ABOUT KIT
CONTENTS OF CIRCUIT KIT
Welcome to your first steps into the wonderful world of Electronic Circuits. This iken JOY kit will help you learn the basics in identifying components, attach these components in a circuit and how when, all the components come together, they make up a working circuit. The experiments in this manual range from some basic and easy to ones that are a little more challenging. With this manual you can connect the elements, perform experiments and also there is room after each experiment so you may record your results. Some experiments may look the same, but there will be small differences in them. It may be a resistor value or adding other components into the circuit to give different results. Because you are dealing with electronic circuits CAUTION should be taken when working with any components, especially polarity sensitive capacitors. Before you work on any circuit, learn about the different components from the manual. NEVER attach a capacitor on its own directly to a voltage source, as it can explode, possibly causing you physical harm in the process. ALWAYS attach the battery to the circuit after you have place and connected all the other components. If you are unsure about any experiment or component, ALWAYS ask an adult for assistance. Again, enjoy your first steps into the Electronic Realm of things, and above all else, be CAREFUL and have FUN.
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
01
Component
Resistors
Quantity
14
Rating 10W 100W 470W x2 1kW 3.3kW 5.6kW 10kW 15kW 33kW 100kW 200kW 220kW 680kW
2
100 nF x2
2
6.8 nF x2
Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
4
1 mF 10 mF x2 100 mF
Normally Open Push Button
2
Diode
1
Circuit Symbol
Kit Symbol
Resistor 1KW
C.Capacitor 104
Fixed Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
1N4148
M.Capacitor
+ Capacitor 100mF
Diode 1N4148
02
CONTENTS OF CIRCUIT KIT
Component
Quantity
1
Rating
Circuit Symbol
Kit Symbol
Green
Component
Quantity
Rating
Jumper Block
2
Speaker
1
Built-In
Variable Resistor
1
Built-In
ON / OFF Switch
1
Built-In
Headphone
1
Built-In
Circuit Symbol
Kit Symbol
Led Lamp Green
LED
1
Red Led Lamp Red
Photo Transistor
1 Photo TR
Transistor
Operation Amplifier Block
2
Transistor
9014C
V 1
A
E
VDD
FM Radio Receiver Block (Auto-tune)
VOAF
1
TAN
VSS
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
03
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
04
CHAPTER 1 - BASICS OF CIRCUITRY Capacitance Conversion nanlFarads (nF)
picoFarads (pF)
=
0.001nF
=
1pF
0.00001mF
=
0.01nF
=
10pF
0.0001mF
=
0.1nF
=
100pF
0.001mF
=
1nF
=
1000pF
0.01mF
=
10nF
=
10,000pF
0.1mF
=
100nF
=
100,000pF
1mF
=
1000F
=
1,000,000pF
10mF
=
10,000F
=
10,000,000pF
100mF
=
100,000nF
=
100,000,000pF
Connected Wiring
Unconnected Wiring
Battery Installation
A
B Resistor 1KW
0.000001mF
Diode 1N4148
microFarads(mF)
Schematic symbols for crossed wires
Resistor Color Code Identification 1% 2% 5% 10%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1% 2% 5% 10%
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Grey White Brown Red Gold Silver
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
X1 X 10 X 100 X 1000 X 10000 X 100000 X 1000000 存 10 存 100
The resistor uses different color (correspond to number 0 to 9) to represent its value. The first two bands represent the significant digits. The next band represents the multiplier or "decade". For example, the first two bands are YELLOW and PURPLE, representing 4 and 7. The third band is ORANGE, representing 3 meaning 103 or 1000. This gives a value of 47 x 1000, or 47000W. The fourth band is the tolerance and tells how precise the resistance compared to its specification. The resistor has a gold tolerance, or 5%, meaning that the true value of the resistor could be 5% more or less than 47000W, allowing values between 44650 to 49350W.
05
Component attachment
A
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
B
06
EXPERIMENT 1 Experiment 1a: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the anode of the LED. 2. Connect the positive side of a 9V battery to the cathode. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to other end of R1. 4. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
LED1
9V
9V R1 470W
R1 470W
Led Lamp Red
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Resistor 470W
Figure 1 - Experiment 1a
Experiment 1b: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the cathode of the LED. 2. Connect the positive side of a 9V battery to the anode. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to other end of the resistor. 4. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Figure 2 - Experment 1b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
07
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
08
EXPERIMENT 1 Experiment 1c: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the cathode of the LED. 2. Connect anode of LED to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to the base of NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the emitter to the other end of R1. 5. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
LED1 9V
R1 470W
R1 470W
9V
T1 T1
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Experiment 1d: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the cathode of the LED. 2. Connect anode of LED to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to the emitter of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the base to the other end of R1. 5. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Transistor
Transistor
Figure 3 - Experiment 1c
Figure 4 - Experiment 1d
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
09
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
10
EXPERIMENT 2 Experiment 2a: 1. Connect the anode of LED to the 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other side of R1 to emitter of the photo transmitter (T1). 3. Connect the collector to the positive side of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of the LED to the negative side of the battery. 5. Is the Led glowing? Write your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
T1
9V R1 470W
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Photo TR
LED1
Figure 5 - Experiment 2a
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, Photo TR
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
11
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
12
EXPERIMENT 2 Experiment 2b: 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to a TAT switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 5. Is the Led glowing? Write your observation below. 6. Now push the button and check if the LED is glowing. Note down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R1 470W
9V
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
Ta1
Figure 6 - Experiment 2b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
13
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
14
EXPERIMENT 3 A
A LED1
LED1 R1 470W
R1 470W
9V
9V
Figure 7 - Experiment 3a
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
T1
Led Lamp Red
B
T1
Transistor
B
Figure 8 - Experiment 3b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
15
Experiment 3a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a wire to base and leave its other end open. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. Connect another wire to the last connection and leave its other end open. 7. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Experiment 3b 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a wire to base and leave its other end open. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. Connect another wire to the last connection and leave its other end open. 7. Now hold the 2 wires and use yourself as a resistor to close the circuit. What happens to LED? Note down your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
16
EXPERIMENT 3 Experiment 3c 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a 220Ω resistor (R1) to base at one end and to anode of LED to the other end. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 6. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R1
R2
220KW
470W 9V
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 220KW
Led Lamp Red
T1
Figure 9 - Experiment 3c
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W & 220KW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
17
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
18
EXPERIMENT 4
LED1
Experiment 4a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 2 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2) and 15kΩ (R1). 2. Connect the other end of both R1 & R2 to negative end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 4. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. Note: In this setup the 2 resistors are said to be connected in parallel. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R1 9V
R2
R1
5.6kW
15kW
9V
15KW
R2
Led Lamp Red Resistor 15KW
Experiment 4b 1. Connect the cathode of a LED to a 15kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect other end of R1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 5. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. Note: In this setup the 2 resistors are said to be connected in series. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Resistor 5.6KW
Resistor 5.6KW
Resistor 15KW
Led Lamp Red
5.6KW
Figure 10 - Experiment 4a
Figure 11 - Experiment 4b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 5.6KW & 15KW Resistors
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
19
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
20
EXPERIMENT 5
LED 1
R1 1KW
R2
R1 220KW
470W
R2 470W
9V
9V
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 220KW
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
T1
Led Lamp Red
T1
Resistor 1KW
Experiment 5a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R1) to base. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED 1
Figure 12 - Experiment 5a
Figure 13 - Experiment 5b
Experiment 5b 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a 220kΩ resistor (R1) to base. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1KW & 220kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
21
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
22
EXPERIMENT 6 Experiment 6a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to a TAT switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to another TAT switch (Ta2). 4. Connect the other end of Ta2 to negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 7. Now push switch1 to close. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 8. Now push switch2 close and push switch 1 back to open. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 9. Now push both the switches to close. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
9V
R1 470W Ta1
Ta2
Resistor 470W Led Lamp Red
Figure 14 - Experiment 6a
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW, 470W Resistor, 2 –TAT’s, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
23
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
24
EXPERIMENT 6 Ta1
Experiment 6b 1. Connect cathode of a LED to 1kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to cathode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the positive end of battery to a TAT switch (Ta1). 4. Connect the other end of Ta1 to anode of C1 and anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 6. Now push the switch to close. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 C1 100mF
R1
9V
1KW
Led Lamp Red
+ Capacitor 100mF
Resistor 1KW
Figure 15 - Experiment 6b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW, 470W Resistor, 2 –TAT’s, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
25
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
26
EXPERIMENT 7 Experiment 7 1. Connect cathode of a LED to a 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other side of R1 to base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the connector to the negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 6. Now connect another NPN transistor (T2) in parallel to T1. To do this, along with the previous connection, connect the base1 to connector2 and connector1 to base2. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R1 470W 9V T2
Transistor
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
T1
Figure 16 - Experiment 7
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistor Task: First hook one Transistor up, try the light, then hook the other up as well and see the difference.
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
27
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
28
EXPERIMENT 8 A
Experiment 8a 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 2 resistors – 15kΩ (R2) and 1kΩ (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to anode and positive end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 9V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R2
R3
15KW
470W
+ -
T1 R1 1kW
9v~
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 1KW
Resistor 15KW
B
Figure 17 - Experiment 8a
Parts: LED, 9V, 7.5-9V & 0-7.5V Battery, 2-470W, 5.6KW, 1KW & 15kW Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
29
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
30
EXPERIMENT 8 A
Experiment 8b 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 2 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2) and 470Ω (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to anode and positive end of a 7.5V ~ 9V battery. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 7.5V ~ 9V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now replace the 7.5V ~ 9V battery by 0V ~ 7.5V battery. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R2
R3
5.6KW
470W
+ -
T1 R1 470W
7.5v~ 9v
0v~ 7.5v
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Resistor 5.6KW
B
Figure 18 - Experiment 8b
Parts: LED, 9V, 7.5-9V & 0-7.5V Battery, 2-470W, 5.6KW, 1KW & 15kW Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
31
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
32
EXPERIMENT 8 A
Experiment 8c 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 2 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2) and 1kΩ (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to anode and positive end of a 4.5V ~ 6V battery. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 4.5V ~ 6V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now replace the 4.5V ~ 6V battery by 1.5V ~ 3V battery. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R2
R3
5.6KW
470W
+ -
T
4.5v~ 6v
R1 1KW
1.5v~ 3v
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 1KW
Resistor 5.6KW
B
Figure 19 - Experiment 8c
Parts: LED, 4.5-6V, 1.5-3V 6-9V& 0-6V Battery, 2-470W, 1KW, 5.6kW & 15kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
33
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
34
EXPERIMENT 8 Experiment 8d 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 3 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2), 470Ω (R1) and 15kΩ (R4). 4. Connect the other ends of R2 and R4 to anode and positive end of a 4.5V ~ 6V battery such that R2 and R4 are connected in parallel. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 4.5V ~ 6V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now replace the 4.5V ~ 6V battery by 1.5V ~ 3V battery. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now replace the 1.5V ~ 3V battery by 6V ~ 9V battery. 10. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 11. Now replace the 6V ~ 9V battery by 0V ~ 6V battery. 12. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
A LED1
R4
R2
15KW
5.6KW
R3 470W
+ -
T
R1
1.5v~ 3v
4.5v~ 6v
0v~ 6v
6v~ 9v
470W
B
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Resistor 5.6KW
Resistor 15KW
Figure 20 - Experiment 8d
Parts: LED, 4.5-6V, 1.5-3V 6-9V& 0-6V Battery, 2-470W, 1KW, 5.6kW & 15kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
35
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
36
EXPERIMENT 9 Ta1
Experiment 9a 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 1kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to a TAT switch (Ta2). 3. Connect the other end of Ta2 to a 6.8nF capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the positive end of C1 and anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 C1 9V R1
6.8nF
1KW
Resistor 1KW
M.Capacitor
Led Lamp Red
Ta2
Figure 21 - Experiment 9a
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW Resistor, 6.8nF Capacitor, TAT, Built-in On/Off Switch Task: Use the On/Off switch in place of the TAT that is at the top of the diagram. This will act like the on/off switch on a camera’s flash. Do this for all parts of experiment 9
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
37
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
38
EXPERIMENT 9 Ta1
Experiment 9b 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 1kâ„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to a TAT switch (Ta2). 3. Connect the other end of Ta2 to negative end of a 10ÂľF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the positive end of C1 and anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 C1 9V
R1 1KW
10mF Ta2
- +
Capacitor 10mF
Resistor 1KW
Led Lamp Red
Figure 22 - Experiment 9b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW Resistor, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT, Built-in On/Off Switch
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
39
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
40
EXPERIMENT 9 Ta1
Experiment 9c 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 1kâ„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to a switch (Ta2). 3. Connect the other end of Ta2 to negative end of a 100ÂľF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the positive end of C1 and anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 C1 9V
R1 1KW
100mF Ta2
- +
Capacitor 100mF
Resistor 1KW
Led Lamp Red
Figure 23 - Experiment 9c
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW Resistor, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT, Built-in On/Off Switch
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
41
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
42
EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10a 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now close Ta1 and see what happens to LED. Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R2 9V
470W
Ta1 R1 470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 470W
Figure 24 - Experiment 10a
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
43
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
44
EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10b 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta1) and a 470Ω resistor (R1). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of Ta1 to anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 6. Now close Ta1 and see what happens to LED. Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 9V
R2
Ta1
470W R1
Resistor 470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
470W
Figure 25 - Experiment 10b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
45
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
46
EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10c 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta2) and a 470Ω resistor (R1). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 4. Connect the other end of Ta2 to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of Ta1 to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 Ta1 9V
R2 470W
Ta2
R1
Resistor 470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
470W
Figure 26 - Experiment 10c
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
47
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
48
EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10d 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to 2 switches – Ta1 & Ta2 and a 470Ω resistor (R1). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery and the other ends of Ta1 and Ta2 to anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 6. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 7. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 Ta1 9V
R2 Ta2
470W R1
Resistor 470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
470W
Figure 27 - Experiment 10d
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
59
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
50
EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10e 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to another switch (Ta2). 4. Connect the other end of Ta2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 6. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 8. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 9. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R2 470W 9V
Ta1
Ta2 R1
Resistor 470W
470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
Figure 28 - Experiment 10e
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
51
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
52
EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10f 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to 2 switches -Ta1 &Ta2. 3. Connect the other ends of Ta1 & Ta2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R2 470W 9V
Ta2
Ta1 R1
Resistor 470W
470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
Figure 29 - Experiment 10f
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
53
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
54
EXPERIMENT 11 R1 33KW
Experiment 11a 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the connector of a photo transistor (T2). 2. Connect the emitter of T2 to base of a NPN transistor (T1) and a 10kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other and of R2 and emitter of T1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the connector of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a LED. 6. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
R3 470W 9V T1
Resistor 10KW
Transistor
Photo TR
Resistor 470W
Resistor 33KW
Led Lamp Red
R2 10KW
Figure 30 - Experiment 11a
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W , 10kW & 33kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor, Photo Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
55
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
56
EXPERIMENT 11 R1 33KW
Experiment 11b 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the connector of a photo transistor (T2). 2. Connect the emitter of T2 to a 1kΩ resistor (R2), a 10kΩ resistor (R3) and base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the other and of R2 to one terminal of a built-in 10kΩ variable resistor (RV1). 4. Connect the other terminal of RV1, R3 and emitter of T1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the connector of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 6. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 7. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R4 470W T1 9V
R3 10KW
R2 1KW RV1
Resistor 10KW
Resistor 1KW
Transistor
Photo TR
Resistor 470W
Resistor 33KW
Led Lamp Red
10kW
Figure 31 - Experiment 11b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW, 10kW, & 33kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor, Photo Transistor, Built-in 10kW Variable Resistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
57
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
58
EXPERIMENT 12 Experiment 11c 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to a 470Ω resistor (R2) and the connector of a photo transistor (T2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a 1kΩ resistor (R3) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the other end of R3 to one terminal of a 10kΩ variable resistor (RV1). 4. Connect the emitter of T2, the other terminal of RV1 and emitter of T1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the connector of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 6. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 7. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R1 33KW
R4 470W
R2 T1 470W
9V
R3 1KW T2
RV1
Resistor 1KW
Transistor
Photo TR
Resistor 470W
Resistor 470W
Resistor 33KW
Led Lamp Red
10kW
Figure 32 - Experiment 11c
Parts:
LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 1kW & 33kW Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor, Photo Transistor, Built-in 10kW Variable Resistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
59
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
60
EXPERIMENT 12 R1 15KW
R2 470W
R3 1KW
Experiment 12a 1. Connect a 15kΩ resistor (R1) to a 470Ω resistor (R2), a 1kΩ resistor (R3), anode of a LED and the positive end of a 9V battery. 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 3. Take a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). Connect its positive end to the other end of R2 and the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the negative end of C1 to the other end f R3 and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 5. Take a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). Connect its negative end to the other end of R1 and the base of T1. 6. Connect the negative end of C2 to the other end f R4 and the connector of T2. 7. Connect the emitter of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
C1 R4 470W 100mF C2 9V 10mF
+ Capacitor 100mF
Led Lamp Red Resistor 470W
Resistor 1KW
Resistor 15KW
Resistor 470W
T2
T1
- +
Transistor
Transistor
Capacitor 10mF
Figure 33 - Experiment 12a
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 1kW & 15kW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
61
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
62
EXPERIMENT 12 R1 100KW
R2 470W
R3 1KW
Experiment 12b 1. Connect a 100kΩ resistor (R1) to a 470Ω resistor (R2), a 1kΩ resistor (R3), anode of a LED and the positive end of a 9V battery. 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 3. Take a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). Connect its positive end to the other end of R2 and the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the negative end of C1 to the other end f R3 and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 5. Take a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). Connect its negative end to the other end of R1 and the base of T1. 6. Connect the negative end of C2 to the other end f R4 and the connector of T2. 7. Connect the emitter of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
C1 R4 470W
100mF
stop
C2 9V 10mF
+ Capacitor 100mF
Led Lamp Red Resistor 470W
Resistor 1KW
Resistor 100KW
Resistor 470W
T2
T1
- +
Transistor
Transistor
Capacitor 10mF
Figure 34 - Experiment 12b
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 15kW & 100kW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
63
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
64
EXPERIMENT 13 R1
Experiment 13 1. Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R1) to anode of a LED and the positive end of a 9V battery. 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R2), the base of a NPN transistor (T1) and the connector of T1. 4. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to the connector of T2. 6. Connect the emitter of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
1KW LED1
R3 470W 9V
R2 T2 5.6KW
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Transistor
Resistor 5.6KW
Resistor 1KW
Led Lamp Red
T1
Figure 35 - Experiment 13
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW & 5.6kW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
65
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
66
EXPERIMENT 14 Experiment 14 1. Connect a 15kΩ resistor (R1) to a 100kΩ resistor (R2) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 3. Connect the connector of T1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R3) and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 5. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 6. Connect the other end of R2 and the emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and other end of R3 together and leave the other end of the wire free (A). 8. Connect the other end of R1 to a wire and leave its other end free as well (B). 9. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 10. Now dip the 2 ends of wire A and B in pure water. Make sure you are not touching water. 11. What happened to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R3 5.6KW
A
R4 470W
9V
T2 R1 T1
B
15KW R2 100KW
B
B
Resistor 470W
A
Resistor 5.6KW
Led Lamp Red
A
Transistor
Transistor
Resistor 100KW
Resistor 15KW
Figure 36 - Experiment 14
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 5.6kW, 15kW & 100kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
67
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
68
EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15a 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1), 33kΩ resistor (R1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 1kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1, other end of R1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Ta1
11 1 12 2
10
LED1
3
7
Led Lamp Green
1KW
Transistor
10mF
9v
T2 R1 33KW
6
R2 C1
5
470W T1
4
8 9
R3
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 33KW
Capacitor 10mF
- +
Resistor 1KW
Figure 37 - Experiment 15a
Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 10mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
69
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
70
EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15b 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1), 33kΩ resistor (R1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 1kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1, other end of R1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Ta1
11 1 12 2
10
LED1
3
7
Led Lamp Green
1KW
Transistor
100mF
9v
T2 R1 33KW
6
R2 C1
5
470W T1
4
8 9
R3
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Resistor 33KW
Capacitor 100mF
- +
Resistor 1KW
Figure 38 - Experiment 15b
Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
71
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
72
EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15c 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Ta1
11 1 12 2
10
LED1
3
R1
7 Transistor
Led Lamp Green
100mF
6
9v
T2 33KW
5
R2 C1
4
8 9
470W T1
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Capacitor 100mF
- +
Resistor 33KW
Figure 40 - Experiment 15d
Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
73
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
74
EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15d 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Ta1
11 1 12 2
10
LED1
3
R1
7 Transistor
Led Lamp Green
100mF
6
9v
T2 33KW
5
R2 C1
4
8 9
470W T1
Resistor 470W
Transistor
Capacitor 100mF
- +
Resistor 33KW
Figure 40 - Experiment 15d
Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
75
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
76
EXPERIMENT 16 Experiment 16 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 220kΩ resistor (R1), the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the cathode of C1, the emitter of T2 and the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of R1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R3
R1 220KW
470W 9V T1
Ta1
R2 T2
C1
33KW
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Resistor 220KW
Led Lamp Green
100mF
Transistor
- +
Capacitor 100mF
Resistor 33KW
Figure 41 - Experiment 16
Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W,33KW & 220kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
77
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
78
EXPERIMENT 17 Experiment 17 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 15kΩ resistor (R2) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the connector of T1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R1) and a 33kΩ resistor (R3). 3. Connect the other end of R3 to another TAT switch (Ta2) and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R4) and the other end of R2. 5. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 6. Connect the other end of Ta1 to emitters of T1 and T2, other end of Ta2 and the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery and anode of LED to the other end of R1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 10. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R1 5.6KW
R4 470W R2 15KW
9V
R3 T2 33KW T1
Led Lamp Red
Ta2
Resistor 470W
Resistor 5.6KW
Ta1
Resistor 15KW
Transistor
Transistor
Resistor 33KW
Figure 42 - Experiment 17
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 5.6kW, 15kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 2-TAT’s, Jumper Block
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
79
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
80
EXPERIMENT 18 LED1 R2 33KW R1 1KW
Experiment 18 1. Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R1) to 2 TAT switches (Ta1 & Ta2) and anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor. 2. Connect the other ends of Ta1 and Ta2 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2), the base of a NPN transistor (T2) and a 470Ω resistor (R5). 3. Connect the other end of R5 to the connector of another NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the base o f T1 to a 220kΩ resistor (R4). 5. Connect the other end of R4 to the connector of T2, the other end of R1 and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 6. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 7. Connect the cathode of C1 and emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 8. Connect the positive end of battery and anode of LED to the other end of R2. 9. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 10. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 11. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
R3 470W
ON/OFF
Ta1 Ta2 9V T2
C1 100
R4 220KW
R5 470W
ON/OFF
Led Lamp Green
T1
Transistor
Resistor 470W
Transistor
- +
Capacitor 100mF
Resistor 220KW
Resistor 470W
Resistor 33KW
Resistor 1KW
Figure 43 - Experiment 18
Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 1kW, 33KW & 220KW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 2-TAT’s, 100uF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
81
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
82
EXPERIMENT 19 Ta2
Ta1
Experiment 19 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 1kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to a 100kΩ resistor (R4), 33kΩ resistor (R6) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the connector of T1 to a 220kΩ resistor (R5) and a 470Ω resistor (R2). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to cathode of a LED. 5. Connect the other end of R5 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 6. Connect the connector of T2 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R4) and the other end of R4. 7. Connect the other end of R6, emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 8. Connect the positive end of battery to another TAT switch (Ta2). 9. Connect the other end of Ta2 to the other end of R3, anode of LED and the other end of Ta1. 10. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 11. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 12. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R1 1KW
R2 470W
R3 5.6KW
R4 100KW
9V
R5 T2 220KW T1
Resistor 1KW
Resistor 470W
Resistor 5.6KW
Led Lamp Green
R6 33KW
Transistor
Resistor 100KW
Transistor
Resistor 33KW
Resistor 220KW
Figure 44 - Experiment 19
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 100W, 470W, 1kW, 5.6kW, 33kW & 220KW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, Toggle Switch Task: Use the On/Off switch in place of the TAT in the circuit known as Ta2
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
83
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
84
EXPERIMENT 20
LED1
Experiment 20 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the connector of T1 to a TAT switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to a 10kΩ resistor (R2) and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 4. Connect the other end of R3 to a LED (LED1). 5. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 6. Connect the connector of T2 to another TAT switch (Ta2). 7. Connect the other end of Ta2 to the other end of R1 and a 470Ω resistor (R4). 8. Connect the other end of R4 to another LED (LED2). 9. Connect the emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 10. Connect the positive end of battery to anodes of LED1 and LED2. 11. What happens to LEDs? Write down your observation. 12. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LEDs in both situations? Write down your observations. 13. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LEDs now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED2
R3 470W
R4 470W
9V R1 33KW
Ta1
Ta2
R2 10KW
T2
Resistor 33KW
Resistor 470W
Resistor 470W
Led Lamp Red
Led Lamp Green
T1
Transistor
Transistor
Resistor 10KW
Figure 45 - Experiment 20
Parts: 2-LED’s, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 10kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 2-TAT’s
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
85
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
86
EXPERIMENT 21 Experiment 21 1. Connect the inverting input of an op-amp to 33kΩ resistor (R2) and a 10kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the non-inverting input to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to a LED (LED2), output of op-amp and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 4. Connect the other end of LED2 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to another LED (LED1). 6. Connect the cathode of C1, other end of R1, negative power supply of op-amp and the other end of R4 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED1 and the positive power supply of op-amp. 8. What happens to LEDs? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1
V E
R3 470W +
A
9V
R2 C1
33KW LED2
10mF
R4 470W
Resistor 470W
- +
Capacitor 10mF
Led Lamp Red
R1 10KW
Resistor 470W
Resistor 10KW
Led Lamp Green
Resistor 33KW
Figure 46 - Experiment 21
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 10kW & 33kW Resistor, 10mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor, Op-Amp
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
87
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
88
EXPERIMENT 22 R1
R2
33KW C1
10KW
Experiment 22 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the cathode of a 1µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and a TAT switch (Ta1). 2. Connect the anode of C1 to a 10kΩ resistor (R2) and the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to the cathode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2) and a 100kΩ resistor (R4). 4. Connect the anode of C2 to the output of op-amp, a LED (LED1) and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of LED1 to a 470Ω resistor (R5). 6. Connect the other end of R3 to another LED (LED2). 7. Connect the other end of Ta1, other end of R4, negative power supply of op-amp and the other end of R5 to the negative end of the battery. 8. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED2, the positive power supply of op-amp and the other ends of R2 and R1. 9. What happens to LEDs? Write down your observation. 10. Now close Ta1 and see what happens to LEDs? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED2 R3 V
1mF
470W + A
E
9v
C2 LED1
Ta1 100mF R4 100KW
R5
Led Lamp Red
Resistor 10KW
Resistor 33KW
470W
- +
Resistor 470W
Capacitor 1mF
- +
Resistor 470W
Resistor 100KW
Led Lamp Green
Capacitor 100mF
Figure 47 - Experiment 22
Parts: 2-LED’s, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 10kW, 33kW & 100kW Resistor, TAT, Op-Amp, 1mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
89
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
90
EXPERIMENT 23 V
Experiment 23 1. Connect the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 33kΩ resistor (R2) and a 10kΩ resistor (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to the output of op-amp and the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 5. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a built in speaker. 6. Connect the other end of R1 to the wiper of a 10kΩ variable resistor (P1). 7. Connect the cathode of C1, one terminal of P1, negative power supply of op-amp and the other end of speaker to the negative end of the battery. 8. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
C2
+ A
-
100mF
E R2
9V
33KW
C1 R1 10KW
10mF
LS
n P1
s
10KW
Resistor 10KW
- +
Capacitor 10mF
Resistor 33KW
- +
Capacitor 100mF
h
Figure 48 - Experiment 23
Parts: 9V Battery, 10kW & 33kW Resistors, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, Op-Amp
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
91
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
92
EXPERIMENT 24 V +
Experiment 24 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 100nF capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 33kΩ resistor (R2) and a 3.3kΩ resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R2 to the output of op-amp and the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 6. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a built in speaker. 7. Connect the other end of R1 to the wiper of a 10kΩ variable resistor (P1). 8. Connect the other ends of C1 and speaker, one terminal of P1 and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 9. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 10. Now close Ta1 and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
C2 A
-
E
10mF
9V
R2 Ta1
33KW R1 3.3KW n p1 10KW
C1 S 100nF
LS
Resistor 3.3KW
104
C.Capacitor
Resistor 33KW
- +
Capacitor 100mF
h
Figure 49 - Experiment 24
Parts: 9V Battery, 3.3kW & 33kW Resistors, 10mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, 100nF Capacitor, Op-Amp, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
93
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
94
EXPERIMENT 25 A V
C2
+ A
C1
E
100mF
Experiment 25 1. Connect a toggle switch (Ta1) to the cathode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the anode of C1 to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 33kΩ resistor (R1) and a wire with a loose end (A). 5. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 6. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of an inbuilt speaker. 7. Connect the other ends of Ta1, R1 and speaker and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 8. Hold the wire from the end A. 9. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 10. Now close Ta1 and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
9V
10mF
R1 33KW
Resistor 33KW
- +
Capacitor 100mF
- +
Capacitor 10mF
Ta1
A
Figure 50 - Experiment 25
Parts: 9V Battery, 33kW Resistor, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, Op-Amp, Toggle Switch
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
95
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
96
EXPERIMENT 26 V E
+ -
Experiment 26 1. Connect a 100nF capacitor (C1) to the non-inverting input of an opamp. 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 1kâ„Ś resistor (R1) and the emitter of a photo transistor (Tf). 4. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 100ÂľF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2) and the connector of Tf. 5. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of an inbuilt speaker. 6. Connect the other ends of C1, R1 and speaker and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 7. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
C2 A 100mF
9V
Tf LS
Photo TR
- +
R1 1KW
Capacitor 100mF
C1 100nF
Resistor 1KW
C.Capacitor 104
Figure 51 - Experiment 26
Parts: 9V Battery, 1kW Resistor, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor, 100nF Capacitor, Op-Amp, 9014C NPN Transistor
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
97
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
98
EXPERIMENT 27 Ta1
R4
R2
R3
R1
220KW
100KW
33KW
680KW
Experiment 27 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 220kΩ resistor (R4). 2. Connect the other end of Ta1 to 100kΩ resistor (R2), 33kΩ resistor (R3), 680kΩ resistor (R1), one end of a built in headphones and the positive end of a 9V battrey. 3. Connect the other end of R3 to a 6.8nF capacitor (C1) and connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the other end of C1 to the other end of R1 and the base of another NPN transmitter (T2). 5. Connect the other ends of R2 and R4 to a 6.8nF capacitor (C2) and the base of T1. 6. Connect the other end of C2 to the other end of headphones and the connector of T2. 7. Connect the emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 8. What happens to the headphones? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
POLICE
C1 H
6.8nF
C2 9V 6.8nF
Resistor 680KW
Resistor 100KW
Resistor 33KW
T2
T1
Resistor 220KW
M.Capacitor
Transistor
M.Capacitor
Transistor
Figure 52 - Experiment 27
Parts: 9V Battery, 33kW, 100kW, 220kW & 680kW Resistor, 2-6.8nF Capacitors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
99
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
100
EXPERIMENT 28 V
+ -
E LS
Experiment 28a 1. Connect a 10Ω resistor (R1) to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the other end to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to a built-in on-off switch. 4. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to one end of a speaker (LS). 6. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 7. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a built-in headphone (H). 8. Connect the other ends of LS, C1 and H and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 9. What happens to the speaker and the headphone? Write down your observation. 10. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
C2
A
9V
10mF
R1 10W
H
- + Resistor 10W
Capacitor 10mF
C1 100mF
+ -
Capacitor 100mF
Figure 53 - Experiment 28a
Parts: 9V Battery, 10W Resistor, 10mF &100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, Op-Amp.
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
101
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
102
EXPERIMENT 28 Experiment 28b 1. Connect the non-inverting input of an op-amp to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 3. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 6. Connect the base of T1 to a 100kΩ resistor (R2) and the cathode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 7. Connect the other end of C2 to the output of op-amp. 8. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to one end of a speaker (LS). 9. Connect the other ends of LS, C1 and R2, the negative power supply of op-amp and the emitter of T1 to the negative end of the battery. 10. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 11. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
103
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
104
EXPERIMENT 28 Experiment 28c 1. Connect the non-inverting input of an op-amp to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 3. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2), the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2) and the output of op-amp. 6. Connect the other end of R2 to the inverting input of op-amp and a 10kΩ resistor (R3). Amit – In diagram change the 10kΩ resistor from R1 to R3 7. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a loudspeaker (LS). Amit – In diagram change the name of loudspeaker from L3 to LS 8. Connect the other ends of LS, C1 and R1 and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 9. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 10. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
105
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
106
EXPERIMENT 28 Experiment 28d 1. Connect the non-inverting input of an op-amp to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 3. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 6. Connect the base of T1 to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C3) and the cathode of a diode (D1). 7. Connect the anode of D1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2) and the cathode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 8. Connect the anode of C2 to the output of op-amp. 9. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to one end of a loudspeaker (LS). 10. Connect the other ends of LS, C1, R3 and C3, the negative power supply of op-amp and the emitter of T1 to the negative end of the battery. 11. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 12. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
LED1 R1 470W
V
+ A E C1
LS
10mF
C2
D1 1N4148
9V T1
100mF R3
C3
33KW
10mF
+ Diode 1N4148
Led Lamp Green
Capacitor 100mF
Transistor
+ -
Capacitor 10mF
Resistor 33KW
+ -
Capacitor 10mF
Resistor 470W
Figure 57 - Experiment 28d
Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 33kW Resistors, 2-10mF &100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, 9014C NPN Transistor, Op-Amp, Diode.
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
107
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
108
EXPERIMENT 29 Experiment 29 1. Connect a 15kΩ resistor (R1) to a 100kΩ resistor (R2) and a 6.8nF capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the other end of r2 to the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 1kΩ resistor (R4) and a 5.6kΩ resistor (R3) 4. Connect the other end of R3 to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 5. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 6. Connect the cathode of LED to one end of a headphone (H). 7. Connect the other end of R4 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 8. Connect the other end of C1 and connector of T2 to the other end of H. 9. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R5). 10. Connect the other end of R5 to a wire (B) and the emitter of T2. 11. Connect a wire (A) to the other end of R1 12. Insert A and B in an apple. 13. What happens to the headphone? Write down your observation. 14. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
109
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
110
EXPERIMENT 30 Experiment 30 1. Take a FM radio receiver block (auto-tune). Connect an antenna to TAN. 2. Connect VDD to the positive power supply of an op-amp and the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the VOAF to the anode of a 1µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 4. Connect the cathode of C1 to a terminal of a variable resistor (RV1). 5. Connect the wiper of RV1 to the inverting input of op-amp. 6. Connect the non-inverting input to a 100kΩ resistor (R1). 7. Connect the other end of R1 to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 8. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C3). 9. Connect the cathode of C3 to one end of a speaker (LS). 10. Connect the VSS, other terminal of RV1, cathode of C2, other end of LS and the negative power supply to the negative end of the battery. 11. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
111
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
112
QUIZ 1.
1mF is equal to _______nF?
5.
· 10
resistance?
· 100
· 24
· 1000
· 32
· 1028 2.
If two resistances of 12K and 20K are connected in series then what will be the total
· 7.5 · 120
The fourth band in a resistor represents_______ 6.
· Multiplier
An MP3 player has a 6 volt battery in it. The current it used is 0.25 amps. What is the resistance of the MP3 player?
· Connector · Tolerance
· 1.5 Ohms
· Significant digits
· 6.25 Ohms · 5.75 Ohms
3.
The first two bands are ORANGE and GREEN. The third band is RED, and the fourth band is gold tolerance. What will be the resistance in Ω ?
· 24 Ohms 7.
· 350
In the following diagram, both the resistors are connected in
· 3500 · 42000
LED1
· 560000 4.
In the following diagram will the LED glow?
Ta1
A
9V
R2 470 R1
LED1 R1 470
470 9V
· Series
B
· Parallel
T1
· Both of the above ·
Yes
·
No
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
· Not connected
113
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
114
QUIZ 1.
Reference A resistor has 20 volts across it and 0.25 amps of current through it. Calculate the value of the resistor.
For more information about circuit components and fun projects with electronics refer to following web links.
· 19.75 Ohms · 5 Ohms
http://electronics-love.com/ http://bit.ly/pmYTOY http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/ http://bit.ly/pmYTOY http://bit.ly/oAe8Sb
· 0.0125 Ohms · 80 Ohms 2.
What will be the effective resistance of this combination
· 9.5KΩ · 11KΩ · 8.67KΩ · 12KΩ 1.
Liquid is a conductor of electricity? · Yes · No · Varies from liquid to liquid
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
115
CIRCUIT CIRCUS
116