MITIGATION MEASURES TO ADDRESS AIR POLLUTION IN BANGALORE from the Learning’s of the 1952 Great Smog in London and the Beijing Air Pollution
Copyright: Image courtesy Newsreporter Website, November 29, 2012 Website:https://www.newsreporter.in/bangalore-among-top-polluted-megacities-in-the-world-18843
Meghana Dutta May 1st, 2017
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Abstract: It is said that breathing air in many cities of India is equivalent to smoking a cigarette. Can India learn from the 1952 Great Smog in London or more recently the Beijing Air pollution? Due to the 1 billion plus population, standard methods of implementation of any environmental law, is not feasible. For the purpose of the study of Air Pollution, I have considered Bangalore, the IT capital of India which is one of the fastest growing cities in the world and has a population of over 10 million people. It has witnessed unprecedented growth in the last decade. With the economic and physical growth, it has undergone various pains that are part of any growing city. There are multiple burning sustainable related issues that the city is facing today. Water shortage, dying lakes, garbage, air pollution and reducing green cover are few of the Sustainability related issues. Bangalore which was once called the Garden City of India and also the preferred place for retirement, is now called the garbage city. Air Quality in Bangalore has deteriorated rapidly in the last decade due to vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, power plants and many other sources which will be discussed in detail in the paper. The paper is a study of what can be done to improve the Air Quality in Bangalore through Urban Design Interventions. The paper will refer to 1952 Great Smog in London and the policies introduced in Beijing to tackle its Air Pollution more recently as a base to suggest Interventions that can be proposed in Bangalore.
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Outline: 1.
Background
2.
Sources of Air Pollution in Bangalore Metropolitan Area 2.1 Vehicle Emissions 2.2 Diesel Generators 2.3 Industries 2.4 Mobile Towers 2.5 Dust and Building Construction 2.6 Others
3.
Impact due to Air Pollution 3.1 Environmental Impact as a result of Air Pollution 3.11Contamination of Natural Resources such as Water, Fire, Forests, Wetlands 3.12Contamination of Land 3.2 Social Impact 3.3 Economic Impact
4.
Comparative Study on Similar Situation Past and Present 4.1 Study of 1952 Great Smog and Policy Changes in London after 1952 4.2 Study of Beijing Air Pollution and Chinese approach of improving Air Quality
5.
Environmental Policy, Clean Air Act and India 5.1 Current Policies to tackle Air Pollution in Bangalore 5.2 Lessons that can be learnt from China and London
6.
Urban Design Interventions to Tackle Air Pollution
7.
Conclusion : The Role of the Individual, the Community and the Government
8.
References
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1.0
Background:
Presently Delhi, which is the capital of India is the most polluted city in India and last November, “more than 1,700 schools under three municipal corporations in Delhi were closed on Saturday due to heavy smog, the worst the national capital has witnessed in 17 years” [November 6th, Hindustan Times]. ‘It is a national problem that is killing 1.2 million Indians every year and costing the economy an estimated 3% of GDP.’ [Dahiya Sunil] Similarly, in other megacities in India such as in the city of Bangalore, we have seen a rise in Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides. There are specific areas in cities where these are more prominent, and some of the areas with high level of pollution include schools and hospitals as well. Bangalore is also one of the cities which is highly polluted in the country after Delhi, with respect to Air Pollution. The PM 2.5 AQI levels as per the measurements of Pollution Control Board for the year is at its maximum 160 plus as per the Realtime Air Quality readings at the 6 stations in Bangalore . This value falls under very poor (121-250) and ‘may cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. Effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases’.
Figure 1: AQI , Peenya, Bangalore Source: http://aqicn.org/city/india/bangalore/peenya/
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As of 2016 there are said to be only 39 monitoring station in 23 cities in India compared to China which has 1500 stations in 900 cities. Thus the readings may be not be suitable for detail analysis as it is not representing the actual varied degrees of Air Pollution in the city. The acceptable level for Air Quality Index is as listed in Table1. However as we see in Table 2 many of the areas fall under Severe Air Pollution. It is clear that Air Pollution needs to be addressed on an urgent basis both at the Policy Level and at Individual Level.
Table 1: Generally Accepted criteria for AQI Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) compiled by D. Rajasekaran . Pg 94 Website: http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajesekaran.pdf
Table 2: Details of AQI values and Criteria at Metro Corridors AQI –Air Quality Index Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) compiled by D. Rajasekaran . Pg 94 Website: http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajasekaran.pdf
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Sources of Emissions
The primary sources of emissions in most of the cities in India are emissions from Transport, Diesel Generators, Industries, Dust from Unpaved roads, Mobile Towers, LPG cylinders and
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burning of bio mass. For the city of Bangalore the emissions from Transport is 42% for PM 10 and 62% for NOx as per the chart below.
Figure 2: Percentage Share of Different Sources in Total PM10 and NOx Emission Loads Source: Pg 15, Airpoclypse; Website: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Airpoclypse--Not-just-Delhi.pdf
With regards to PM 2.5 , Transportation again plays a huge role due to the emission of the fine particles from vehicles exhausts. After transportation the largest contributors for source emissions for PM 2.5 are Diesel generator and dust. 2.1 Emissions from Vehicles: As per the Transportation Commissioner in 2015, the number of new vehicles registered is around 1600 per day, and in 2016 the total number of non transport vehicles as per the Hindu Newspaper was over 60,00,000. Due to the road infrastructure not being proportionate to the no. of vehicles, traffic is slow moving and leads to idling which increases source emissions at these areas. In addition to CO2 emissions from burning of petrol or diesel ‘vehicles produce other emissions, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX), are criteria air contaminants (CACs) and these emissions are known to contribute towards air pollution and smog’.(Natural Resources Canada) 6|Page
2.2 Emissions from Diesel Generators: With load shedding a common scenario, dependency on Diesel Generators is on the rise. The power infrastructure to support the unprecedented development is lagging and thus industries, commercial establishments and residences have to depend on Diesel Generators in Bangalore. As per Figure 1 it accounts to 7% of the NOx and PM10 emissions. 2.3 Emissions from Industries: Bangalore is not home to large manufacturing industries and thus the percentage of emissions from Industries is only 14% as per the figure 1. However in the designated Industrial Area and around it, the emissions are high due to vehicular congestion of the roads leading to the Industrial Area, the usage of diesel generators, and lastly the production processes. 2.4 Emissions from Mobile Towers: ‘The telecom tower industry in India is estimated to consume over 2.5 billion litres of diesel annually making it the second largest consumer of diesel in the country.’ [Page 2, Intelligent Energy August 2012]. Due to power outage, the mobile towers need to be powered by a combination of batteries and Diesel Generators adding to the woes of Air pollution in the city. 2.5 Emissions from Road Dust and Building Construction Activity
Table 3: Land Use Changes and Projected in Bangalore City. Source: Data Collected from District Census Handbook 2001 and 2011 and BDA (Bangalore Development Authority) and compiled by D. Rajasekaran . Pg 91 Website: http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajeshkaran.pdf
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As per Prime Minister Mr.Narendra Modi in the INDC at the UN Climate Change Conference, he has stated that India needs to rebuild double of the existing infrastructure to accommodate the basic needs of the exploding population in India by 2030. Similar to the construction activity that America went through in the 19th century, India needs to build itself now and controlling of Air Pollution from Road Dust and Construction Activity is a major challenge. ‘50% reduction in PM10 emission loads has been envisaged in view of better construction practices including proper loading/ unloading of material, water spraying etc.’ [TERI report No.2004EE28] 2.6 Other Causes Burning of Biomass is also a common sight in the cities as leaves are not collected by the many of the cities garbage management personnel. Biomass burning (cooking, open fire, and heating) is banned in Delhi as it is said to be a cause for 20% of their annual PM 2.5 emissions as per Urban Emissions –Delhi website. 3.0 Impact due to Air Pollution Clean Air is every humans right, as polluted air is said to be the cause for many diseases and cause for many premature deaths as per the World Health Organisation. In addition Air Pollution causes damage both to the water, the land and can be the cause for increase or decrease of global temperature. 3.1
Environmental Impact as a result of Air Pollution
NOx, So2, CO, Lead,Ozone and Particulate Matter are the six pollutants that Air Pollution control Board monitors for their negative environmental impact. One of the prime environmental effects is its relationship to photosynthesis which is the lifeline for human existence. [Nithamathi, C. P., and Indira, V.] ‘The exposure of these pollutants to the leaves cause a reduction in the concentration of their photosynthetic pigments viz., 8|Page
chlorophyll and carotenoids, which affects the plant productivity, germination of seeds, length of pedicles, and number of flowers inflorescence.’ Ozone which comprises of the five gases which are emitted as a result of human activity, is said to cause damage to many trees and plants which are ozone sensitive. Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide emissions are the cause for Acid Rain, which is supposed to have the power to kill entire waterbodies and forests. 3.2
Social and Economical Impact:
The figure below is from WHO which gives a glimpse of the economic impact of Air Pollution.
Figure 3: Composition of environmental damages due to air emissions from fuel combustion in six cities Source: World Bank estimates compiled by Kseniya Lvovsky Website: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/UrbanAir/Economic+costs+of+air+polluti on+KL.pdf
When a country begins to give weightage to its health costs due to environmental degradation at the cost of GDP growth is when it is truly being democratic. The people who typically violate the environmental laws are the ones close to the beaurocrats or the politicians. The people who are greatly impacted from the Environmental Pollution are the weakest section of the society. In my opinion, Social equity and sustainable development is what can ensure continual GDP growth and can ensure survival of democracy.
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3.3
Health Impact
There are serious health impacts due to Air Pollution. As per the World Health Organisation, air pollution can be the cause for heart disease, lung cancer and respiratory diseases. Listed below are the main problems associated with each of the pollutant. Carbon Monoxide - It is said to affect the human nervous system, and also affect the physical co-ordination. Nitrogen Oxides (primarily from vehicular emissions)- It is said to affect the respiratory system and also lead to cough and cold. Carbon Dioxide- One of the greenhouse gases and is responsible for Global Warming and thus indirectly affecting the health of the human being. Hydrocarbons – Affects the eye in addition to cough and respiratory system. Sulphur Dioxide- Sulphur Dioxide is a cause for acid rain that can kill water bodies and vegetation, thus again indirectly affecting the human health. In addition this emission also causes respiratory problems in addition to lung problems.
4.0 Comparative Study on Similar Situation Past and Present 4.1 Study of 1952 Great Smog and Policy Changes in London after 1952 The primary SO2 emission was from burning of coal in London in the 1950’s. A large percentage of the burning of coal was from households for heating purpose. The location of the coal power stations were also not necessarily away from the cities. NO2 Emissions from the vehicles also had to be tackled. The Government introduced the Clean Air Act in 1956 to reduce the smoke and the SO2 emission. The primary measures taken to reduce the emissions were to create areas where there would be no smoke, move to electricity or gas for household heating, and moving the power stations away from the city. In 1990’s the government strictly monitored the air quality
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and had measures in place to meet the standards. From 1950 to 2000, the annual average smoke and SO2 concentrations in London were reduced by 95% and 98% respectively (Greater London Authority)
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Study of Beijing Air Pollution and Chinese approach of improving Air Quality
In 2013 China began to experience what London experienced in the 1950’s. There was a blanket of smog, and people could not see beyond 500m in many areas. Highways had to be shut in addition to schools and offices. People had to step out only with masks. Architects had to change how they designed building with even the typically open areas of schools to be covered so as to not have the kids affected by the air pollution. The smog caused economic losses in addition to tremendous health impact. Due to the rapid growth of China to become one of the leading manufacturing country, SO2 emissions from industries rapidly increased along with the SO2 emissions from the coal power plants which constitute 70% of the energy source. Parallely due to the economic growth and rapidly rising middle class, number of vehicles increased, and consequently the NOx emissions. ‘Between 1981 and 2001, ambient concentrations of TSPs in Beijing were more than double of China’s National Annual Mean Ambient Air Quality Standard of 200 μg/m3 [3] and five times the level that prevailed in the United States before the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970’ [PGA,CAE, CAS, NRC]. It is said that the PM2.5 levels in 2014 was 35 times what is recommended by WHO. China in 2014 has declared to fight the ‘War on Smog’. China has come to realisation that their sustenance as a long term global leader can happen only if they take strict actions towards sustainable development.
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China introduced its National 10 measures to combat Air Pollution. In addition to technology upgradation and improving monitoring and enforcement measures, clear definition of responsibilities between Government, Public and Private Sector was made to comprehensively make an effort to reduce emissions. Approval for new projects had to go through stricter environmental impact assessment. China has made a commitment to reduce its dependency on coal for energy to 65% by 2017. It has also allowed for public participation in environmental issues from governance to lawsuits. But it is for the citizens of the country to see to what extent their voice and concerns are heard and if there will democracy regarding environmental pollution. Also reduction on coal dependency to only 65% may not be sufficient to combat climate change. It has been said that, ‘Environmental degradation is the result of the single-minded pursuit of economic strength without democratic accountability [Arrigo L.G.]
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Environmental Policy, Clean Air Act and India
5.1 Current Policies and Limitations in Bangalore to tackle Air Pollution The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981 and Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA) are two Acts that any new large project needs to get clearance from prior to commencement of the project. For projects in the city of Bangalore, the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment and Forestry clearance is required. However neither of the laws address the issue of burning biomass, managing dust due to construction or waste management. Laws have become strict with regards to emission from vehicles and action is being taken if the vehicle fails to follow emission standards. With regards to pollution from industries, due to corruption, there is lack of enforcement. Due to politicians involved in deciding the new industrial location in Bangalore, Harohalli, one of the most fertile areas with water availability, has become Bangalore’s new industrial area.
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The table below shows the pollutant levels for one of the areas in Bangalore. As per the table below the PM 10 value exceeds the value 100 as per the National standard and the overall AQI falls under breathing discomfort to children and older adults.
Figure 4 : Pollutant levels and Air Quality Index at Silk Board Junction, Bangalore Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board http://kspcb.kar.nic.in/AQI-Mar-2017.pdf
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Table 4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Source: MOEF India. Website: http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/notification/Recved%20national.pdf
5.2 Lessons that can be learnt from China and London There are lessons that can be learnt from both London and Beijing, China, and applied to the city of Bangalore, prior to it reaching a point where the economic losses from Deterioration of Health is more than the gain from the GDP growth. Except for pollution from industries, the other factors for the Air pollution remain the same in all three cases.
The Clean Air law needs to be more precise, and also modified so as to tackle the air pollution from construction activity, burning of biomass and most importantly have a limit to the number of vehicles that can be added into the city. The law needs to have more emphasis on providing better public transportation so as to reduce the number of vehicles plying on the road. Similar to the commitment of China and London, dependency of Coal for energy has to be reduced. China has been able to implement and enforce its environmental laws and introduce public transportation at a rapid pace. However India, being a democratic country with both corrupt politicians and people who deny climate change, resistance to environmental laws is common, and also many a times, death for the public spokesperson is also commonplace.
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Urban Design Interventions to Tackle Air Pollution
In addition to policy changes, Urban Design Interventions to the existing city can play a crucial role. Few of the Urban interventions that can be introduced
a. Similar to Boston Big Dig, where the highways were taken underground to make space for parks, Bangalore can consider relooking at its Urban Planning at a large unimaginable scale such as the city of Boston. However since this initiative would require vast finances, listed below are other public level interventions and less economic value interventions that can still have a great impact in reducing the air pollution. b. Introduction of landscape/ parks that can connect the entire city, that can serve as a urban forest and can reduce the PM10 concentrations in the air, in addition to providing biodiversity and acting as natural treatment sinks for wastewater. c. The highways and the ringroads to be devoid of development so as to ensure free movement of traffic between neighbourhoods. d. UberX and similar agencies can plan to provide for Public mini Buses so as to provide for good public transportation till the time Metro is completely operational. e. Neighbourhood and community strengthening so as to take inculcate pride in people to maintain their neighbourhood as dust free communities. f. Environmental Education Installations as part of all public spaces to increase awareness on negative impacts of Air Pollution and encourage self initiations to protect the environment. g. Installation of tree leaves waste to manure converters at all neighbourhoods so as to prevent burning of biomass.
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h. Mandating percentage for green space in each development. Currently there is a mandate only for 10% openspace in new developments. There is no specific mandate for greenspace. i. Making it mandatory for urban agriculture in all large developments to reduce dependency of transportation for vegetables. j. Making it mandatory for all public run establishments to harvest solar energy. Bangalore has 300 sunny days and it can make use of this natural resource so as to reduce dependency on coal.
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Conclusion : The Role of the Individual, the Community and the Government
For a city of over 10 million people the role of the individual and community is equally important as the role of the government to safeguard the Quality of Air. It is impossible for only a few officers to enforce the environmental laws and monitor the same at a constant basis. However for the individual to play a larger role of environmental watchkeeper and report to the civic authorities, pollution from an industry or a certain activity, protection and security from the government is key. There are several Environmental Heroes in the country, however it is not as much as we need, as in most cases the government and the industrialist polluting beyond the recommended standards are together, and thus voicing one’s concern is not a safe route. The way forward in my opinion is to raise awareness on the impact of Air Pollution both in terms of Economic Impact and Health Impact. If it can be projected more clearly that only with sustainable development we can have economic development, the city’s political leaders may take Sustainable Development more seriously. The laws also need to be rewritten and stricter environmental norms to be followed for new establishments. Public Transportation is
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also key, so as to reduce emissions from the largest polluter which is the vehicles. In the last ten years even phase 1 of the Metro Line has not been completely opened to the public. More public protests may also be an answer to demand public transportation for the city and thus a healthier place to live in. The city needs to work together at all three levels so as to prevent the Smog that occurred in London, in China and more recently in New Delhi, the capital of the country. London has been able to reduce 95% of its pollution in 30 years. Now with increasing technological advances and with many solutions at hand, I am positive that with good civic involvement Bangalore can also tackle Air Pollution and bring it down to acceptable levels over the next decade.
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REFERENCES
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8. ‘Case Studies in Improving Urban Air Quality’, International Gas Union, Website: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8TeKaME8sNlYXFXbVJWN2NPNEE/view 9. Selahattin Incecik, Ulas Im, ‘Air Pollution in Mega Cities: A Case Study of Istanbul’, Istanbul Technical University, Department of Meteorology, University of Crete Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Process Laboratory (ECPL), Voutes, Heaklion. Website: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8TeKaME8sNlZzVTYWV6dzJYQ2s/view 10. Sunil Dahiya, Lauri Myllyvirta, Nandikesh Siv ‘Airpocalypse: Assessment of Air Pollution in Indian Cities’, January 2017, Published by GPET, Greenpeace Website: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Airpoclypse--Not-just-Delhi.pdf 11. ‘Emission impacts resulting from vehicle Idling’, Natural Resources Canada http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/communities-infrastructure/transportation/cars-lighttrucks/idling/4415 12. ‘Over 60 Lakhs vehicles on Bengaluru Roads, and counting...’, May 09, 2016, The Hindu http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/over-60-lakh-vehicles-on-bengaluru-roads-andcounting/article8573251.ece 13. Thakur, Amrita, ‘Study of Ambient Air Quality Trends and Analysis of Contributing Factors in Bangalore, India’, Volume 33, Number 2, Oriental Journal of Chemistry. ISSN : 0970 - 020X, ONLINE ISSN : 2231-5039 http://www.orientjchem.org/vol33no2/study-of-ambient-air-quality-trends-and-analysis-of-contributing-factorsin-bangalore-india/ 14. ‘A Bangalore neighbourhood’s toxic air portends India’s future’, April 23rd 2017, Scroll.in https://scroll.in/article/720033/a-bangalore-neighbourhoods-toxic-air-portends-indias-future 15. ‘The True Cost of Providing Energy to Telecom Towers in India’, August 2012, Whitepaper, Intelligent Energy http://www.gsma.com/membership/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/true-cost-providing-energy-telecom-towersindia.pdf 16. D.Rajasekaran, ‘Urbanisation and its Environmental Health Hazards of Bangalore City, Karnataka, India.’, January 2017, Volume 4, Page 88-98, Journal of Global Resources. ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online) http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajeshkaran.pdf 17. ‘India Bangalore lake of toxic snowy froth’, 28th September 2015, BBC News http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34376988# 18. Kseniya Lvovsky, ‘Economic Cost of Air Pollution with Special Reference to India’, July 1998, South Asia Environment Unit, World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/UrbanAir/Economic+costs+of+air+pollution+ KL.pdf 19. Policy and Global Affairs (PGA); Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE); Chinese Academy of Science (CAS); National Academy of Engineering (NAE); National Research Council (NRC). ‘Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead—Proceedings of a Symposium’ ; National Academies Press: Beijing, China, 2005. 20. Greater London Authority. ‘50 Years on—The struggle for Air Quality in London since the Great Smog of December 1952’ ; Greater London Authority: London, UK, 2002. 21. Arrigo, L.G. ‘The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: Land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan.’ Bull. Concerned Asian Sch. 1994, 26, 21–44. 22. ‘The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981’, No 14 of 1981, 29th March 1981 http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/air/air1.html
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23. A.K. Chinnaswamy, R.N.G. Naguib, Q.T. Nguyen, L.O. Olayanju, N. Trodd, I.M. Marshall, N. Yaacob, ‘G.N. Santos4, E.A. Vallar4, M.C. Galvez4, M.H. Shaker5 and T.N. Ton6 ‘Air Pollution in Bangalore, India: A Six-Year Trend and Health Implication Analysis’; Academia Website: http://www.academia.edu/29020736/Air_Pollution_in_Bangalore_India_A_SixYear_Trend_and_Health_Implication_Analysis 24. Nithamathi, C. P., Indira, V., ‘Imp act of air pollution On Ceasalpinia sepiaria Linn. in Tuticorin City’ ., Indian Journal of Environment and Ecoplanning, 10 (1),449–452. (2005) 25. ‘Delhi – What’s Polluting the Air’; Urban Emissions.info, March 2016 Website: http://www.urbanemissions.info/delhi-india/whats-polluting-delhis-air/ 26. ‘Air Quality assessment, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Bangalore city’, Final Report, Project Report No. 2004EE28, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) , February 2010 Website: http://cpcb.nic.in/Bangalore.pdf
List of Tables 1. Table 1: Generally Accepted criteria for AQI Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) and compiled by Rajasekaran, Pg 94 Website: http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajeshkaran.pdf
2. Table 2: Details of AQI values and Criteria at Metro Corridors AQI –Air Quality Index Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) and compiled by Rajasekaran, Pg 94 Website: http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajeshkaran.pdf
3. Table 3: Land Use Changes and Projected in Bangalore City. Source: Data Collected from District Census Handbook 2001 and 2011 and BDA (Bangalore Development Authority) and compiled by D. Rajasekaran . Pg 91 Website: http://isdesr.org/sites/vol/Final%20print%20january%202017/12.Rajeshkaran.pdf
4. Table 4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Source: MOEF India. Website: http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/notification/Recved%20national.pdf
List of Figures 1. Figure 1: AQI , Peenya, Bangalore Source: http://aqicn.org/city/india/bangalore/peenya/ 2. Figure 2: Percentage Share of Different Sources in Total PM10 and NOx Emission Loads Source: Pg 15, Airpoclypse; Website: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Airpoclypse--Not-just-Delhi.pdf 3. Figure 3: Composition of environmental damages due to air emissions from fuel combustion in six cities Source: World Bank estimates compiled by Kseniya Lvovsky Website: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/UrbanAir/Economic+costs+of+air+pollution+ KL.pdf
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4. Figure 4 : Pollutant levels and Air Quality Index at Silk Board Junction, Bangalore Source: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board Website: http://kspcb.kar.nic.in/AQI-Mar-2017.pdf
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