Cascade - Feasibility Study by MEGibson1993

CASCADE Feasibility Study A multi sensory restaurant to excite all of your senses in the heart of Liverpool

Megan Gibson

November 2014

Preface

Good habits formed at youth make all the difference

Aristotle

Eating is a multisensory experience, drawing on flavour and aroma, contrasts to texture and temperature, visual appearance and sound, as well as on our memories, nostalgia and associations. Heston Blumenthal, 2014

Contents Introduction 2 Working Hypothesis Raison d’être. Outlines the core elements of the project and themes throughout

Site Analysis 6 Location Geographical context: Liverpool, UK

9 Map 3 Aims & Objectives Project intentions and plan to achieve them

4 Summary Project context and preliminary ideas

Building location in local context

11 Access Various approaches to building via road, foot and local transport links

13 Building Analysis Structural, material and finish information

15 Photographic Survey Images of exterior and various interiors

17 Existing Plans, Sections & Elevations Technical drawings of building in it’s current state

21 Advantages & Disadvantages Personal analysis of site’s feasibility for proposed project

22 Overview Summary of building and site analysis

Precedent Studies 24 Pizza Express Olfactory sensory interior in Richmond, London

Research 41 The Fat Duck Heston Blumenthal’s molecular gastronomic restaurant exploiting sensory food

34 Hel Yes! Pop-up Finnish design restaurant in London

36 Dans le Noir Unprecedented culinary experience in complete darkness

58 Design Rationale Summary of report thus far

59 Concept

26 NOMA Molecular gastronomic restaurant in Copenhagen, Denmark

Conclusion

43 Urban Regeneration Case Studies: • Abbaye de Fontevraud, Anjou • The Jane, Antwerp • Selexyz Bookstore, Amsterdam • Haus im Haus, Hamburg

51 Human Senses Analysis on human perception and sense

55 Geometric Design Installation and geometric design

Sketch concept models and final model. Experiments with lighting

65 Mood Board Collection of images that capture the project intention

66 Development Sketches Personal sketches of initial design thoughts

69 Zonal & Spatial Planning Division of proposed building interior for project

Bibliography 70 References References throughout report text

72 Image References Sources of images used throughout report

74 Bibliography Sources used to construct report

Introduction Working Hypothesis Aims Objectives Summary

Working Hypothesis

There is a distinct lack in opportunities facing young people post-18 other than the University career path. In addition to this low paid, poorly recognised apprenticeships and other qualifications are not providing the remaining non-student population with sufficient skill sets to forge a life for themselves and prospective families; this is a factor largely faced by young persons in the farther Northern regions of the UK. Through the design of a prolific, pioneering restaurant environment showcasing the future: of not only technology and dining but: of apprenticeships and schemes recognisable at a national level. The innovative milieu will encourage personal development and progression through the ranks to higher positions with the added bonus of incentives.

Fig 1.1 Smoking Starter. Available from Suexerea.

Aims & Objectives

Aims

• To create a stimulating, unique dining experience that defies the boundaries of existing restaurant experiences through exploiting the various human senses • To design a concept that is powerful and innovative; to evolve into a destination space for a curious and contemporary user • To manipulate technology into the traditional dining environment so that it enhances and develops a new experience unlike any other offered locally • To utilise the pioneering setting as a backdrop for exciting and enriching apprenticeship schemes for young people to develop sufficient and appropriate skills from the working environment • To regenerate a derelict building into its former glory acting as a catalyst for building regeneration in the city of Liverpool

Summary

Objectives

• To analyse the current post-18 job prospect opportunities available to those whom do not wish to go to University, subsequently proposing a new structure to create jobs, skills and improve prospects • To research the effects of exploiting the five human senses and how these relate to our perception and interaction when dining, ultimately defining how and what makes a dining experience? • To identify and analyse the current trends in restaurant design, further to this how much of a role does technology play in the future of dining? • To distinguish the target demographic for a new style of eating out through market research, questionnaires and location specific data

Riding off of the back of a recent recession the country’s economy is in repair and the repercussions of such a devastating economic crash has had huge consequences for many. As Canary Wharf rebuilds countrywide stability, London fortifies itself as a global economic powerhouse (Davis, 2014) and once again, so it may seem, is pulling away from the rest of the UK - when in fact quite the opposite is happening. Many argue that London’s success has an expiry date and for the rest of the economy to rely solely on it would be rather foolish in light of recent events (Davis, 2014) so in response the North is starting to fight back. They are not only creating an international second city (Davies, 2014), Manchester, but surrounding it with other thriving cities and creating a regional agglomerate hub; one of which being Liverpool. Liverpool has earned itself connotations of ‘poverty and neglect’ (Du Noyer) following the demise of the city’s industry and mass unemployment; when in fact its beginnings were far more opulent and prolific. In recent years the city has strived to put itself back on the map: earning the European City of Culture title in 2008 and hosting numerable events throughout the year attracting millions (BBC, 2014). Despite this, there are still a considerable amount of young people struggling below the poverty line desperate to gain the experience and skills needed to improve their quality of life. Following the catastrophic downfall of the failed shipping trade a plethora of homes, buildings and much of the city’s majestic architecture lay desolate for years pining for regeneration and a creative mind to breathe new life into them. Since the North’s revival began, Liverpool has single-handedly put numerable schemes, funds and programmes in place to support local entrepreneurs and those hoping to regenerate the city. This project aims to endorse the importance of the Northern Revival three-fold. First and foremost an exciting series of restaurants stimulating local economy; by creating new jobs a variety of apprenticeships for the unemployed youth; but above all acting as the facilitator for regenerating the wonderful, yet forgotten, beauty of Liverpudlian architecture. Fig 1.2 Ramson. Available from Host

Site Analysis Location Map Existing Plans Existing Sections & Elevations Building Analysis Advantages & Disadvantages Overview

Site Analysis

Fig 2.1 Water Street. Available from Pinterest

Fig 2.2 Port of Liverpool. Available from Pinterest

Site Survey

Fig 2.3 - 10 Street Survey. Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own

Map

Building Analysis The exterior of the State Insurance Building is a five-storey ashlar façade with three bays. Over the two doorways to the ground floor are stone arches with polished granite, one wider than the other adorned with ‘blind Flamboyant tracery’ (English Heritage, 1975). A stair turret creates an arch canopy over the first floor ogee-headed traceried windows a style which is continued across all windows to the frontage. The remaining two bays of three storeys have two light windows with gabled attic lights. The interior ground floor ballroom has original Victorian tiled floors throughout over poured concrete slab. Walls and fireplaces have blind arcading with marble detailing adjoining ‘elaborate plaster decoration in panels to ceiling supported on metal columns’ (English Heritage, 1975) which have been sprayed gold for a recent television set.

Fig. 2.12 Ordenance Survey UK 2014. Author’s Own

Building

The State Insurance Building

Address

12- 14 Dale Street Liverpool L2 4TH

Listing 2 Gross m 2 Net m

Fig. 2.11 Ordenance Survey UK 2014. Author’s Own

Grade II 2912 1922

The upper galleries have carpet on plywood on battens and counter battens, creating 600mm floor boxes within which rockwool insulation is in cavities for sound proofing. Steel staircases with toughened glass balustrades are fitted throughout. The ceilings are twice layered plasterboard with staggered joints and skimmed. To the third floor atrium the glazed barrel is now clad and all that remains is the traceried ends at each end of the vault. The fourth floor roofing is newly installed 3 ply HT felt on 80mm Kingspan insulation board. The interior walls are a mixture of stud wall partitions and original stone and brick walls with a steel frame structure. A strong emotional response is felt in this building of excitement and wonder. Due to its vacant state once you enter the main hallway it is like a time portal to the former extravagance of its heyday; the marble and floor tiles are reminiscent of the extreme wealth and grandeur. Then as you proceed to the upper galleries you are struck by the immense volume of the 130m high atrium and the way in which the light bathes the space in such an urban area. It is like a secret garden amongst the bustle of the city that very few know about and has not been spoilt or destroyed yet: an urban utopia.

Fig. 2.13 Ordenance Survey of Liverpool UK 2014. Author’s Own

Site Analysis

Site Analysis Access The State Insurance Building is as rich in history as it is in character. Built in 1906 by the same architect who designed the Royal Liver Buildings further along Dale Street, its original footprint went as far as North John Street but was destroyed by German bombers during WWII. Formerly insurance offices with a restaurant on the fourth floor, it now stands empty as many of Liverpool’s buildings do. ‘The State’ –as it’s known locally – lies meters from the trendy docks and on the border of the city’s prosperous business and shopping districts. The property is due north of flourishing Liverpool ONE shopping centre and south west of the up and coming business and financial district. This provides ample opportunity for a multiplicity of contemporary uses. There are no surrounding grounds or outdoor spaces as the building is bounded by developments towards North John Street, Dale Street and by Sweeting Street walkway. Due to its prominent positioning on Dale Street and conveniently neighbouring the prestigious Liver Buildings the building’s condition has fortunately not suffered too much and is in relatively good keeping. The architectural style is very flamboyant Gothic ‘almost to the point of being Art Nouveau’ (World Heritage Liverpool) which is typical to the grandiose limestone urban forest of Liverpool.

Fig. 2.14 Map of local transport 2014. Author’s Own

It has five floors, the fourth floor being roof terrace; the remaining floors are all vast galleries surrounding an interior court. £4m has recently been spent renovating the upper floors to a respectable standard.

There are two main entry points to the property from the Dale Street frontage: the first is a narrow ogee arch to the upper floor office doorway, and the second: a larger entry way to the ground floor access. There are also multiple exits to Fleeting Street from the ground floor ballroom some of which are fire exits. Sweeting Street is only accessible by foot and is limited access.

Vehicular Access The most obvious vehicular access is via Dale Street to the North of the building; yet, this is a particularly busy thoroughfare and although accessible by any size of machinery and vehicle, it may prove inappropriate during rush hour time frames. There is no parking allocated specifically to the site however there are a number of street parking and car park facilities within close perimeters. Dale Street is the main thoroughfare out of the city centre connecting to Manchester and London.

Local Transport Links Liverpool has a good infrastructure connecting it to the rest of the country and region via multiple modes of transport. The city has four central train stations; the most obvious is Liverpool Lime Street which has connections to London in less than 3 hours. Liverpool John Lennon Airport is a 30 minute drive from the city centre. There is an abundance of bus links connecting the immediate local area with the centre making it accessible from all areas. Finally there are still working docks that ferries from Liverpool to The Wirral, The Isle and Man and Ireland still operate. This makes the location of the building pivotal in its local and widespread success due to the countless approaches.

Fig. 2.15 Map of State Insurance Building. Author’s Own

Fig. 2.16 - 2.37. Interior Images. Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own images 2014

Existing First Floor Plan

Fig. 2.38. First Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Existing Second Floor Plan

Fig. 2.39. Second Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Existing Third Floor Plan

Fig. 2.40. Third Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Existing Fourth Floor Plan

Fig. 2.41. Fourth Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Existing Front Elevation

Existing Side Elevation

Fig. 2.44. Fourth Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Fig. 2.42. Dale Street Elevation. Author’s Own images 2014

Fig. 2.43. Fourth Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Fig. 2.45. Fourth Floor Plan. Author’s Own images 2014

Advantages & Disadvantages

Overview

Demographic There is a split demographic for the restaurant. Firstly for local diners with a more disposable income or more affluent. The restaurant personifies Liverpudlian life so it must appeal to those local creatives and open minded souls looking to experience something new.

Disadvantages

Advantages

• The ground floor is in need of complete renovation and a lot of work will be required to return it to its former glory which could be costly due to the listing

• The site is prominently positioned in the city for a contemporary hospitality design concept

• There is no parking facilities immediate to the site which could prove difficult for guests travelling by car

• The nearby business and finance district is full of wealthy entrepreneurs and business men who could utilise the restaurant to entertain clients, friends, family or even an after work meal

• To identify and analyse the current trends in restaurant design, further to this how much of a role does technology play in the future of dining? • The building is completely surrounded by other buildings and has no outside space apart from the roof terrace which may have a dramatic effect on the how light reaches the interior • The recent renovations to the upper office floors has eradicated all original character and idiosyncrasy which may need to be reinstated causing further cosmetic works • There is much work to be done to the basement to fortify the foundations and drainage to the site however the basement is classed as a separate let and this may not be relevant • The building has a particularly large footprint which may require reducing

Yet due to the uniqueness of the restaurant, customers will be willing to travel from a farther distance to experience it. It will act as a beacon for the city attracting 24 - 45 year old foodies looking for a new ways to dine.

• The shopping enigma Liverpool ONE is due SSE and has placed Liverpool 13th in the UK Retail Rankings creating a large influx of people to the nearby area • The historic resonance of the city (principally Liverpool’s greatest export: The Beatles) creates a vast tourism industry • The interior volume is great allowing for easy division of space for more intimate dining or expansive seating areas • The considered, regeneration of a Grade II Listed building for the local community to enjoy and revive • The lack of natural light to the buildings ground floor will prove helpful for experimenting with a visually impaired dining experience • Liverpool has ample chain restaurants thus a different, exciting independent restaurant could be a positive influence on local economy as there is not much independent competition Fig. 2.46. Galleried Atrium. Author’s Own images 2014

The site is decidedly apt for its proposed use as a contemporary, unique restaurant in the centre of Liverpool. The vast openness of the interior and its individual internal atrium offers copious opportunity to create a beautiful and intriguing space for all of its users. The long standing of the building complete with its elaborate history provides a coveted canvas for the development of a new hospitality hub in the city amongst its busiest wards. The strength of the concept will be proficient in bolstering Liverpool as a destination for more than just its tourists. The creation of such a complex of restaurants will become an active participant in the development of not only Liverpool as a city but its young community: giving them something to enjoy and to use as a trajectory platform.

Precedent Studies Pizza Express, Richmond NOMA, Copenhagen Hel Yes! London Dans Le Noir

Pizza Express

When in 2010 Pizza Express bosses decided they needed to update their restaurants they enlisted the help of a number of professionals to cover all the bases: an architecture firm, Italian chefs, a DJ, a fashion designer and a theatre director to name but a few. Innovative design has always been at the heart of this Italian favourite since Enzo Apicella designed their second restaurant in Coptic Street. They pride themselves on having the same passion their chefs have for food and they do for the design of their restaurants; more recently by creating the Living Lab. The Living Lab is Pizza Expressâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Richmond playing ground where they trial everything from menus, to uniform, to lighting and crockery. With a multitude of acoustic expertise, they have filled the space with subtle additions to enhance the consumer experience. The most elaborate of which are concave domes that are suspended above the booths to act as noise reduction apparatus: conversation booths. The effect caused is a more intimate, quieter setting for those in the immediate area below the domes described as achieving the perfect audio for speaking one to one. The integration of technology into the environment is novel: iPod docks allow diners to play their own iTunes playlists whilst they dine and an app that even allows them to request the bill without summoning a waiter. Dimmable lighting emitted by the domes can create a variety of ambiences for each and every customer to their own choosing, regardless of whether they are dining by day light or night. They have even gone to the extent of adding calming sounds to the toilets.

Fig. 3.9 Pizza Express. Available from Armstrong

Fig. 3.4 - 3.7 Pizza Express. Available from Dezeen Fig. 3.8 Pizza Express. Available from Dezeen

(Previous Page) Fig. 3.1 - 3.3 Pizza Express. Available from Dezeen

NOMA

Fig. 3.10 - 3.11 NOMA. Available from Dezeen

Not every menu offers Icelandic Puffin Eggs, sorrel and musk-ox meat from Greenland. Furthermore, not many have had the opportunity to have Nordic food; even less to this standard. Noma is a 2 Michelin Star restaurant situated on a tranquil Danish harbour within a former factory, North Atlantic House, surrounded by the ebb and flow of the Christianshavn Canal creates the perfect backdrop for North Atlantic cuisine.

NOMA

Head chef, Rene Redzepi, spends a portion of his time combing the Danish countryside foraging for new and exciting greenery for the plates of Noma’s customers. The cool and tonal aura of the interior absorbs the customer into the environment to completely appreciate the fantastical food. Designed by Danish design studio Space Copenhagen whom allowed the light to flood the space creating an almost monochromatic quality to the dining space, fusing the beauty of the serene exterior to the bustle of the restaurant interior. Lending itself to the varying textures of the food, a combination of the softest fur cloaks and coarseness of the timber filled structure adds an element of elegance to the ‘honest, earthy feel’ (Frearson, 2012); designers Rützou and Henriksen state that “It was very much about using organic materials such as wood, stone, leather, brass and linen in a new way; materials that age beautifully over time”. And it is this preservation of a beautiful, timeless interior that cements Noma in the forefront of not only its cuisine, but design. The redesign of Noma has been both appropriate and succinct to the Redzepi’s vision for the space ‘[not to be] perceived as a superficial layer between the customer and the actual food experience’ and they more than succeeded. By restraining the design not to exceed itself conceptually or becoming too pretentious it was well received by returning customers and the staff in terms of functionality and aesthetic value. There was minimal building and construction work carried out aside from the introduction of a new wall to create a more intimate bar space thus the budget was widely available to muster a dynamic interior that transports the customer 1000 miles north into the depths of the Nordics- any interior with that emotive response deserves recognition therefore it is by no surprise that it has been voted best restaurant in the world three times.

Fig. 3.16 - 3.39 NOMA. Available from Pinterest

Fig. 3.12 - 3.15 NOMA. Available from Dezeen

NOMA

Fig. 3.42. Fur Chair. Available from Space Fig. 3.40. Bar Available from Dezeen

Fig. 3.46. Bar Available from Blog

Fig. 3.47. Table Available from Style Files

Fig. 3.48. Table Available from Vivre

Fig. 3.41. Lounge Available from Tumblr

Fig. 3.44. Exterior Available from Dezeen Fig. 3.45. Table Available from Flickr

Fig. 3.43. Lounge Available from Dezeen

Fig. 3.49. Lounge Available from Archilovers

Fig. 3.50. Seating Available from NY Times

Hel Yes!

In September 2010, The Finnish Institute in London formed a pop-up concept restaurant in London’s trendy Hoxton. The enchanted, woodland inspired interior of Londonewcastle Depot Warehouse was a pivotal mechanism to exhibit all things Finnish during London Design Festival. The ingenius marriage of food and design was a product of a highly decorated repertoire of designers and chefs: concept director and chef Antto Melasniemi notorious for his ‘culinary flair’ (Neel, 2010), an art director, fashion designer and creative director with previous working for some of the world’s biggest design and fashion houses.

(Previous Page) Fig. 3.51. Hel Yes! Available from Cool Hunting Fig. 3.52. Hel Yes! Available from We Heart Fig. 3.53. Hel Yes! Available from Brux

Hel Yes!

The Helsinki exports came together and created a whimsical garden escape in one of the world’s most metropolitan epicentres. The temporary interior transports its 60 – 80 diners to a Nordic escape resonant of a campfire by arranging tables in a circular setting.

Fig. 3.54. Hel Yes! Available from We Heart

Fig. 3.56. Hel Yes! Foraging Available from Dezeen

Designer, Linda Bergroth, created tables from thinned out Aspen forests for serving Finnish delicacies: roe and berry porridge: on a ‘menagerie of old [donated] littala plates’ (Finnish Institute, 2010). Guests sit on exclusive remakes of acclaimed Finnish architect, Alvar Alto’s, chair: Artek 403; everything from the bespoke lighting to the cashmere and linen textile canopy tables are the epitome of Scandinavian simplicity. A stress on the ‘foraging’ ethos at the root of this restaurant is a long table set to one side – the Catch of the Day – which is assorted with woven baskets filled with an array of fresh Finnish produce and other items (which are collected daily by the ‘Hunters & Gatherers’ from throughout London) for guests to see and observe how the chefs use them in the dishes. This table combined with an open kitchen invites diners to interact with their hosts and become a part of the extravaganza from their seats.

Fig. 3.59. Hel Yes! Available from We Heart

Fig. 3.60. Hel Yes! Available from We Heart

Fig. 3.61. Hel Yes! Available from We Heart

‘Can furniture be made from trees thinned out from the forest? Can a new dinner set be created from donated, old plates? Can a restaurant gather ingredients straight from the forest?’ Fig. 3.57. Hel Yes! Available from We Heart

Fig. 3.58. Hel Yes! Available from Pinterest

The Finnish flavour is primitive and unprocessed, we want to show that food can be powerful at its most simple 'textures and tastes without pretentions.' (Antto, 2010)

Fig. 3.62. Hel Yes! Available from Esquire

Fig. 3.63. Hel Yes! Available from Catty

Dans Le Noir

Nestled into the London’s eccentric East End, futuristic sensory dining manifests itself in Dans Le Noir: a dining experience in total darkness. The restaurant is doused in darkness to remove any social anxiety, preconceptions and add to the spectacle of the show. Emphatically, by removing the predominant sense of sight, guests are forced to rely on their other senses ultimately heightening their remaining senses: in particular taste and smell. When sight is eradicated, we enter a state of nervousness and naturally we begin to interact with whoever is opposite, beside or across from you as you are all sharing the same experience: to further this, guests sit on a series of long banquet style tables to encourage this social reaction. The interior alters the customer’s initial perspective on what is necessary in a restaurant environment therefore encouraging social interaction. The interior plays on ‘social conviviality’ by inciting an open-mindedness to accept the multitude of paradox within the space; above all being served by blind waiting staff: those with sight all of a sudden become wholly reliant on those who live in darkness, being served food and drink by them and ushered around the opaque interior. The unique and unprecedented concept begs the question: is food presentation really that important? The darkness renders the visual component of dining redundant, abandons the utilising of cutlery and asks you to fill your glass using your fingers hence forcing the sense of touch to create an awareness of your surroundings.

Dans Le Noir

This design enters the ultimate extent of playing with the human sense by totally eradiating the ability to see. It almost becomes a social experiment blinding observing human response to blindness and putting complete faith in those that are blind to navigate, serve and help without discrimination. Whilst the design simply consists of utter darkness the design spatial planning is elementary sociology underlying the true concept of the space in appreciating the food itself disregarding prejudice.

(Previous Page) Fig. 3.64. Dans Le Noir Available from Doing Something Fig. 3.65. Dans Le Noir Available from Pinterest Fig. 3.66. Dans Le Noir Available from Perfect Travel

Research The Fat Duck - Heston Blumenthal Urban Regeneration The Human Senses Geometric Design

Research

Vanilla does not taste of vanilla, in fact it is an 'impossibility'; what is actually happening is whilst we eat it our nose is filled with its aroma and when combined with tasting something, this creates flavour. Blumenthal, 2014

You remember 35% smell and only 5% of what you see. BBC, 2014

The Fat Duck

Chef, Heston Blumenthal, is pushing the barriers of modern dining. Renowned for his experimental and scientific approach to cuisine he has created his own gastronomic playground to trial all aspects of a dining experience from what you hear, to what you smell, to the exact texture of what you’re eating: The Fat Duck. He questions what importance sound has when enjoying food and how it affects what we are consuming. One way in which he has tested this theory is blind feeding oysters to two customers with one extraneous element: the sounds played whilst eating them. During the test he played sounds typically associated with farmyards and sounds of the sea. Whilst eating the seafood, subjects were asked to determine the saltiness of them and as predicted, they unanimously determined sounds of the sea made food taste ‘saltier’. Thus our audio environment does a vital role in our culinary experiences. They believe ‘cooking can affect people in profound ways’ and this acts as one of their four core values. In the 90’s he coined the term ‘molecular gastronomy’ which has since taken root in everything he has written, produced, cooked and been awarded. This innovative approach to dining results in customers travelling nationally to taste Blumenthal’s cooking.

The Fat Duck Heston Blumenthal (Previous Page) Fig. 4.1 - 4.3. Available from Pinterest Fig. 4.2. Heston Blumenthal Available from Gourmet Escape Fig. 4.3. Food Art Available from Grantsmoon

Urban Regeneration

(Previous Page) Fig. 4.6 - 4.8. Available from Pinterest Fig. 4.9 - 4.12 . Abbaye Available from Dezeen

Regeneration of our forgotten architecture and interiors is imperative to a sustainable approach to redesigning our cities. As the restaurant is situated within a Grade II Listed building analysing modern concepts within traditional structures is essential to the success of the project. The beauty of the following case studies is that some are also multiple height spaces which has a relevance to the proposed restaurant therefore providing inspiration and insight into how to manipulate the space through further design stages.

Urban Regeneration

Abbaye Fontevraud Anjou A 10th Century Abbey – coincidently the burial site of Richard the Lionheart – blurs the boundaries of French stonemasonry and contemporary luxury in the form of a 4 star hotel. Jouin Manku’s hushed tranquillity throughout the 52 guest rooms married with ‘a sharp design and a hushed atmosphere’ (Hossenally, 2014) is simply beautiful. Despite the total juxtaposition of the contemporary style, it in no way detracts from the former majesty of the Abbey; rather, using it as a backdrop: not a canvas.

Fig. 4.10 - 4.26 . Abbaye Available from Dezeen

Urban Regeneration

The Jane Antwerp Hidden inside the Chapel of a former Military Hospital is Herman & Bril’s “fine dining meets rock’n’roll” restaurant. Designers Piet Boon filled the interior with materials focused on ‘aging beautifully’ (Piet Boon, 2014) just as the building has. The double height space features a plush and decadent 60 seat restaurant making way for the original altar that now features the open kitchen embraced by glass – a ‘modern day shrine’ (Piet Boon, 2014). The original ceiling amongst others conveys the pure, understated and respectful environment that serves as the authentic host for the ultimate fine dining experience. Piet Boon Fig. 4.27 - 4.37 . Jane Available from Dezeen

Urban Regeneration

Selexyz Bookstore

Haus im Haus

Amsterdam

Hamburg

This monumental example of sustainable design is at the heart of a Dominican Church in Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s city centre. The preserve the ecclesiastical beauty of the building, the designers erected a bold black steel two-storey structure which houses the mass of books which is separate to the existing structure so as not to interfere should the use change again. The nave has been left much as it was except for the fitted bespoke seating for customers to read their new purchases. The stylistic lighting plan lends itself to the discretion of a library and the spiritualism of a church once again being sympathetic to both the history and future of the project.

A neoclassical Chamber of Commerce in the quaint German city of Hamburg enlisted the help from competition entries to allow them to instate more intensive use of their triple height space to incorporate their many exhibitions, clubs, restaurants, consultations and business start-up centre. So as not to implicate the original features and solid beauty of the building in Adolphsplatz the winning design used LED lights, reflection and transparency to create a multi-storey structure in the centre of the interior which also allows guest on the roof terrace to experience Hamburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vistas from the ceiling arched windows.

Fig. 4.38 - 4.42 . Bookstore Available from Dezeen

Fig. 4.43- 4.47. Haus im Haus Available from Archdaily

The Human Senses

Aural

Olfactory

Visual

We are able to taste food when chemicals make contact with the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;30-100 receptor cells inside each taste budâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (BBC, 2014) and each chemical stimulates various sensations in the mouth: bitter, sweet, salty, sour and savoury. On the contrary if we did not have our other senses (predominantly smell and touch) we would not be able to taste flavour in any of our foods. Research shows that some people have a more intense taste reception due to considerably more taste buds and this can vary due to gender and ethnicity.

The Human Senses

More importantly, our other senses have a profound effect on how we experience the food that we are eating. The chronological order of our culinary experience begins with sight; presentation of our food informs us what to expect prior to consuming: is it fizzing, hot, smooth, sweet? Followed by smell, our nose is able to detect volatile smells that taste foul building upon the foundation of the visual appearance of the food. Once consuming the smell continues to enhance the experience combined with taste, creating flavour the key secondary sense when eating food. Subsequently the remaining senses arrive; touch: how does the food feel in your mouth: brittle, smooth, wet, fluffy; hearing: is it crisp, soft, rubbery? This fusion of senses ultimately forges the sensation of eating altogether.

(Previous Page) Fig. 4.48 - 4.50. Title images Available from Pinterest Fig. 4.51 - 4.55 Sense Images. Title images Available from Pinterest

Gustation

Somatic

Research shows that various elements in our environment encourage our actions within them. A report on sensory marketing in the hospitality industry in Thailand shows that playing fast tempo music in a restaurant atmosphere encourages customers to walk and eat quicker therefore spending less time in the restaurant. On the other hand calmer, slower tempo music allowed customers to relax and they stayed longer. Mintel (2014) reiterates this by stating that the consumer market seeks a relaxed dining experience when opting to eat out and a significant portion of diners look for this in both every day and occasional dining. The report goes on to say that diners look for more immersive interiors and distinct elements to make them stand out from other competitors. This can involve experiments with olfactory, audial and somatic sensory experience throughout the interior. Olfactory infusion is particularly powerful as it is intrinsically linked to nostalgia and the human memory. It can create a memorable imprint on the brain for the customer which encourages a return visit. The senses are innately associated allowing a multisensory environment to be incredible stimulating for those involved. Uniquely so with food as visual perception is so strong; for example a smoking main course or a flaming dessert immediately captures our imagination and anticipation of the food to come. Hence the prevalence of a molecular gastronomic restaurant to elaborate upon such sensations.

The Human Senses

Therme Bath Spa Bath The ultimate relaxing environment: a spa. The thermal springs of Bath have been manipulated for complete relaxing. Soft music, plush towels and warm pools within fibre optic glacial facades and tradition architecture form the perfect sensory environment to unwind.

Fig. 4.56 - 4.60. Therma Spa. Available from Bath Spa

Fig. 4.61 - 4.65 El Cellar de Can Roca. Available from Tripadvisor

El Cellar de Can Roca Girona This family owned Catalonian restaurant has been on the world top 10 list for nearly a decade as a symbol of ‘gastronomic prowess’ (50 Best Restaurants, 2014). Recently they ingeniously created El Somni: a transmedia creation; the meal that lives. Through imagery, art, smell and taste the plate comes alive. They describe it as an ‘opera dinner that on the cyclical journey of human existence’ (Roca, 2014).

Geometric Design

Geometry has been at the core of architecture since man learned to build. It is rooted in the sequential perfection of golden mean creating symmetrical beauty and perfect spaces for human function. To juxtapose the flamboyance of the original architecture a mathematical, geometric approach to its interior will create an enigmatic environment throughout any of the restaurants. As a way to unify the different spaces, taking full advantage of the vast atrium throughout the centre of the building, creating a dynamic installation to travel through the space would disturb the sequence of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lineage. In an angular form can provide a spectacle for consumer whilst defining the interior. Fig. 4.72 Mirrored Wall form All available from Archdaily Fig. 4.69 Metal stair. Available from Pinterest

Geometric Design

Fig. 4.70 Geometric form All available fromTumblr

(Previous Page) Fig. 4.66 - 4.68 All available from Pinterest

Fig. 4.71 Triangle shards form All available from Pinterest

Fig. 4.73 Glass Cuboidsform All available from Tubmlr

Conclusion Design Rationale Concept Sketch Models Concept Model Mood Board Development Sketches Zonal & Spatial Planning

Design Rationale

The adaptive reuse and regeneration of communities, who suffered during the economic downfall, will provide a monumental improvement to the livelihoods and locality in these areas. Similarly the restoration of a former architectural gem amongst Liverpoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most flourishing districts will actively promote the rejuvenation of the city The foremost intention of this restaurant is to exemplify to entrepreneurial creatives what the North can achieve. Through the exploration of the human sensory reaction to food, this new restaurant will endeavour to enhance not only the lives of those employed and educated through it, but the local population who will use it. As a platform for youths to gain valuable skills and secure a sustainable income that will help boost local economy and create a sense of local pride.

Fig. 5.1 Waves Available from Kaleidescope

Fig. 5.2 Photo Available from Pinterest

Fig. 5.3 Smoke Available from Flickr

Fig. 5.4 Ink in Water Available from Pinterest

By employing, constructing, sourcing food and talent locally it will emphasise the importance for provenance and community worth.

Concept Sketch Models

Concept 60

Concept Sketch Models

Experiments with light and shadow on the parabolas

(Includes Previous Pages and Opposite) 5.5 -5.22 Concept Model Photography. All Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own 2014

Development Sketches

Mood Board

Sketches that create pattern and rhythm which can transcend into the space

Development Sketches

Images that create a sensual reaction. Cool water on a beach and the crash of waves or the smooth billowing movement of smoke

Manipulation of the interior floors and atrium

(Pages 63 - 68) 5.23 -5.33 Development Sketches. All Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own 2014

Spatial Planning

Sectional sketches and ideas of an installation feature

Ground and first floor spatial planning

Bibliography

Website

Blogs

Books

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PLUNKETT, D & REID, O (2013) Detail in Contemporary Bar and Restaurant Design. London: Laurence King UNKOWN (2011) Folding techniques for designers: from sheet to form. London: Laurence King MATSUMOTO, G (2008) SPA-DE: space and design: international review of interior design, Vol.9. London: RIBA ASENSIO CERVER, F (2005) Ultimate Restaurant Design.Kempen: Te Neues STEWART, M (2005) Night Fever: Interior Design for Bars and Clubs. Amsterdam: Frame SCHULZ, A (2010) Eat! Best of Restaurant Design. Salenstein, Switzerland: Braun KULA, D et al. (2009) Materiology: The Creative’s Guide to Materials and Technologies. Basel. Birkhauser WILLEMS, M (2006) Bon Appetit: Restaurant Design. Amsterdam: Frame JODIDIO, P (2012) Architecture Now! Eat, Shop Drink, Shoppen, Trinken, Boire, acheter. Cologne: Taschen UNKOWN (2012) Eat Me: Appetite for Design: Product, packaging, art, branding and interior. Hong Kong: Victionary TERNAUX, E (2011) Material World 3: Innovative Materials for Architecture and Design. Amsterdam: Frame MOXON, S (2011) Sustainability for Interior Design. London: Laurence King HUDSON, J (2012) From Brief to Build. London: Laurence King

Newspapers & Journals HYSLOP, L (2010) “Brilliant and barking mad” – An Interview With Expat Scientist Dr. Jon Prinz. The Telegraph, 21 Jun, p.1 GERARD, J (2014) The World’s Best Restaurants 2014: Noma in Copenhagen in review. The Telegraph, 28 Apr, p.1 BRUNI, F (2010) Nordic Chef Explores Backyard. The New York Times, 6 Jun p.6 Kristinsdóttir, S (2013) The Hub for North Atlantic Culture. Nordic Style Magazine, 10 Apr, p.2 DEZEEN (2014) Noma Restaurant by Space Copenhagen [Online] Available from: http://www. dezeen.com/2012/11/01/noma-restaurant-by-space-copenhagen/ [Accessed 09.1014] FREARSON, A (2012) Noma Food Lab by 3XN. Dezeen, 1 Mar. Available from: http://www. dezeen.com/2012/03/01/noma-foodlab-by-3xn/ FAIRS, M (2010) Food and Design Report. Dezeen, 22 Nov. Available from: http://www.dezeen. com/2010/11/22/food-and-design-report/ (2011) Living Lab by AR Rogers for Pizza Express. Dezeen, Available from: http://www.dezeen. com/2011/01/05/living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 08.10.14] NEEL, J (2010) Fin Things. Vogue, 10 Sept, p3

Image Source List 1.1 SEUXEREA (2014) Smoking Starter [online image]. Available from: http://www.seuxerea.com/en [Accessed 02.11.14] 1.2 HOST (2014) Ramson [online image]. Available from: http://newnorm.dk/ramson/ [Accessed 20.10.14] 2.1 PINTEREST (2014) Water Street [online image]. Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/325103666825513516/ [Accessed 18.10.14] 2.2 PINTEREST (2014) Port of Liverpool Building [online image]. Available from: https://www.pinterest. com/pin/325103666825513519/ [Accessed 22.10.14] 2.3 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.4 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.5 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.6 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.7 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.8 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.9 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.10 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.11 Author’s own image (2014) Map of UK [digital image] Available from: Personal records 2.12 Author’s own image (2014) Map of North West [digital image] Available from: Personal records 2.13 Author’s own image (2014) Map of Liverpool [digital image] Available from: Personal records 2.14 Author’s own image (2014) Map of Liverpool Local transport [digital image] Available from: Personal records 2.15 Author’s own image (2014) Map of State Insurance Building [digital image] Available from: Personal records 2.16 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.17 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.18 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.19 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.20 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.21 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.22 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.23 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.24 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.25 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.26 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.27 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.28 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.29 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.30 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.31 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.32 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.33 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.34 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.35 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.36 Author’s own image (2014) Street Survey [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.37 Author’s own image (2014) Interior [personal image] Available from: Personal records

Image Source List 2.38 Author’s own image (2014) First Floor Plan [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.39 Author’s own image (2014) Second Floor Plan [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.40 Author’s own image (2014) Third Floor Plan [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.41 Author’s own image (2014) Fourth Floor Plan [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.42 Author’s own image (2014) Dale Street Elevation [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.43 Author’s own image (2014) Dale Street Elevation Render [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.44 Author’s own image (2014) Sweeting Street Elevation [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.45 Author’s own image (2014) Sweeting Street Elevation Render [personal image] Available from: Personal records 2.46 Author’s own image (2014) Interior Galleries [personal image] Available from: Personal records 3.1 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.2 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.3 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.4 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.5 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.6 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.7 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.8 DEZEEN (2011) Pizza Express 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2011/01/05/ living-lab-by-ab-rogers-for-pizza-express/ [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.9 ARMSTRONG (2011) Living Booth [online image] Available from: http://www.armstrong.co.uk/assets/ global/commclgeu/files/Literature/1356.PDF [Accessed 02.10.14] 3.10 DEZEEN (2014) NOMA [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/17/polyformnordic-landscape-noma-restaurant-copenhagen/ [Accessed 11.11.14] 3.11 DEZEEN (2014) NOMA [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/17/polyformnordic-landscape-noma-restaurant-copenhagen/ [Accessed 11.11.14] 3.12 DEZEEN (2014) Interior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/17/polyformnordic-landscape-noma-restaurant-copenhagen/ [Accessed 11.11.14] 3.13 DEZEEN (2014) Harbour [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/17/polyformnordic-landscape-noma-restaurant-copenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.14 MISS DESIGN (2014) Dining Table 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.miss-design.com/ interior/restaurant-interior-noma.html [Accessed 09.10.14] 3.15 MISS DESIGN (2014) Dining Table 2 [online image] Available from: http://www.miss-design.com/ interior/restaurant-interior-noma.html [Accessed 09.10.14] 3.16 FOOD 52 (2014) Rene Redzepi [online image] Available from: http://food52.com/blog/9374-sixquestions-with-rene-redzepi [Accessed 10.10.14]

3.17 DEZEEN (2012) Noma Interior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2012/11/01/ noma-restaurant-by-space-copenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.18 DEZEEN (2012) NOMA Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2012/11/01/nomarestaurant-by-space-copenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.19 ARCHILOVERS (2013) NOMA Title [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/source/ archilovers.com/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.20 GASTROENOPHILE (2013) NOMA Plate 1 [online image] Available from: http://www.gastroenophile. com/2011/03/interview-with-rene-redzepi-at-noma-by.html [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.21 HUNGRY GHOST (2013) NOMA Plate 2 [online image] Available from: http://www. hungryghostfoodandtravel.com/new/2011/5/3/the-danes.html [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.22 PHAEDON (2013) NOMA Plate 3 [online image] Available from: http://uk.phaidon.com/nomarestaurant/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.23 FAST CO DESIGN (2013) NOMA Plate 4 [online image] Available from: http://www.fastcodesign. com/3023231/4-tips-on-staying-creative-from-noma-star-chef-rene-redzepi [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.24 GASTRO (2013) NOMA Plate 5 [online image] Available from: http://www.gastro.dk/opskrifter/tema/ Lav-mad-som-noma-derhjemme/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.25 FAST CO DESIGN (2013) NOMA Plate 6 [online image] Available from: http://www.fastcodesign. com/3023231/4-tips-on-staying-creative-from-noma-star-chef-rene-redzepi#8 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.26 GASTROENOPHILE (2013) NOMA Plate 7 [online image] Available from: http://www.gastroenophile. com/2011/03/interview-with-rene-redzepi-at-noma-by.html [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.27 EDGEREPS (2013) NOMA Plate 8 [online image] Available from: http://edgereps.com/photographers/ ditte-isager/ditte-isager-food-portfolio/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.28 AESTHETICALLY THINKING (2013) NOMA Plate 9 [online image] Available from: http://aestheticallythinking.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-11-02T14:24:00-04:00&max-results=7&m=0 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.29 LINEKLEIN (2012) NOMA Plate 10 [online image] Available from: http://lineklein.blogspot.be/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.30 HOUSE AND HOME (2011) NOMA Plate 11 [online image] Available from: http://houseandhome.com/ food/recipes/buckthorn-beetroot-dessert-recipe [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.31 FAST CO DESIGN (2014) NOMA Plate 12 [online image] Available from: http://www.fastcodesign. com/3023231/4-tips-on-staying-creative-from-noma-star-chef-rene-redzepi?partner=newsletter#10 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.32 DEZIGEN (2010) NOMA Plate 13 [online image] Available from: http://dezigen.hu/blog/a-dan-nomaetterem-iden-is-a-vilag-legjobbika [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.33 MARCUS NILSSON (2014) NOMA Plate 14 [online image] Available from: http://www.marcusnilsson. com/Pictures/?c=52&c2=65&p=469 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.34 SAVEUR (2013) NOMA Plate 15 [online image] Available from: http://www.saveur.com/gallery/ReneRedzepi-Noma-Photos/1 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.35 DEPARTURE (2009) NOMA Plate 16 [online image] Available from: http://www.departures.com/ slideshows/global-foodie-getaways/7 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.36 GASTRO (2011) NOMA Plate 17 [online image] Available from: http://www.gastro.dk/opskrifter/tema/ Lav-mad-som-noma-derhjemme/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.37 GUILLAME CZERW (2014) NOMA Plate 18 [online image] Available from: http://guillaumeczerw.com/#/ images_culinaire_10/1 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.38 PINEREST (2014) NOMA Plate 19 [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/325103666825503497/ [Accessed 10.10.14]

3.39 TUMBLR (2009) NOMA Plate 20 [online image] Available from: http://nicolecfranzen.tumblr.com/ post/16468104731 [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.40 DEZEEN (2012) NOMA bar [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2012/11/01/nomarestaurant-by-space-copenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.41 TUMBLR (2013) NOMA Lounge [online image] Available from: http://missdesignsays.tumblr.com/ post/35217897528/noma-and-dinesen-heartoak-r-two-best-of-danish [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.42 SPACE (2010) Fur Chair [online image] Available from: http://www.spacecph.dk/projects [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.43 DEZEEN (2012) Lounge [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2012/11/01/nomarestaurant-by-space-copenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.44 DEZEEN (2014) NOMA Exterior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/17/ polyform-nordic-landscape-noma-restaurant-copenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.45 FLICKR (2013) Restaurant Chair [online image] Available from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ corgihollow/580495076/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.46 BLOG (2009) Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.culy.nl/hotspots/culy-ontdekt-noma-inkopenhagen/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.47 STYLE FILES (2012) Dining table 1[online image]. Available from: http://style-files.com/2014/01/10/ copenhagen-restaurant-host/ [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.48 VIVRE (2012) Dining Table 2 [online image]. Available from: http://vivresimply.blogspot.com/2012/01/ if-ever-in-denmark.html [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.49 ARCHILOVERS (2009) Modern Lounge [online image] Available from: http://www.archilovers.com/ p71540/noma-restaurant [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.50 NEW YORK TIMES (2011) Modern Lounge [online image] Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2011/12/04/t-magazine/04remix-selby.html?ref=food [Accessed 10.10.14] 3.51 COOL HUNTING (2009) Hel Yes! [online image] Available from: http://www.coolhunting.com/fooddrink/hel-yes-stockholm.php [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.52 WE HEART (2010) Hel Yes! [online image] Available from: http://www.weheart.co.uk/2010/09/15/ldf10hel-yes-restaurant/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.53 BRUX DESIGN (2010) Hel Yes! Table [online image] Available from: http://www.bruxedesign.com/ design-journal/finnish-embassy/attachment/hel_yes_01 [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.54 WE HEART (2010) Hel Yes! [online image] Available from: http://www.weheart.co.uk/2010/09/15/ldf10hel-yes-restaurant/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.55 WE HEART (2010) Hel Yes! Spatial Plan [online image] Available from: http://www.weheart. co.uk/2010/09/15/ldf10-hel-yes-restaurant/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.56 DEZEEN (2010) Hel Yes! Foraging Shelf [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen. com/2010/09/15/hel-yes-temporary-restaurant/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.57 PINTEREST (2010) Hel Yes! [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/325103666825221268/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.58 COOL HUNTING (2010) Hel Yes! Chefs [online image] Available from: http://www.coolhunting.com/ food-drink/hel-yes-stockholm.php [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.59 COOL HUNTING (2010) Hel Yes! Tapestry [online image] Available from: http://www.coolhunting.com/ food-drink/hel-yes-stockholm.php [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.60 WE HEART (2010) Hel Yes! Table [online image] Available from: http://www.weheart.co.uk/2010/09/15/ ldf10-hel-yes-restaurant/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.61 WE HEART (2010) Hel Yes! Light Installation [online image] Available from: http://www.weheart. co.uk/2010/09/15/ldf10-hel-yes-restaurant/ [Accessed 25.10.14]

Image Source List 3.62 ESQUIRE (2010) Hel Yes! Interior [online image] Available from: http://www.esquire.co.uk/2010/09/ finnish-food-and-design-hel-yes/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.63 CATTY LIFE (2010) Hel Yes! Artwork [online image] Available from: http://www.thecattylife.com/2010/10/ a-taste-of-finland-in-the-heart-of-london-hel-yes/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.64 DOING SOMETHING (2013) Dans Le Noir [online image] Available from: https://www.doingsomething. co.uk/we-heart-london/100-must-do-dates/handpicked-dinner-dark/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.65 PINTEREST (2014) Dans Le Noir Paris [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/325103666825504139/ [Accessed 25.10.14] 3.66 PERFECT TRAVEL (2011) Wine Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.perfecttravelblog. com/2012/11/wine_tasting_barcelona_total_darkness.html [Accessed 25.10.14] CNN (2012) Molecular Gastronomy [online image] Available from: http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/25/world/ asia/wang-shu-human-to-hero-architect/index.html 4.2 TRENDLAND (2012) Food Art [online image] Available from: http://trendland.com/dominic-daviesstill-life-photography/02-4/ [Accessed 27.10.14] 4.3 GRANTSYMON (2010) Food Art [online image] Available from http://www.grantsymon.com/e/oeuf. html [Accessed 27.10.14] 4.4 GOURMET ESCAPE (2014) Heston Blumenthal [online image] Available from: http://www. gourmetescape.com.au/stars/details/heston-blumenthal [Accessed 27.10.14] 4.5 DOMINIC DAVIES (2012) Ice Cream [online image] Available from: http://www.dominicdavies.com/fatduck/ [Accessed 27.10.14] 4.6 BLOOD AND CHAMPAGNE (2012) The Jane [online image] Available from: http://www. bloodandchampagne.com/ [Accessed 27.10.14] 4.7 DEZEEN (2014) The Abbaye [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.8 MODERN MET (2012) The Selexyz Bookstore [online image] Available from: http://www.mymodernmet. com/profiles/blogs/merkx-girod-selexyz-dominicanen-maastricht-bookstore-church [Accessed 27.10.14] 4.9 DEZEEN (2014) Exterior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.10 DEZEEN (2014) Breakfast Room [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.11 DEZEEN (2014) Concierge Desk[online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.12 DEZEEN (2014) Courtyard [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.13 DEZEEN (2014) Stairwell [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.14 DEZEEN (2014) Courtyard from above [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen. com/2014/08/19/agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.15 DEZEEN (2014) Outdoor Seating [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.16 DEZEEN (2014) Reception [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.17 DEZEEN (2014) Archway [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14]

Image Source List 4.18 DEZEEN (2014) Desk [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.19 DEZEEN (2014) Nave [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.20 DEZEEN (2014) Bedroom [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.21 DEZEEN (2014) Restaurant [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.22 DEZEEN (2014) Nave Interior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.23 DEZEEN (2014) Conference Room [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.24 DEZEEN (2014) Glass Installation [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/ agence-jouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.25 DEZEEN (2014) Bedroom 2[online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agencejouin-manku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.26 DEZEEN (2014) Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/19/agence-jouinmanku-saint-lazare-priory-into-modern-hotel-restaurant/ [30.10.14] 4.27 DEZEEN (2014) Ceiling [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/militarychurch-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.28 DEZEEN (2014) Exterior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/militarychurch-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.29 DEZEEN (2014) Lower Restaurant [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.30 DEZEEN (2014) Mezzanine Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.31 DEZEEN (2014) Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/militarychurch-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.32 DEZEEN (2014) Light Installation [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.33 DEZEEN (2014) Mezzanine Level Bar [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.34 DEZEEN (2014) Crockery Decoration [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen. com/2014/04/06/military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.35 DEZEEN (2014) Dessert Display [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.36 DEZEEN (2014) Birdseye Seating [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.37 DEZEEN (2014) Restaurant Interior [online image] Available from: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/06/ military-church-antwerp-transformed-restaurant-piet-boon-studio-job/ [30.10.14] 4.38 DEZEEN (2007) Multi-storey Shelving [online image] Available from http://www.dezeen. com/2007/12/04/a-shop-in-a-church-by-merkx-girod-architecten/ [30.10.14] 4.39 DEZEEN (2007) Upper Storey [online image] Available from http://www.dezeen.com/2007/12/04/ashop-in-a-church-by-merkx-girod-architecten/ [30.10.14]

4.40 DEZEEN (2007) Shelves [online image] Available from http://www.dezeen.com/2007/12/04/a-shop-ina-church-by-merkx-girod-architecten/ [30.10.14] 4.41 DEZEEN (2007) Nave [online image] Available from http://www.dezeen.com/2007/12/04/a-shop-in-achurch-by-merkx-girod-architecten/ [30.10.14] 4.42 DEZEEN (2007) Seating [online image] Available from http://www.dezeen.com/2007/12/04/a-shop-ina-church-by-merkx-girod-architecten/ [30.10.14] 4.43 ARCHDAILY (2009) Interior Pod [online image] Available from http://www.archdaily.com/41966/hausim-haus-behnisch-architekten/ [30.10.14] 4.44 ARCHDAILY (2009) Worm’s Eye View [online image] Available from http://www.archdaily.com/41966/ haus-im-haus-behnisch-architekten/ [30.10.14] 4.45 ARCHDAILY (2009) Walkway [online image] Available from http://www.archdaily.com/41966/haus-imhaus-behnisch-architekten/ [30.10.14] 4.46 ARCHDAILY (2009) Restaurant [online image] Available from http://www.archdaily.com/41966/hausim-haus-behnisch-architekten/ [30.10.14] 4.47 ARCHDAILY (2009) Exterior [online image] Available from http://www.archdaily.com/41966/haus-imhaus-behnisch-architekten/ [30.10.14] 4.48 FLICKR (2009) Egg Cups [online image] Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/ urbanspace/2925843202/in/set-72157594507065175/ [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.49 FLICKR (2009) Pear Photography [online image] Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/ miss99/4424692839/in/photostream/ [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.50 VONBARTHA (1971) Plates [online image] Available from http://www.vonbartha.com/artists/gerhardvon-graevenitz/ [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.51 FLICKR (2014) Woman’s Ear [online image] Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/ odreiuqzide/5763188111/in/pool-645250@N20/ [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.52 IMDB (2014) Gemma Arterton [online image] Available from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2605345/ [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.53 FASHION ROGUE (2009) Portrait [online image] Available from http://fashiongonerogue.com/freshface-stefani-josefina-betti/ [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.54 HANNES CASPAR (2013) Lips [online image] Available from http://www.hannescaspar.com/#1424971/ Women-I [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.55 8TRACKS (2007) Hands [online image] Available from http://8tracks.com/jocutie/there-s-so-muchpain [Accessed 31.10.14] 4.56 THERME BATH SPA (2014) Rooftop Pool [online image] Available from http://www.thermaebathspa. com/photos-videos/gallery/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.57 THERME BATH SPA (2014) Indoor Pool [online image] Available from http://www.thermaebathspa. com/photos-videos/gallery/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.58 THERME BATH SPA (2014) Hot Tubs [online image] Available from http://www.thermaebathspa.com/ photos-videos/gallery/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.59 THERME BATH SPA (2014) Birdseye View [online image] Available from http://www.thermaebathspa. com/photos-videos/gallery/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.60 THERME BATH SPA (2014) Spa Treatment [online image] Available from http://www.thermaebathspa. com/photos-videos/gallery/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.61 WORDPRESS (2011) Central Interior [online image] Available from http://onlineluxury.wordpress. com/2011/06/12/el-celler-de-can-roca-i-top-10-restaurants-in-the-worlds-i-girona-spain/ [Accessed 02.11.14]

4.66 FLIKR (2013) Paper Pleat [online image] Available from http://www.flickr.com/photos/richardsweeney/ [Accessed 04.11.14] 4.67 PINTEREST (2014) Metal Filigree [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/325103666825312102/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.68 ARCHDAILY (2014) Mirrored Prisms [online image] Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/58281/ sky-box-mapt/mapt_casaskybox_07/ [Accessed 10.11.14] 4.69 PINTEREST (2014) Metal Stair Intallation [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/325103666825312064/ [Accessed 08.11.14] 4.70 TUMBLR (2014) Geometric Form [online image] Available from: http://aliciahannahnaomi.tumblr. com/post/17058331593 [Accessed 12.11.14] 4.71 PINTEREST (2014) Glass Triangular Shards [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ megibson1/installation/ [Accessed 12.11.14] 4.72 ARCHDAILY (2010) Metal Filigree [online image] Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/106501/ genesis-technology-group-project-bd-architects/b5-3/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 4.73 TUMBLR (2009) Glass Cuboids [online image] Available from: http://lafilleblanc.tumblr.com/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 5.1 KALEIDESCOPE (2005) Waves [online image] Available from: http://www.kaleidoscopeblog.net/facingchallenges/ [Accessed 02.11.14] 5.2 PINTEREST (2014) Joschi Herschberg Photography [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest. com/pin/325103666825314513// [Accessed 20.11.14] 5.3 FLICKR (2011) Kinds of Dancing [online image] Available from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/29910712@ N05/5370402795/in/photostream/ [Accessed 20.11.14] 5.4 PINTEREST (2014) Ink In Water [online image] Available from: https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/295619163010818609/ [Accessed 20.11.14] 5.5 – 5.22 Author’s own image (2014) Concept Model Photography [personal image] Available from: Personal records 5.23 -5.33 Author’s own image (2014) Development Sketches [personal image] Available from: Personal records