek, M. 1993a. Survey of the Mediterranean coast between Alexandria and El‐Salum. Marine Turtle Newsletter 63: 8.9 Kasparek, M. 1993b. Marine turtle conservation in the Mediterranean. Turtles in Egypt ‐ phase I: survey of the Mediterranean coast between Alexandria and El‐Salum. Joint project of (in alphabetical order) MEDASSET, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (Alexandria, Egypt), RAC/SPA (MAP‐UNEP). Report 38p.

Laurent, L., E. M. Abd El‐Mawla, M. N. Bradai, F. Demirayak, A. Oruc. 1996. Reducing sea turtle mortality induced by Mediterranean fisheries.

Trawling activity in Egypt, Tunisia and Turkey.

Report for the WWF International Mediterranean Program. WWF project 9E0103.

Mahdi, A. January 2015. Turtle displayed in restaurant to attract customers, returned to

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT natural habitat. Al Ahram news. www.ahram.org.eg/NewsQ/354061.aspx Moushir, H. 2015. Loggerhead sea turtle release from Giza pet shop, 19 March 2015. www.facebook.com/HatemMoushir/posts/10153 214346339853 Moushir, H. 2016. Strong participation in the celebration of the World Wildlife Day, Al‐Masry Al‐Youm, 10 March 2016 Nada M.A. 2001. Observations on the trade in sea turtles at the fish market of Alexandria, Egypt.

Zool. Middle East 24: 109‐118.

Nada M.A. 2003. Sea turtles in Egypt: sustainable conservation through partnerships and participatory approaches with fishermen. In: Seminoff J.A. (Compiler) Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology & Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐SEFSC‐503, pp. 107‐108.

Nada M. 2005. Sea turtles in Egypt ‐ status of the sea turtle trade in Alexandria's fish market (part II). In: Coyne M.S., Clark R.D. (Compilers). Proceedings of 21st Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation & Biology. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐SEFSC‐528. pp. 259‐261.

Nada M., P. Casale. 2008. Marine turtles in the Mediterranean Egypt: threats & conservation priorities. WWF Italy, Rome.

Nada M., P. Casale. 2011. Sea turtle bycatch and consumption in Egypt: threatens Mediterranean turtle populations, Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 45(1), 143–149.

Nada, M.A., L. Boura, K. Grimanis, G. Schofield, M. A. El‐Alwany, N. Noor, M. M. Ommeran, B. Rabia.

2013. Egypt’s Bardawil Lake: safe haven or deadly trap for sea turtles in the Mediterranean? A report by MEDASSET, Suez Canal University and Nature Conservation Egypt. 79pp.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.) and Seaturtle.org. Sea Turtle Identification Key. Downloaded Sept. 2015 from www.oilspill.fsu.edu

REFERENCES

Rees A.F., M. Jony, D. Margaritoulis and B.J. Godley.

2008. Satellite tracking of a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, from Syria further highlights importance of North Africa for Mediterranean turtles. Zoology in the Middle East 45:49‐54 Schofield, G., A. Dimadi, S. Fossette, K.A. Katselidis, D. Koutsoubas, M.K.S. Lilley, A. Luckman, J.D. Pantis, A.D. Karagouni, G.C. Hays. 2013. Satellite tracking large numbers of individuals to infer population level dispersal and core areas for the protection of an endangered species. Diversity and Distributions doi: 10.1111/ddi.12077.

Snape, R.T.E. A. C. Broderick, B.A Çiçek., W.J. Fuller, F. Glen, K. Stokes, B. J. Godley. 2016. Shelf life: Neritic habitat use of a turtle population highly threatened by fisheries. Diversity and Distributions. doi:10.1111/ddi.12440 Stokes, K. L., A. C. Broderick, A. F. Canbolat, O. Candan, W. J. Fuller, F. Glen, Y. Levy, A. F. Rees, G. Rilov, R. T. Snape, I. Stott, D. Tchernov, B. J. Godley. 2015. Migratory corridors and foraging hotspots: critical habitats identified for Mediterranean green turtles. Diversity and Distributions, V. 21, No.6, pp. 665–674.

“Together to protect wildlife of Egypt”. 2015. Green sea turtle release, 13 March 2015. www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=4 02682346569965&id=253439648160903 (location of captivity not reported) Venizelos L., Nada M.A. 2000. Exploitation of loggerhead and green turtles in Egypt: Good news? Marine Turtle Newsletter 87:12‐13.

UNEP/MAP RAC/SPA. 1995. Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean. Barcelona Convention, Barcelona, 9‐10 June 1995.

UNEP/MAP RAC/SPA. 2015. Report of the Twelfth Meeting of Focal Points for Specially Protected Areas (UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.408/18 Rev.1).

Athens, Greece, 25‐29 May 2015

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 ‐ OBSERVATIONAL SURVEY DATA ENTRY FORM FORM ID: DDMMYEAR_X 1. Visit date (DD/MM/YEAR) and time (or approximately e.g. morning, noon, afternoon):

2. Market Location. a. Address i. Arabic: ii. English: b. GPS coordinates (latitude, longitude. E.g.: 31.2118526, 29.9360031 OR 31° 12.711'N, 29° 56.160'E) i. Latitude: ii. Longitude:

8. Seller type (Yes/No).

3. Trade of sea turtles (Yes/No): a. Fishmonger: 4. Traded in (Yes/No) (indicate if open or hidden trade) b. Fisherman: a. Public: c. Fisherman & Fishmonger: b. Private: d. Tourist or medicinal shop seller/owner:

e. Other (describe): 5. Shop or Stand name.

a. In Arabic: 9. Trade type (Yes/No). b. In English: a. On sale for consumption.

i. Of blood: 6. Name of seller (Name, Surname). ii. Of meat: a. In Arabic: b. On sale for captivity/exhibition: c. On sale as artifact: b. In English: d. On sale as medicinal:

e. Not on sale, for exhibition: 7. Shop or Stand type (Yes/No). f. Other (describe): a. Fish sale:

b. Tourist shop: c. Medicinal plant & spice shop: 10. Price (in EGP): d. Other (describe): a. Blood:

b. Meat: c. For captivity/exhibition: d. Artefact: e. Of ‘Other’: SEA TURTLE INFORMATION

Turtle ID i Status ii

Species iii

CCL (cm) iv

CCW(cm) iv

TTL (cm) iv

PTL (cm) iv

Notes

Photo ID filename(s)

Video ID filename(s)

i In the format: DDMMYEAR_1, DDMMYEAR_2, DDMMYEAR_3, etc. ii Alive (add details, e.g.: turned on its back, in good condition, or injured, or other observation). Dead (add details, e.g.: decapitated or slit throat, bone/head/shell after meat removal, only head, only shell, other observation). Artefact (describe type of object, e.g. shell for wall decoration, hair accessory, etc.) iii Use NOAA ID card. Cm: Green. Cc: Loggerhead. N/I: Not identified. Other e.g. hawksbill E. imbricata. iv Curved carapace width (CCW), Curved Carapace Length (CCL), Total tail length (TTL), Post‐cloacal tail length

(PTL) measurements based on Bolten 1999

ANNEXES

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

ANNEX 2 ‐ SEMI‐STRUCTURED INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

FORM ID: (DDMMYEAR_X) BASIC INFORMATION A. If you have completed an observation form for this visit, refer to the form ID, instead of completing 2‐4 again: B. Visit date (DD/MM/YEAR) and time (or approximately e.g. morning, noon, afternoon): C. Location type (Market, independent Shop, fishing port, Other‐describe): D. Location. a. Address b. GPS coordinates (latitude, longitude. E.g.: i. Arabic: 31.2118526, 29.9360031 OR 31°

12.711'N, 29° 56.160'E)

i. Latitude: ii. English: ii. Longitude: E. Interview Type: b. Group interview (Yes/No): a. One‐to‐one interview (Yes/No): i. Number of individuals in group: ( ) i. Specify type (fishmonger, fisherman, ii. And, specify if possible number of: buyer, general public in market, ( ) fishmonger resident of market area, other): ii. Interviewee personal information, if ( ) fisherman s/he wishes to provide: ( ) buyer ( ) general public in market Name: ( ) resident of market area ( ) other ( ) unknown Age:

Education:

FOR ALL TARGET GROUPS: 1. Have you drunk sea turtle blood? Why? 2. Have you eaten sea turtle meat? Why? 2.1. From where/who do you buy the sea turtle blood or meat?

2.2. How often do you buy/eat sea turtle blood or meat?

2.3. Do you prefer the green or the loggerhead turtle?

2.4. Are you willing to stop consumption?

3. Are you aware that killing or trading of sea turtles is illegal?

4. Are you aware that sea turtles are endangered?

5. Do you know anything about their biology and life? Do you know if they are important for the environment? Are you aware of the relation between marine turtles and other marine species, such as the jellyfish?

6. Do you think that it's important to protect them?

ADDITIONAL FOR GENERAL PUBLIC, RESIDENTS, BUYERS, ETC. 7. How often do you come to the market?

8. How often do you see turtles on sale in the market?

ADDITIONAL FOR FISHMONGERS/SELLERS: 9. From where/who do you get the sea turtles?

10. Where and how do you keep live turtles until sold?

11. For how long do you keep them?

12. What do you do with the rest of the turtle after the meat is removed? What do you do with the shell?

13. On average, how many turtles do you sell per week or season or per year?

14. Do you get more green or more loggerhead turtles? Do you sell more green or more loggerhead turtles?

15. Are you getting more or fewer turtles for sale in comparison to a year ago, five years ago or ten years ago?

16. For how much do you sell meat, blood, shell?

17. Is it an important income for you?

ADDITIONAL FOR TURTLE ARTEFACT SELLERS: 18. Do you make the artefacts? From where/who do you get the sea turtle pieces (shells, etc.)?

ANNEXES

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT 19. On average, how many do you sell per week or season or per year?

20. Do tourists or locals buy them?

21. For how much do you sell each item?

22. Is it an important income for you?

FISHERMEN INTERVIEWS 23. Where do you usually fish?

24. Do you catch sea turtles?

24.1. In which fishing gear?

24.2. Do you catch them by accident or do you capture them intentionally?

24.3. On average, how many turtles do you capture per year?

24.4. During which month(s) do you catch the most?

24.5. Do you catch more or fewer turtles in comparison to a year ago, five years ago or ten years ago?

24.6. Which species of turtles do you catch? Do you know that there are different species?

24.7. Do you release it?

24.8. Do you kill it? Why? 24.9. Do you eat it?

24.9.1. Why do you eat turtle meat?

24.9.2. Have you drunk turtle blood? Why? 24.9.3. Do you prefer the green or the loggerhead?

24.9.4. Are you willing to stop its consumption? Or is it an important food source for you?

24.10. Do you sell it?

24.10.1. To an individual for his/her personal consumption?

24.10.2. To a fishmonger? To whom or which market?

24.10.3. For how much? Is it an important income for you?

25. Are you aware that killing or trading sea turtles is illegal?

26. Are you aware that sea turtles are endangered?

27. Do you know anything about their biology and life? Do you know if they are important for the environment? Are you aware of the relationship between marine turtles and other marine species, such as the jellyfish?

28. Do you think that it's important to protect them?

29. Do you know if turtles nest on a beach in your area? If yes, do you know if eggs are eaten?

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

ANNEX 3 ‐ PHOTOGRAPHS

WARNING – THIS SECTION CONTAINS GRAPHIC CONTENT

SEA TURTLE TRADE – OBSERVATIONAL SURVEY SEPTEMBER – MARCH 2015

Photo 1. Several shells and plastrons of freshly slaughtered turtles outside a building in the Anfoushi area, which is the location of hidden trade by the fishmonger who has been illegally trading turtles since at least the early 1990s.

Photo 2a‐b. Shells of recently slaughtered turtles, stored by a fishmonger in Abu Qir wholesale market. He claimed to collect these from other fishmongers in order to sell them to artefact shop owners.

ANNEXES

Photo 3. Shell and plastron of recently slaughtered loggerhead turtle at Omar Basha public fish market.

Photo 4. Shell of slaughtered green turtle in Abu Qir public fish market.

Photo 5. Loggerhead being slaughtered at Abu Qir public fish market.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Photo 6a‐c. Green turtle (photo a) slaughtered for meat (photo b) at El Medan public fish market.

Shell (photo c) is either gifted or sold.

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Photo 7a‐c. Green turtle slaughter and meat preparation by fishmonger (photo a & b) for sale to a customer (photo c, foreground) at El Medan public fish market. Turtles are kept alive upside down on the ground for 1‐30 days (photo c).

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Photo 8a‐b. A dead green turtle and 3 live loggerhead turtles at El Medan public fish market.

Photo 9. Five green turtles in storage facility behind fishmonger stall at El Medan public fish market.

Photo 10a‐b. Green turtles (photos a‐b) and one loggerhead turtle (photo b) at a fishmonger’s stall at El Medan public fish market.

Photo 11. Green turtle shells at El Medan public fish market.

Photo 12. Sea turtle shell on display (not on sale) in fishmonger shop at El Medan public fish market.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Photo 13a‐b. An artefact shop owner in Souk Al Akadin, Anfoushi area, displayed a green turtle shell (photo a) and an embalmed loggerhead (photo b) but claimed they were for shop decoration and were not traded.

Photo 14a‐c. Shells of Hawksbill turtle from the Red Sea (photos a‐b) and an embalmed loggerhead (photo c) on sale at an artefact shop in Souk Al Akadin, Anfoushi area.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT OTHER ENDANGERED SPECIES

Photo 16. Short fin mako sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus, on sale in El Medan public fish market, Anfoushi area.

Photo 17. Next to a sea turtle shell, two embalmed Whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus, and shells of Tridacna spp clams on sale at artefact shop in El‐ Sayed Mohamed Karim Al Mazar Str., Anfoushi area

Photo 15a‐d. Loggerhead and green turtle shells and plastrons on sale at artefact shop in El‐Sayed Mohamed Karim Al Mazar Str., Anfoushi area.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT LOCATION PHOTOS

Photo 18. View of Alexandria’s Eastern harbour as fishermen unload their catch surrounded by customers.

Photo 19. Abu Qir public fish market.

Photo 20. El Medan public fish market

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Photo 21. Abu Qir wholesale market (after closing hours) Photo 22. Anfoushi wholesale market entrance.

SEA TURTLE TRADE – POLICE ACTION MAY 2015

Photo 23a‐b. Several shells of freshly slaughtered sea turtles that were publicly traded in El Medan fish market, Anfoushi area, were found during the law enforcement operation in May 2015. Photo courtesy of W.Α. Elmissiry.

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Photo 24a‐b. Nine live sea turtle and a leatherback carcass that were confiscated in May 2015 from the fishmonger who was highly involved in covert trade of sea turtles in the Anfoushi area. Photos courtesy of (photo a) Alexandria Live and (photo b) D.Zulfikar.

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NEW OBSERVATIONS OF SEA TURTLE TRADE IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

ANNEXES

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