Mangere Mountain | Management Plan

Mﾄ］gere Mountain | Management Plan LAND6338

2012 Meg BACK

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Contents Executive Summary 3 Statutary Requirements 4 Reserve Classification 5 Objectives and Policies 8 Location and Context 9 Geology 11 Māori Traditions and History of Māngere 14 Archaeology 17 Present Day Use 20 Future Management 20 Goals of Management 20 Issues of Protection Geological 21 Cultural & Historical 22 Landscape 23 Issues of Access Public Awareness and Education 24 Quality Recreational Opportunities 24 Sports & Other Community Activities 25 Tourism 26 Issues of Management General Reserve Management 26 Vegetation 27 Mammals 28 Appendix

29 References

The reader should note that this plan is a draft, and subject to review by the Auckland City Council, and Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board, and any other consultation as required; as well as the adherence to, in the final plan, of any pertinent issues considered in this draft from the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Draft Area Plan. (note: sections of the plan retained from the 1994 Māngere Mountain Management Plan are in this colour)

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MANGERE MOUNTAIN DOMAIN Executive Summary Māngere Mountain is a scoria cone, which has had a complex eruptive history. The major eruptions occurred approximately 18,000 years ago. It is the largest and best preserved volcano in the southern part of the Auckland Volcanic Field.

Over the past 1,000 years the Mountain and its surrounding land have been the site of major Maori settlement with a sequence of different tribal groups occupying and area over the centuries. The mountain’s geology, archaeology, and local oral history suggest it has been home to up to 2,000 people, making it one of the largest pre-colonial Polynesian settlements in the world. The site is of particular significance to te Wai O Hua, who despite disruption can claim ahi ka, i.e. continued residence over this area (Jesson, 2010).

Today the mountain continues to be a major focal point for the local community as well as to Auckland generally, being situated at the gateway to the city adjacent to Auckland International Airport. Existing uses include sports clubs, meeting halls, and a playcentre, as well as the Māngere Mountain Education Centre: place of learning and interpretation of the mountain for people of all ages, set up as part of an accord between three stakeholders. The mountain and surrounding area is also a part of the “southern initiative” – one of only two place based initiatives in the Auckland Plan, with the objective of delivering a long term programme of coordinated investment and actions to bring about transformational social, economic and physical change.

The mountain is a site of major geological, archaeological spiritual and cultural significance and the objectives and policies of this management plan reflect the importance of these values.

It is recognized that in the future the community must work together in consultation with iwi to balance protection and possibly restoration of the heritage, geological and cultural values, with existing local purpose (including educational) and recreational needs. In line with this purpose an accord was drawn up in 1994 between Te Wai O Hua, Department of Conservation, and the council (now the Auckland City Council) to formalize a co-management agreement for the mountain.

The purpose of this plan is to provide a framework to: -ensure this reserve is managed in a consistent and sustainable manner by providing common objectives and policies -ensure appropriate protection and management for important historical, cultural, archaeological, recreational and local purpose values in this reserve -provide strategic management initiatives to protect, restore or develop the area in line with the spiritual, cultural and historical needs of tangata whenua.

-to administer the above in line with local body and council policy as they apply to the area …while meeting the mandatory obligation to the groups of the management accord to assign classification to the reserve as outlined in the Reserves Act 1977 whilst also observing any other legislation pertinent to the management of this area.

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Statutory Requirements Classification is a statutory requirement in a reserve management plan. However the Reserves Act 1977 mentioned earlier does not stand alone in providing guidelines and principles for protection, use and development of a reserve. Rather a hierarchy of legislations must be embedded in the guidelines.

The Reserves Act 1977 “Classification” is a mandatory process under section 16 of the Reserves act 1977 which involves assigning a reserve, or parts of a reserve to the appropriate class or classes, and if applicable type, and overlay, as set out in sections 17-23. The Reserves Act 1977 also outlines the process of liaison with and submission from stakeholders and interested public. The Reserves Act includes the proviso that nothing in the classification should contravene the Wildlife Act 1953 or Historic Places Act 1993.

The “Act” also states (section 41) “The Management Plan shall provide for and ensure the use, enjoyment, maintenance, protection and preservation, as the case may require, and to the extent that the administering body’s resources permit, the development as appropriate, of the reserve”

The Resource Management Act 1991 (“RMA”) The intended use of the land must be in conformity with the relevant operative district plan under the Resource Management Act 1991. More specifically to be in accordance with the RMA the reserve management plan will -“ Promote the sustainable management of natural and physical resources. To manage the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way, or at a rate, which enable people and their communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well being” -“ Sustain the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the foreseeable needs of future generations” -“ Avoid, mitigate or remedy, any adverse effects of activities on the environment”

The Historic Places Act (1993)

The Historic Places Trust Act 1993 deals with the recognition and registration of historic places, historic areas, and waahi tapu. Methods for protection include creating heritage covenants and registration with the Trust.

The Treaty of Waitangi (1840)

Any policy or objective must consider and adhere to the Treaty of Waitangi principles. Additionally the area plan specifies cooperation with Treaty Settlement Collectives to realize Treaty Settlement Outcomes.

The Property Law Act 2007 The owner or occupier of land must comply with any court order to remove, repair or alter structures, or to remove or trim trees.

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The Fencing Act 1978 This legislation sets out the general principle that the occupiers of adjoining land share equally the cost of erecting an adequate boundary fence. It also provides the procedures whereby a decision is reached, either by negotiation between the parties concerned or by the District Court, as to the appropriate type of fence, sharing of costs and other factors. In accordance with the Fencing Act 1978 Council as legal owner and occupier of reserves will share costs on a 50:50 basis with adjoining property owners except where a fencing covenant is in effect.

In addition to these the Reserve Management Plan should seek to be consistent with the operable district plan as prepared by the Auckland City Council. The local Māngere-Ōtāhuhu area plan is also currently in draft form, and this draft reserve management plan assumes no major alterations to the draft area plan.

Any safety specifications which apply to activity within the reserve should be adhered to (for example NZS 8630 provides specification of design, construction, and maintenance of tracks and outdoor visitor structures).

Reserve Classification There is no doubt the reserve contains a link to significant cultural and geological history, both for the Tangata Whenua and colonial settlers. The mountain contains considerable areas of archaeological interest, some currently visible to the eye even without further excavation. For this reason it could be considered for classification as a scientific reserve, as the “Act” states:

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“ in relation to reserves classified as scientific reserves, for the purpose of protecting and preserving in perpetuity for scientific study, research, education, and the benefit of the country, ecological associations, plant or animal communities, types of soil, geomorphological phenomena, and like matters of special interest.”

However despite being one of the most intact cones in the Auckland group geologically, the mountain has been degraded ecologically with loss of original species giving way to dominance in some places of introduced or weed species (e.g. kikuyu grass). Additionally there is a wish expressed by the iwi that some of the aspects of the mountain should remain undisturbed, so there may be resistance also to the possibility of large scale or ongoing study and investigation. Looking at the different classifications as laid out in the act, and considering the need across large parts of the mountain for recognition and protection of the significant historical and geological aspects there are a number of reasons why the classification of a Historic Resere would be more appropriate. Firstly :

• “(1) …, for the purpose of protecting and preserving in perpetuity such places, objects, and natural features, and

such things thereon or therein contained as are of historic, archaeological, cultural, educational, and other special interest.”

But Moreover: (2) It is hereby further declared that, having regard to the general purposes specified in subsection (1), every

historic reserve shall be so administered and maintained that—

• (a) the structures, objects, and sites illustrate with integrity the history of New Zealand:

• (b) the public shall have freedom of entry and access to the reserve, subject to the specific powers conferred on

the administering body by sections 58 and 58A, to any bylaws under this Act applying to the reserve, and to such

conditions and restrictions as the administering body considers to be necessary for the protection and general

well-being of the reserve and for the protection and control of the public using it:

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• (c) where scenic, archaeological, geological, biological, or other scientific features, or indigenous flora or fauna, or wildlife are present on the reserve, those features or that flora or fauna or wildlife shall be managed and protected to the extent compatible with the principal or primary purpose of the reserve:

• (d) to the extent compatible with the principal or primary purpose of the reserve, its value as a soil, water, and forest con servation area shall be maintained:

• (e) except where the Minister otherwise determines, the indigenous flora and fauna and natural environment shall as far as possible be preserved: provided that nothing in paragraph (c) shall authorise the doing of anything with respect to fauna or wildlife that would contravene any provision of the Wildlife Act 1953 or any regulations or Proclamation or notification under that Act, and nothing in this subsection shall authorise the doing of anything with respect to archaeological features in any reserve that would contravene any provision of the Historic Places Act 1993.

With the classification of Historic Reserve access by public is maintained, allowing the link to the coastal walkways to be implemented as per the Area Plan; which also advocates provision for locals to “high quality open spaces” (Māngere-Ōtahuhu Draft Area Plan s retrieved from http://www.aucklandcity.govt. nz). Additionally it provides precedence for the use of Tawhiao’s cottage to illustrate “with integrity the history of New Zealand”, and caters to the development of other displays or interpretation, or restoration of historical features by the co-management accord.

With a Historic Reserve the primary value should be traditional, historic, or archaeological (Department of Conservation, as retrieved from http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/about-doc/role/legislation/aguide-for-reserve-administering-bodies/chapter-13-classification-of-reserves-and-changes-of-classification-or-purpose/classification-general/), as it is on Māngere Mountain.

As this is a large and varied reserve area with different plots of land it is appropriate to apply more than one classification, as shown in fig. 1. Classification of the sports fields, which have been extensivly modified, and have suitable vehicle access as Recreation Reserve allows continued appropriate management of these without compromising the conservation values of the adjoining Historic Reserve.

Finally the Reserve also contains a number of buildings and adjacent areas used by public groups, including the Māngere Mountain Education Centre. Classification of these highly modified landscapes as Local Purpose Reserve allows the maintenance of conservation values while accommodating varied uses such as play centre, or existing community gardens and proposed café at Māngere Mountain Education Centre. As these pieces of land are also modified, in the case of the location of the MMEC quarried, they can be used to be of great benefit to the community with this classification.

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figure one: Classification of the Reserve

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Objectives and Policies The objectives and policies with this plan have been developed to enable the goals of management of the Reserve to be carried through to implementation. They have been grouped in the following way:

A. Issues of Protection: 1 Geological 2 Cultural & Historical 3 Landscape

B. Issues of Access: 4 Public Awareness 5 Recreation 6 Sports and other Community Activities 7 Tourism

C. Issues of Management: 8 General Reserve Managemen 9 Vegetation 10 Mammals 11 Facilities and Services

Introduction When you stand high on Māngere Mountain and look out on the surrounding landscape, what you can see encompasses the harbours of the Manukau and the Waitematā, the cones of the Auckland Isthmus volcanic field, market gardens flourishing to the south and east and everywhere the settlement which comprises the greater Auckland metropolis, one third of the population of this country. You are on a vantage point overseeing a landscape which has comprised these same physical and cultural components for centuries, although their expression has changed vastly over the time since humans first occupied Aotearoa. You are repeating an action which has been done innumerable times before, in joy or simple pleasure, in anguish, or in fear.

Whilst much has changed during the many centuries of human settlement, the physical evidence for the formation of the land, and the human activities which have shaped it since, is richly inscribed into the landscape.

The management of Māngere Mountain provides an opportunity, which is unparalleled in Manukau City, the greater Auckland area, or anywhere in New Zealand to bring to people an appreciation and greater understanding for this heritage. The Auckland Council has been vested the authority to manage the mountain in accord with the Department of Conservation and Te Wai O Hua, and will continue to ensure that this valuable resource is managed sensitively through the objectives and policies of this management plan.

Location and Context Māngere Mountain is the gateway to Manukau City. It stands majestically near the eastern edge of the Manukau Harbour and overlooks the motorway, which connects northern Manukau to central Auckland. The mountain is the centrepiece of a well-populated urban area, traditionally it was an important geographical and spiritual landmark for the Maori communities who lived on and around the mountain. These qualities remain important for the local people, and for those who visit or pass by less often, in today’s suburban landscape the striking landform of Māngere Mountain is important in providing identity to the Māngere area, and the wider Manukau and Auckland landscape.

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The mountain is a volcanic landform, the only scoria cone in its volcanic field to reach the stature of a mountain but one of many which were formed in the Auckland area. Over the past 1,000 years the Mountain and its surrounding lands have been the site of major Maori settlement with a sequence of different tribal groups occupying the area over the centuries. At times the Mountain was fortified as a pa and it survives today as the only example of a cone pa in Manukau City. The Mountain is part of a southern group of volcanic eruption centres separated from the isthmus by an arm of the upper Manukau Harbour.

Figure 2 (over) shows the Mountain within its local context showing the pattern of roading and distribution of land-users. including State Highway 20 (SH 20), which connects Auckland International Airport with the Central Business District (CMB) of Auckland City. This also illustrates areas of open space held in public ownership including the stonefields reserves (retrieved from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/areaplans/Pages/mangere.aspx).

The Mountain’s landform comprises two scoria cones one large and one smaller. This is shown in Figure 3, which also illustrates the pattern of subdivision adjacent to the Reserve and the roads, which service this land and the Reserve itself.

A brief history of its status as a Domain/Reserve is given in Appendix 2 with the legal description of the reserve outlined in appendix 1.

figure 3: pattern of scoria cones and subdivision

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figure 2: Mountain within local context (Source: Māngere-Ōtahuhu Draft Area Plan s retrieved from http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz)

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Geology The Auckland Volcanic Zone The Auckland Isthmus and vicinity have been the scene of a complex series of volcanic eruptions over the last 50,000 years. The result is a field covering about 500 square kilometres including more than 50 eruption centres with scoria cones and tuff craters and 8,000 ha of basaltic fields.

‘The Auckland volcanic field is notable on two counts: first for the very large number of individual volcanoes set in so small an area, and secondly for the small size of the individual volcanoes. In comparison with other volcanic fields both in and outside New Zealand the local volcanoes are indeed miniature editions and yet many of these tiny volcanoes have quite complex structures. What makes the Auckland field unique, however, is not their size or number but the fact that a great city has been built around and among them.’

(Searle 1981:45)

The Māngere –Ihumatao District Māngere Mountain is part of a volcanic complex known as the Māngere – Ihumatao District. This District is the site of a fascinating group of volcanoes, interesting individually in their smallness and complexity, and collectively, because of their variety – they are in intricate and complete volcanic field in miniature. Tuff now covers the whole area, but it includes some very large explosion craters, a chain of scoria cones and attendant lava flows, and an island volcano. With all this diversity of activity only one dominating volcanic ‘mountain’, Māngere Mountain, rises higher than 75m above sea level. ‘Volcanic forces have diffused themselves and have created a rash of pimples of the landscape rather than concentrating on building one major structure.’

(Searle 1981)

Māngere Mountain ‘Māngere is a squat scoria cone with a complex summit area and a high peak at 107m. The main feature of the summit is an exceptionally wide crater with a number of fire pits marking individual vents, and within it a tiny craterless cone that rises only12m from the floor. The walls of the crater are littered with ‘bombs’ which range in size from very large masses of many tonnes to small ones no bigger than a five cent; and in shape from spindle-form and walnut-shape to corkscrew-twisted ribbons. These interesting rocks have all been formed from splashes from lave fountains; they owe their shapes to the fact that larger splashes were torn apart as they spun and twisted while hurling through the air.

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Figure 4 - Map of the Volcanic Fields and Cones of the Māngere- Ihumatao District

The rim of the crater is breached on the east where later vents opened on the flank of the cone, blasting away scoria from its sides and from the lowered rim. A second, very deep and steep-walled, conical crater was a product of this spasm of activity. Obviously, during the period of eruption, activity switched repeatedly from point to point as fresh vents opened, and no single vent persisted as a centre of eruption for more than a very short time. Remnants of earlier cones formed at the base of the structure show that this pattern was followed right from the beginning of activity and was not merely a product of the dying stages. Mount Māngere, gazetted a Public Domain last century, remains the only hilltop pa more or less intact in the Māngere district.

The steep slopes are carved from top to bottom into long, narrow terraces while along the narrow north-east rim are large, rectangular storage pits. Quarrying on the northern, lower slopes ceased about 1964, one of the sites becoming bowling greens.’

(Searle 1981: 139-43) 12

The earliest description of Tamaki in general and Mﾄ］gere Mountain in particular was published by Von Hochstetter in 1864. He produced the remarkable sketch of Mﾄ］gere Mountain, Figure 5, which can be compared to the Boscowen photograph Figure 4a and Searles 1981 plan showing the areas quarried.

Figure 6:

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Fig 7: Photo by Boscowen of ditch and bank defences on the highest part of the crater rim at Mangere Mountain 1896.

(Auck.Inst.Mus.Library)

Māori Traditions and History of Māngere Nga Haumāngere, (‘the gentle/wafting winds’) is the volcanic district from which Māngere Mountain, its most prominent feature, takes its name (Simmons 1987). Nga Haumāngere emphasises the benevolent climate of this district, away from the strong and dangerous sea winds of both the western and eastern coasts.

Māngere was also blessed with more than 500 ha of volcanic soils for gardens and direct access to a bountiful harbour.

Māori traditions of Tamaki are complex and refer to a large number of tribal groups. These have been reviewed by a number of authors (Graham n.d., Tonson 1996, Simmons 1987, Taua 1988 and Sullivan 1991) and these references have been used as sources to present a very simplified version focused on Māngere.

Readers are referred to the more detailed accounts for a more detailed picture. The earliest local tribes of Tamaki were Nga Iwi and Nga Oho (Taua 1988) which were ancestral to the Wai o Hua tribes of the 1600’s and early 1700’s AD. A number of district local tribes have emerged at various times, such as the Kawerau-a-Maki of the North Shore and Waitakere areas, the Ngati Tai of the eastern shore of the Waitemata and there has been considerable movement of tribes and amalgamation into joint settlements. In the late 1700’s AD Te Taou (Ngati Whatua) of Kaipara conquered the Tamaki area and took possession of the lands. Wai o hua communities were continued in the Māngere area and other tribes from the Waikato and the Ngati Paoa from Hauraki also moved to Tamaki.

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The earliest settlement sites at Māngere have yet to be found and indeed may have been destroyed by the urban development of the area. On grounds of the date of general settlement of Aotearoa, the first people to land on the Māngere shores probably came about 800 – 800AD (Davidson 1978).

Traditional references hint that occupation at Māngere was very long-standing, distinctly pre- dating the traditional Maori waka (canoes) (Graham 1933). Māngere is also referred to in traditions of early visits to Tamaki by four of the waka – Tainui, Te Arawa, Aotea and Mataatua (Tonson 1966:12-3), the earliest of which can be attributed to the 1300’s AD. (Sullivan 1991). Tamaki traditions attributable to the 1500’s AD also refer to a community at Māngere, and Māngere is generally associated with the confederation of the Tamaki region under the leadership of Kiwi Tamaki in the early 1700’s (Sullivan 1991).

The variety and number of the traditional references to the early settlement within the Mangere district contrasts with the notably few direct references to the Mountain itself, and almost all these are relatively recent.

The Mountain is associated with one of the earliest Māori traditions of Tamaki Makaurau* (Auckland) the story of Mataaho. Māngere Mountain is called Te Pane Matao, or Te Pane a Mataaho, Mataaho’s head (Graham 1933). This name reflects the fact that the Mountain was one of the largest and most important settlements in early Tamaki Makaaho. Mataaho was a giant associated with a number of prominent geographical features, including the main crater of maungawahu (Mt Eden) which was Te Ipu a Mataaho (Mataaho’s cup) and Maungatakatake (Ellet’s Mountain) Te Ihu a Mataaho (Mataaho’s nose).

The mountain, because of its unusual large size, conspicuous presence and position guarding the entry of two of the portages from the Manukau Harbour to the Tamaki River, is likely to have been built in relatively early times, at least 1400’s or 1500’s AD. This is when pa were beginning to be built in other regions, and when the pa on Maungarei (Mt Wellington), Matuku Tururu (Wiri Mountain) and probably others were occupied. These sites consisted of terraced settlements around the slopes of the cones, with a fortified area on the crater rim, with ditches and banks acorns the narrowest parts and palisading on the outer reaches. Some of the upper terraces were probably also palisaded. This is discussed later in the Archaeology Section.

A tradition attributes to the late 1600’s AD (Sullivan 1991) refers to the rebuilding of a number of the Tamaki cone pa by a man called Titahi, who came to Tamaki from the north, and as a result the cone pa are referred to as ‘Nga Whakairo a Titahi’ – the carvings of Titahi. Tradition does not, however, indicate whether Titahi was concerned about the Māngere pa. More recent traditions, relating to the early 1800’s AD indicate the rebuilding of a pa at Māngere, first partly rebuilt prior to 1820, abandoned unfinished during the musket wars, and then reconstructed again in 1835-6 and kept it in repair until 1838-9.

These probably relate not to the Mountain but to a smaller pa on a subsidiary cone (now destroyed) to the north east of the Mountain. This small pa was the scene of a battle about AD 1780 (Sullivan 1991). Because the defenders had placed shells on the paths leading to the pa, so that they could hear any attackers approaching at night, cloaks were placed over the shells leading to the defeat of the pa. This battle and the place where it occurred were named Te Ara Topuni, or Te Ara Pueru (the road of cloaks) (Simmons 1987 and pers. comm. 1991).

Māngere and Ihumatao, the district to the south, were centres of Māori population and in 1820 when the first European visitors, the missionaries Marsden and Elder arrived, there was a large village at MāngereOnehunga. This settlement was soon deserted in the face of musket attacks from the north, when the people of Māngere scattered to a number of safer localities. They returned in 1835-6 to use it for seasonal gardening and fishing, eventually returning to year round settlement, until 1838-9 when the main settlement was moved to Orakei (Sullivan 1991).

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After this the Mountain overlooked on the continuing village at Māngere. Following the establishment of the city of Auckland in 1840, Te Wherowhero and Ngati Mahuta people moved to Māngere to live with the local people. They all found new prosperity as the prolific Māngere gardens became one of the main sources of meat and vegetables for the new city.

Soon after was the first land sale to a European in Māngere, in 1846 to Peter Imlay (Deed No118, OLC 1284) for 5,000 area north of the Oruarangi Creek. This claim was revised in 1847 (Pre-Emptive Certificate No 233) to 990 acres to the east of the ‘adjoining village’ at Māngere. However, the other 4,000 acres did not return to Māori ownership, but apparently were taken as Crown land, because in 1849 Governor Grey was able to offer it through Crown grants. He then entered into an agreement with 121 Ngati Mahuta people, for the establishment of a Māori Fencible Village to protect the city from attack from the south. These included nine chiefs, with Te Kati, brother of Te Wherowhero in charge and represented 80 families (Tonson 1966:96-7). Each family was to receive one acre of land for a house lot and five acres of land for gardens, a total of 480 acres, to which they would receive freehold title after seven years’ service.

The land allocated by Governor Grey for the Maori Fencible Village is north and east of the Mountain and in 1853 Admiralty map (Auckland Institute and Museum Library, Ref No 830aj) Figure 5 shows the village at Māngere, with houses clustered on the shore to the north of the Mountain, with walled fields between the houses and mountain. Eventually in 1867 some Crown grants were given, not to the Fencibles but to 20 people, mostly Māori women. At least some of these were wives and relatives of the Māori Fencibles and these Grants were given without payment, presumably in settlement for the earlier Fencibles services, although the men had been forced to flee to the Waikato in 1863 when they were not willing to renounce their allegiance to the Māori King. Thus the core of the present day Māori community of the Māngere Bridge area descends from the mid-1800’s village, although other Maori people from elsewhere in the Māngere District and from many parts of the country have also come to live there as well.

The followers of second Māori King, Te Wherowhero Tāwhiao retreated to Tokangamutu (Te Kuiti) in Ngāti Maniapoto territory. Tāwhiao was to reign for thirty-four years during one of the most difficult and discouraging periods of Māori history, however he was known to be a pacifist. He spent much of that time travelling and reminding his people that war always had its price and the price was always higher than expected. He predicted that the Māori people would find justice and restitution for the wrongs they had suffered: the rebirth of a self-sufficient economic base, supported by the strength and stability of the people.

Native trees and foods symbolise strength and self-sufficiency in his statement: ‘I shall build my own house, the ridge-pole will be of hinau and the supporting posts of mahoe and patate. Those who inhabit that house shall be raised on rengarenga and nurtured on kawariki.’ Tāwhiao and his ideals became united and formed part of the traditions and knowledge of the people (retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/themaori-king-movement-1860-94/the-death-of-tawhiao).

In 1881 Tāwhiao accepted Governer Grey’s proposal that some of their Waikato land would be restored to them if they would accept the integration of the King Country with the rest of New Zealand (retrieved form http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/tukaroto-potatau-matutaera-tawhiao). Tāwhiao acquired a piece of land at Māngere and built a house in 1890, to be used by him and other members of the royal family when they visited Auckland (retrieved from www.theaucklander.co.nz/news/regal-past-in-neglect/1051521/) Churches are among the earliest buildings in the Māngere district and schools followed soon after. Under the leadership of Tamari Ngapora, Māngere village built the St James stone church, beginning in 1850 (Tonson 1996:97-8) which came to serve the entire community and is still a notable landmark. There was an even earlier Christian mission in the area, established at Ihumatao in 1847 where a Methodist mission served the local Māori community until 1863, when the Ihumatao village was abandoned. The Methodist Church in Westley Road was completed in 1856 and the first school was Māngere Central opened in 1859.

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In addition to the village at Māngere, there were in the 1850’s three other Māori villages in the general district at Ihumatao, Pukaki and Puketapapa (Orurangi), the last being the largest of the settlements. In mid-1850’s there were three or four times as many Māori as Pakeha in the wider district (Tonson 1966:101).

The earliest European homesteads were established in the 1840’s in an area called Tautauroa, near Pukaki Creek, but it was not until the 1850’s that most of the land that had first been sold to Europeans in the 1840’s began to be settled, along the road to Otahuhu in the east and south along Westley and Robertson Roads and further around the Pukaki Creek. Much of this land was not volcanic and must have been difficult to farm. The majority of the early European settlers gained access to volcanic land firstly by leasing it from Māori owners and then by purchase when it was confiscated in the 1860’s after nearly all the Māori population had fled to the Waikato. After 1867 some of the Māori land that had been confiscated was returned, as the people involved had not fought against the government in the Land Wars.

From the 1870’s the modern city of Manukau, of which Māngere District is an important part, has developed. Māngere remains today a major centre of Māori population and its magnificent Mountain remains as a symbol of the long and prosperous history of the district. Its traditions and history show that a number of tribal groups and many people have ancestral connections to Māngere. Māngere is also now home to people of many different cultural origins, including Māori from many other parts of the country, Europeans from a variety of countries, and many Pacific Islanders.

Archaeology Any discussion of the archaeology of Māngere Mountain and its District has to begin humbly with the statement that very little is known so far and there is much to be learned. At present there are two main sources of information; the features visible on the surface of the ground at the site and the archaeological knowledge gained from the study of other of the volcanic cones (see Appendix 2). There were originally 36 similar settlements and pa on the scoria cones of Tamaki.

Archaeology has the potential for supplementing the references to the site in traditions by recovering information about the site and the way of life of its early residents using the archaeological techniques of analysis of field evidence, excavation and analysis of materials. The archaeological features and deposits of the mountain are also important for practical reasons; they are protected under the provisions of the Historic Places Act 1980 and as such should be foremost in any management planning.

Māngere Mountain is one of the most important historic sites in Manukau City. It is the only intact cone pā remaining (other than a small site on Motukorea, Browns Island), and perhaps the cone pā in the best condition in the whole of Tamaki volcanic zone. It is one of the four largest cones (with Manugawhau, Maungakiekie and Maungarei) and was second only to Maungakiekie in the amount of fine volcanic garden land in its vicinity. Formerly there was about 500 ha of basaltic land, with brown loams, at Māngere, and a smaller, but highly valuable area, to the south of the Mountain, with deep volcanic ash soils. With these natural assets, located conveniently on the edge of the Manukau Harbour and watching over two or three portage routes across the narrow isthmus from the Tamaki River, Māngere was a key settlement site, probably for a thousand years or more.

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It is probably misleading to refer to Māngere Mountain as a pā, as it was really a partly fortified town site, rather than defended all around. The residents probably retired to the fort if they expected an attack. Although it remains to be learned archaeologically, the mountain was probably used in peace time as well as in war. The fortified part needed to be repaired after only two to three years, which accounts for references to the ‘rebuilding’ of pā in traditions. Davidson (1978) found that the lower terraces at Maungarei were not palisaded, contrary to the popular image of pā with palisades on all perimeters.

Looking at the site from directly above), the pā consisted of circles of terraces around the outside of the cone, covering it nearly entirely from the rim to the base with a few terraced areas also inside the main crater. Looking at the Mountain from the side the terraces appear to be discontinuous, (Best 1927, Tonson 1966) but in fact they are closely arranged in gently sloping spirals. There are also long steep scarps between the terraces. There is a small crater to the northeast, also heavily terraced inside and out. An accurate count of the number of terraces remains to be established, the site is being archaeologically mapped, but there are more than a hundred in all.

The cone settlements and pa probably changed in size and shape over the years. Fox (1977) thinks that the cone sites were at first small terraced settlements on the upper slopes and rims,like the small pa on Motukorea (Browns Island). Those sites may have grown in size, withincreased population, with new terraces built down slope from the original site. Fox thinks that the ditch and bank defences were a later addition.

These ideas remain to be proved or disproved by archaeology.

The middle “plug” cone was not only part of the human landscape, it was the centrepiece, and oral history states that it was the location of the house of the Tohunga (te reo ō Moana Waa, MMEC). The remnants of boundary walls can be seen radiating out from the base of the cone, where terraces are not present, and in the right light it can be seen that many of these walls run up the slopes of the cone, through terraces, to the crater rim. These walls also ran out onto the relatively level fields surrounding the cone to the perimeter of the basaltic fields. Although only a few remnants can still be seen in Ambury Park, the study of other Tamaki fields and early photographs show that Māngere had a radiating wall boundary system like the other fields had. These divided the garden land, house sites and other resources among the various families of the settlement and pā. They ensured that each family had a variety of resources and direct access to the coast and the resources of the harbour. A particularly interesting feature of the northern and northwestern base of the Mountain are a large number of walls arranged closely together.

There were previously some 8,000 ha of these stone walled fields related to settlements in the Tamaki area, however, only two areas there remain in reasonably good condition, at Otuataua (Ihumatao) and Matukurua (south of McLaughlins Mountain). The effort of the Historic Places Trust and the Department of Conservation have resulted in these areas becoming part of the Stonefields reserve.

Other than house and living terraces, the Mountain had earthwork defences, summit platforms, and storage facilities for food and other things, such as weapons, and cooking areas. These features can be seen in Figure 6 and on Figure 7(a), an archaeological map of the small crater, and Figure 7(b), an oblique aerial photograph. The details of these features are not yet well-known, and it will take a great deal of study to understand them properly. One very interesting fact has already been recognised; although it is generally thought that Māngere Mountain had not ditch and bank defences on its rim, the study of early photography has shown that there were formerly ditches and banks present at possibly five different places around the cone. Figure 8 shows the approximate position of the defences, the walls and other archaeological features.

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figure 8

Present Day Use The Reserve today is home to a number of sports activities, and community facilities in addition to its important passive recreational function. Distribution of these uses tends to reflect the landform with sports activities occupying and limited areas available.

The Bridge Park Bowling Club and the Bridge Park Tennis Club occupy the naturally flatter land to the north, the latter having Council approval to extend its facility by another four courts, thereby taking up the remaining flat area. The existing partially formed carpark to the west of the existing courts will be completed, together with a new exit (unformed) to Scott Avenue, in association with the project.

The Onehunga–Māngere Football Club uses the two fields formed on the flat land, which was created by filling, on the east side of the Reserve. Expansion of the football fields would require further modification of the volcanic landform. The clubrooms, for which the Onehunga – Māngere Football Club holds a lease, are located to the south of the football fields, these are used by the wider community as well as the club. An access road into the Reserve terminates at the clubrooms and there is a carpark at this point.

Beyond here there is an unsealed vehicle access route to the summit generally accessible by walkers only.

Dogs are permitted on leads.

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Other facilities within the Reserve are clustered in the north east near to the bowling and tennis club, and include a park for skateboarders etc, and a children’s playground. In the Quarry/WaterReserve adjoining Coronation Road an education/resource centre has been developed which is used by schools and the wider community for interpreting the cultural, archaeological and geological values of the mountain. King Tāwhiao’s cottage was recently placed adjacent to these buildings to expand the opportunity for education to include the significance of the Kingitanga movement.

The cone area is fenced off as one paddock and cattle (6-15 month old stock, 50 in winter, 85 in summer) are grazed on the land to maintain the pasture. Unfortunately the stock themselves cause considerable erosion and damage to the ground surface thus degrading the cultural, and to a lesser extent, geological values of the Reserve. In addition to this trail bikes have easy access under the accessways to the mountain and its craters, causing noise pollution and damage to the surfaces, as well as the potential for them to traverse areas considered taonga (treasured) or even tapu by the tangata whenua.

The Reserve is well used, appreciated and enjoyed both by the local community and the wider population. As one of the city’s volcanic cones Mangere Mountain is part of Auckland’s identity. The fact that many of the remaining cones are at least partially in public ownership, means that there is strong feeling for the cones as part of our collective heritage, people may not necessarily visit them often but these are an important part of our wellbeing both individually and as a whole.

Future Management It is essential that management of the site is effective in ensuring that this spectacular and unique site is protected from damage and inappropriate use and that the very best use is made of the reserve consistent with its heritage value. To this end, the education centre project has provided a valuable resource and a focus for the community and for visitors to the Mountain. It is also essential that the people of Māngere, and particularly Maori people with ancestral connections to the mountain, play an integral role in its protection and management. Auckland Council, DOC and Te Wai O Hua as co-managers of the mountain will ensure that the mountain is managed accordingly.

Goals of Management Māngere Mountain is a taonga to be enjoyed in the present and passed on, well cared for and intact, for future generations. The Mountain’s geological and cultural values are of paramount importance in the management of the Reserve and should be given priority. Māngere Mountain is the only intact scoria cone pā left in Manukau City, the Reserve provides the best opportunity within Manukau, the Auckland Region and arguably the country, to present to the public an understanding of the richness of our natural and cultural heritage.

The goals of management of Māngere Mountain Reserve are: -To protect the geological, spiritual, cultural and overall landscape values of Māngere Mountain including respect of the tikanga of mana whenua by moving toward protection of sacred sites within the reserve.

-To facilitate an understanding and appreciation of the geological and cultural landscape and the processes which formed the present day landscape of Māngere Mountain and its surrounding area.

-To operate in strategic synergy with the wider district plans, and work in partnership with any Treaty settlement collectives.

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-To restore/develop the landscape as appropriate to the wishes of the stakeholders within the classification for each sub area of the reserve.

-To operate in strategic synergy with the wider district plans, and work in partnership with any Treaty settlement collectives.

A. Issues of Protection Geological Discussion

The distinctive landscape of the Auckland isthmus is derived from the large number of small, extinct, volcanic cones which are scattered irregularly over the isthmus and neighbouring shores of the Waitemata and Manukau Harbours.

Māngere Mountain is the most intact volcanic cone remaining within Manukau City. The Mountain is a complex volcanic landform incorporating a large number of classic volcanic features, explosion crater, scoria cone, fire pits marking individual smaller vents, basalt lava flows and a basalt cone.

These attributes combined with the Mountain’s public status mean that Māngere Mountain is ideally placed, provide for the interpretation of the geomorphological processes which formed the Mountain and the Auckland area, whilst the scarcity of intact cones remaining within the volcanic field reinforces the need to protect this landform inperpetuity.

Objectives - To protect the geological landform of Māngere Mountain and to prevent further alterations except for appropriate archaeological investigation and interpretation.

- To provide for the interpretation of the reserve’s geology in consultation with iwi partners.

- To promote public understanding of the geological context of Māngere Mountain and the geological processes which created this landscape.

Policies

- To ensure that public access, construction and activities associated with the management and interpretation of the reserve, are managed in a way that protects the geological landform of Māngere Mountain.

- To minimise damage to the geological landform arising from natural and induced erosion and pests.

- To manage signage and interpretation features to inform and educate without detracting from or damaging the geological features -To carry out a detailed historical assessment of the Mountain to provide information on use, development, protection, interpretation.

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Cultural and Historical Discussion

Māngere Mountain is an important physical feature in the present day urban landscape; its mana is due in part to the way in which it is known, used and loved by people today. Traditionally the Mountain was an important geographical and spiritual landmark for the local Maori community who occupied the district, the relationships which communities based in the district have had with the mountain in the past are a part of its mana and contribute to its physical and spiritual importance. Wai o hua have manawhenua status for the Mountain.

Māngere Mountain is an important historic site. The Mountain has experienced a long history of settlement supporting large and at times prosperous communities more or less continuously for at least the past 600 years. This past activity has left a wealth of surface and subsurface features to enrich the cultural landscape.

Many similar sites in the Auckland area have been lost or have had their integrity compromised by quarrying and urban encroachment, Māngere Mountain remains intact, a striking cultural landform within the urban fabric of Auckland City.

The Accord agreement with the Mana Whenua and development of the education centre provide very real and tangible opportunities for protection and development of cultural values.

Objectives

-to recognizs and provide for the special cultural and spiritual relationships the Tangata Whenua and specifically the Mana Whenua have with Māngere Mountain -Recognise, protect and interpret the cultural site features and values -Facilitate and enable the exercise of tino rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga by the iwi partners -continue development of the cultural educational activities of the Mangere Mountain Education Centre including development of Tawhiao’s cottage as an means of educating about history including the significance of Kingitanga Protect and educate about traditional cultural practice, eg heritage vegetables, heritage handicraft, medicinal plantings.

- To carry out all conservation work in accordance with regard to the guidelines of the ICOMOS New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value.

Policies

-Ensure consultation with the NZ Historic Places Trust and with the tangata whenua as an important part of managing historic and traditional sites and waahi tapu.

-Recognised historic sites on reserves will be protected and/or developed only in a manner reflecting their value and significance, in consultation with any directly affected groups or individuals.

-Where possible historical features will be suitably restored and interpreted.

-To carry out a detailed historical assessment of the Mountain to provide information on use, development, protection, interpretation.

-If any activity should expose items or cultural or historical significance such activity should be halted immediately until the co-managers can seek the appropriate advice from experts such as archaeologists, historians, Kaumatua etc.

- work with the Mangere Mountain Education Centre to continue education about traditional cultural practice including the provision of further interpretational materials such as banners or brochures but also the 22 provision of practical tools toward activities (eg spades).

Landscape Discussion

The present day landscape is a result of the physical and cultural processes which have formed it, Māngere Mountain is rich in both of these. The protection of the Mountain’s geological and cultural values and their expression in the cultural landscape is of paramount importance in managing the Reserve.

The dominant landform of Māngere Mountain is a significant feature of the urban landscape of Mangere and an important part of the topographical diversity of Manukau City and of the Auckland isthmus.

The mountain is a landmark of the urban area and provides, from its elevated viewpoint, magnificent views of the surrounding landscape, views both of and from the mountain are worthy of protection to ensure they remain and retain their integrity in the long term.

Of particular importance are the highly public viewpoints along SH 20, the main route to Auckland International Airport. Views from the north, particularly across the waters of the Manukau and from the airport road to the south (for many visitors their first view of the mountain), should be given special consideration for protection. These views are recognised as being important for protection in the Māngere –Ōtāhuhu area plan, and are recognised as below.

figure 9: Significant sites from local area plan (source: Māngere-Ōtahuhu Draft Area Plan s retrieved from http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz)

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Objectives

- Protect the natural character of the various reserve areas to maintain the unique landscape values of each.

-restore degraded landscapes where practical.-Link the reserve with other spaces in the area, both ecologically and physically.

Policies

-The members of the accord will protect the existing character of the ridges and hilltops using all appropriate means, including additional land acquisitions.

-Continue to plan for planting or water feature or other suitable restoration of quarried area behind MMEC. -Visually significant vegetation will be retained, unless it inapropriate for the area, or impacts on another policy, eg if a noxious weed, or with a growth habit that is causing damage in other areas.

-investigate links from mountain to other open spaces, eg a link via Wallace road to the coastal walkway system.

B. Issues of Access Public Awareness & Education Discussion

Mangere Mountain Reserve provides an opportunity, which is unequalled in Manukau City or in the wider Auckland area for interpretation and education centred around the reserve’s two major attributes, its cultural values and its geology. There is the opportunity to provide for a range of experience in conveying these messages from low key information for casual users though to well structured educational curricula which use the mountain and Education centre as a tool in bringing to life the story of the history of the mountain and also that of the wider Auckland area.

Objectives

-to continue to develop the activities of the Mangere Mountain Education Centre, and the environment in which it operates.

-to continue to link publicity to education to maintain integrety of MMEC’s work

Policy

-seek funding as part of larger Mangere Gateway program and Southern Initiative to increase services that will both attract (eg café’s, gardens) and educate.

-Use education as the advertiser by participating in brochure production, educational social media, educational press releases and other forms of disseminating cultural and geological facts about the area in a way that they also positively impact the public profile of the MMEC.

Quality Recreational Opportunities Discussion Mangere Mountain Reserve is a large visually dominant green open space set within the largest urban area in the country. It has space for escaping the pressures of urban living for walking, running and playing and provides spectacular views, the landform is interesting and varied, and there are obvious surface features, which belong to the period of Maori habitation.

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The mountain is a popular recreation destination for the people who live near by and for people from all over Auckland. The value of the Reserve for these activities should not be underestimated or diminished. At the same time, however, there is the opportunity to improve people’s experience of the Mountain.

Mangere Mountain Reserve is part of a complex of reserves within the immediate area. There are opportunities to strengthen physical, visual and ecological linkages between these spaces.

Objective:

-As per Area plan work towards management of open spaces as a connected network - As per Area plan provide high quality facilities and open space for people -exclude those activities which may interfere with other users enjoyment of the reserve

Policy

-instigate study into the most effective way to link Mangere Mountain to surrounding greenspace -With public consultation continue to implement the sports and play areas the public wish for to cater for the current needs of the population, yet be able to deal with future changes -work on changing access route to hinder access by activities deemed less desirable -maintain safe pedestrian access -permit the landing of helicopters at the summit for emergency reason only.

-review access allowed to animals, via consultation with both locally resident resident and visiting general public, and with iwi.

Sports and Other Community Activities Discussion

A number of sports activities have traditionally taken place within the area administered by Manukau City Council as the Mangere Mountain Reserve. There is also a children’s playground within this reserve. Continuation of these activities within their existing areas and at their existing level of use is not incompatible with the protection of the Reserve’s geological and cultural values.

The mountain is sometimes used for one off public events, such as open air concerts, fun days and the like.

Events such as these will be encouraged only when the activities are consistent with the cultural values of the Reserve and do not damage the geological and cultural landscape.

Objectives

-as in the area plan, work towards maintaining or improving the ability of the public to access high quality sports facilities, without compromising the other values of the area.

--to provide outdoor recreational opportunities and experiences that are environmentally and socially sustainable, with flexibility to cope with changes in the future in the broader environment with reserve is situated in.

Policy

-provide areas classified as Recreational to allow policy framework to protect desirable feature, yet maintain the current modification which provides sports fields -ensure safe pedestrian and bike access.

-ensure convenient links to public transport option, and some parking

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Tourism Discussion

The increased interest in, and popularity of heritage based tourism is a world-wide trend. Mangere Mountain has a long cultural history inscribed on a dramatic volcanic landform making it an ideal place for visitors to experience the full depth of the country’s history provided by a quality tourist operation. The Reserve’s location close to Auckland International Airport and adjacent to the main vehicle route between the airport and the central city mean that the reserve is well located to provide a successful tourist venue.

The opportunities in this field have been recognised in Auckland Council’s Plan, which has included Māngere in the “Southern Initiative”zone, which has recommended that the mountain could form part of a heritage trail. The opportunities for developing Mangere Mountain as a tourist destination in ways, which are sensitive to the Mountain’s mana and physical limitations, should be investigated.

Objective:

-To provide quality educational experiences to tourists as part of the Southern Initiative which recognizes the area as the gateway by which tourists enter the county, without compromising the extreme value of the reserve area.

Policy:

-continue to develop the activites and interpretive material of and around the MMEC. -all formally organized tourism activities must seek concession to operate on the reserve areas

Issues of Management General Reserve Management Discussion

Auckland City Council routinely consults with the local community and tangata whenua over management issues affecting the mountain. This practice will continue.

Objective

-The accord group to manage Mangere Mountain Reserve in consultation with the local community, the tangata whenua, the Department of Conservation, and other interested Departments and community organisations to have a truly community based approach.

-the management group will commit to sustainable management of the reserve where possible

Policies

-Council will continue to liaise with tangata whenua, the local community, Department of Conservation, Auckland Regional Council, Education Advisory Services, Sports Clubs, Community organisations and other interested agencies and individuals in management of the Reserve.

-To consider adjacent land use in managing the Reserve and where considered necessary, to consult with adjacent land owners over matters of mutual concern.

-To consider adjacent land use in managing the Reserve and where considered necessary, to consult with adjacent land owners over matters of mutual concern.

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-As highlighted in the Ambury Regional Park Draft Management Plan (1984), and the 2012 draft Area plan the Auckland Regional Council will actively pursue the development of a direct green link between the Park and Mangere Mountain.

-Submissions for funding or budget will include in the cost benefit analysis the impact on the sustainability status of the Reserve’s management practices.

Vegetation Discussion

Vegetation management within the reserve is important in protecting the landform, and the archaeological and geological evidence therein, from erosion and also in maintaining clear views to and from the Mountain. Considerable work has been carried out overseas into the use of vegetation in protecting and directing access on historic sites. This experience could be usefully applied and adapted for the Management of Mangere Mountain.

NZ Studies by Wilcox et al (2005) of Mangere Mountain (retrieved from http://bts.nzpcn.org.nz-bts_pdfABJ60(1)2005-33-42-MangerMt.pdf) have identified the plant species present, while research by Philip Smith (2003, as retrieved from 33_Philip_Smith http---www.rnzih.org.nz) has looked at the viability of reintroducing the native grasses which were naturally on the crater, and which would not need to be grazed by stock, reducing the damage stock do to the delicate environment.

At present stock, generally young cattle (ie 6-15 months old stock – 50 in winder, 85 in summer) are used to control pasture growth by way of grazing under a lease agreement. This has lead to damage through trampling, pugging and erosion. Alternative forms of site management including others forms of vegetation cover should be investigated.

Objectives

-To control undesirable species in a matter safe and sustainable -To reintroduce natural species which would no longer need grazing -to establish a protocol with the consultation of tree, botany or urban forest experts to decide which species are appropriate to the area long term

Policy

-seek the most sustainable method of weed control.

-to move toward investigation of the viability of re-establishment of Microlaena stipoides on the drier less fertile slopes where it can outcompete most species present, and attempt to remove the kikuyu and other very aggressive week species lower down to prepare for the introduction of alternative native/historical planting and the phasing out of animal grazing.

-ensure through careful and informed selection that any species present or introduced do not interfere with possible archaeological sites.

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Mammals Discussion

There are a number of animal pests, which inhabit the Reserve including rabbits and opossums as well as feral cats, rats and the like. Rabbits are of particular concern as their borrowing destroys archaeological sites as well as inducing erosion.

Objectives

-To seek to control noxious animals within the Reserve to minimise damage to the cultural and geological landscape.

-To ensure that dogs within the Reserve are the responsibility of and are controlled by their owners at all times.

Policies

-To control noxious animals, particularly rabbit and Australian brush-tailed opossum populations.

-To ensure control operates are carried out by experienced operators.

-To encourage community monitoring and reporting of noxious animal populations and their distribution.

-To require dog owners to keep their dogs under control at all times whilst in the Reserve.

-Horse riding shall be prohibited on the reserve.

Facilities and Servicing Objectives

-To ensure facilities and services within the Reserve are necessary and appropriate to the protection and interpretation of the Mountain.

Policies

-To permit the continued use of facilities, having current leases where this is consistent with the protection of the Reserve.

-To plan and construct new facilities only where three is a demonstrated need for them and their use is in keeping with the goals of management.

-To maintain carparking and hard surfacing at the level required for the functional operation of the Reserve. Carparking will not be increased unless new buildings or facilities are deemed necessary in the future.

-To maintain facilities within the Reserve in a sound condition and continue to meet safety requirements.

-To maintain fences in a stock proof condition.

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APPENDICES Appendix 1

All constituent land parcels: Description and diagram

Appendix 2 reserve

rief status history of Mangere Mountain as a domain/

Appendix 3

Tamaki Terraced cone pa

Appendix 4

Other volcanic structures of the Tamaki zone

Appendix 5

Existing facilities and leases

Appendix 6

Zoning

Appendix 7

Archaeological Map

Appendix 8

Soils

Appendix 9

Vegetation

Appendix 10

Wild Life

Appendix 11

Definition and Purpose of a Management Plan

Appendix 12

Glossary of some Maori Terms

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Māngere Mountain Description

All Constituent Land Parcels – Legal Description

1.

Land forming Māngere Mountain under the control of the Manukau City Council and being part of the Manukau City Domain. (See figure 13) Underlying DOC Estate (a) 37.9931 ha, more or less, being Part Allotment 200, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District, balance New Zealand Gazette 1890 p1184 S.O. Plan 5735. (b) 1889 m2, more or less, being Part Allotment 202, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District. All New Zealand Gazette 1958 p 20, S.O. Plan 40483. (c) 460 m2, more or less, being Allotment 270, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District. All New Zealand Gazette 1959 p 762, S.O. Plan 40479.

Underlying Council Estate (d) 865 m2, more or less, being Lot 16, DP 42381, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District. Part Certificate of Title 941/13.

2.

Land forming Māngere Mountain under the control of the Manukau City Council and not part of the Manukau City Domain.

Underlying DOC Estate (e) 4519 m2, more or less, being Part Allotment 200, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District. All New Zealand 1960 p 62.

Underlying Council Estate (f) 2.4387 ha, more or less, being Lots 1 and 7, DP 295452 and Part Allotment 206, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District, Certificate of Title 787/68. (g) 3907 m2, more or less, being Lot 29, DP 57347, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District, Certificate of Title 1589/67. (h) 794 m2, more or less, being Lot 1, DP 44558, Part Allotment 2303, suburb of Māngere, Certificate of Title 5C/218. (i) 961 m2, more or less, being Lot 19, DP 46576, being portion of Allotment 49 and 204 of the suburbs of Auckland.

3.

Other parcels of land administered by the Manukau City Council and contiguous with Māngere Mountain, but not administered as part of the Reserve.

Underlying DOC Estate (j) 6394 m2, more or less, being Part Allotment 202, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District.

Balance New Zealand Gazette 1932 p1219. (k) 4,1085 m2, more or less, being Part Allotment 202, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District. Balance New Zealand Gazette 1890 p 897. (l) 1011 m2, more or less, being Part Allotment 202, Manurewa Parish, situated in Block V, Ōtāhuhu Survey District. All New Zealand Gazette 1937 p 2521.

Council Freehold (m) 2049 m2, more or less, being Allotment 262, Manurewa Parish. All Certificate of Title 1575/86.

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Appendix 2 Brief Status History of Mangere Mountain as a Domain/Reserve History 1.

By New Zealand Gazette 1890 page 719 Mangere Mountain was temporarily reserved from sale for the purpose of a recreation reserve pursuant to Section 227 of the Land Act 1885.

2.

By New Zealand Gazette 1890 page 897 Mangere Mountain was permanently reserved for the purposes of a recreation reserve pursuant to Section 228 of the Land Act 1885.

3.

By New Zealand Gazette 1890 page 1184, the reserve was brought under the operation of and declared to be subject to the provisions of the Public Domains Act 1881 pursuant to Section 24 of the Public Domains Act 1881.

4.

By New Zealand Gazette 1890 page 1185 the Mangere Domain Board was appointed to control and manage the land as a domain pursuant to Section 12 of the Public Domains Act 1881.

5.

By New Zealand Gazette 1968 page 1091 the Mangere Domain was united to form one public domain to be known as the Manukau City Domain pursuant to the Reserves and Domains Act 1953.

6.

During the early 1980’s, the former Department of Lands and Survey considered classifying the domain as a recreation reserve pursuant to the Reserves Act 1977. Council had agreed with the proposal in 1979. Advertising never eventuated so the classification exercise was never completed.

7.

In terms of Section 16 (7) of the Reserves Act 1977 the domain is to be controlled and managed as a recreation reserve pending its classification under this Act. 8.

In terms of Section 16 (7)(a) of the Reserves Act 1977, the Manukau City Domain is also a local authority it shall act in the capacity of a local authority as if it had been appointed under Section 28 (1) of this Act, as the administering body of the reserve and all the provisions of this Act, except Section 26a shall apply accordingly.

9.

Section 28 (1) relates to the appointment of local authorities to control and manage a reserve vested in the Crown, Section 26A relates to the automatic vesting in a local authority of a reserve where the local authority has been appointed to control and manage the reserve and the reserve has since been classified.

10.

In 1994 The Mangere Mountain Interpretation Project Development Accord between The Department of Conservation, The Manukau City Council (now Auckland Council) and Te Wai O Hua is signed.

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Appendix 4 Other Volcanic Structures of the Tamaki Zone In addition to the terraced cones settlements and pa and stonefields, Auckland also had a number of other volcanic structures, notably tuff craters. Some of these remain as recreation or sports reserves and contribute to the city’s distinctively volcanic landscape.

Rangitoto

26 ha scoria cone on a 2,330 ha volcanic island public reserve.

North Shore

Pupuke Moana. Lake in tuff crater, recreation reserve.

Shoal Bay

two tuff craters filled in, formerly tidal. Now reserves

Central City

Former scoria cone, next to Albert Pak, destroyed by erosion and quarrying.

Auckland Domain

Tuff crater, drained and built over. Public domain.

Orakei Basin

Tuff crater, tidal and now dammed for watersports.

Maungawhau Owhatihue

scoria cone south of Mt Eden, now destroyed by quarrying.

Onehunga

Tuff crater, formerly tidal, now destroyed by roading and other development.

Panmure Basin East Tamaki

Hampton Park scoria cone and Pukekiwiriki tuff crater, both built over.

Mangere Lagoon

Pukaki Crater

Kohuora (Papatoetoe) Otahuhu

Tuff crater, partly tidal, recreation reserve.

Tuff crater, formerly tidal, now drained and used for farming.

Former tidally filled tuff crater, now being rehabilitated back to that state

Two tuff craters, built over.

Stuges Park – tuff crater, filled in for sports fields

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Appendix 5 Existing Facilities and Leases A number of buildings, structures and facilities have been constructed within the Reserve in the past and some of these have leases associated with them. (See Figure 11).

Buildings and Structures 1.

Bowling Club The Bridge Park Bowling club leases its premises along Taylor Road on a 15 year renewable term. The lease comes up for review next on 31.3.2003, with the current rental being nominal, set at 10 cents per annum if demanded.

2.

Tennis Club The Manukau Rovers Tennis Club quarters adjoin the Bowling Club along Taylor Road and has a 16 year renewable lease on its premises her. The lease comes up for renewal next on 31.3.1999, with the current rental being $10.00 per annum.

3.

New Zealand Plunket Society Centre The Royal New Zealand Plunket Society leases its premises on a 33 year renewable term, coming up to review next on 31.3.2109. A nominal rental of 10 cents per annum is payable if demanded.

4.

Playcentre (Auckland Playcentres Associations) The Auckland Playcentre Association has a 33 year renewable lease on its premises, with the new review on 31.8.2000. A rental of $2.00 per annum is payable.

5.

Community Hall

6.

Scout Hall The Scout Association of New Zealand leases its premises within the park on a 15 year renewable term, with the lease coming up for review next on 30.0.1994. The association pays a rental of $10.00 per annum.

7.

Football Club The Onehunga-Mangere Football Club has a 15 year renewable lease on its clubrooms. The lease comes up for review on 30.6.1995, and the club pays a rental of $10.00 per annum.

8.

Beaconed Trig Station The licence for a hazard beacon on the mountain summit, belonging to the Airways Corporation of New Zealand Ltd expired on 30.6.1998 and it was decommissioned on 8.2.1990.

9..

Toilet Blocks

Tarsealed road from Domain Road south-west through to the main carpark, soccer fields and clubrooms.

Grassed track from the main carpark around the inner crater to the summit. Carpark off Taylor Road providing for the bowling and tennis clubs.

Other Existing Facilities  Two soccer fields  One playground for children  Interpretation signs (3) 35

Grazing RG and YE Kirkbridge have a grazing lease over the remainder of the domain grounds not used for specific community activities. The lease is renewable every 5 years and comes up for review next on 31.12.1992. A rental of $6,500.00 per annum is payable.

Roads and Parking Tarsealed road from Domain Road north-west through to Taylor Road, providing access and parking to the scout hall, community hall, playcentre and plunket centre.

Tarsealed road from Domain Road south-west through to the main carpark, soccer fields and clubrooms.

Grassed track from the main carpark around the inner crater to the summit. Carpark off Taylor Road providing for the bowling and tennis clubs.

Other Existing Facilities  Two soccer fields  One playground for children  Interpretation signs (3)

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Appendix 8 Soils Mangere Mountain has two closely related soil types. The volcanic cone belongs to the Brown Loam soil group, specifically being with the Ohaeawai silt loam and stony silt loan sub-groups, while the surrounding undulating lands are a mixture of this and the Orere clay loan and silt loan soils, belonging to the Brown Granular Loam group.

Both are young soils and have been derived principally from andesitic basalt parent material, but additional volcanic ash and other fine materials are present in significant quantities. The latter material is pulverised fragments of the original rock-type which was present here prior to the onset of volcanic activity, believed to have been interfluve silts and clays of Piocene and Pleikstocene origin. In general the soil profile consists of a layer of drank brown silt loan and stony silt loam between 5-7 cm deep overlaying a brown and reddish brown crumbly silt loam. They are friable soils with good subsurface drainage and their fertility is generally high.

Appendix 9 Vegetation The plant cover of Mangere Mountain is dominated by grasses and herbs, with the overwhelming majority of these being exotic.

Mature trees are confined to relatively few areas and amount to little more than narrow shelter-belts or scenic plantings bordering the entrance road to the walking track through the Reserve. They are principally of either the native species Pukutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) and Puriri (Vitex lucens) or the exotic species Macrocarpa (Cupressyus macrocarpa) or Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria heterophylla).

Other species are restricted in numbers but include some notable specimens such as Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) of which, there are few mature specimens currently to be found in Auckland. Mature exotic trees are numerically greater than their native species, principally Taupata (Coprosma repens) and Ngaio (myoporum laetum).

Only one native species is considered to be naturally occurring within the Reserve, this species being Mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus). However, Taupata is naturally regenerating from parent plants that have been introduced. The reasons why only one native tree species so far has been able to establish itself successfully within the Reserve and why only one planted native shrub species has been able to successfully regenerate would appear to reflect the difficulties associated with establishment success on grazed land with associated soil erosion problems, compounded by sever competition from a wide range of weed types. In those areas where grazing is excluded it is thought that the dense grass turf present creates a cover which actively inhibits seed germination and seedling establishment.

In total there are over 170 vascular plant species resident within the Reserve. Of these, a mere 36 (22.5%) are native, and it should be noted that 15 of these have been artificially introduced. Hence, in real terms a little less than 15% of the flora here is both native and naturally occurring. Within this group ferns dominate.

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Half of the 27 exotic trees and shrubs species present are considered to have been planted, the remainder having seeded from the surrounding landscape. None of these exotic species which have naturally established themselves are plentiful or widespread, but most could become problems in the future if remedial action is not taken. The Privot species (Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense) Apple of Sodom (Solanum linnaeanum formerly S. Sodomae) and Woolly Nightshade (Solanum mauritianum) are establishing themselves firmly in certain areas. Woolly Nightshade covers extensive areas within the main crater.

Appendix 10 Wildlife Although Mangere Mountain does not represent a special habitat for bird species it provides an oasis within the suburban landscape. It is one of the few open spaces that is largely devoid of buildings and large numbers of people, and as such offers year-round opportunities for birds. The majority of these species are introduced but a number of native species are also present (Appendix 5).

Although the Reserve has never been formally surveyed for the presence of lizards there are certain rocky areas within the crater, which would appear to provide ideal habitat conditions for some such species. Domestic cats which frequent the park would probably have an adverse impact on the population numbers of both lizards and birds.

The other fauna group known to inhabit the park are mammals, specifically rabbits and possums. Both these animals are pests and cause considerable damage to the vegetation of the Reserve, with rabbits additionally exacerbating soil erosion problems and degrading the archaeological and landform values. Control of these two species is undertaken periodically by the stock rangers employed by Manukau City Council. However, many survive these operations and there is a genuine need to keep the resident populations under constant pressure if the problems arising from their presence are to be kept under control.

Bird Species

Fantail*

(Rhipdura fulginosa) Tui* (Prosthemadera novaexeelandiae) Skylark (Alauda arvensis arvensis) Blackbird (Turdus merula merula)

Myna

(Acridotheres tristis)

Starling

(Sturmus vulgaris) Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos clarkei)

House Sparrows (Passer domesticus domesticus)

Welcome Swallow (Hirundo tahitica neoxena) Goldfinch Carduellis cardeulis tritannica)

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Appendix 11 Definition and Purpose of a Management Plan The Reserves Act 1977 requires that all administering bodies prepare management plans for reserves under their control. The act originally required this to be done within 5 years after the commencement of the Act but this has since been relaxed and the Local Authorities are to devise their own priorities and timetables.

Where reserves are not subject to conflicts of use or are not especially complex from a management point of view the management plan may consist of simple statements under pertinent headings. Others will be more complex and detailed as needs dictate. The format may be adapted to suit varying circumstances.

A Management Plan is not a design document (which is finite and definite) but a statement of objectives and policies by which specific proposals (e.g. for development) are assessed.

Because of its basis in objectives and policy statements a management plan can cope with changing circumstances, whereas a design plan can be suddenly rendered invalid by, for example, the introduction of a new and previously unforeseen activity.

Management Plans should be kept under continuous review by way of minor amendments from time to time. Approximately every 5 years a comprehensive review should be undertaken to ensure the documents continued relevance.

Procedure for Preparation of a Plan Under the Reserves Act the Council must follow a set procedure for Management Plans. In order to facilitate greater responsiveness to public opinion and to make the public more aware of reasons for decisions, there are opportunities for public representation within this procedure. Table one summarises the statutory procedure for the preparation of Management Plans.

Table 1 – Summary of Statutory Procedure for Preparation of Management Plan under Section 41 of the Reserves Act 1997 Stage I II III

IV

V VI

Statutory Procedure The Council gives public notice of the intention to prepare management plan calling for suggestions.

Submissions shall be received over a two month period following the date of public notification.

The Council prepares the draft management plan, then gives public notice that the plan is available or inspection and invites persons and interested organisations to make written suggestions.

Submissions to the Management Plan shall be received over a two month period following the date of public notification.

The Council will have a Reserves Act Hearing to consider any submissions received.

Preparation of the final management plan.

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Appendix 12 Glossary of Some Maori Terms In this appendice the decision has been taken to use the common form of spelling of Maori words, without double vowels or macrons to indicate long vowels.

Names for Mangere Mountain The name Mangere has been applied to the Mountain because this is common Maori and general public usage. The name derives from the name for the district surrounding the mountain, Nga Haumangere. It is common Maori language to apply an abbreviated version of a district name to the most prominent piece of landscape in it (D. Simmons, pers. comm., 1991).

Other names for the Mountain, or for nearby volcanic cones are:

Te Pane Matao or Te Pane Mataaho – ‘Mataaho’s head’, which refers to a mythical giant Mataaho, whose name is applied to a number of districts and features in the Tamaki area (Graham n.d. and D. Simmons, pers. comm. 1991).

Te Ara Pueru, Te Ara Topuni is a term deriving from a battle at Mangere, which probably occurred at the small pa on the crater shell remnant cone to the east of the main mountain site (Simmons 1987:58,66).

Some people have used the term Maunga Pikitia (and the variants Pikiatea and Pikitea) as applying to the mountain, but we have not yet been able to find the source for this name.

Further information would be welcome about this and other names for the mountain.

Tribal Names Tribal names have been kept to a minimum in this report, largely because it is recognised that a number of different groups have been connected with Mangere and that their history and traditions are complex.

Wai o Hua – The tribes of Tamaki that descended from Hua o Kaiwaka of Maungawhau. These were the occupants of Tamaki in the 18th century (Graham n.d., Simmons 1987, Taua 1988).

Te Taou is the tribal group that lived at the village of Mangere when it was visited in 1820 by the first European visitors, Marsden and Butler. According to some this was a group connected primarily to Ngati Whatua of Kaipara, but others say that it was a combination of Ngati Whatua and Wai o Hua people.

Ngati Mahuta is the tribal group with Waikato connections that came to Mangere in the early 19th century, under the leadership of Te Wherowhero.

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References Best, E. 1927 The Pa Maori. Dominion Museum Bulletin No.6. Wellington, Government Printer.

Bulmer, S. 1991a Resources for the archaeology of the volcanic zone of Tamaki Makaurau. Auckland, Department of Conservation. In press.

1991b Nga whakairo a Titahi. The volcanic cone pa of Tamaki Makaurau. Auckland, Department of Conservation. In prep.

Bulmer, S. and B. Tubb 1988 A proposal for the protection of the historic stonefields at Otuataua (Mangere).

32 pp. Auckland, Department of Conservation.

Davidson, J. 1987 Marks on a landscape: Auckland’s volcanic cones. In J Wilson (ed), The past today. Historic places in New Zealand, pp 6-13. Wellington, New Zealand Historic Places Trust. 1981/5.

Graham, G,. S. 1933 Mangere Mountain, Auckland Institute and Museum Library, MS 120.

Graham, G., n.d. Notes on older Maori history of Auckland from information obtained from Te Whatarangi Ngati of Ngati Whenua and Wai o Hua tribes. Auckland Institute and Museum Library, MS 120.

Hochstetter, F. von 1864 The Geology of New Zealand. Reprint, 1959, Wellington, Government Printer.

Kermode, L. 1986 – Unpublished map of volcanic Auckland.

Searle, E. 1981 City of Volcanoes. Auckland, Longman, Paul.

Simmons, D. 1987 Maori Auckland. Auckland, The Bush Press.

Sullivan, A. 1986 Maori occupation of the Otahuhu district up to 1840. Auckland, New Zealand Historic Places Trust. 1986/12.

1991 Maori gardening in Tamaki. Auckland, Department of Conservation. In press.

Taua, Te Warena 1988 Tamaki-Makau-Rau. The people. In Te Wharekura, pp. 3-8. Te Wharekura 1988 Early Maori history of Mangere. Auckland, Te Wharekura.

Tonson, A. E. 1966 Old Manukau. Onehunga, Tonson Publishing House.

Additional references from online sources quoted within the text.

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