609714_circuit_circus

Page 1


ABOUT KIT

CONTENTS OF CIRCUIT KIT

Welcome to your first steps into the wonderful world of Electronic Circuits. This iken JOY kit will help you learn the basics in identifying components, attach these components in a circuit and how when, all the components come together, they make up a working circuit. The experiments in this manual range from some basic and easy to ones that are a little more challenging. With this manual you can connect the elements, perform experiments and also there is room after each experiment so you may record your results. Some experiments may look the same, but there will be small differences in them. It may be a resistor value or adding other components into the circuit to give different results. Because you are dealing with electronic circuits CAUTION should be taken when working with any components, especially polarity sensitive capacitors. Before you work on any circuit, learn about the different components from the manual. NEVER attach a capacitor on its own directly to a voltage source, as it can explode, possibly causing you physical harm in the process. ALWAYS attach the battery to the circuit after you have place and connected all the other components. If you are unsure about any experiment or component, ALWAYS ask an adult for assistance. Again, enjoy your first steps into the Electronic Realm of things, and above all else, be CAREFUL and have FUN.

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

01

Component

Resistors

Quantity

14

Rating 10W 100W 470W x2 1kW 3.3kW 5.6kW 10kW 15kW 33kW 100kW 200kW 220kW 680kW

2

100 nF x2

2

6.8 nF x2

Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

4

1 mF 10 mF x2 100 mF

Normally Open Push Button

2

Diode

1

Circuit Symbol

Kit Symbol

Resistor 1KW

C.Capacitor 104

Fixed Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

1N4148

M.Capacitor

+ Capacitor 100mF

Diode 1N4148

02


CONTENTS OF CIRCUIT KIT

Component

Quantity

1

Rating

Circuit Symbol

Kit Symbol

Green

Component

Quantity

Rating

Jumper Block

2

Speaker

1

Built-In

Variable Resistor

1

Built-In

ON / OFF Switch

1

Built-In

Headphone

1

Built-In

Circuit Symbol

Kit Symbol

Led Lamp Green

LED

1

Red Led Lamp Red

Photo Transistor

1 Photo TR

Transistor

Operation Amplifier Block

2

Transistor

9014C

V 1

A

E

VDD

FM Radio Receiver Block (Auto-tune)

VOAF

1

TAN

VSS

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

03

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

04


CHAPTER 1 - BASICS OF CIRCUITRY Capacitance Conversion nanlFarads (nF)

picoFarads (pF)

=

0.001nF

=

1pF

0.00001mF

=

0.01nF

=

10pF

0.0001mF

=

0.1nF

=

100pF

0.001mF

=

1nF

=

1000pF

0.01mF

=

10nF

=

10,000pF

0.1mF

=

100nF

=

100,000pF

1mF

=

1000F

=

1,000,000pF

10mF

=

10,000F

=

10,000,000pF

100mF

=

100,000nF

=

100,000,000pF

Connected Wiring

Unconnected Wiring

Battery Installation

A

B Resistor 1KW

0.000001mF

Diode 1N4148

microFarads(mF)

Schematic symbols for crossed wires

Resistor Color Code Identification 1% 2% 5% 10%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1% 2% 5% 10%

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Grey White Brown Red Gold Silver

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

X1 X 10 X 100 X 1000 X 10000 X 100000 X 1000000 存 10 存 100

The resistor uses different color (correspond to number 0 to 9) to represent its value. The first two bands represent the significant digits. The next band represents the multiplier or "decade". For example, the first two bands are YELLOW and PURPLE, representing 4 and 7. The third band is ORANGE, representing 3 meaning 103 or 1000. This gives a value of 47 x 1000, or 47000W. The fourth band is the tolerance and tells how precise the resistance compared to its specification. The resistor has a gold tolerance, or 5%, meaning that the true value of the resistor could be 5% more or less than 47000W, allowing values between 44650 to 49350W.

05

Component attachment

A

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

B

06


EXPERIMENT 1 Experiment 1a: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the anode of the LED. 2. Connect the positive side of a 9V battery to the cathode. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to other end of R1. 4. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

LED1

9V

9V R1 470W

R1 470W

Led Lamp Red

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Resistor 470W

Figure 1 - Experiment 1a

Experiment 1b: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the cathode of the LED. 2. Connect the positive side of a 9V battery to the anode. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to other end of the resistor. 4. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Figure 2 - Experment 1b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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CIRCUIT CIRCUS

08


EXPERIMENT 1 Experiment 1c: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the cathode of the LED. 2. Connect anode of LED to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to the base of NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the emitter to the other end of R1. 5. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

LED1 9V

R1 470W

R1 470W

9V

T1 T1

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Experiment 1d: 1. Connect one end of 470â„Ś resistor (R1) to the cathode of the LED. 2. Connect anode of LED to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the negative side of the battery to the emitter of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the base to the other end of R1. 5. Is the LED glowing? Write your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Transistor

Transistor

Figure 3 - Experiment 1c

Figure 4 - Experiment 1d

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

09

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

10


EXPERIMENT 2 Experiment 2a: 1. Connect the anode of LED to the 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other side of R1 to emitter of the photo transmitter (T1). 3. Connect the collector to the positive side of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of the LED to the negative side of the battery. 5. Is the Led glowing? Write your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

T1

9V R1 470W

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Photo TR

LED1

Figure 5 - Experiment 2a

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, Photo TR

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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CIRCUIT CIRCUS

12


EXPERIMENT 2 Experiment 2b: 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to a TAT switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 5. Is the Led glowing? Write your observation below. 6. Now push the button and check if the LED is glowing. Note down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R1 470W

9V

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

Ta1

Figure 6 - Experiment 2b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

13

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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EXPERIMENT 3 A

A LED1

LED1 R1 470W

R1 470W

9V

9V

Figure 7 - Experiment 3a

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

T1

Led Lamp Red

B

T1

Transistor

B

Figure 8 - Experiment 3b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

15

Experiment 3a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a wire to base and leave its other end open. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. Connect another wire to the last connection and leave its other end open. 7. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Experiment 3b 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a wire to base and leave its other end open. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. Connect another wire to the last connection and leave its other end open. 7. Now hold the 2 wires and use yourself as a resistor to close the circuit. What happens to LED? Note down your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

16


EXPERIMENT 3 Experiment 3c 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a 220Ω resistor (R1) to base at one end and to anode of LED to the other end. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 6. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R1

R2

220KW

470W 9V

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 220KW

Led Lamp Red

T1

Figure 9 - Experiment 3c

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W & 220KW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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CIRCUIT CIRCUS

18


EXPERIMENT 4

LED1

Experiment 4a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 2 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2) and 15kΩ (R1). 2. Connect the other end of both R1 & R2 to negative end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 4. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. Note: In this setup the 2 resistors are said to be connected in parallel. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R1 9V

R2

R1

5.6kW

15kW

9V

15KW

R2

Led Lamp Red Resistor 15KW

Experiment 4b 1. Connect the cathode of a LED to a 15kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect other end of R1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 5. Is the LED glowing? Write down your observation below. Note: In this setup the 2 resistors are said to be connected in series. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Resistor 5.6KW

Resistor 5.6KW

Resistor 15KW

Led Lamp Red

5.6KW

Figure 10 - Experiment 4a

Figure 11 - Experiment 4b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 5.6KW & 15KW Resistors

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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CIRCUIT CIRCUS

20


EXPERIMENT 5

LED 1

R1 1KW

R2

R1 220KW

470W

R2 470W

9V

9V

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 220KW

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

T1

Led Lamp Red

T1

Resistor 1KW

Experiment 5a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R1) to base. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED 1

Figure 12 - Experiment 5a

Figure 13 - Experiment 5b

Experiment 5b 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect a 220kΩ resistor (R1) to base. 4. Connect the emitter to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1KW & 220kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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CIRCUIT CIRCUS

22


EXPERIMENT 6 Experiment 6a 1. Connect the cathode of LED to 470Ω resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to a TAT switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to another TAT switch (Ta2). 4. Connect the other end of Ta2 to negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 7. Now push switch1 to close. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 8. Now push switch2 close and push switch 1 back to open. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 9. Now push both the switches to close. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

9V

R1 470W Ta1

Ta2

Resistor 470W Led Lamp Red

Figure 14 - Experiment 6a

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW, 470W Resistor, 2 –TAT’s, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

23

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

24


EXPERIMENT 6 Ta1

Experiment 6b 1. Connect cathode of a LED to 1kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to cathode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the positive end of battery to a TAT switch (Ta1). 4. Connect the other end of Ta1 to anode of C1 and anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 6. Now push the switch to close. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 C1 100mF

R1

9V

1KW

Led Lamp Red

+ Capacitor 100mF

Resistor 1KW

Figure 15 - Experiment 6b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW, 470W Resistor, 2 –TAT’s, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

25

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

26


EXPERIMENT 7 Experiment 7 1. Connect cathode of a LED to a 470â„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other side of R1 to base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the connector to the negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation below. 6. Now connect another NPN transistor (T2) in parallel to T1. To do this, along with the previous connection, connect the base1 to connector2 and connector1 to base2. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R1 470W 9V T2

Transistor

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

T1

Figure 16 - Experiment 7

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistor Task: First hook one Transistor up, try the light, then hook the other up as well and see the difference.

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

27

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

28


EXPERIMENT 8 A

Experiment 8a 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 2 resistors – 15kΩ (R2) and 1kΩ (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to anode and positive end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 9V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R2

R3

15KW

470W

+ -

T1 R1 1kW

9v~

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 1KW

Resistor 15KW

B

Figure 17 - Experiment 8a

Parts: LED, 9V, 7.5-9V & 0-7.5V Battery, 2-470W, 5.6KW, 1KW & 15kW Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

29

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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EXPERIMENT 8 A

Experiment 8b 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 2 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2) and 470Ω (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to anode and positive end of a 7.5V ~ 9V battery. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 7.5V ~ 9V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now replace the 7.5V ~ 9V battery by 0V ~ 7.5V battery. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R2

R3

5.6KW

470W

+ -

T1 R1 470W

7.5v~ 9v

0v~ 7.5v

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Resistor 5.6KW

B

Figure 18 - Experiment 8b

Parts: LED, 9V, 7.5-9V & 0-7.5V Battery, 2-470W, 5.6KW, 1KW & 15kW Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

31

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

32


EXPERIMENT 8 A

Experiment 8c 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 2 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2) and 1kΩ (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to anode and positive end of a 4.5V ~ 6V battery. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 4.5V ~ 6V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now replace the 4.5V ~ 6V battery by 1.5V ~ 3V battery. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R2

R3

5.6KW

470W

+ -

T

4.5v~ 6v

R1 1KW

1.5v~ 3v

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 1KW

Resistor 5.6KW

B

Figure 19 - Experiment 8c

Parts: LED, 4.5-6V, 1.5-3V 6-9V& 0-6V Battery, 2-470W, 1KW, 5.6kW & 15kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

33

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

34


EXPERIMENT 8 Experiment 8d 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 2. Connect the other end of R3 to connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the base to 3 resistors – 5.6kΩ (R2), 470Ω (R1) and 15kΩ (R4). 4. Connect the other ends of R2 and R4 to anode and positive end of a 4.5V ~ 6V battery such that R2 and R4 are connected in parallel. 5. Connect the other end of R1 to emitter and negative end of 4.5V ~ 6V battery. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now replace the 4.5V ~ 6V battery by 1.5V ~ 3V battery. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now replace the 1.5V ~ 3V battery by 6V ~ 9V battery. 10. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 11. Now replace the 6V ~ 9V battery by 0V ~ 6V battery. 12. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

A LED1

R4

R2

15KW

5.6KW

R3 470W

+ -

T

R1

1.5v~ 3v

4.5v~ 6v

0v~ 6v

6v~ 9v

470W

B

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Resistor 5.6KW

Resistor 15KW

Figure 20 - Experiment 8d

Parts: LED, 4.5-6V, 1.5-3V 6-9V& 0-6V Battery, 2-470W, 1KW, 5.6kW & 15kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

35

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

36


EXPERIMENT 9 Ta1

Experiment 9a 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 1kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to a TAT switch (Ta2). 3. Connect the other end of Ta2 to a 6.8nF capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the positive end of C1 and anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 C1 9V R1

6.8nF

1KW

Resistor 1KW

M.Capacitor

Led Lamp Red

Ta2

Figure 21 - Experiment 9a

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW Resistor, 6.8nF Capacitor, TAT, Built-in On/Off Switch Task: Use the On/Off switch in place of the TAT that is at the top of the diagram. This will act like the on/off switch on a camera’s flash. Do this for all parts of experiment 9

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

37

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

38


EXPERIMENT 9 Ta1

Experiment 9b 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 1kâ„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to a TAT switch (Ta2). 3. Connect the other end of Ta2 to negative end of a 10ÂľF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the positive end of C1 and anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 C1 9V

R1 1KW

10mF Ta2

- +

Capacitor 10mF

Resistor 1KW

Led Lamp Red

Figure 22 - Experiment 9b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW Resistor, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT, Built-in On/Off Switch

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

39

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

40


EXPERIMENT 9 Ta1

Experiment 9c 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 1kâ„Ś resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of resistor to a switch (Ta2). 3. Connect the other end of Ta2 to negative end of a 100ÂľF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the positive end of C1 and anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 C1 9V

R1 1KW

100mF Ta2

- +

Capacitor 100mF

Resistor 1KW

Led Lamp Red

Figure 23 - Experiment 9c

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 1KW Resistor, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT, Built-in On/Off Switch

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

41

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

42


EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10a 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Now close Ta1 and see what happens to LED. Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R2 9V

470W

Ta1 R1 470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 470W

Figure 24 - Experiment 10a

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

43

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

44


EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10b 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta1) and a 470Ω resistor (R1). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of Ta1 to anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 6. Now close Ta1 and see what happens to LED. Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 9V

R2

Ta1

470W R1

Resistor 470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

470W

Figure 25 - Experiment 10b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

45

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

46


EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10c 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta2) and a 470Ω resistor (R1). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 4. Connect the other end of Ta2 to another switch (Ta1). 5. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of Ta1 to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 Ta1 9V

R2 470W

Ta2

R1

Resistor 470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

470W

Figure 26 - Experiment 10c

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

47

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

48


EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10d 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to 2 switches – Ta1 & Ta2 and a 470Ω resistor (R1). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to negative end of battery. 4. Connect the positive end of battery and the other ends of Ta1 and Ta2 to anode of LED. 5. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 6. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 7. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 Ta1 9V

R2 Ta2

470W R1

Resistor 470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

470W

Figure 27 - Experiment 10d

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

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CIRCUIT CIRCUS

50


EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10e 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to another switch (Ta2). 4. Connect the other end of Ta2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 6. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 8. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 9. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R2 470W 9V

Ta1

Ta2 R1

Resistor 470W

470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

Figure 28 - Experiment 10e

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

51

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

52


EXPERIMENT 10 Experiment 10f 1. Connect cathode of the LED to a 470Ω resistor (R2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to 2 switches -Ta1 &Ta2. 3. Connect the other ends of Ta1 & Ta2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED. 6. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 7. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 8. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R2 470W 9V

Ta2

Ta1 R1

Resistor 470W

470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

Figure 29 - Experiment 10f

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W Resistor, 2-TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

53

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

54


EXPERIMENT 11 R1 33KW

Experiment 11a 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the connector of a photo transistor (T2). 2. Connect the emitter of T2 to base of a NPN transistor (T1) and a 10kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other and of R2 and emitter of T1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the connector of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a LED. 6. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

R3 470W 9V T1

Resistor 10KW

Transistor

Photo TR

Resistor 470W

Resistor 33KW

Led Lamp Red

R2 10KW

Figure 30 - Experiment 11a

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W , 10kW & 33kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor, Photo Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

55

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

56


EXPERIMENT 11 R1 33KW

Experiment 11b 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the connector of a photo transistor (T2). 2. Connect the emitter of T2 to a 1kΩ resistor (R2), a 10kΩ resistor (R3) and base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the other and of R2 to one terminal of a built-in 10kΩ variable resistor (RV1). 4. Connect the other terminal of RV1, R3 and emitter of T1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the connector of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 6. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 7. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R4 470W T1 9V

R3 10KW

R2 1KW RV1

Resistor 10KW

Resistor 1KW

Transistor

Photo TR

Resistor 470W

Resistor 33KW

Led Lamp Red

10kW

Figure 31 - Experiment 11b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW, 10kW, & 33kW Resistors, 9014C NPN Transistor, Photo Transistor, Built-in 10kW Variable Resistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

57

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

58


EXPERIMENT 12 Experiment 11c 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to a 470Ω resistor (R2) and the connector of a photo transistor (T2). 2. Connect the other end of R2 to a 1kΩ resistor (R3) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the other end of R3 to one terminal of a 10kΩ variable resistor (RV1). 4. Connect the emitter of T2, the other terminal of RV1 and emitter of T1 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the connector of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 6. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 7. Connect the positive end of battery and the other end of R1 to anode of LED. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R1 33KW

R4 470W

R2 T1 470W

9V

R3 1KW T2

RV1

Resistor 1KW

Transistor

Photo TR

Resistor 470W

Resistor 470W

Resistor 33KW

Led Lamp Red

10kW

Figure 32 - Experiment 11c

Parts:

LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 1kW & 33kW Resistor, 9014C NPN Transistor, Photo Transistor, Built-in 10kW Variable Resistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

59

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

60


EXPERIMENT 12 R1 15KW

R2 470W

R3 1KW

Experiment 12a 1. Connect a 15kΩ resistor (R1) to a 470Ω resistor (R2), a 1kΩ resistor (R3), anode of a LED and the positive end of a 9V battery. 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 3. Take a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). Connect its positive end to the other end of R2 and the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the negative end of C1 to the other end f R3 and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 5. Take a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). Connect its negative end to the other end of R1 and the base of T1. 6. Connect the negative end of C2 to the other end f R4 and the connector of T2. 7. Connect the emitter of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

C1 R4 470W 100mF C2 9V 10mF

+ Capacitor 100mF

Led Lamp Red Resistor 470W

Resistor 1KW

Resistor 15KW

Resistor 470W

T2

T1

- +

Transistor

Transistor

Capacitor 10mF

Figure 33 - Experiment 12a

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 1kW & 15kW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

61

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

62


EXPERIMENT 12 R1 100KW

R2 470W

R3 1KW

Experiment 12b 1. Connect a 100kΩ resistor (R1) to a 470Ω resistor (R2), a 1kΩ resistor (R3), anode of a LED and the positive end of a 9V battery. 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 3. Take a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). Connect its positive end to the other end of R2 and the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the negative end of C1 to the other end f R3 and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 5. Take a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). Connect its negative end to the other end of R1 and the base of T1. 6. Connect the negative end of C2 to the other end f R4 and the connector of T2. 7. Connect the emitter of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 8. Wait and watch for some time. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

C1 R4 470W

100mF

stop

C2 9V 10mF

+ Capacitor 100mF

Led Lamp Red Resistor 470W

Resistor 1KW

Resistor 100KW

Resistor 470W

T2

T1

- +

Transistor

Transistor

Capacitor 10mF

Figure 34 - Experiment 12b

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 15kW & 100kW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

63

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

64


EXPERIMENT 13 R1

Experiment 13 1. Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R1) to anode of a LED and the positive end of a 9V battery. 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 3. Connect the other end of R1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R2), the base of a NPN transistor (T1) and the connector of T1. 4. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to the connector of T2. 6. Connect the emitter of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 7. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 1a Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

1KW LED1

R3 470W 9V

R2 T2 5.6KW

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Transistor

Resistor 5.6KW

Resistor 1KW

Led Lamp Red

T1

Figure 35 - Experiment 13

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW & 5.6kW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

65

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

66


EXPERIMENT 14 Experiment 14 1. Connect a 15kΩ resistor (R1) to a 100kΩ resistor (R2) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 3. Connect the connector of T1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R3) and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 5. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 6. Connect the other end of R2 and the emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and other end of R3 together and leave the other end of the wire free (A). 8. Connect the other end of R1 to a wire and leave its other end free as well (B). 9. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 10. Now dip the 2 ends of wire A and B in pure water. Make sure you are not touching water. 11. What happened to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R3 5.6KW

A

R4 470W

9V

T2 R1 T1

B

15KW R2 100KW

B

B

Resistor 470W

A

Resistor 5.6KW

Led Lamp Red

A

Transistor

Transistor

Resistor 100KW

Resistor 15KW

Figure 36 - Experiment 14

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 5.6kW, 15kW & 100kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

67

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

68


EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15a 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1), 33kΩ resistor (R1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 1kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1, other end of R1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Ta1

11 1 12 2

10

LED1

3

7

Led Lamp Green

1KW

Transistor

10mF

9v

T2 R1 33KW

6

R2 C1

5

470W T1

4

8 9

R3

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 33KW

Capacitor 10mF

- +

Resistor 1KW

Figure 37 - Experiment 15a

Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 10mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

69

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

70


EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15b 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1), 33kΩ resistor (R1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 1kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1, other end of R1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Ta1

11 1 12 2

10

LED1

3

7

Led Lamp Green

1KW

Transistor

100mF

9v

T2 R1 33KW

6

R2 C1

5

470W T1

4

8 9

R3

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Resistor 33KW

Capacitor 100mF

- +

Resistor 1KW

Figure 38 - Experiment 15b

Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 1kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

71

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

72


EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15c 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Ta1

11 1 12 2

10

LED1

3

R1

7 Transistor

Led Lamp Green

100mF

6

9v

T2 33KW

5

R2 C1

4

8 9

470W T1

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Capacitor 100mF

- +

Resistor 33KW

Figure 40 - Experiment 15d

Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

73

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

74


EXPERIMENT 15 Experiment 15d 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the cathode of C1 and the emitter of T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of Ta1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Ta1

11 1 12 2

10

LED1

3

R1

7 Transistor

Led Lamp Green

100mF

6

9v

T2 33KW

5

R2 C1

4

8 9

470W T1

Resistor 470W

Transistor

Capacitor 100mF

- +

Resistor 33KW

Figure 40 - Experiment 15d

Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

75

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

76


EXPERIMENT 16 Experiment 16 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 220kΩ resistor (R1), the anode of 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 6. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the cathode of C1, the emitter of T2 and the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery, anode of LED and the connector of T1 to the other end of R1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Now close Ta1 and observe what happens to LED. Note your observations below. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R3

R1 220KW

470W 9V T1

Ta1

R2 T2

C1

33KW

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Resistor 220KW

Led Lamp Green

100mF

Transistor

- +

Capacitor 100mF

Resistor 33KW

Figure 41 - Experiment 16

Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 470W,33KW & 220kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

77

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

78


EXPERIMENT 17 Experiment 17 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 15kΩ resistor (R2) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the connector of T1 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R1) and a 33kΩ resistor (R3). 3. Connect the other end of R3 to another TAT switch (Ta2) and the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 4. Connect the connector of T2 to a 470Ω resistor (R4) and the other end of R2. 5. Connect the other end of R4 to cathode of a LED. 6. Connect the other end of Ta1 to emitters of T1 and T2, other end of Ta2 and the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery and anode of LED to the other end of R1. 8. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 9. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 10. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R1 5.6KW

R4 470W R2 15KW

9V

R3 T2 33KW T1

Led Lamp Red

Ta2

Resistor 470W

Resistor 5.6KW

Ta1

Resistor 15KW

Transistor

Transistor

Resistor 33KW

Figure 42 - Experiment 17

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 5.6kW, 15kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 2-TAT’s, Jumper Block

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

79

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

80


EXPERIMENT 18 LED1 R2 33KW R1 1KW

Experiment 18 1. Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R1) to 2 TAT switches (Ta1 & Ta2) and anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor. 2. Connect the other ends of Ta1 and Ta2 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2), the base of a NPN transistor (T2) and a 470Ω resistor (R5). 3. Connect the other end of R5 to the connector of another NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the base o f T1 to a 220kΩ resistor (R4). 5. Connect the other end of R4 to the connector of T2, the other end of R1 and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 6. Connect the other end of R3 to cathode of a green LED. 7. Connect the cathode of C1 and emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 8. Connect the positive end of battery and anode of LED to the other end of R2. 9. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 10. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 11. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

R3 470W

ON/OFF

Ta1 Ta2 9V T2

C1 100

R4 220KW

R5 470W

ON/OFF

Led Lamp Green

T1

Transistor

Resistor 470W

Transistor

- +

Capacitor 100mF

Resistor 220KW

Resistor 470W

Resistor 33KW

Resistor 1KW

Figure 43 - Experiment 18

Parts: Green LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 1kW, 33KW & 220KW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 2-TAT’s, 100uF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

81

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

82


EXPERIMENT 19 Ta2

Ta1

Experiment 19 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 1kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the other end of R1 to a 100kΩ resistor (R4), 33kΩ resistor (R6) and the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the connector of T1 to a 220kΩ resistor (R5) and a 470Ω resistor (R2). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to cathode of a LED. 5. Connect the other end of R5 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 6. Connect the connector of T2 to a 5.6kΩ resistor (R4) and the other end of R4. 7. Connect the other end of R6, emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 8. Connect the positive end of battery to another TAT switch (Ta2). 9. Connect the other end of Ta2 to the other end of R3, anode of LED and the other end of Ta1. 10. What happens to LED? Write down your observation. 11. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED in both situations? Write down your observations. 12. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LED now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R1 1KW

R2 470W

R3 5.6KW

R4 100KW

9V

R5 T2 220KW T1

Resistor 1KW

Resistor 470W

Resistor 5.6KW

Led Lamp Green

R6 33KW

Transistor

Resistor 100KW

Transistor

Resistor 33KW

Resistor 220KW

Figure 44 - Experiment 19

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 100W, 470W, 1kW, 5.6kW, 33kW & 220KW Resistor, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT, Toggle Switch Task: Use the On/Off switch in place of the TAT in the circuit known as Ta2

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

83

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

84


EXPERIMENT 20

LED1

Experiment 20 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 2. Connect the connector of T1 to a TAT switch (Ta1). 3. Connect the other end of Ta1 to a 10kΩ resistor (R2) and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 4. Connect the other end of R3 to a LED (LED1). 5. Connect the other end of R2 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 6. Connect the connector of T2 to another TAT switch (Ta2). 7. Connect the other end of Ta2 to the other end of R1 and a 470Ω resistor (R4). 8. Connect the other end of R4 to another LED (LED2). 9. Connect the emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 10. Connect the positive end of battery to anodes of LED1 and LED2. 11. What happens to LEDs? Write down your observation. 12. Alternately close Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LEDs in both situations? Write down your observations. 13. Close both Ta1 and Ta2. What happens to LEDs now? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED2

R3 470W

R4 470W

9V R1 33KW

Ta1

Ta2

R2 10KW

T2

Resistor 33KW

Resistor 470W

Resistor 470W

Led Lamp Red

Led Lamp Green

T1

Transistor

Transistor

Resistor 10KW

Figure 45 - Experiment 20

Parts: 2-LED’s, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 10kW & 33kW Resistors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, 2-TAT’s

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

85

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

86


EXPERIMENT 21 Experiment 21 1. Connect the inverting input of an op-amp to 33kΩ resistor (R2) and a 10kΩ resistor (R1). 2. Connect the non-inverting input to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 3. Connect the other end of R2 to a LED (LED2), output of op-amp and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 4. Connect the other end of LED2 to a 470Ω resistor (R4). 5. Connect the other end of R3 to another LED (LED1). 6. Connect the cathode of C1, other end of R1, negative power supply of op-amp and the other end of R4 to the negative end of a 9V battery. 7. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED1 and the positive power supply of op-amp. 8. What happens to LEDs? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1

V E

R3 470W +

A

9V

R2 C1

33KW LED2

10mF

R4 470W

Resistor 470W

- +

Capacitor 10mF

Led Lamp Red

R1 10KW

Resistor 470W

Resistor 10KW

Led Lamp Green

Resistor 33KW

Figure 46 - Experiment 21

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 10kW & 33kW Resistor, 10mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor, Op-Amp

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

87

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

88


EXPERIMENT 22 R1

R2

33KW C1

10KW

Experiment 22 1. Connect a 33kΩ resistor (R1) to the cathode of a 1µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) and a TAT switch (Ta1). 2. Connect the anode of C1 to a 10kΩ resistor (R2) and the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to the cathode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2) and a 100kΩ resistor (R4). 4. Connect the anode of C2 to the output of op-amp, a LED (LED1) and a 470Ω resistor (R3). 5. Connect the other end of LED1 to a 470Ω resistor (R5). 6. Connect the other end of R3 to another LED (LED2). 7. Connect the other end of Ta1, other end of R4, negative power supply of op-amp and the other end of R5 to the negative end of the battery. 8. Connect the positive end of battery to anode of LED2, the positive power supply of op-amp and the other ends of R2 and R1. 9. What happens to LEDs? Write down your observation. 10. Now close Ta1 and see what happens to LEDs? Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED2 R3 V

1mF

470W + A

E

9v

C2 LED1

Ta1 100mF R4 100KW

R5

Led Lamp Red

Resistor 10KW

Resistor 33KW

470W

- +

Resistor 470W

Capacitor 1mF

- +

Resistor 470W

Resistor 100KW

Led Lamp Green

Capacitor 100mF

Figure 47 - Experiment 22

Parts: 2-LED’s, 9V Battery, 2-470W, 10kW, 33kW & 100kW Resistor, TAT, Op-Amp, 1mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

89

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

90


EXPERIMENT 23 V

Experiment 23 1. Connect the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1) to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 33kΩ resistor (R2) and a 10kΩ resistor (R1). 4. Connect the other end of R2 to the output of op-amp and the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 5. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a built in speaker. 6. Connect the other end of R1 to the wiper of a 10kΩ variable resistor (P1). 7. Connect the cathode of C1, one terminal of P1, negative power supply of op-amp and the other end of speaker to the negative end of the battery. 8. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

C2

+ A

-

100mF

E R2

9V

33KW

C1 R1 10KW

10mF

LS

n P1

s

10KW

Resistor 10KW

- +

Capacitor 10mF

Resistor 33KW

- +

Capacitor 100mF

h

Figure 48 - Experiment 23

Parts: 9V Battery, 10kW & 33kW Resistors, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, Op-Amp

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

91

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

92


EXPERIMENT 24 V +

Experiment 24 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 100nF capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the other end of Ta1 to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 33kΩ resistor (R2) and a 3.3kΩ resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R2 to the output of op-amp and the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 6. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a built in speaker. 7. Connect the other end of R1 to the wiper of a 10kΩ variable resistor (P1). 8. Connect the other ends of C1 and speaker, one terminal of P1 and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 9. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 10. Now close Ta1 and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

C2 A

-

E

10mF

9V

R2 Ta1

33KW R1 3.3KW n p1 10KW

C1 S 100nF

LS

Resistor 3.3KW

104

C.Capacitor

Resistor 33KW

- +

Capacitor 100mF

h

Figure 49 - Experiment 24

Parts: 9V Battery, 3.3kW & 33kW Resistors, 10mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, 100nF Capacitor, Op-Amp, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

93

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

94


EXPERIMENT 25 A V

C2

+ A

C1

E

100mF

Experiment 25 1. Connect a toggle switch (Ta1) to the cathode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the anode of C1 to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 33kΩ resistor (R1) and a wire with a loose end (A). 5. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 6. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of an inbuilt speaker. 7. Connect the other ends of Ta1, R1 and speaker and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 8. Hold the wire from the end A. 9. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 10. Now close Ta1 and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

9V

10mF

R1 33KW

Resistor 33KW

- +

Capacitor 100mF

- +

Capacitor 10mF

Ta1

A

Figure 50 - Experiment 25

Parts: 9V Battery, 33kW Resistor, 10mF & 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, Op-Amp, Toggle Switch

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

95

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

96


EXPERIMENT 26 V E

+ -

Experiment 26 1. Connect a 100nF capacitor (C1) to the non-inverting input of an opamp. 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to a 1kâ„Ś resistor (R1) and the emitter of a photo transistor (Tf). 4. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 100ÂľF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2) and the connector of Tf. 5. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of an inbuilt speaker. 6. Connect the other ends of C1, R1 and speaker and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 7. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

C2 A 100mF

9V

Tf LS

Photo TR

- +

R1 1KW

Capacitor 100mF

C1 100nF

Resistor 1KW

C.Capacitor 104

Figure 51 - Experiment 26

Parts: 9V Battery, 1kW Resistor, 100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitor, 100nF Capacitor, Op-Amp, 9014C NPN Transistor

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

97

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

98


EXPERIMENT 27 Ta1

R4

R2

R3

R1

220KW

100KW

33KW

680KW

Experiment 27 1. Connect a TAT switch (Ta1) to a 220kΩ resistor (R4). 2. Connect the other end of Ta1 to 100kΩ resistor (R2), 33kΩ resistor (R3), 680kΩ resistor (R1), one end of a built in headphones and the positive end of a 9V battrey. 3. Connect the other end of R3 to a 6.8nF capacitor (C1) and connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 4. Connect the other end of C1 to the other end of R1 and the base of another NPN transmitter (T2). 5. Connect the other ends of R2 and R4 to a 6.8nF capacitor (C2) and the base of T1. 6. Connect the other end of C2 to the other end of headphones and the connector of T2. 7. Connect the emitters of T1 and T2 to the negative end of the battery. 8. What happens to the headphones? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

POLICE

C1 H

6.8nF

C2 9V 6.8nF

Resistor 680KW

Resistor 100KW

Resistor 33KW

T2

T1

Resistor 220KW

M.Capacitor

Transistor

M.Capacitor

Transistor

Figure 52 - Experiment 27

Parts: 9V Battery, 33kW, 100kW, 220kW & 680kW Resistor, 2-6.8nF Capacitors, 2-9014C NPN Transistors, TAT

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

99

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

100


EXPERIMENT 28 V

+ -

E LS

Experiment 28a 1. Connect a 10Ω resistor (R1) to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the other end to the non-inverting input of an op-amp. 3. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to a built-in on-off switch. 4. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 5. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to one end of a speaker (LS). 6. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 7. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a built-in headphone (H). 8. Connect the other ends of LS, C1 and H and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 9. What happens to the speaker and the headphone? Write down your observation. 10. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

C2

A

9V

10mF

R1 10W

H

- + Resistor 10W

Capacitor 10mF

C1 100mF

+ -

Capacitor 100mF

Figure 53 - Experiment 28a

Parts: 9V Battery, 10W Resistor, 10mF &100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, Op-Amp.

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

101

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

102


EXPERIMENT 28 Experiment 28b 1. Connect the non-inverting input of an op-amp to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 3. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 6. Connect the base of T1 to a 100kΩ resistor (R2) and the cathode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 7. Connect the other end of C2 to the output of op-amp. 8. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to one end of a speaker (LS). 9. Connect the other ends of LS, C1 and R2, the negative power supply of op-amp and the emitter of T1 to the negative end of the battery. 10. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 11. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

103

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

104


EXPERIMENT 28 Experiment 28c 1. Connect the non-inverting input of an op-amp to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 3. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2), the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2) and the output of op-amp. 6. Connect the other end of R2 to the inverting input of op-amp and a 10kΩ resistor (R3). Amit – In diagram change the 10kΩ resistor from R1 to R3 7. Connect the cathode of C2 to one end of a loudspeaker (LS). Amit – In diagram change the name of loudspeaker from L3 to LS 8. Connect the other ends of LS, C1 and R1 and the negative power supply of op-amp to the negative end of the battery. 9. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 10. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

105

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

106


EXPERIMENT 28 Experiment 28d 1. Connect the non-inverting input of an op-amp to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the positive power supply of op-amp to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 3. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 4. Connect the cathode of LED to a 470Ω resistor (R1). 5. Connect the other end of R1 to the connector of a NPN transistor (T1). 6. Connect the base of T1 to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C3) and the cathode of a diode (D1). 7. Connect the anode of D1 to a 33kΩ resistor (R2) and the cathode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 8. Connect the anode of C2 to the output of op-amp. 9. Connect the inverting input of op-amp to one end of a loudspeaker (LS). 10. Connect the other ends of LS, C1, R3 and C3, the negative power supply of op-amp and the emitter of T1 to the negative end of the battery. 11. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 12. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

LED1 R1 470W

V

+ A E C1

LS

10mF

C2

D1 1N4148

9V T1

100mF R3

C3

33KW

10mF

+ Diode 1N4148

Led Lamp Green

Capacitor 100mF

Transistor

+ -

Capacitor 10mF

Resistor 33KW

+ -

Capacitor 10mF

Resistor 470W

Figure 57 - Experiment 28d

Parts: LED, 9V Battery, 470W, 33kW Resistors, 2-10mF &100mF Polarity Sensitive Capacitors, 9014C NPN Transistor, Op-Amp, Diode.

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

107

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

108


EXPERIMENT 29 Experiment 29 1. Connect a 15kΩ resistor (R1) to a 100kΩ resistor (R2) and a 6.8nF capacitor (C1). 2. Connect the other end of r2 to the base of a NPN transistor (T1). 3. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 1kΩ resistor (R4) and a 5.6kΩ resistor (R3) 4. Connect the other end of R3 to the anode of a LED and a built-in on-off switch. 5. Connect the other end of the switch to the positive end of a 9V battery. 6. Connect the cathode of LED to one end of a headphone (H). 7. Connect the other end of R4 to the base of another NPN transistor (T2). 8. Connect the other end of C1 and connector of T2 to the other end of H. 9. Connect the emitter of T1 to a 470Ω resistor (R5). 10. Connect the other end of R5 to a wire (B) and the emitter of T2. 11. Connect a wire (A) to the other end of R1 12. Insert A and B in an apple. 13. What happens to the headphone? Write down your observation. 14. Now close the switch and see what happens. Write down your observations. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

109

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

110


EXPERIMENT 30 Experiment 30 1. Take a FM radio receiver block (auto-tune). Connect an antenna to TAN. 2. Connect VDD to the positive power supply of an op-amp and the positive end of a 9V battery. 3. Connect the VOAF to the anode of a 1µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C1). 4. Connect the cathode of C1 to a terminal of a variable resistor (RV1). 5. Connect the wiper of RV1 to the inverting input of op-amp. 6. Connect the non-inverting input to a 100kΩ resistor (R1). 7. Connect the other end of R1 to the anode of a 10µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C2). 8. Connect the output of op-amp to the anode of a 100µF polarity sensitive capacitor (C3). 9. Connect the cathode of C3 to one end of a speaker (LS). 10. Connect the VSS, other terminal of RV1, cathode of C2, other end of LS and the negative power supply to the negative end of the battery. 11. What happens to the speaker? Write down your observation. 1b Results: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

111

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

112


QUIZ 1.

1mF is equal to _______nF?

5.

· 10

resistance?

· 100

· 24

· 1000

· 32

· 1028 2.

If two resistances of 12K and 20K are connected in series then what will be the total

· 7.5 · 120

The fourth band in a resistor represents_______ 6.

· Multiplier

An MP3 player has a 6 volt battery in it. The current it used is 0.25 amps. What is the resistance of the MP3 player?

· Connector · Tolerance

· 1.5 Ohms

· Significant digits

· 6.25 Ohms · 5.75 Ohms

3.

The first two bands are ORANGE and GREEN. The third band is RED, and the fourth band is gold tolerance. What will be the resistance in Ω ?

· 24 Ohms 7.

· 350

In the following diagram, both the resistors are connected in

· 3500 · 42000

LED1

· 560000 4.

In the following diagram will the LED glow?

Ta1

A

9V

R2 470 R1

LED1 R1 470

470 9V

· Series

B

· Parallel

T1

· Both of the above ·

Yes

·

No

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

· Not connected

113

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

114


QUIZ 1.

Reference A resistor has 20 volts across it and 0.25 amps of current through it. Calculate the value of the resistor.

For more information about circuit components and fun projects with electronics refer to following web links.

· 19.75 Ohms · 5 Ohms

http://electronics-love.com/ http://bit.ly/pmYTOY http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/ http://bit.ly/pmYTOY http://bit.ly/oAe8Sb

· 0.0125 Ohms · 80 Ohms 2.

What will be the effective resistance of this combination

· 9.5KΩ · 11KΩ · 8.67KΩ · 12KΩ 1.

Liquid is a conductor of electricity? · Yes · No · Varies from liquid to liquid

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

115

CIRCUIT CIRCUS

116



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