Meghan M. Archer
Collected Works [A]mplitude [M]odulation Graduate Thesis
[1.o]
RECHARGE Graduate Comprehensive Studio
[2.0]
Eco-/Infra-/Logi-/Tectures Graduate Design Studio
[3.0]
Dex-ter-i-ty Explorations in Making
[4.0]
Professional Work Feb. 2007 - August 2011
[5.0]
[A]mplitude [M]odulation EXTERNALITIES Graduate Thesis Advisor: Kathy Velikov | 2011-’12 University of Michigan 31 °N, 81°W [film] The Human Narrative of West Virginia
[1.1]
The Geologic Narrative re-Assembling Logan County, WV
[1.2]
Aberrant Traverse The New Appalachian Itinerary
[1.3]
Operative Transmission Regional Signals
[1.4]
Elk Creek Waters Community Infrastructure
[1.5]
This thesis, titled Amplitude Modulation, seeks to engage and expand the understanding of our industrial heritage while addressing the contemporary condition of resource extraction in the Appalachian Mountains. Through various techniques, Amplitude Modulation re-assembles the narrative of the southern coal towns of Appalachia, playing on inadvertent gaps and junctions within the geologic, industrial, and cultural network. The project operates as an ecology of design practices that apply friction to the current circumstance.
[A]mplitude [M]odulation | Graduate Thesis | 2
This short film sets an opening tone for the project, while touching on the human narrative of Southern West Virginia. It particularly calls attention to the role of water as a vehicle for distributing the effects of the mining operations throughout the porous landscape. 4
36째N, 81째W | The Human Narrative of West Virginia | 5
6
The Geologic Narrative Logan County, West Virginia
The story begins 480 million years ago during the Paleozoic era when the Appalachian region was submerged under shallow seas. These seas deposited a thick layer of sediments and carbon-rich marshlands. During the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, tectonic collision uplifted the region—compressing the organic sediments into rich coal seams, now known as the Appalachian coal basin. This geologic event deposited a resource that would forever shape our relationship to this region. As it stands today, the Appalachians are one the largest coal producing regions in the world. Geologically, the coal forms a clastic wedge that thickens as it moves south, creating a concentration of resources in West Virginia. This topographic map of southern West Virginia demonstrates the physical geologic twisted mountains which create a condition of isolation. It is this isolation that distances the broader public’s understanding of the issues of the region.
[A]mplitude [M]odulation | Logan County, WV | 7
8
MUTATION
EXPLOITATION
TRANSMISSION
re-Assembling Logan County mapping with wax
I began operating on this region through a series of maps that looked at layers of information dealing with geology, industry and culture. This process began to target places and ways to tactically intervene. Mutation—rail roads, highways, mountain top removal, scars on the land Exploitation—power lines, deep mining sites, mineral rights Transmission—flow of information and resources, watershed, radio transmission towers Through this exploration, I began to develop a design strategy that operates in various ways to combat the isolation inherent in the region.
[A]mplitude [M]odulation | Logan County, WV | 9
Brooklin
Newcastle
Richmond Hill
Vaughan
Bowmanville Ajax
Midland Bay City Saginaw Township North
Toronto Etobicoke
Halton Hills
Guelph Milton
Saginaw
Waterloo
Kitchener
Hamilton Genesee
Woodstock
Flint Port Huron
Brantford
London
Sarnia
Concord
Oakville
Burlington
Manchester
Rome
Rochester
Stoney Creek
St. Catharines
Niagara Falls Niagara Falls North Tonawanda
Welland
Derry
Clay Cicero
Irondequoit Penfield
Utica
Syracuse Clifton Park
Brighton Henrietta
Rotterdam
Lansing
Albany
West Seneca Okemos
White Lake
East Lansing
Buffalo Macomb
Shelby
Leominster Pittsfield
Chatham
Canton Taylor
Wyandotte
Erie
Southgate
Vestal
Elmira
Windsor
Jamestown
Bristol
Cleveland
Bristol
Barnstable Town
Dartmouth
Norwich
Ohio
New City
Wilkes-Barre
Akron
Greenburgh
Warren
Wayne Austintown
Youngstown
Milford Stratford
Norwalk
Stamford
West Milford
Stow Brunswick
Cuyahoga Falls
Westport
Greenwich
Massillon
Allentown
Cranberry Twp
Bethlehem
Shirley
Allison Park
Ross Township
Pittsburgh
Bayonne
Altoona
Islip Bay Shore
Reading
Monroeville
Hazlet Middletown
Wheeling
Levittown Bensalem Willingboro
Havertown
Radnor Township
Lakewood Toms River
Medford
Philadelphia
York
Howell Jackson
Abington Norristown Lancaster
Marlboro
Ewing Trenton
Warminster
Harrisburg
Bethel Park
Westerville
East Patchogue
Merrick Long Beach
Perth Amboy
Hillsborough
Penn Hills
Mount Lebanon
New York
Bridgewater
Gibsonia
McCandless Township
Newark
Cranford Plainfield
State College
Canton
Marion
Gahanna
Coram
Flushing Livingston
Mansfield
Selden
Parsippany
Boardman
Lima
East Haven
Trumbull
Back Mountain Williamsport
Hudson
Strongsville Findlay
Chester
Columbus
Voorhees Wilmington
Fairborn Lancaster
Beavercreek
Newington Middletown
Shelton
Scranton
Cleveland Heights
Parma
Elyria
Fort Wayne
Dayton
Fall River
West Warwick
Hamden
Danbury
Garfield Heights
Galloway
Wethersfield
Watertown
Yarmouth
East Providence
Windham
Hyde Park
Euclid
Springfield
Vernon
Torrington
Taunton
Providence
Naugatuck
East Cleveland
Huber Heights
Brockton
Norwood
Connecticut Johnston
Mentor
Lorain
Upper Arlington
Milford
Weymouth
Woonsocket Attleboro
Toledo
Michig gan
Quincy
Worcester
Springfield
West Springfield Binghamton
New Yo Y rk Pennsylvania
Richmond
Holyoke Chicopee
Westfield
Eastpointe
Windsor
Ann Arbor
Marblehead
Boston
Shrewsbury
St. Clair Shores
Novi
Plymouth Township Jackson
Beverly
Waltham Lexington
Clinton
Pontiac Hamburg Battle Creek
Guilderland
Norfolk
North Andover
New Hampshire Dracut Massachusetts Fitchburg
Vermont
Troy
Tonawanda
Haverhill
Salem
Nashua
Pennsylvvania
Deptford
Vineland
Bel Air North
Ne
Abingdon Carney
Frederick
Hamilton Fairfield West Chester
Edgewood Middle River
Eldersburg Columbia
Parkersburg
Germantown
Essex Dundalk
Olney
Sterling
Washington DC Bowie
Ab
Chantilly Centreville
Jer se y
Atlantic City
Dover
Clinton
Manassas
se er av nt Tr ra er
w
Delaware Maryland
Arnold
Covington
Huntington
Winslow
Hagerstown
Kettering Middletown
Cincinnati
Sewell
Waldorf Woodbridge
Dale City
Mechanicsville Harrisonburg
Stafford
Hartwood
Charleston Spotsylvania
Charlottesville
Lexington-Fayette ai
l
a i ni irg ky st V We ent uc K
la pa Ap
P
A
L PA
H AC
N IA
CO
AL
BA
n ia ch
Tr
Tuckahoe
SIN
Mechanicsville
Richmond
Powhatan
Midlothian Chesterfield
Lynchburg
Roanoke
Petersburg
Blacksburg
Newport News Hampton Virginia Beach Portsmouth Norfolk
Cave Spring
Suffolk
Kingsport
Vriginia North Carolina
Chesapeake
Danville
Johnson City
10
Knoxville
Winston-Salem Greensboro
_ Coal-Fired Power Plant Locations
Burlington
Durham
Rocky Mount
Coal Power accounts for 42% of the Unites States’ electricity production.
Aberrant Traverse
The New Appalachian Itinerary
AT-GRADE CROSSINGS AT-GRADE CROSSINGS
ABERRANT TRAVERSE:
[01] shipping traces
[02] settlement [01] valley shipping traces patterns [03] overlay [02] infrastructure valley settlement patterns [03] infrastructure overlay
THE NEW APPALACHIAN ITINERARY [03] [03]
[02] [02]
[01]
[01]
[01] territory: bituminous coal fields, West Virginia
[01]
“[dwellings] line the roads with the hills pressed hard against their backs.” “[dwellings] line the roads with the hills pressed hard against their backs.”
EXPLOSIVE REVEALS [05]
[01] organic material
TERRAIN MUTATIONS MONUMENTS TERRAIN MUTATIONS
[01]
[01] [01] 37˚50’N
[01] WV geological survey 1926 [01] zigmond processing, massey energy co.
[02] clay
[02] horizonsurvey 1926 [01] current WV geological
[03] sandstone
[03] base camps [02] operator current horizon
[04] bituminous coal seam
[04] overburden valley fills [03] operator base camps
[o5] long period delay detonator
[o5] summits [04] clear-cut overburden valley fills
37˚50’N
82˚50’W 82˚50’W
[o5] clear-cut summits
[04]
[03]
[01]
[05]
[02]
[05] [02] [02] [04] [04]
[03] [03]
WILDLIFE SIGHTINGS _species: caterpillar 797 _origin: north america _habitat: high production mining world-wide _fuel capacity: 1000 gal diesel per tank _body style: dump
Michelin_13.22’ tall_11,680 lbs_47nuts/tire
SIGNAL SIGHTING
SWEEPING VISTAS
A key figure for this work was Benton MacKaye, a regional planner and conservationist who conceived the Appalachian trail in 1923. MacKaye believed that just as a photo needs a chemical to be revealed, a region requires the chemical of imagination to reach its full potential. The work of this thesis seeks to stimulate the imagination in order to engage in this region. As it exists today, the Appalachian trail does not pass through West Virginia. I propose a new spur of the trail, the Aberrant Traverse, which operates tightly with the geologic, industrial and cultural networks. This regional intervention traces the geologic river cuts, marches through mountain top removal sites, and skirts the banks of coal slurry lagoons, providing an exploration and deeper understanding of currant linkages between the geologic and the industrial, while exploiting the hiker as a witness. To establish this new this new Appalachian itinerary I produced a set of postcards. For the hiker, these cards frame scenes & reinforce the experience of the trail. Beyond the trail, the cards are mailed out to ignite the imagination of others. Aberrant Traverse | The New Appalachian Itinerary | 11
ION
OSP
HER
E
06:00:00 04:00:00 02:00:00 24:00:00 22:00:00 20:00:00 18:00:00
E S KY WAVE COVER AG
T
OS ROP
PHE
16:00:00
NE SKIP ZO
RE
14:00:00 12:00:00 10:00:00 08:00:00
WAV
O E C
06:00:00
E
AB
ER RA
NT
TR AVE RS E
GR
D OUN
AG VER
10
0 MI
GROUNDWAVE ZONE
MI 1000
SKYWAVE ZONE
14
Operative Transmission
Regional Signals
E S KY WAVE COVER AG
NE SKIP ZO
GE
Perched on the edge of a mountain top removal site, I propose an AM radio station that would project the narrative of West Virginia. AM transmission operates in 2 ways. During the daytime, the signal travels via groundwaves with about a 100 mile radius. Once the sun sets, the signal bounces off of the ionosphere via skywaves which can reach a 1000 mile radius, reaching Washington DC and NYC.
TR AVE RS E
ERA
AM Transmission interferes with the electronic detonators used in the Mountain Top Removal blasting. This interference would force communication between the station and the mining operations. This would provide a reading and awareness of operations.
NT
OV E C
ER RA
WAV
AB
GR
D OUN
While the trail draws outsiders to the region, the next piece of the design strategy operates by transmitting information beyond the region.
Operative Transmission | Regional Signals | 15
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Elk Creek Waters
Sylvester, Virginia MaterialWest Construct Restrain | Divert | Contain
The final element in this ecology of design interventions operates on a local level. Elk Creek Waters provides the community with In this opening exercise theas studio proja water infrastructure astowell a place of ect, both the hard and soft infrastructures gathering which addresses the isolation of which Detroit River are reprethe twodefine towns,the Prenter and Sylvester. sented. This process of mapping helped identify operations and begins infrastructural The strata of the project with the couplings for targeted designAmongst intervention. most public “front yard”. the parking and clean water pump station, Particular attention was given to becomes the defipeople gather. The layered space nition of the international between more private as it recedesborder into the mounthe USA and Canada, as well as the importainside. tance of this waterway for commerce, and the ecological industry poses the Light pours in threat from clearstories andtoskyriver. with larger openings on the ends lights affording views up the hollow.
N
scale 1/16” = 1’
clean water line
scale 1/8” = 1’
Elk Creek Waters | Sylvester, West Virginia | 17
18
Together, all of these interventions operate as a totality to combat isolation, and spark imaginations with respect to the landscape. Through research and exploration of the operations, networks, and actors of southern Appalachia, [A]mplitude [M]odulation utilizes architecture as a method of tactical adjustment in order to initiate progress.
[A]mplitude [M]odulation | Graduate Thesis | 19
Cast concrete and wax site model of the terrain between Prenter and Sylvester, West Virginia. The black pools represent the coal slurry lagoons that are leeching toxins into the drinking water of these towns. The pinned red line represents the new spur of the Appalachian Trail, the Aberrant Traverse. 20
[A]mplitude [M]odulation | Graduate Thesis | 21
RECHARGE PROPOSITIONS Graduate Comprehensive Studio Instructor: Jen Maigret | Fall 2011 University of Michigan Fluidity vs. Tension Material Research
[2.1]
SOAK Activating the Sublime
[2.2]
24
Film stills taken from material tests.
Fluidity vs. Tension Restrain | Divert | Contain This research concentrated on water as an active material that could stratigically inform the design of a surface and space.
RESTRAIN
A series of studies approached water as the medium that dictated the formal and material qualities of the construct.
RESTRAIN: distributes water throughout the surface at a variety of rates. As the water pools, the geometry allows it to suspend before breaking its tension and flowing down over the textured surface. DIVERT: tests limits of fluidity DIVERT
The material construct incorporated dual tracks that varied with respect to the scale of barrier elements. CONTAIN: harnesses this quality of surface tension. A subsurface-chamber allows the water to fill the space a come up through the voids above in a gentler way, maintaining a higher volume of water in tension.
CONTAIN
Fluidity vs. Tension | Material Research | 25
N Detroit, Michigan 42° 19’ 53” N, 83° 2’ 45” W 26
SOAK
Activating the Sublime “Bewilderment is simply a prerequisite for another form of seeing.” -James Corner Although our existence relies upon it, the nature, force and agency of water remains mysterious. This project seeks to enlist the build environment as a reconciler of water and people. By exploiting the properties of water as it interacts with material systems, we reignite the wonderment of water. Set in Detroit’s developing Rivertown Warehouse District, this project treds lightly on the cities civic intfrastructure while introducing new and exciting ways to consider water.
St. Rivertown Warehouse District
Programatically, public baths & a laundromat combine with housing. As a result, opportunities emerge to activate the sublime nature of water. This is explored at various scales with respect to systems, experience, and perceptions and ultimately changes our behavior towards water
SOAK | Activating the Sublime | w/ teammate Din Botsford | 27
CROSS SECTION
SCALE 1’ = 3/64”
28
n GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1’ = 3/128”
SOAK | Activating the Sublime | w/ teammate Din Botsford | 29
GLAZING
PERFORATED CORTEN STEEL PANELS FACADE TRUSS SUPPORT
Activating the Sublime
WOOD PLANK FINISH FLOOR PLYWOOD SUBFLOOR
Graphic Novel
REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB CORRUGATED METAL DECKING STEEL BEAM FINISHED CEILING
This graphic novel helped visually develop the narrative, theme, plot, and characters of the project. The plot (macro-water system) and subplots (micro-water system) support the project’s theme of activating the sublime through water, resulting in a new form of seeing for the readers. The graphic novel is a collection of images and drawings that were curated to ignite and drive the project conceptually.
EXTERIOR STEEL FIRE ESCAPE
1/2” CHANNEL TO DIVERT WATER STEEL GLAZING FRAME THERMAL BREAK
The graphic novel served as the manual or dossier as we generated formal and spatial constructs that facilitated the narrative.
FINISHED CONCRETE 1/4” STEEL ANCHOR PLATE
HOT BATHS FIBERGLASS POOL MEMBRANE RIGID INSULATION WOVEN SLIT FILM GEOTEXTILE ENGINEERED SOIL
Wall Section
Steam Baths & Icicle Facades
SOIL STABLING SHRUBS
PRECAST CONCRETE SHELLS STEEL BOX TRUSS
30
CONCRETE ENCASED STEEL COLUMN REINFORCED CONCRETE GROUND SLAB THICKENED GROUND SLAB FOR BEARING COLUMNS
One of the fundamental goals of a built structure is to provide protection from harsh elements, such as water and ice. This project sought to challenge that notion, and invite water into the inner environment in an exciting way. Steam, ice and water form programatic barriers and transitions within the project. The goal was to actively respond and engage the environment in a positive way.
ACT I _ exposition
STORM-CLOUD
FLOW
BREAK-BEAT
OPPOSITIONAL
Storm-cloud embodies the environment that is beyond our control. Like Break-beat, Storm-cloud flaunts water, but often takes it to the extreme. Storm-clouds manic nature ignites fear in the anticipation of its power. Although he can interact playfully with Break-beat at times, Storm-cloud’s irreverence for those in the path of his torrents when he unleashes his full power inspire little sympathy from the other characters.
Steady and wise, Flow has a broad view of all systems and characters at play. She is equitable in her reaches, mediating the needs of those players on the set, as well the greater publics. Flow’s fluid nature allows her to absorb the erratic behavior of Storm-cloud and Break-beat, adjusting quality, temperature and magnitude to accommodate the needs of others. Flow keeps an even keel, fluctuating to absorb the sloshing created by those around her.
A playfully endearing, yet mischievous character, Break-beat holds the role of the protagonist, embodying water at the human scale. Break-beat acts as a responsive character, sympathetic to those other characters around him, however he is boisterous. He likes to steal the show, with a tendency to interrupt at inopportune moments in order to call attention to his tricks. Like any good showman, Break-beat pays careful attention to timing, waiting for the waters to calm before making his unexpected splash.
The Oppositional Army behave as loyal servants to Break-beat and Flow, dealing with the details, and ensuring the vision of their masters is realized down to the molecular level. This army of minions holds many roles, but are united by a pulsing tone and miniature scale. Their tiny size leaves them powerless against the large volumes of water generated by Break-beat and storm cloud, but they utilize their multitude and size to celebrate the wonder of the water droplet.
PROLOGUE “Bewilderment is simply a prerequisite for another form of seeing.” James Corner, “Ecology and Landscape as Agents of Creativity,” in George Thompson and Frederick Steiner, eds., Ecological Design and Planning
In order to view the world through a different lens, we must first be in awe of it. As Corner suggests, bewilderment and wonder generate a new form of seeing. The nature, force, weight, and agency of water has been forgotten. Is it possible, through careful mediation of water, material, space and atmosphere, to inspire a new and productive role of the built environment? It is the goal of this project to remind us of the greatness of water as it facilitates human activity. By exploiting the natural and uncontrollable properties of water as it interacts with the highly regulated infrastructural water system, we intend to reignite the wonderment of water.
Storm-cloud Flow Break-beat The Oppositional Army
Several approaches within the project seek to capture the imagination with respect to water. The following narrative is a tool to bring hierarchy and clarity to each of the characters at play. Working across different scales and timeframes, some elements come to the forefront while others fall back as the support network. As the work develops, as will the richness of each character. The established roles as they relate to one another and the goal at large, will serve as constraints in the design process.
ACT II _rising action
Storm-cloud gathers in the distance, absorbing vapors, bolstering its power. Flow continues with her ambient balancing of the existing system. Break-beat, bored and impatient without ammunition for his trickery, siphons water from the systems for which Flow is working to provide, creating tension between them. The Oppositional Army operates per usual with the draft standing by, ready to activate latent regions when the order is dispatched.
ACT III _climax
Storm-cloud unleashes its might in a sudden flash flood of power. Flow takes a patient breath, and makes room for the erratic flux of Stormcloud’s action, happily accommodating Break-beat’s pestering. Break-beat, excited and temporarily seduced by the drama is tempted to join Storm-cloud, but suddenly realizes the ramifications of that action. With bigger goals in mind, Break-beat bears arms against the enemy. The Oppositional Army, flooded by the battle, and too minute to effect change, temporarily subvert to the forces.
ACT IV _ falling action Storm-cloud lightens its ammunition to a persistent drizzle, suffering from depleted resources. Flow-overburdened by the volume of water, swells and staggers under the weight of it. Break-beat works tirelessly to allevilate Flow, maintaining control, and happily collecting resources for his stunts, allowing Storm-cloud to have this moment of awe. The Oppositional Army begin to emerge from their flooded camps and call in the draft to assist in cultivating inspiring qualities of the water.
ACT V _ resolution Storm-cloud recedes and dissipates, leaving clear blue skies, no trace of its havoc. Flow falls back into a balanced rhythm. Break-beat seizes the calm after the storm to hold center stage, creating a elaborate show of the resources gained from the storm. The Oppositional Army flourishes, full of beautiful finite details, creating a visual shimmering vibration throughout the space.
SOAK | Activating the Sublime | w/ teammate Din Botsford | 31
2nd FLOOR PLAN scale 1’ = 3/128” 32
3nd FLOOR PLAN scale 1’ = 1/16”
Network of Terraces Outdoor Space Diagram
A network of alternating terraces provide each housing unit a private outdoor space in the urban post-industrial neighborhood of the Rivertown Warehouse District.
4nd FLOOR PLAN scale 1’ = 1/16” SOAK | Activating the Sublime | w/ teammate Din Botsford | 33
u_1 u_2
u_3
u_4
u_5 u_2
u_5
5 UNIT TYPES scale 1’ = 1/16” 34
UNIT 5 UNIT 4 UNIT 3 UNIT 2 UNIT 1
5 Interlocking Units
Housing Configuration
u_5 u_4 u_3
A set of 1, 2, and 3 bedroom units configure together and repeat across the project. The interlocking design allows several units to occupy multiple levels, and let in ample daylight .
u_2 u_1 SOAK | Activating the Sublime | w/ teammate Din Botsford | 35
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SOAK | Activating the Sublime | w/ teammate Din Botsford | 37
Eco-/Infra-/Logi-/Tectures THRESHOLD Graduate Design Studio Instructor: Kathy Velikov | Fall 2010 University of Michigan con [FLAT]-ed AGENTS Border Mapping
[3.1]
Re-claiming Operations Toxic Harvest
[3.2]
Liminal Spectacle Remedial Transformations
[3.3]
Project Title | 2
[s1] [s2] Flemming Channel [s3] Detroit-Windsor Tunnel
[s4]
Canadian Pacific Railway Ambassador Bridge
[s1]
Windsor Harbor Commission Detroit Windsor Truck Ferry Harridon Terminal
[s5] [s2]
Michigan Marine Terminal Morton Terminal Ltd. Nicholson Terminal & Dock
[s3]
Fighting Island Channel
[s4]
[s6]
[s5]
[s7] Trenton Channel
[s6]
Ballards Reef Channel [s8] Amherstburg Channel
[s7] Livingstone Channel [s8]
[s9]
[s9]
West Outer Channel 40
International Ports and Docks
Public Recreation
Habitat Remediation Sites (level of threat)
Shipping Channel Boundary
con[FLAT]-ed AGENTS Border Mapping | Detroit River “The unfolding agency of mapping is most effective when its capacity for description also sets the condition for new eidetic and physical worlds to emerge...Through rendering visible multiple & sometimes disparate field conditions, mapping allows for an understanding of terrain as only the surface expression of a complex and dynamic imbroglio of social and natural processes. In visualizing these interrelationships & interactions, mapping itself participates in any future unfoldings.� -James Corner In this opening exercise to the studio project, both the hard and soft infrastructures which define the Detroit River are represented. This process of mapping helped identify operations and infrastructural couplings for targeted design intervention. Particular attention was given to the definition of the international border between the USA and Canada, as well as the importance of this waterway for commerce, and the ecological threat industry poses to the river. Political Border
Commerce Border
Physical Border
Liminal Spectacle | Border Mapping | 41
Represents 50,000 cubic yards of annual dredge
Clamshell Cable Arm Bucket
Unloading Pneumatic Transport System
Pneumatic Transport Ship
Air Pressure
Hopper
Sea/Overland Pipeline
Sand Discharge Tube
Reclamation
5,385,021 cubic yards dredged annually from federally maintained Great Lakes Harbors
Air Pressure Sea/Overland Pipeline Clamshell Cable Arm Bucket
42
Unloading Pneumatic Transport System
Pneumatic Transport Ship
Hopper
Sand Discharge Tube
Reclamation
Re-Claiming Operations Toxic Harvest
Annual dredging of the Detroit River maintains minimum depths necessary for the passage of cargo ships. The process produces an abundance of sediments, contaminated by neighboring industrial operations. As it stands, this material is transported to confined disposal facilities. This project proposes an alternative process to reclaim this toxic harvest of river sediment and put it to productive use.
Solidifying Agents
pH Controller Water Release
Solid Sediments
Identification of Contaminants
Site Delivery Based on Contaminants.
[Hg] Mercury Source: Coal fired power plants [Pb] Lead Source: Ammunition, Construction [Zn] Zinc Source: Industrial Construction Biphenyls [PCB] Polychlorinated Source: Dielictic Fluids Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAH] Polycyclic Source: Crude Oil, Coal, Tar Excavator for Earth Moving
Solidifying Agents pH Controller
Side Delivery Based on Contaminants
Excavator for Earth Moving
Formation of Windrows Remediation
Formation of Windrows for Remediation
Water Release Identification of Contaminants Dredged Sediments
Valve
Mixer
Water Extractor Liminal Spectacle | Re-Claiming Operations | 43
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Liminal Spectacle Remedial Transformations Politically, the Detroit River is considered international waters. Who then owns the material dredged from the bottom of the river? As a toxic substance, it is seen as a burden, but as productive soil it could be used to form a liminal landscape, one that is neither the U.S. nor Canada. Paring ecological and infrastructural operations, this project utilizes bioremediation methods to create productive soil for food growth from the contaminated material. Now, spanning border of the U.S. and Canada a skeleton of the Ambassador Bridge pulsates with vibrant activity. Once the busiest border crossing between the U.S. and Canada, this icon of commerce has transformed into a Liminal Spectacle; a place of ecological and infrastructural operations, active engagement, and cultural blending.
Liminal Spectacle | Remedial Transformations | 45
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Yellow Poplar
Helianthus Annuus (sunflower)
Mercury (Hg) Source: Coal fired power plants
Lead (Pb) Source: Building construction, ammunition
Salix Viminalis (Willow) Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) Source: Industrial construction
Brassica Juncea (Wild Mustard)
Thlaspi Caerulescens (Alpine Pennycress)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro(PCB’s) carbons (PAH’s) Source: Dielictric fluids
Source: Crude oil, subsurface coal tar
Composting:
Vermiculture:
Waste sources: Carbon: Sawdust, newspaper, egg shells Nitrogen: Food Scraps, coffee, grass clippings
Further refines the compost into rich fertilizer. Solutions of the castings and water serve as pest and disease control
Beans: Nitrogen fixing
Maize: Squash: Marigold: Provides climbing Natural mulch, Pesticidal chemical structure for bean prohibiting weeds from root & keeps soil moist Beet
Cucumber
Pepper
Basil
Tomato
The vessels holding contaminated material would begin their transformation by being planted with phytoremedial plants based on the toxins they contain. Visually these plants would signify and educate the public as to what contaminants exist in the river. This aggregate of phytoremediation would be deployed on higher levels of the bridge structure, utilizing the suspension cables. Being the most toxic, this process would be furthest removed from the public access. Below the zone of phytoremediation, an area of composting. Organic material would mix into the remediated soil to increase the diversity of the soil food web. This food web will also further aid in the decomposition of organic compounds, and fix nitrogen. Red Wiggler worms provide a further refinement of the soil into a rich fertilizer.
Finally, the vessels become part of the constructed space of the bridge, and are planted with various crops. An emphasis is placed on companion planting such as beans corn and squash where the corn acts as a climbing structure for the beans, which are nitrogen fixing, and the squash spreads out over the ground, providing a living mulch that keeps the soil moist and weeds at a minimum. Liminal Spectacle | Remedial Transformations | 47
48
Liminal Spectacle engages its users as active occupants, responsible for understanding the processes at play and more importantly, physically interacting with the space on various levels. Suspended over 150 ft off the Detroit River, catwalks and scaffolding dare people to explore among the hanging vessels, observing the remediation process while enjoying the thrill of the physical space. On the productive surfaces that weave throughout the skeleton of the Ambassador bridge, planting and harvesting produce provide the public other means of actively participating on the bridge. The public realm takes over the infrastructure and encourages a program of suspended play and folly, hanging between two countries.
Liminal Spectacle | Remedial Transformations | 49
dex-ter-i-ty (n.)
[:readiness & grace in physical activity; especially: skill and ease in using the hands]
Bike Pavilion | University of Michigan 2011
[4.1]
Sugar-Shack | First Hand Projects 2010
[4.2]
Product Design | University of Michigan 2012
[4.3]
Ceramics | Mudflat Studio 2010
[4.4]
STORAGE SHED (2) 2X6
(2) 2X10 Header Corrugated Polycarbonate Roofing Welded Steel Connector
(2) 2X10 Header
5/16" Steel Cable
Welded Steel Connector
5/16" Steel Cable
(2) 2X6 Columns Flitched
6'-8"
8'-4 1/2"
11'-8 3/4"
(2) 2X6 Columns Flitched
(2) Treated 2X10 Floor Joist
(2) Treated 2X10
Sliding Door 3/4" Treated Plywood Deck
Steel Connector
24" Deep Concrete Pier
2'-0"
Existing Concrete Pad
24" Deep Concrete Pier
1'-6 3/4"
1'-0"
2'-10 1/2"
1'-0"
1'-6 3/4"
Steel Connector
[A1] Axonometric of Assembly
VIEW 02 AXONOMETRIC SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
[S1] Cross Section 01
SECTION
SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
Bike Pavilion | Hostel Detroit | Detroit, MI | Instructors J. Bard & M. Schulte | Spring 2011 This Design/Build course worked with Hostel Detroit to create a project that addressed their bike storage needs while also helping define their outdoor space. [01] structure held together by custom steel gusset plates we fabricated with the waterjet cutter. [02} alternating angled corregation on the roof enabled 52
2700 VERMONT STREET, MICHIGAN
2X4 Upper Roof Frame
rainwater collection to occur at a single point [03] clear polycarbonate roofing material allowed ample light into the space [04] structure closes down for security [05] doors hing upward to open a performance stage and provide additional coverage beyond the structure
A-04 SECTION
[01]
FRAMING PLAN 02 FLOOR SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
DATE: 06.17.11
REVISION: PERMIT PACKAGE
DATE: 06.17.11
REVISION: PERMIT PACKAGE
STORAGE SHED 2700 VERMONT STREET, DETROIT, MI
8'-0"
4'-0 3/4"
8'-0"
24'-5"
8'-0"
STORAGE SHED
8'-0"
CL
A-03
[P3] Upper Framing Plan 01 UPPER FRAMING PLAN [P4] Roof Framing Plan SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
2700 VERMONT STREET,DETROIT, MI
9'-8"
2700 VERMONT STREET, DETROIT, MI
6'-2 3/4" 3'-10 1/2"
1'-11 1/4"
[P2] Floor Framing Plan
FRAMING PLAN PLANS 02 ROOF SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
REVISION: PERMIT PACKAGE
DATE: 06.17.1 4'-1 1/2"
11'-10 3/4"
7'-8 3/4" 25'-0 1/4"
7'-8 3/4"
A-02
1'-11 1/4"
[P1] Foundation Plan
7'-8 3/4"
11'-8 3/4" 10'-3 3/4"
CL
CL
PLAN 01 FOUNDATION SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
STORAGE SHED
8'-0" 24'-5"
8'-0" 4'-0 3/4"
11'-10 3/4" 6'-2 3/4" 3'-10 1/2"
8'-0"
DATE: 06.1
REVISION: PERMIT PACKAGE
3'-10 1/2"
24'-5" 7'-8 3/4" 10'-3 3/4"
CL
12'-1 3/4"
8'-0"
2700 VERMONT STREET,DETROIT, MI
9'-8"
25'-0 1/4"
11'-8 3/4"
7'-8 3/4"
3'-10 1/2"
7'-8 3/4"
8'-0"
STORAGE SHED
12'-1 3/4"
A-02
FOUNDATION ROOF PLAN PLAN 01 FRAMING PLAN SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0" 02 ROOF SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0" PLANS
FRAMING PLAN 01 UPPER SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
A-03 ROOF PLAN
[02] Hostel Detroit: Fabrications in Architecture | 53
DATE: 06.17.11 6'-8"
SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
Polycarbonate Sheathing
8'-4"
6'-3"
10 mm Twin Wall Polycarbonate
24'-5"
[E3] Northeast Elevation 54
4'-0 1/2"
ELEVATION 02 NORTHEAST SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
8'-0"
[E4] Northwest Elevation 01 NORTHWEST ELEVATION SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
2700 VERMONT STREET,DETROIT, MI
6 1/4"
10 1/4"
03 SOUTHEAST [E2] Southeast ElevationELEVATION
ELEVATION 04 SOUTHWEST SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"
8'-4"
11'-7 1/4"
8'-4 1/2"
11'-7"
8'-4 1/4"
10 mm Twin Wall Polycarbonate
[E1] Southwest Elevation
STORAGE SHED
12'-0 3/4" 24'-2 3/4"
REVISION: PERMIT PACKAGE
[03]
A-05 ELEVATION
[04]
[05] Hostel Detroit: Fabrications in Architecture | 55
Sugar-Shack | Cogshell Farm | First Hand Projects | Lincoln, MA | Summer 2010 I worked as a program assistant and instructor at First Hand Projects, a design/build program for teens. FHP exposes students to architectural design theory and enables realization of their work through its physical construction. This project fulfilled a community farm’s need for an educational space to demonstrate maple 56
sugaring, as well as a veterinary clinic. Students creatively implemented on site materials such as cord wood and hay bales to inform their design. This program ran for 6 weeks. I oversaw and assisted in the design and construction.
Sugar-Shack, Lincon, MA | 57
Material Explorations | Architecture of Objects | Instructor S. Jackson | Winter 2012 Through a series of projects, this course challenged students to push designs to complete resolution, with heavy focus on materiality, technique, and craft.
[02} Nesting Stools; Willow plank, polyuerthane finish, CNC routed pocket to recieve legs, bent square stock steel, powdercoating finish
[01] Ikabana Flower Container; vacuformed mold, waterjet copper inlay, cast concrete, beeswax finish
[03] Woven Luminary; Yupo sheet cut with knife cutter, hand woven assembly, bent wire light fixture
58
[01] Material Explorations: Ikabana Flower Container | 59
[02] 60
[03] Material Explorations: Nesting Stools; Woven Luminary | 61
62
Studies in Ceramics, Mudflat Studio, Somerville, MA | 63
Professional Work February 2007-August 2011 Liquid Planning; Detroit Graham Institute
[5.1]
Aga Khan University; Karachi, Pakistan Payette Associates
[5.2]
Gra tio tA ven ue
Dues Park
Park East
St Joseph St. Joseph
Lafayette
+ M Tributary Infrastructure North Interceptor- -East EastArm ArmSewer SewerLine Line North Interceptor
+ M
Detroit - East Arm Sewer Line DetroitRiver RiverIntercetor Interceptor - East Arm Sewer Line Sewer Outfalls Outfalls
+ M
St Aubin
Land Cover, USGS
Zoning, City of Detroit
Residentail Vacancy, DRPS
Developed, High Intensity
B2, B3, B4, B6 Business/Shopping
Vacant Residential
Developed, Medium Intensity
M3, M5 General/Special Industrial
Commerical / Industrial
Developed, Low Intensity
M4 Intensive Industrial
Developed, Open Space
PD Planned Development
Streets
PR Parks & Recreation R1, R2 Single and Two-Family Residential R3 Low Density Residential R4 Thoroughfare Residential R5 Medium Density Residential 1 : 48,000
R6 High Density Residential SD1, SD4 Special Development
1949
1 : 24,000
Dequindre Cut Tributary
66
Area 568.04 acres
00
0.125
0.25
.5 0.5
0.75
11
Miles Miles
1961
1981
00
0.125
0.25
1 0.5
0.75
21
Miles Miles
Liquid Planning
Graham Institute Detroit Sustainability Indicators Project Ann Arbor, MI Supervisors: Jen Maigret & Maria Arquero Summer 2011
7.8 %
8.8 13.4 %%
1.9 % .87 %
RO
SD1, SD4 BDS
SDE
30.1 %
ALY
Zoning, SurfaceCity Analysis, of Detroit GIS Total Acreage % %of ofTotal TotalAcreage Acreage %%Imperviousness Total Acreage Imperviousness Runoff Runoff[gal.] [gal.]2005 2005Runoff Runoff[gal.] [gal.]2000 2000
300.61
B2, B3, B4 Business/Shopping Developed, High Intensity
6,156.66 4,294.08
38.826.54 % %
37.8 51.4 %%
7,827,429.62 15,348,121.40
12,736,072.95 24,830,300.61
B2,SDE B3,Sidewalks B4 Business/Shopping
4,294.08 11.02
6.54%% 1.94
37.8 100%%
7,827,429.62 7,700,809.45
12,736,072.95 3,726,731,696.90
743.88
M3 GeneralMedium IndustrialIntensity Developed,
6,160.8270.56
38.85.11 % %
37.8 37.8 %%
129,359.17 11,294,760.21
209,278.19 18,272,743.88
M3ALY General AlleysIndustrial
70.56 4.95
.11%% .87
37.8 100%%
129,359.17 3,806,303.86
16,633,510.34 209,278.19
190.67
M4 Intensive Industrial Developed, Low Intensity
3,340.84 493.92
21.07.75 % %
21.4 18.8 %%
512,645.61 3,046,216.39
829,361.73 4,928,190.67
M4GO Intensive Industrial Green, Urban Open
493.92 174.13
.75 % 30.65 %
21.4 10.9%%
512,645.61 28,836,198.24
829,361.73 2,597,119,054.75
GO Green, Urban Open
77.40
PD PlannedOpen Development Developed, Space
1.279.12 % %
37.8 10.9 %%
10,971,769.78 106,165.10
17,750,207.65 156,977.40
PDPS Planned Development Paved Surfaces
5,984.64 78.86
9.12 % 13.88
37.8 100%%
10,971,769.78 55,079,664.59
17,750,207.65 106,759,559.71
PS Paved Surfaces
838,321.76 4,127,431,134.96
RO Roads
68,800,897.41 3,993,482.61
BDS Buildings
1.9 %% 100
518,183.99 27,603,979.93
18.8 100%%
2,468,454.04 35,040,005.47
20.16
.03 %
37.8 %
36,959.76
59,793.77
R4 Thoroughfare Residential
20.16
.03 %
37.8 %
36,959.76
R5 Medium Density Residential
2,167.20
3.30 %
37.8 %
3,973,174.57
6,427,830.25
R5 Medium Density Residential
2,167.20
3.30 %
37.8 %
3,973,174.57
6,427,830.25
R6 High Density Residential
35,491.68
54.08 %
21.4 %
36,837,248.69
59,595,564.47
R6 High Density Residential
35,491.68
54.08 %
21.4 %
36,837,248.69
59,595,564.47
SD1, SD4 Special Development
8,776.80
13.37 %
37.8 %
16,090,697.02
26,031,644.76
SD1, SD4 Special Development
8,776.80
13.37 %
37.8 %
16,090,697.02
26,031,644.76
Matrix Inventory of Dequindre Cut Tributaries [below Gratiot]
16,633,510.34
10.9 %
28,836,198.24
2,597,119,054.75
78.86
13.88 %
100 %
55,079,664.59
106,759,559.71
100 %
7,700,809.45
3,726,731,696.90
44.24
7.79 %
100 %
27,603,979.93
4,127,431,134.96
50.17
8.83 %
100 %
35,040,005.47
68,800,897.41
35,000,000
10,000,000
Sidewalks
30,000,000
Sidewalks
Alleys
25,000,000
Alleys
Paved Surfaces
5,000,000
Roads Buildings
May
June
April
0
March
SD1,SD4
3,806,303.86
30.65 %
Green, Urban Open
January
R6
100 %
174.13
40,000,000
February
December
November
July
October
September
SD1,SD4
Buildings R5
0
May
R6
0
15,000,000
Roads R4
June
Buildings R5
10,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000
August
SD1,SD4
Roads R4
Alleys PD Paved Surfaces R3
April
R5 Developed, Open Space R6
4,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 0 0
Paved Surfaces R3
20,000,000
% Imperviousness Runoff [gal.] 2005 Runoff [gal.] 2000
45,000,000
25,000,000
Sidewalks M4 Green, Urban Open PR
March
0
0
6,000,000 10,000,000
20,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000
January
1,000,000
Green, Urban Open PR
M3
30,000,000 15,000,000 25,000,000
.87 %
Runoff [gal.] 2000
30,000,000 B2,B3,B4
40,000,000 20,000,000 35,000,000
February
3,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000
Developed, Medium PR Intensity R3 Developed, Low Intensity R4
December
SD1,SD4
10,000,000 4,000,000
Alleys PD
15,000,000 8,000,000
November
R5 Developed, Open Space R6
5,000,000
M3 Sidewalks M4
July
0
0
6,000,000 15,000,000
M3 M4 Developed, High Intensity PD
October
2,000,000 1,000,000
Developed, Medium PR Intensity R3 Developed, Low Intensity R4
8,000,000 20,000,000 7,000,000
B2,B3,B4
14,000,000 25,000,000 12,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000
September
8,000,000 3,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000
M3 M4 Developed, High Intensity PD
Runoff [gal.] 2005
25,000,000 45,000,000
30,000,000 16,000,000 B2,B3,B4
May
10,000,000 4,000,000
25,000,000 9,000,000
59,793.77
Runoff Runoff [gal.] [gal.] 2000 2000
June
5,000,000 12,000,000
B2,B3,B4
Runoff Runoff [gal.] [gal.] 2005 2005
August
16,000,000 6,000,000 14,000,000
Runoff[gal.] [gal.]2000 2000 Runoff
April
Runoff[gal.] [gal.]2005 2005 Runoff
March
R4 Thoroughfare Residential
1.94 %
4.95
20,000,000
Green, Urban Open
15,000,000
Paved Surfaces
10,000,000
Roads
5,000,000
Buildings
0
December
8.57%% 7.79 4.12%% 8.83
% of Total Acreage
11.02
November
5,623.20 44.24 2,707.20 50.17
Total Acreage
The Primary goal of the summer research was to look at issues of urban runoff in the city of Detroit. Using Geographic Mapping Systems, as well as other data relating to rainfall, we analyzed, refined, and represented the information. The graphic presentation of the findings played an important role as we oriented the information to architects, planners and decision makers in the city.
July
PRRO Parks & Recreation Roads R3BDS LowBuildings Density Residential
BDS
October
838,321.76 3,993,482.61
RO
September
518,183.99 2,468,454.04
ALY Alleys
July
1.9 % 18.8 %
January
en Space
8.57 % 4.12 %
February
w Intensity
5,623.20 2,707.20
January February March April May June July August September October November December
dium
PR Parks & Recreation R3 Low Density Residential
January February March April May June July August September October November December
h Intensity
200.82 5,984.64
SDE Sidewalks
8.8 %
7.8 %
PS
May
Total Acreage of Total Acreage%%Imperviousness Imperviousness Runoff Runoff[gal.] [gal.]2005 2005Runoff Runoff[gal.] [gal.]2000 2000 Total Acreage % of%Total Acreage
13.9 %
GO
June
PS
August
R6
Land Cover, USGS Zoning, City of Detroit
al.] 2000
54.1 %13.9 %
R5
April
GO R3
March
30.1%%3.3 % 4.1
PR
January
6.51.9 %% .11.87 % .75 % % 9.1 % 8.6 %
B2, SDE B3, B4 ALY M3 M4 PD
February
Dev, SD1, Low SD4 Dev, Open
Dev, Med
December
13.4 21.07 % % 1.27 %
38.85 %
R6
November
54.1 %
PR Dev, High R3 R5
October
6.5 % .11 % .75 % 9.1 % 8.6 %38.82 4.1 % 3.3 %
B2, B3, B4 M3 M4 PD
September
Dev, Open
August
% 1.27 %
During the summer while at the University of Michigan I worked with assistant professors, Jen Maigret and Maria Arquero as a research assistant. The work was funded by the Gram Institute and contributed to the Detroit Sustainability Indicators ProjSurface Analysis, GIS ect.
Liquid Planning | Detroit | 67
Land Cover, USGS Residential Vacancy, DRPS
Developed, High Intensity Developed, Medium Intensity
Vacant Residential
Developed, Low Intensity
Commerical / Industrial
Developed, Open Space
Streets
Surface Analysis, GIS
Zoning, City of Detroit
Buildings
B4: Business, Shopping, General Services
St Aubin Sub Tributary
68
Area 88.7 acres
00
1 : 6,000
.2 0.2
Miles Miles
PR: Parks & Recreation
Paved Surfaces/Sidewalks
R6: High Density Residential
Alleys/Private Roads/Streets
SD4: Special Development
Green, Urban Open
00
1 : 24,000
.8 0.2
Miles Miles
15.87 %
13.46 %
BDS
20.64 %
RO
43.07 %
PS
2.40 % 4.77 %
GO
ALY SDE
Impervious Surface Analysis
Total Acreage
% of Total Acreage
% Imperviousness
SDE Sidewalks
3.77
4.25 %
100 %
ALY Alleys
2.40
2.70 %
100 %
GO Green, Urban Open
38.21
43.07 %
10.9 %
PS Paved Surfaces
18.31
20.64 %
100 %
RO Roads
11.94
13.46 %
100 %
BDS Buildings
14.08
15.87 %
100 %
7,000,000.00 6,000,000.00
28.18 inches
5,000,000.00
Sidewalks
4,000,000.00
Alleys
3,000,000.00
Green, Urban Open
2,000,000.00
Paved Surfaces
1,000,000.00
Roads
2009
32.28 inches
2008
30.31 inches
Buildings
December
October
November
July
August
September
May
June
April
March
January
February
0.00
2010
32.62 inches
2006
37.24 inches
Gallons of Runoff: 2005
2007
25.69 inches
2005
9,000,000.00 31.36 inches
8,000,000.00
2004
7,000,000.00 6,000,000.00
Sidewalks
5,000,000.00
Alleys
4,000,000.00
Green, Urban Open
3,000,000.00
27.05 inches
2003
2002
Paved Surfaces
2,000,000.00
Roads
1,000,000.00
32.25 inches
2001
Buildings
December
October
November
July
August
September
June
May
April
March
January
February
0.00
Imperviousness
29.04 inches
Gallons of Runoff: 2000
41.61 inches
2000
Annual Percipitation 2000-2010 Liquid Planning | Detroit | 69
70
Student Housing: Aga Khan University Payette Associates Inc Boston, MA
Project Architect: Randa Ghattas Principal: Tom Payette February 2007-May 2009
At Payette Associates I worked on the design of a university in Pakistan. This project brought up issues of climate, culture, and resources. I worked on the development of a campus housing neighborhood for university faculty. I also worked on the student residencies. Here we studied Islamic city form as well as contemporary housing projects in south Asia and the middle east as precedents. Ideas about creating a community and encouraging social interaction among students in their living quarters drove the design of these buildings. Physical modeling of the project was the main method used to work through design issues. My role as a designer involved working back and forth between drawing and building models.
Aga Khan University | Karachi | 71
TLT EGC3
1220 MIN
1220 MIN
DRT 1220 MIN
610
DRT
MIN
1220 MIN
CGC, CSO CGC, CSO
CGC
DRS DRS
(5) GUAUIACUM OFFICINALE
CGC (5) ROYSTONIA REGIA
(11) ROYSTONIA REGIA
CGC CGC, CSO
CGC
DRS
DRT CGC, CSO
(3) SARACA INDICA CGC, SCO
CGC
(2) THESPESIA POPULNEA (2) GUAUIACUM OFFICINALE (6) PRITCHARDIA PACIFICA
U
(3) CASSIA MULTIJUGA
S
(3) CASSIA GLAUCA
CGC, CSO
CGC
(4) PRITCHARDIA PACIFICA
(7) CASSIA MULTIJUGA (6) CALLISTEMON LANCEOLATUS
(3) CASSIA GLAUCA
(3) VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS
D R IV E
CGC, CSO
(3) CALLISTEMON LANCEOLATUS
(3) CASSIA GLAUCA
CGC
(3) ACACIA DECURRENS 'MOLLIS' CGC
(3) CASSIA GLAUCA
(5) TABEBUIA ROSEA ALBA CGC
(1) VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS (6) CASSIA MULTIJUGA
CGC, CSO
(5) SARACA INDICA
CGC, SCO
(2) BAUHINIA PURPUREA
CGC, CSO
(1) GUAUIACUM OFFICINALE
CGC, SCO (7) CASSIA MULTIJUGA NYMPHAEA ALBA
(1) GUAUIACUM OFFICINALE CGC CGC
CGC, CSO
(6) CASSIA MULTIJUGA CGC
CGC, SCO
(21) PISTACIA ATLANTICA (FEMALE ONLY)
72
(3) GUAUIACUM OFFICINALE
M OFFICINALE
NYMPHAEA ALBA
AUIACUM OFFICINALE CGC CGC
CGC, CSO
CGC
CGC, SCO
(3) GUAU
Student Residencies | Aga Khan University | Karachi | 73
74
Student Residencies | Aga Khan University | Karachi | 75
archer.meghan@gmail.com