THE CAMERA 
Literally, room in Latin. The instrument with which photographs are taken, consisting, at least, of a light-tight box, a lens which admits focused light, and some device for holding the film in position. In a digital camera, the film is replaced by a light sensitive digital sensor.
THE CAMERA
LENS
Light passing through a lens is inverted. The object photographed is turned upside down on the film or digital sensor. In a SLR camera, a set of mirrors called a “pentaprism� corrects this inversion.
During the exposure, the mirror in the SLR camera body flips up to allows light to pass through to the film or digital sensor.
SINGLE-LENS REFLEX (SLR) CAMERA

A single-lens reflex camera shows you the scene directly through the lens by employing a series of mirrors.
SLR CAMERA
CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT
SHUTTER
Controls the amount of light by the length of time it remains open
APERTURE (size of the lens opening) controls the brightness of light that reaches the film “STOP” – refers to a change in exposure, whether the shutter speed or aperture is changed one “stop” more exposure means to double the light reaching the film one “stop” less exposure means to half the light reaching the film
SHUTTER
Leaf Shutter
Located inside the lens Quieter than a focal-plane shutter Slower shutter speeds than a focal-plane shutter (only up to 1/500 sec.)
SHUTTER
Focal Plane Shutter
Located inside the camera body, directly in front of the film plane Allows for faster shutter speeds (1/8000 sec.) When using a flash, must use slower shutter speed
SHUTTER SPEED
Slower blurred motion
-Each shutter speed is marked as the bottom part of the fraction of a second that the shutter remains open 2 (1/2 second) 8 (1/8 second) *1/60 hand held -Each full stop shutter setting is half or double the time of the next one B (bulb) – shutter stays open as long as the release button is pushed down T (time) – opens the shutter with one press of the release, and closes with another
Faster freezes motion
SHUTTER SPEED
Slow shutter speed
Fast shutter speed
SLOW SHUTTER SPEED
FAST SHUTTER SPEED
SHUTTER SPEED
Panning
During the exposure, the camera is moved in the same direction as the subject. Resulting in a reasonably sharp subject and a blurred background
Each f/stop number can be though of as the bottom part of a fraction
APERTURE
The larger the f/stop number, the smaller the lens opening f/11 is a smaller opening
than
f/4
Each full stop aperture setting allows half or double the amount of light as the next one
f/1.4
f/2
f/2.8
f/4
f/5.6
f/8
f/11
f/16
f/22
APERTURE
APERTURE

The area from near to far in a scene that is acceptably sharp in a photograph
DEPTH OF FIELD The smaller the aperture size, the more that a scene will be sharp from near to far (deep depth of field). The larger the aperture size, the less that a scene will be sharp from near to far (shallow depth of field). f/22 provides more depth of field than f/4
DEPTH OF FIELD
DEPTH OF FIELD
DEPTH OF FIELD
Smaller aperture (f/22)
Larger aperture (f/4)
deep depth of field
shallow depth of field
DEPTH OF FIELD
Shallow Depth of Field
Deep Depth of Field
SHUTTER and APERTURE
To get a correctly exposed picture, you need a combination of shutter speed and aperture
Each shutter speed lets in twice as much light as the next faster speed • 1/60 lets in 2x as much light as 1/125
Each aperture setting lets in twice as much light as the next smaller opening (larger-numbered setting) • f/4 lets in 2x as much light as f/5.6
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
F stop
f/22
f/16
f/11
f/8
f/5.6
f/4
f/2.8
shutter speed 1/4
1/8
1/15
1/30
1/60
1/125
1/250
EQUIVALENT EXPOSURES
FOCAL LENGTH
FOCAL LENGTH