Migration aspects and issues in Turkey

Udemy

Coursera

Skillshare

edX & Open edX

Udemy is one of the most popular online course marketplaces on the web. This educational platform has more than 40 million students and 50 thousand instructors and subject matter experts creating online courses. Coursera is an online education platform with 23 million users, which is dedicated to offering high-quality online training courses worldwide. Skillshare is another popular course marketplace that has more than 4 million students and up to 24,000 lessons in various disciplines. EdX.org has powered more than 8,000 online courses from 100 prestigious universities and businesses that are currently offering higher education in many disciplines. They mainly specialize in the sciences –engineering, computer science, data science, math, humanities, business, and management.

In explaining migrant entrepreneurship, the socio-economic context should be considered alongside the institutional one. Migrant labour in Greece has been a substitute for family workers in small businesses and households at a time when the indigenous labour force shifted from high levels of self-employment and family work to waged labour and business ownership. Early accounts explained the entrepreneurship of migrants as a survival strategy in their struggle against exclusion and a de facto disadvantaged position in the labour market.

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the content whic h reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the inform ation contained therein.

Short statistic (demographic) and issues which facing migrants

Turkey remains home to the largest registered refugee population in the world. Over 4 million refugees and asylum-seekers are registered in Turkey, of whom nearly 1.7 million are children.More than 3.6 million Syrians – including about 1.6 million children – are under temporary protection, 96 per cent of whom live in host communities across the country. Turkey also hosts a sizable community of non-Syrian refugees and asylum-seekers of almost 370,000 (primarily from Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran), including some 120,000 children.In addition, Turkey remains a transit country for unregistered refugees and migrants on the move.

What are possibilities for migrants to be more integrated in labour market in Turkey?

The entrepreneurship ecosystem in Turkey is newly developed and still unsettled. Even for a Turkish citizen, entrepreneurship is still a challenging path to follow. In case of migrant entrepreneurship, the challenges are doubled. Before starting to entrepreneurship journey in Turkey, migrants have to solve some social problems such as; social acceptance, networking, reaching the right information and communicating with the people around them. They also need prove themselves, in order to avoid the skill miss-match problems.Although challenges are much more than opportunities for migrant entrepreneurs in Turkey, Turkish business environment is still creating opportunities to entrepreneurs and investors, especially for Syrian migrants from Aleppo. Aleppo is a kind of unique example ,because of the generated significant economic impact by the entrepreneurs from Aleppo who had great networks and commercial relationships in Middle East. These entrepreneurs are the ones distributing Turkish products in Middle East. They generally prefer to settle in Mersin for taking advantage of the commercial opportunities offered by the city harbour.Another opportunity for migrant entrepreneurs is the flow of labour force from Syria; the Syrian employers tend to employ Syrians. Besides, Syrian entrepreneurs contribute to local economic development in the regions where they operate shops and bakeries . Of course, these types of businesses appeal mostly to Syrians because they offer products Syrians are accustomed to.Syrian entrepreneurs started to

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the content whic h reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the inform ation contained therein.

contribute also to production industry, though at a small scale, and specialized in shoe production. All these represent that the migrants (Syrians) have a high entrepreneurial spirit, although not in a way that it contributes innovativeness in Turkish business and economic environment.

What kind of information and support they are getting for self-employment/creating enterprise?

Starting from 2017, a number of social assistance and vocational education programmes were launched for Syrian refugees, with support from international organisations and institutions.The “Employment Support Project for Syrians Under Temporary Protection and Host Communities”, which is run by the World Bank and the Turkey Employment Agency (İŞKUR). It has received financing from the EU (FRIT- IPA) since June 2017. In addition to vocational and on-the-job training, language training and job search support, the project aims to put a long-term effective job training and placement programme in place. As is clear from the name of the programme, both refugees and the local population are expected to benefit.The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) “Employment and Skills Development Project”, which is implemented by İŞKUR and is partially financed by the German “Kreditanstalt Fur Wiederaufbau” (KfW). The project aims to improve İŞKUR’s capacity in provinces with a large Syrian population, and to provide education, job counselling, registration and screening services. It started in late 2017 and provides counselling to 3,500 refugees and 3,500 local people, as well as a registration and screening service for 4,500 individuals from each group.

Does exist motivation and supportive system to support migrants entrepreneurship skills?

The Job Creation and Entrepreneurship Opportunities Programme, which is led by the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services and supported by the International Organisation for Migration and International Labour Organisation. This programme aims to create jobs and encourage entrepreneurship by providing vocational education and support to SMEs. It is funded by the EU Regional Trust Fund in Response to the Syrian Crisis. It started in May 2018 and is expected to last for two years. As a part of the SME phase, 50 firms will be supported

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the content whic h reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the inform ation contained therein.

with a year’s consulting services, business analysis, and micro credits up to 50,000 TL (€8,834, at the annual average exchange rate of 5.66 TL/€).

E-learning possibilities

Since March 2019, over 28,000 Syrian refugees in Turkey have received Turkish language courses through a brand-new “Blended” learning model, mixing conventional and e-learning methods. The efforts are part of UNDP Turkey’s Syria Crisis Response and Resilience Programme, designed to support Syrian refugees in the country. Funded by the European Union and in partnership with Turkey’s Ministry of Education, this learning project plans to provide 52,000 Syrians between ages 18 to 57 with good quality Turkish language skills to empower them for social, economic and cultural integration to the society and enable self-reliance among this vulnerable community.Currently, almost 2,000 Syrian students are involved in language education at the intermediate level, and trainings are now fully online due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.The model is recognized by the Ministry of Education as a successful pilot and best practice, and are looking at expanding it to other areas of education

Adult education working with immigrants

Non-formal education possibilities (municipalities, refugee centers, NGO’s and etc. experience and programs)

Adult education in Turkey is realized regardless of age limit, language, religion, race and gender discrimination14. According to Eurostat criteria, adult education age is 25 to 64. Adult Education Implementations / Activities in Turkey;

 Public institutes (Activities implemented by MoNE are applied by Public Education Centres (PEC), Vocational Education Centre (VEC), Advanced Technical Schools, Vocational and Technical Education Centres)

 Private Education Institutions (MoNE has the responsibility to monitor and audit15)  CSOs ((MoNE has the responsibility to monitor and audit) and

 Unions (MoNE has the responsibility to monitor and audit). According to the basic approach regarding literacy, general and vocational training courses for adults; all training courses leading to certification in accordance with local needs and national vocational standards

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the content whic h reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the inform ation contained therein.

delivered in formal and non-formal vocational and technical education institutes are delivered

through the responsibility of MoNE- Directorate of Lifelong Learning. In addition, within the context of the cooperation and protocols (to be reached via http://hboprojeler.meb.gov.tr/protokol-liste.html) signed between of MoNEDirectorate of Lifelong Learning, general vocational, technical and reading writing courses are provided by other institutions. The main responsible which is MoNE- Directorate of Lifelong Learning has determined Public Education Centers, Vocational Education Centers, Advanced Education Centers and Open Education Centers to be adult education institutions. As of May 2019 total of 3.435.79916 trainees participated in 177.791 courses. MoNE has approved 3457 modular courses regarding adult education. These courses which are accessed through an E-System are continuously updated and the follow up of the beneficiaries are done through this automated system.

Which competencies adult educators and national programs developing of migrants?

Most of the adult education activities of the public sector are implemented by the Public Education Centres which is a part of the Directorate of Lifelong Learning. These centres provide basic literacy, vocational and general culture courses to mainly adults. In addition, there are a number of private institutions providing adult education services. According to the information provided by MoNE.

Most of the educators working in the field of adult education are teachers and administrators of formal education institutions. In other words, most of the educators working in adult education sector hold pedagogical formation certificate. However, considering the characteristics of adult education learners, adult education is rather different then pedagogy. This is why adult educators should be humane, tolerant, conscious, and carries leadership skills, believes in human and human skills, visionary educators. Therefore, adult educators might be dealing with experienced, cultured and adults individuals who have willingly participated in the educational activity.

Which issues facing adult educators working with migrants?

Adult education seems to be a second chance for those who have not benefited from the formal

education. In the recent years the new comers, refugees or migrants are among those in need

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the content whic h reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the inform ation contained therein.