Ceramic & Porcrlain Tile seyedmehran
IAD 612 Stephanie Smith
Table of Contents Introduction History of ceramic Timeline of ceramic developments Use of ceramis tiles Porcalin tiles Difference between standard ceramic tiles and porcelain tiles Environmental impact of ceramic and porcelain tiles Consideration for buying tile
Introduction Ceramics is one of the most ancient industries on the planet. Once humans discovered that clay could be dug up and formed into objects by first mixing with water and then firing, the industry was born. As early as 24,000 BC, animal and human figurines were made from clay and other materials, then fired in kilns partially dug into the ground. Almost 10,000 years later, as settled communities were established, tiles were manufactured in Mesopotamia and India. The first use of functional pottery vessels for storing water and food is thought to be around 9000 or 10,000 BC. Clay bricks were also made around the same time.
History of ceramic Pottery is our oldest handicraft. In prehistoric times, most likely water was carried in woven baskets lined with river clay. After the water was poured out of the container the layer of clay dried. The loss of moisture caused the shape to shrink and separate from the sides of the basket. When the clay, now shaped like a pot, was removed, and dried in the sun on hot sand, it retained the basket pattern. Early men and women then discovered that they could harden the molded pottery in hot ashes and make sturdy containers to transport and store foodstuffs. From these would have been extended the pots formed by hand and decorated with crude tools.
Timeline of ceramic develoments Year Development 24,000 B.C. Ceramic figurines used for ceremonial purposes 14,000 B.C. First tiles made in Mesopotamia and India 9000-10,000 B.C. Pottery making begins 5000-8000 B.C. Ceramic discovered in Egypt 1500 B.C. Glass objects first made 1550 A.D. Synthetic refractories (temperature resistant) for furnaces used to make ceramics, cement 1970’s Introduction of high-performance cellular ceramic substrates for catalytic
Use of ceramic tiles Ceramic tiles can be used in a number of places. There are compatible with both commercial and residential aaplications. In 2015 ceramic tiles are in trend. people are using this in kitchen, bathroom, living room and other home areas. Many office space use ceramic tile as it looks elegant and beautiful. Ceramic tiles are found in number of varities and color. It is easy to clean and maintain. Ceramic tile is an affordable way to upgrade your home, bringing up its total value and adding beauty to any room. Kitchens and bathrooms are especially well-suited for ceramic tile. In London, ceramic tiles are being used in offices and homes alike to beautify floors and walls.
Porcalin Tiles Porcelain tile is a tile that is generally made by the dust pressed method from porcelain clays which result in a tile that is dense, impervious, fine grained and smooth, with a sharply formed face. Porcelain tiles usually have a much lower water absorption rate (less than 0.5%) than non-porcelain tiles making them frost resistant or frost-proof. Glazed porcelain tiles are much harder and more wear and damage resistant than non-porcelain ceramic tiles, making them suitable for any application from light traffic to the heaviest residential and light commercial traffic. Full body porcelain tiles carry the color and pattern through the entire thickness of the tile making them virtually impervious to wear and are suitable for any application from residential to the highest traffic commercial or industrial applications. Porcelain tiles are available in matte, unglazed or a high polished finish.
Porcalin tile could be Digital Printed Porcelain
Glazed Printed Porcelain
Environmental impact
• is made of all-natural products •Ultra-low VOCs •Can be cleaned with water alone, no harsh chemicals required •Meets strict indoor air quality standards •Will not emit contaminants due to inert product construction •Does not readily support the growth of mold, fungus or bacteria
Choosing the right tile Tile grade is the result of a visual inspection. The range is 1 to 3, the lower the number the better the tile. A grade 1 or Standard Grade tile exhibits no obvious imperfections when visually inspected at a distance of 3 feet. A grade 2 tile shows no visible imperfections at a distance of 10 feet. Almost all tile in a tile store will be grade 1. Sometimes you will find grade 2 tile on a "special purchase" sale — often at quite the discount. Grade 2 is just fine for many applications. The durability of a grade 2 tile is usually not suspect, it merely has visible imperfections. We sometimes use it in historical renovations to simulate 19th century tile that often had many visible flaws. Grade 3 tile is rarely seen in retail stores. It usually has major aesthetic problems including wide variations in tone and sizing. This is the score the tile received on the ANSI test for resistance to water penetration (See chart above). A tile that is installed outdoors where there is a real Winter should not absorb water. Otherwise, water trapped within the tile may freeze, fracturing and cracking the tile.
Many manufacturers use this test only on floor tiles. The higher the rating, the more wear-resistant the tile. A tile used as flooring or on a countertop should be rated at least in Group II (light traffic floors). A higher rating is even better for floors with medium or heavy traffic. It should also be at least 1/4" thick. Thicker is generally better. If the tile is glazed, then it is the glaze coating that is tested. If the tile is un-glazed, such as in quarry tile, the tile body itself is tested. The tests are slightly different. If this rating is missing, the tile is probably not intended for floors — and will usually say so right on the box.
If present, the "Frost" icon merely tells you that the tile is able to withstand repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. If there is no frost icon, it may mean that the tile is not suitable for use outdoors in any place where it might freeze, or the tile maker did not bother to order the test. Some tiles rated "vitreous" in the water absorption test will pass the frost test, and almost all "impervious" tiles will pass.