Knee AO

Knee OA – joint damage or joint health

By Dr JP Caneiro PhD, Specialist Sports Physiotherapist, Shenton Park

“It’s bone on bone…caused by wear and tear”, This is the common understanding of knee osteoarthritis (OA) affecting 9% of Australians.

Best-practice guidelines recommend first line non-surgical interventions such as education, progressive strengthening exercise and weight loss. Evidence supports these interventions as effective at reducing pain and disability, lessening use of medication and surgery.

However, common misconceptions about knee OA negatively influence clinicians’ referral to, and patients’ acceptance of, nonsurgical management. Australian GPs are three times more likely to refer patients with knee OA for surgical opinion, than nonsurgical management.

When OA diagnosis is given based on imaging, patients are generally told their pain is due to ‘bone on bone’. This may lead many patients to disregard exercise-based interventions believing it would further damage their joints.

A person’s knee pain experience is influenced by biological (imaging findings, inflammatory processes, muscle weakness), psychological (low confidence, belief that exercise will cause damage, emotional stress, depressed mood), and social (work and sport demands), and lifestyle factors (poor sleep, low or excessive physical activity, obesity) that can mediate neurophysiological and inflammatory processes, sensitising knee structures and driving disability behaviours such as avoiding activity.

Clinicians should move from labelling knee OA as purely ‘structural damage’ towards understanding it as a ‘whole person condition’ with pain as a modifiable symptom related to sensitised knee structures.

Thus, we should adopt a personcentred approach, educating the patient about knee health, encouraging progressive exercisetherapy, regular physical activity

and weight loss, and reassure that it is safe to exercise and strengthen their knee without harm.

This helps patients build a positive mindset, adopt a healthier lifestyle and confidently manage pain flareups. Surgery is then reserved for patients with advanced OA, without adequate response to non-surgical care, and who are predicted to have a good response to surgery.

Management can be individualised with a physiotherapist or in a group environment. Group rehabilitation programs such as GLA:D TM (Good Life with Arthritis: Denmark) developed by researchers in Denmark is an evidence-based option for OA patients.

GLA:D TM is a physiotherapistled treatment consisting of two group education, and 12 group exercise-therapy sessions for people with OA. Research in Denmark reported pain reduction by 35%, reduced analgesic consumption; and improved function and physicalactivity level at one year.

Key messages

OA changes on imaging do not solely explain a person’s pain experience Exercise is safe and strengthens a knee with OA changes without causing harm Address the multiple biopsychosocial factors affecting pain and disability.

To change the view about OA towards joint health, changes need to occur at a public level through media campaigns, at the health system level with funding, and better reimbursement for exercise and education programs, and at a clinician level with the provision of evidence-based care.

References available on request

The author acknowledges the input of Prof Peter O’Sullivan

Author competing interests – nil

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