Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra

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HOLY CRESCENT COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Alwaye

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra

Submitted by: Mekhika G Mohan

Registration No: 15053020

Guide: Ar. Haritha Prasad

Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam 2020

1

Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis titled “Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra� has been submitted by Mekhika G Mohan (15053020) towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture Planning degree from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. This is a bonafide work of the student and has not been submitted to any other university for award of any Degree/Diploma to the best of my knowledge.

Ar. Kenny P. Joy

Ar. Haritha Prasad

Dean of Academics

Guide

Date: 03 Nov 2020

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 2

UNDERTAKING

I, Mekhika G Mohan, the author of the thesis titled “Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra�, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture Planning degree from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.

This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any Degree.

Name: Mekhika G Mohan Registration Number: 15053020 Date: (03-11-2020) Place: Aluva

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I thank The Almighty God for blessing with his profound grace, without which this thesis would not have been a success.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards my guide Ar. Haritha Prasad for giving me her valuable suggestions and guiding me, throughout the course of my research. Also, I thank Ar. Shehin V Shibily for his supportive guidance at the beginning of the project. I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the Faculty members of the Department of Architecture for their constructive support and cooperation at each and every juncture of the research and reviews. Finally, I express my heartfelt gratitude towards my parents and friends for the mental support they had offered me during site and live case study visits and also for their immense encouragement throughout my years of study and towards the successful completion of the work.

Mekhika G Mohan

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 4

ABSTRACT In recent years, hot spring spa is becoming the first choice of more and more people’s vacation destination because of its unique leisure and health-care experience. As the mode of hot spring tour is having pressure with the increasing demand from the customers, a research of the design theory on this area is imminently needed. According to the assessment of potential and deficiency, five main trends of development of hot spring are raised: professionalization, specialization, complexity, globalization and naturalization (Mi, 2019).

A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earth's crust and some of these springs contain water that is a safe temperature for bathing. Hot springs have long been acknowledged as a special and significant natural resource. The practice of drinking water which emanates from hot springs and using it for bathing has occurred throughout history. To be one of the most important components of holiday tourism, hot spring traveling is gradually becoming a hot leisure holiday choice by more and more tourists.

Hot spring village as the name suggests deals with the study and its experimental usage based on thermal springs by the revival of an ecologically valuable site.

The project deals with the exploration of application of hot springs along with its maintenance and conservation.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 5

CONTENTS 1

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION ............................................................20

1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................20 1.2 Background Study ....................................................................................22 1.1.1

Historical Background ............................................................... 22

1.3 Project Components .................................................................................24 1.3.1

Why This Project?...................................................................... 24

1.3.2

Project Proposal ......................................................................... 25

1.3.3

Aim ............................................................................................ 25

1.3.4

Objectives .................................................................................. 25

1.3.5

Scope .......................................................................................... 26

1.3.6

Limitations ................................................................................. 26

1.3.7

Methodology .............................................................................. 27

1.4 User Groups ..............................................................................................27 1.5 Precedent Study ........................................................................................28

2

1.5.1

Water As An Architectural Element .......................................... 28

1.5.2

River Edge Design Strategies .................................................... 30

1.5.3

Importance Of Water In Religious Architecture ........................ 31

CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE CASE STUDY ........................................32

2.1 Thermas Geometrica ................................................................................32 2.1.1 Location .......................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Design Detail .................................................................................. 33 2.1.3 Analysis Of Design Features .......................................................... 34 2.1.1

Inference .................................................................................... 34

2.2 The Therme Vals ......................................................................................35 Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 6 2.2.1

Features And Analysis ............................................................... 35

2.2.2

Skylight - Fissures...................................................................... 36

2.2.3

Temperatures of Pools ............................................................... 37

2.2.4

Materials .................................................................................... 38

2.2.5

Mysterious Atmosphere ............................................................. 38

2.2.6

Light And Shadow ..................................................................... 38

2.2.7

Inference .................................................................................... 38

2.3 Ming Ting Hot Spring Resort ...................................................................39 2.3.1

Planning And Landscape Analysis ............................................ 39

2.3.2

Spatial Analysis ......................................................................... 40

2.3.3

Inference .................................................................................... 41

2.4 Sabarmati River Front Development – Ahmedabad ................................41 2.4.1

Need Of The Project .................................................................. 41

2.4.2

Undertaking The Objectives ...................................................... 42

2.4.3

Structural Works ........................................................................ 43

2.4.4

Challenges .................................................................................. 43

2.4.5

Learnings And Inferences .......................................................... 44

2.5 Management of Cultural Landscape – Tulja Bhawani Temple Complex, Tuljapur, Maharashtra ......................................................................................44 2.5.1

Parking ....................................................................................... 45

2.5.2

Accommodation ......................................................................... 45

2.5.3

Visual Impacts ........................................................................... 45

2.5.4

Environmental Impacts .............................................................. 46

2.5.5

Tourism Impacts ........................................................................ 46

2.5.6

Transportation Facilities At The Peak Time .............................. 47

2.5.7

Pilgrimage Pattern ...................................................................... 47

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 7 2.5.8

Learnings and Inferences ........................................................... 47

2.6 Om Shanti Retreat Centre.........................................................................48

3

2.6.1

Location ..................................................................................... 48

2.6.2

Context ...................................................................................... 48

2.6.3

Accessibility............................................................................... 49

2.6.4

Climatic Analysis ....................................................................... 49

2.6.5

Spatial Analysis ......................................................................... 50

2.6.6

Inferences ................................................................................... 52

CHAPTER 3 – LIVE SURVEY ...............................................................53

3.1 The Ghats Of Varanasi .............................................................................53

4

3.1.1

Other Activities .......................................................................... 54

3.1.2

Change Of Land Use .................................................................. 54

3.1.3

Subdivisions Of Ghats ............................................................... 55

3.1.4

Sewerage And Garbage.............................................................. 55

3.1.5

Ghat Steps .................................................................................. 55

3.1.6

Inferences ................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 4 – LIVE case study ..............................................................56

4.1 Hotel Hot Spring ......................................................................................56 4.1.1

Location ..................................................................................... 56

4.1.2

Context ....................................................................................... 57

4.1.3

Accessibility............................................................................... 57

4.1.4

Historical Background ............................................................... 57

4.1.5

Facilities ..................................................................................... 58

4.1.6

Spatial And User Analysis ......................................................... 58

4.1.7

Technical Details ....................................................................... 60

4.1.8

Footfall Analysis ........................................................................ 61

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 8 4.1.9

Inference .................................................................................... 61

4.2 Govardhan Eco Village ............................................................................61 4.2.1

Location ..................................................................................... 61

4.2.2

Brief ........................................................................................... 62

4.2.3

Context ....................................................................................... 62

4.2.4

Accessibility............................................................................... 62

4.2.5

Climatic Analysis ....................................................................... 63

4.2.6

Planning Analysis ...................................................................... 63

4.2.7

Materials .................................................................................... 65

4.2.8

Activities of Govardhan Eco Village ......................................... 65

4.2.9

Footfall Analysis ........................................................................ 65

4.2.10

Facilities Available At GEV ...................................................... 66

4.3 Comparative Analysis ..............................................................................70 4.4 Data Collection .........................................................................................71 5

CHAPTER 5– SITE STUDY ...................................................................75

5.1 Location ....................................................................................................75 5.2 Accessibility .............................................................................................75 5.3 Neighbourhood Context ...........................................................................75 5.4 Community Study.....................................................................................77 5.5 Historical Background (18th Century) .....................................................78 5.6 Political Background ................................................................................78 5.7 Site Feasibility ..........................................................................................78 5.8 Geographical Background ........................................................................81 5.8.1

Climatic Analysis ....................................................................... 81

5.8.2

Flora And Fauna ........................................................................ 82

5.8.3

Soil ............................................................................................. 82

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 9 5.9 Physical Infrastructure ..............................................................................82 5.9.1

Sewerage And Sanitation ........................................................... 82

5.9.2

Water supply .............................................................................. 83

5.9.3

Road ........................................................................................... 83

5.9.4

Electricity ................................................................................... 83

5.10 Social Infrastructure .................................................................................83 5.10.1

Educational Facilities ................................................................. 83

5.10.2

Health Facilities ......................................................................... 83

5.10.3

Cultural/Religious Facilities ...................................................... 83

5.11 Site Analysis .............................................................................................83 5.12 Site Views.................................................................................................85 5.13 Tourism Statistics of Maharashtra ............................................................86

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5.13.1

Trends Observed In Tourism In Maharashtra ............................ 86

5.13.2

Month Wise Short Survey of Tourists in Mumbai..................... 86

5.13.3

Recreational And Tourism Development Zone ......................... 87

5.13.4

Bye Laws ................................................................................... 87

CHAPTER 6 - DESIGN PROGRAMME & CONCEPT .........................90

6.1 Design Programme ...................................................................................90 6.2 Design Process And Concept ...................................................................92 6.3 Design Evolution ......................................................................................95 6.4 Zoning ......................................................................................................96 6.5 Special Topic - Hydrophilic Architecture (Water Inspired Design) ........97 6.5.1

Introduction ................................................................................ 97

6.5.2

Aim ............................................................................................ 97

6.5.3

Objectives .................................................................................. 97

6.5.4

History Of Utilisation Of Water As An Architectural Element . 98

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 10 6.5.5

Water As An Element In Mughal Architecture ......................... 98

6.5.6

Purposes Of Water as an element In Landscape Architecture ... 99

6.5.7

Therapeutic Effect Of Water In Landscape ............................. 101

6.5.8

Types Of Man-made Water Features ....................................... 102

6.5.9

Architectural Use Of Water As An Element In Today’s Scenario 102

6.5.10

Design Process ......................................................................... 103

6.6 Hydrophilic Architecture - Application Of Technical Elements............103

7

6.6.1

Water Sensitive Design Principles ........................................... 106

6.6.2

Hydrophilic Concept ................................................................ 107

6.6.3

Benefits Of Elements Of Hydrophilic Design ......................... 107

6.6.4

Water Sensitive Designing (Small Scale) ................................ 109

6.6.5

Water Sensitive Designing (Large Scale) ................................ 109

CHAPTER 7 – DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND DETAILS ..............111

7.1 Master Plan .............................................................................................111 7.2 Site Plan ..................................................................................................112 7.3 Service Plan ............................................................................................113 7.4 Interpretation Centre...............................................................................114 7.5 Eco Restaurant ........................................................................................115 7.6 Accommodation Block ...........................................................................116 7.7 Ceremony Complex ................................................................................118 7.8 Meditation Complex ...............................................................................119 7.9 Common Public Block And Ritual Complex .........................................120 7.10 Treatment Centre For Healing ................................................................121 7.11 Treatment Centre For Relaxation ...........................................................122 7.12 R And D Lab ..........................................................................................123

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 11 7.13 Site Views...............................................................................................124 7.14 Application Of The Special Topic..........................................................124 8

CHAPTER 8 – conclusion ......................................................................125

9

References ..............................................................................................126

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 12

List of figures

Figure 1: Hot Spring and its uses (Author) ...................................................... 20 Figure 2: Thermal/Mineral Springs Industry and Wellness Tourism and Medical Tourism Market Spectrum (globalwellnessinstitute.org, 2017) ...................... 21 Figure 3: Huaqin Hot Springs near Xi'an, China ............................................. 22 Figure 4: Hot Spring View Dial (globalwellnessinstitute.org, 2017) .............. 24 Figure 5: Hot Springs in India (Author) .......................................................... 25 Figure 6: Methodology (Author) ..................................................................... 27 Figure 7: User Groups (Author) ....................................................................... 27 Figure 8: Spaces for the user group (Author) .................................................. 28 Figure 9: Sound of moving and containing water ............................................ 28 Figure 10: Reflection of water ......................................................................... 29 Figure 11: Movement of water ........................................................................ 29 Figure 12: Lighting effect on water ................................................................. 29 Figure 13: Stepped edge................................................................................... 30 Figure 14: Cantilevered deck ........................................................................... 30 Figure 15: Tiered.............................................................................................. 30 Figure 16: Rope gabions .................................................................................. 30 Figure 17: Designed deck ................................................................................ 30 Figure 18: Rip rap ............................................................................................ 31 Figure 19: Sloping edge ................................................................................... 31 Figure 20: Boating decks ................................................................................. 31 Figure 21: Ghats ............................................................................................... 31 Figure 22: Spatial analysis ............................................................................... 33 Figure 23: Design detail ................................................................................... 33

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 13 Figure 24: Green roof detail ............................................................................. 34 Figure 25: Design features ............................................................................... 34 Figure 26: Design detail ................................................................................... 36 Figure 27: Skylight - Fissures .......................................................................... 36 Figure 28: Orientation ...................................................................................... 37 Figure 29: Stone slabs ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 30: Materials creating mysterious atmosphere ..................................... 38 Figure 31: Non-linear design ........................................................................... 38 Figure 32: Roof holes....................................................................................... 38 Figure 33: Red and blue rooms ........................................................................ 38 Figure 34: Spaces ............................................................................................. 40 Figure 35: Design detail ................................................................................... 40 Figure 36: Riverbanks of the Sabarmati River (Bhatt) .................................... 42 Figure 37: Design Strategies ............................................................................ 42 Figure 38: Diaphragm wall added and being anchored to ground ................... 43 Figure 39: Tulija Bhawani temple ................................................................... 44 Figure 40: Average temperature and precipitation (www.meteoblue.com, n.d.) .......................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 41: Spatial Analysis .............................................................................. 50 Figure 42: Cross ventilation through ceilings and domes ................................ 51 Figure 43: Design detail ................................................................................... 52 Figure 44: Spaces ............................................................................................. 52 Figure 45: Ghats of Varanasi ........................................................................... 53 Figure 46: Activities of Ghats .......................................................................... 53 Figure 47: Other activities ............................................................................... 54 Figure 48: Major Ghats of Varanasi ................................................................ 55

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 14 Figure 49: Facilities and programme ............................................................... 58 Figure 50: Space Zoning .................................................................................. 59 Figure 51: Spaces ............................................................................................. 60 Figure 52: Technical detail of channelizing the hot spring.............................. 60 Figure 53: Average temperature and precipitation .......................................... 63 Figure 54: Site Zoning (Swami) ...................................................................... 63 Figure 55: Zoning and planning analysis ......................................................... 64 Figure 56: Activities of Govardhan Eco Village ............................................. 65 Figure 57: Sustainability feature ...................................................................... 66 Figure 58: Facilities of GEV ............................................................................ 66 Figure 59: Goals of Govardhan Eco-Village (Symbiotic Development at Govardhan EcoVillage – A Case Study in Circular Economy, n.d.) ............... 67 Figure 60: Detailed site plan ............................................................................ 67 Figure 61: Vrindhavan forest ........................................................................... 68 Figure 62: Parking............................................................................................ 71 Figure 63: Administration requirements .......................................................... 71 Figure 64: Standards for differently abled ....................................................... 72 Figure 65: Standards for cafe spaces ............................................................... 72 Figure 66: Design standards for exhibition areas ............................................ 72 Figure 67: Standards for reading space ............................................................ 73 Figure 68: Space requirement for a yoga space ............................................... 73 Figure 69: Design standards for health spaces ................................................. 74 Figure 70: Accessibility map ........................................................................... 75 Figure 71: Neighbourhood context .................................................................. 75 Figure 72: Historical background of the site.................................................... 78 Figure 73: Uses of hot spring in the site .......................................................... 79

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 15 Figure 74: Average temperature and precipitation .......................................... 81 Figure 75: Wind rose diagram ......................................................................... 82 Figure 76: Site analysis .................................................................................... 84 Figure 77: Vegetation analysis and site requirements ..................................... 84 Figure 78: Circulation analysis ........................................................................ 84 Figure 79: Site in detail .................................................................................... 85 Figure 80: Site View ........................................................................................ 85 Figure 81: Tourism statistics of Maharashtra (Corporation.(MTDC)) ............ 86 Figure 82: Survey of tourists in Mumbai ......................................................... 86 Figure 83: Design data ..................................................................................... 90 Figure 84: Activities ........................................................................................ 91 Figure 85: Design Process ............................................................................... 92 Figure 86: Concept ........................................................................................... 92 Figure 87: Form development .......................................................................... 93 Figure 88: Design philosophy .......................................................................... 93 Figure 89: Design Strategies ............................................................................ 94 Figure 90: Usage of hot spring......................................................................... 94 Figure 91: Evolution of design ........................................................................ 95 Figure 92: Zoning ............................................................................................ 96 Figure 93: Ontana di Trevi, Rome ................................................................... 98 Figure 94: Patio de la acequia. Alhambra, Granada. ...................................... 98 Figure 95: Ariel view of patio de la acequia. Alhambra, Granada. ................ 98 Figure 96: Charbagh garden layout.................................................................. 99 Figure 97: Main features of Mughal garden with examples ............................ 99 Figure 98: Principles of water areas................................................................. 99 Figure 99: Water as edging element .............................................................. 100

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 16 Figure 100: Water as an orienting element .................................................... 100 Figure 101: Water as focal point .................................................................... 100 Figure 102: Water as a meaningful element .................................................. 100 Figure 103: Water as an element of continuality ........................................... 101 Figure 104: Dynamic form of water .............................................................. 102 Figure 105: Water wall .................................................................................. 102 Figure 106: Outdoor pool............................................................................... 103 Figure 107: Green blue roof ........................................................................... 103 Figure 108: Design process ............................................................................ 103 Figure 109: Recreational facilities ................................................................. 104 Figure 110: Economic activity ....................................................................... 104 Figure 111: Occasional activity ..................................................................... 104 Figure 112: Daily activity .............................................................................. 105 Figure 113: Accessibility ............................................................................... 105 Figure 114: As landscape elements................................................................ 106 Figure 115: Water sensitive design strategies ................................................ 106 Figure 116: Hydrophilic design strategies ..................................................... 106 Figure 117: Conceptual sketch of hydrophilic design ................................... 107 Figure 118: Evapotranspiration...................................................................... 107 Figure 119: Bioswales.................................................................................... 107 Figure 120: Roof collection ........................................................................... 108 Figure 121: Permeable pavement................................................................... 108 Figure 122: Infiltration zone .......................................................................... 108 Figure 123: Detention pond ........................................................................... 109 Figure 124: Water sensitive designing in small scale .................................... 109 Figure 125: Water sensitive designing in large scale..................................... 109

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 17 Figure 126: Hydrophilic design ..................................................................... 110 Figure 127: Master plan ................................................................................. 111 Figure 128: Site plan ...................................................................................... 112 Figure 129: Service Plan ................................................................................ 113 Figure 130: Design detail of Interpretation Centre ........................................ 114 Figure 131: Design detail of Eco Restaurant ................................................. 115 Figure 132: Plans and sections of the Accommodation Blocks ..................... 116 Figure 133: Elevations and views of the Accommodation Blocks ................ 117 Figure 134: Design detail of Ceremony Complex ......................................... 118 Figure 135: Design detail of Meditation Complex ........................................ 119 Figure 136: Design detail of Common public block and ritual complex ....... 120 Figure 137: Design detail of Treatment Centre for Healing .......................... 121 Figure 138: Design detail for Treatment Centre for Relaxation .................... 122 Figure 139: Design detail of R and D lab ...................................................... 123 Figure 140: Views of the site ......................................................................... 124

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 18

List of Tables

Table 1: Temperature of the pools ................................................................... 37 Table 2: Comparative analysis ......................................................................... 70 Table 3: Community study............................................................................... 77 Table 4: Footfall of tourists.............................................................................. 80 Table 5: Rules regarding pathways (www.maharashtra.gov.in) ...................... 87 Table 6: Rules regarding facilities (www.maharashtra.gov.in) ....................... 88 Table 7: Rules regarding parking space (www.maharashtra.gov.in) ............... 88 Table 8: Area statement part 1 ......................................................................... 90 Table 9: Area statement part 2 ......................................................................... 91 Table 10: Factors affecting mental health ........................................................ 95

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 19

List of Maps

Map 1: Location map of Thermas Geometrica ................................................ 32 Map 2: Comparison of flow and land reclaimed area near Sabarmati river front .......................................................................................................................... 41 Map 3: Challenges of the site (Munshi)........................................................... 43 Map 4: Map showing Tulijapur town .............................................................. 47 Map 5: Location map of Om Shanti Retreat Centre ........................................ 48 Map 6: Context map......................................................................................... 48 Map 7: Location map of Hotel Hot Spring ...................................................... 56 Map 8: Location map of Govardhan Eco Garden ............................................ 61 Map 9: Location map of the site ...................................................................... 75 Map 10: Land use map ..................................................................................... 76 Map 11: Building height map ......................................................................... 76 Map 12: Road network map ............................................................................. 76 Map 13: Map showing nearby accommodation and hotels ............................. 80

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 20

1 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION 1.1

Introduction

Figure 1: Hot Spring and its uses (Author)

India has a few hot springs in geothermal belts which have been associated with Hindu

mythology

however

the

potential

has

not

been

exploited

(Shanmugasundaram, 2015). The scope for establishment of green resorts in and around the hot springs provides the possibility of generating revenue not only from international tourists but also from domestic tourists. The economy around the hot springs would also have substantial investment from the hospitality industry creating employment and secondary revenue for the local people. In order to create a distinct hotel and resort that will captivate the user’s attention and cater to their health needs, vernacular architecture will be used to emphasize the eco-friendly aspect of the construction and also to inflict less damage to the environment by utilizing and recycling natural materials.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 21 Geothermal springs constitute a major tourism resource, providing spectacular settings, recreation facilities, a recognised value in treatments beneficial for health and wellness, a sense of heritage and adventure, and links with the natural environment (Erfurt-Cooper, 2010).

Broadly speaking, there are 3 main cultural approaches to the use of hot springs including: 1. Relaxation and Connection with the natural environment (Asian) 2. Medical or health based treatments (Europe) 3. Spiritual and religious connections (India and indigenous culture) Based on the above discussion, the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the hierarchical model of different success factors in the hot spring tourism context and identify the decisive factors to improve hot spring industry customer satisfaction.

Updated data and trends are provided in the most recent GWI Global Wellness Economy Monitor (released in October 2018, with data for 2017).

Figure 2: Thermal/Mineral Springs Industry and Wellness Tourism and Medical Tourism Market Spectrum (globalwellnessinstitute.org, 2017)

- 34,057 thermal springs establishments operating in 127 countries.

- Thermal/mineral springs businesses earned $56.2 billion in revenues in 2017, and they employed an estimated 1.8 million workers.

- This sector has been growing by 4.9 % annually from 2015–2017, and it is projected to reach $77 billion in 2022.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 22 - The thermal spring’s industry is heavily concentrated in Asia-Pacific and Europe, which together account for 95 % of industry revenues and 94 % of establishments.

1.2

Background Study

1.1.1 Historical Background The water is essential for human life: from the remotest times it has been considered vital for both sustenance and for the birth and development of civilisations. It was not long before man discovered its importance and beneficial properties: its ability to protect from diseases, as well as its healing and preventive properties. Multiple magical virtues were attributed to water, and it was considered a true gift of the gods. Numerous myths and legends, considering the miraculous healing of the soul and the body were attributed to its mysterious powers. Man has always searched for health and wellness in water, which throughout history, has often been loaded with symbolic and cultural values. The beneficial effects of thermal cures are well-known since the ancient time, when men discovered the importance of water as an essential element for human life, and built the first civilities near to seas and rivers.

Indians and Greeks thought that the water was on the basis of the world and of the human being. Also in the Genesis of Bible, water has been described as the origin of cosmos.

Heating of swimming pools is one of the most important use of geothermal energy. Geothermal energy heat from the interior of the planet Earth, has been utilized by mankind since its existence. Hot springs and hot pools have been used for bathing and health Figure 3: Huaqin Hot Springs near Xi'an, China

treatment, but also for cooking or heating. For the early man, the earth’s

internal heat and hot springs had religious and mythical connotation meaning.

They were the places of the Gods, represented Gods or were endowed with

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 23 divine powers. In many modern societies bathing in hot spring spas has still preserved the meaning of a divine ceremony.

Natural springs, where the water emerges from the underground, have been symbols of life and power in all religions ad civilisations. The mythical significance of springs producing hot and highly mineralized water from which minerals precipitate and form sinter, crusts and unusual mineral deposits was and still is immense. Thermal springs had a religious and social function from early on. Godly healing power has been attributed to hot springs, where gods were near. Thermal springs and spas were centres of cultural and civilization development. Egyptians and Israelites used to plunge themselves in the sacral water of Niles and Jordan, Hindus in the Ganges river for healing their soul and body (Erfurt-Cooper, 2010).

In Egyptian times the water has also been used for hygienic and cosmetology purposes. It seems that Egyptian women used to practice water vapours to be more beautiful, and the legendary Cleopatra used to make wraps with mud from the Dead Sea, to maintain her legendary beauty. Nevertheless, it was by the Greeks that thermalism was born.

In the Roman Empire, the middle Chinese Dynasties and the Ottoman Empires spas have been centres of balneological use of hot springs, where physical health and hygiene have been combined with cultural and political conversation and progress of the time. Natural hot springs are numerous and highly popular across Japan. Every region of the country has its share of hot springs and resort towns, which come with them. There are many types of hot springs, distinguished by the minerals dissolved in water. Different minerals provide different health benefits and all hot springs are supposed to have a relaxing effect on your body and mind. Hot spring baths come in many varieties, indoors and outdoors, gender separated and mixed, developed and undeveloped. Many hot spring baths belong to a ryokan, while others are public bath housesHot springs have been regarded as godly messengers of the immense energies stored in the subsurface of planet Earth.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 24 1.3

Project Components

1.3.1 Why This Project?

Hot springs have long been acknowledged as a special and significant natural resource. The practice of drinking water which emanates from hot springs and using it for bathing has occurred throughout history. To be one of the most important components of holiday tourism, hot spring traveling is gradually becoming a hot leisure holiday choice by more and more tourists.

Figure 4: Hot Spring View Dial (globalwellnessinstitute.org, 2017)

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 25

Figure 5: Hot Springs in India (Author)

1.3.2 Project Proposal CRIT was invited by the Thane District Collectorate to make recommendations for developing tourism in the village of Akloli with hot water springs. CRIT identified several infrastructure problems and issues of land appropriation during the process of the study. The study further recommended the implementation of certain infrastructure projects to relieve some of the immediate problems faced by the village communities and religious institutions.

1.3.3 Aim The project aims at proposing ecologically based planning guidelines by improving the conditions of existing geological heritage and acquiring some of these hot spring water for experimental usage.

1.3.4 Objectives 

The project provides knowledge about various benefits of hot springs.



To revive the place by sustainable planning of the eco site.



To create innovative spaces for hot spring related activities.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 26 

To promote local culture, heritage and architecture through careful design.



To create spaces which can suffice all needs related to leisure and tourism.



Provide hospitality for both domestic and foreigner tourists.



Create an interactive ground for locals and visitors so that there may be interchange of ideas and cultural demonstration.



Respond to climatic and energy consumption issues raised by present day architecture through eco-sensitive design.

1.3.5 Scope 

The project provides an opportunity to study the local culture and heritage.



The project provides a lot of scope for site planning and landscaping.



Economic development of that place.



Community development.



Health and medical benefits.

1.3.6 Limitations 

My study is limited to spaces for tourism activities in hot spring destination.



The project will not cover detail related to landscape design and research will be done accordingly to architectural requirement.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 27 1.3.7 Methodology

Figure 6: Methodology (Author)

1.4

User Groups

User groups include both domestic and international which consists of pilgrim, tourist and researcher.

Figure 7: User Groups (Author)

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 28

Figure 8: Spaces for the user group (Author)

1.5

Precedent Study

1.5.1 Water As An Architectural Element Architecture and Water could motivate people to use their senses, as they create distinctive sights, sounds and touches (Duggal).

Sound: 

It can offer some connections with nature or eliminate noises that are not desirable. In this case, when the sound of water is almost inexistent, people could find emotional rescue and live some moments of relaxation and meditation.



Moving/Falling water can mask noise from a pedestrian space.



A breeze blows over a body of water can cool an adjacent land area. Our inner self relates instantly with the ambience and one feels in a better state of mind when surrounded by water.

Figure 9: Sound of moving and containing water

Reflection: 

The reflection of water on different surfaces could give meaning to a building. It has the ability to add an element of imagination either by

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 29 converting the solidity of a building material to a more temporary one, as well as it could fill shadows with light in many other cases.

Figure 10: Reflection of water

Movement: 

Movement of water presents a dynamic and charming character.

1) Still water or containing water: It gives a feeling of calmness and serenity which soothes the senses gives a feeling of relaxation.

Example: Ponds, Pools and Lake 2) Moving water: a. Fountains: It is more vibrant in nature as well as appealing to the eye, generates feeling of enthusiasm and creates positive wave of mental well-being. b. Spouts: Gives a healing effect as the intensity of flow of water is slow.

Figure 11: Movement of water

Lighting Effects: 

Underwater lights can be used in outdoor or submersed conditions for dramatic pond and garden effects.



Illuminating the water body, garden not only increase its attractiveness, it also ensure safety as Figure 12: Lighting it is easier to see in the dark.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

effect on water

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 30 1.5.2 River Edge Design Strategies 

A stepped edge allows free access to the water.

The edge has steps that lead into the water. It is given in areas where the land gradually slopes into the water. Given in areas where the water current is very low and the water is shallow. The rising Figure 13: Stepped edge

water levels can be well accommodated in this type of edge treatments. 

.A deck cantilevered into the river, with rope gabions supporting the earth mass beneath it.

Provided in areas where the land is elevated much above the water level. This also prevents Figure 14: Cantilevered deck the sight of the edge treatment and gives a view of just the water body.



Tiered edges has 2 promenades - the upper promenade and the lower promenade. In case of the rise in water level, the lower promenade will be submerged and the promenade can be left unused.



Figure 15: Tiered

Rope gabions have large rocks or boulders tied together using nylon ropes. Metal cages are avoided due to the proximity to the sea water.

Provided in areas where the elevation height between the land and the river is high.



Figure 16: Rope gabions

The designed decks are used as seating areas for restaurants and food stalls. The decks are so located to capture good views of the river.

Figure 17: Designed deck

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 31 

Riprap is rock or other material used to armour shorelines against the erosion due to the flow of water. Riprap edges are provided along the areas where the erosion and the water currents are high.

Figure 18: Rip rap



A sloping edge allows free access to the water and increases the aesthetic appeal of the river edge.

Sloping edges are designed along shallow waters and areas where the water current is very less.

Figure 19: Sloping edge



Boating decks are given in areas where the water is deep and sedimentation is less.

These strategies helps to reduce erosion and prevents over runoff of contaminated water to the rivers.

Figure 20: Boating decks

1.5.3 Importance Of Water In Religious Architecture The transcendence from the profane to the sacred is achieved through the process of ritual. Ritual purification by water is one of the greatest themes running through the history of Indian religious life. Most of the

Figure 21: Ghats

important civilizations grew along the river banks as water acted as catalyst for settlement. All major religious have water as one of their sacred elements, as means of purification. The steps acts as an architectural element between 2 discrepant levels are connecting links. The steps suggest an inherent connection to the ground, which on the edge immediately reminds us of the river. These steps which are steeper than regular steps makes us consciously more aware of the transition we are making. This area is a threshold between the earthly world and other world. In combination

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 32 with these platforms, they form a space that which provide spaces for pause and gathering.

2 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE CASE STUDY 2.1

Thermas Geometrica

2.1.1 Location Location: Coñaripe, Panguipulli, Los Ríos, Chile Architects: Germán Del Sol Area: 1280.0 m² Year: 2009 Photographs: José Luis Ibáñez, Felipe Camus Manufacturers: Sherwin Williams, Chilcorrofin, Cbb ReadyMix, Codelpa, Asfaltos Chile Structural Engineering: Fernando del Sol V. Map 1: Location map of Thermas Geometrica

Site Area: 4.700 sq.m

Purpose of construction: The naturally existing hot springs was put to use and spa was built over it.

Selection Criteria: It offers recreational spaces related to hot springs and it is designed in harmony with nature.

17 slate covered pools of natural hot springs waters that flow in plenty along a mountain stream, in the midst of the native forest of the Villarrica National Park in

Chile's

southern Lake Country, 450 miles south of

Santiago

(www.archdaily.com, 2014).

A wooden footbridge and disperse to find a hidden pool. Indulging oneself with this unique experience for the body and soul becomes a sensual rite of water and fire purification which enlightens our senses and arouses our imagination.

The Geometric Hot Springs take advantage of more than sixty sources of pure thermal water, which sprout naturally at 80º temperature, in a ravine previously

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 33 inaccessible, in the middle of the native forests of the Villarrica National Park, at km 16 of the road that crosses the park between CoĂąaripe and PucĂłn.

2.1.2 Design Detail

Figure 22: Spatial analysis

Figure 23: Design detail

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 34 2.1.3 Analysis Of Design Features Design of the project mainly focuses on tourists and small-scale recreational facilities are being provided along with changing rooms, toilets and locker room. The constant movement of water and

Figure 24: Green roof detail

fire that always change, but go nowhere, appears in all

its

natural

splendour,

seducing

everyone

into

a

calm

spirit

(www.archdaily.com, 2014).

Figure 25: Design features

2.1.1 Inference 

The geometric architecture of the Termas makes it possible to see and enjoy the good side of the unexpected events of nature.



The project is in harmony with nature by sustainable planning. i. e., the hot springs were determined first and the spas were built over it.



The spa is in isolated area and amenities can be provided with the least damage of forests and since it is a river, the flooding can damage the structures.



The project focuses on nature, glory and power while architecture serves as a way to connect people with it in alight, subtle and ephemeral way.



Feeling the cold that contrasts with the hot spring water is the crucial characteristic of this place.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 35 2.2

The Therme Vals

Architect: Peter Zumthor Area: 1890.0 m² Site: Switzerland Site description: The geography of site is mountainous and landlocked surrounding Climate: Cold climate Selection criteria: It also offers recreational spaces related to hot springs and the architectural details of spaces related to hot spring.

2.2.1 Features And Analysis 

This space was designed for visitors to luxuriate and rediscover the ancient benefits of bathing.



The combinations of light and shade, open and enclosed spaces and linear elements make for a highly sensuous and restorative experience.



The underlying informal layout of the internal space is a carefully modelled path of circulation which leads bathers to certain predetermined points but lets them explore other areas for themselves.



Framed vistas that controls the perspective that either ensures or denies views, also designed to different sun angles.



The fascination for the mystic qualities of a world of stone within the mountain, for darkness and light, for light reflections on the water or in the stream saturated air, pleasure in the unique acoustics of the bubbling water in a world of stone, a feeling of warm stones and naked skin, the ritual of bathing - these notions guided the architect.



Working with the natural surroundings, the bathrooms lay below a grass roof structure half buried into the hillside.



The Therme Vals is built from layer upon layer of locally quarried Valser Quarzite slabs. This stone became the driving inspiration for the design and is used with great dignity and respect.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 36

Figure 26: Design detail

2.2.2 Skylight - Fissures 

Fissures are arranged in a certain pattern so that they are intersecting to form the shape of T instead of a cross.

Aesthetically, the light on the stone walls are somewhat like the marks left by the spring.



Narrow spaces are assigned with long fissures letting sunlight in. These avoid opening numbers of windows, so that

Figure 27: Skylight - Fissures

more heat can be trapped in this building. 

Light slits add to the sense of fluidity of the overall space.



One side of the block is washed by top light while the other part of the stone wall sinks into darkness, making the light path more extraordinary.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 37

Figure 28: Orientation

2.2.3 Temperatures of Pools

Table 1: Temperature of the pools

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 38 2.2.4 Materials The structure materials are natural: stone, water, metal and even natural light penetrates the structure. The energy of the place is very strong, not allowing its users to be very obvious, leaving them in a ‘sleep mode’, and at Figure 29: Stone slabs the same time, ready to be alert.

2.2.5 Mysterious Atmosphere The staircase, the dark corridor and the fountain can be thought as these aspects.

There is no designated way of exploring the building makes us feel that it is like a walk in Figure 30: Materials mysterious atmosphere the woods, where you do not have a specific

creating

path, but you wander and discover.

2.2.6 Light And Shadow 

The baths where the water is hot, calm red lighting is used and the concrete walls are tinted red; while where the water is cold, the lighting is blue.



The different rectangular units reveal what is revealed from the exterior: the native and childish design of different rectangular and other shapes that brick together like a puzzle.



There are also gaps between the roof units that allow lines of light, making the feeling of the heavy roof even lighter.

Figure 32: Roof holes

2.2.7

Figure 33: Red and blue rooms

Figure 31: Non-linear design

Inference



Well anchored to the site and the vibrant climatic conditions.



Careful dealing of senses into the architecture.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 39 

Water is channelized considering the temperature drop with respect to distance and pools with different temperatures is achieved.



Rooms are designed in such a way that it creates a different ambience for the users.



The Therme Vals is a hotel and spa in one which combines a complete sensory experience designed by Peter Zumthor.



The Therme Vals is built from layer upon layer of locally quarried Valser Quarzite slabs which became the driving inspiration for the design, and is used with great dignity and respect.

2.3

Ming Ting Hot Spring Resort

Architects: CT Design, Cooperation Team Area: 13000.0 m² Site Location: China Selection criteria: A hot spring spa resort which uses water as a main architecture element and spaces are designed according to the handling of water.

The site is flat which is about 18 hectares in rectangle shape (12 hectares for the first phase) and as normal northern landscape in China.

2.3.1 Planning And Landscape Analysis 

More Nature, More Sustainable



New topography created intends to respond to site's situation which is to have high hill at north side working as defence for cold winter wind and low hill at south side to guide cool summer wind into the site.



Hotel and villas will be set at different position and zoning as groups with different landscape theme such as hot spring, forest, and lake.



As hot spring resort, water is the main subject and is used as main landscape element. From hot spring to SPA, from dam to waterfall, and from water courtyard to surrounding lake, the design is to create more chance for guest to experience hot spring in many different ways.



About water system, second-hand hot spring is collected and pumped into waterfall and water wall in courtyard. Water will flow from high level to low level, from inside to outside, from water courtyard to

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 40 entrance pool and down to lake and river. Finally water will be pumped back to water courtyard at the end pool of river as one circulating system.

Figure 34: Spaces

Figure 35: Design detail

2.3.2 Spatial Analysis 

“Architecture in Nature, Nature in Architecture” is our basic concept for the hotel. In the way, we intend to create weak and humble architecture which is harmonious and consistent with surroundings.



The design took linear form for building as the way to integrate it with surroundings instead of creating one big solid object as normal business hotel on landscape.



Linear form is as loop putting on topography which still will keep landscape inside and can give maximum proximity and access to the landscape.



Moreover, it also works as corridor to guide guest experiencing environment and as the best circulation for flow of people as well.



Due to its special character and ability to survive in winter, bamboo is chosen to create forest for guest room area which is not just only to provide privacy but also create kind feeling of meditation.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 41 2.3.3 

Inference The water is used as the main landscaping element thus increases the visitors by giving them different experiences with water architecture.



The used water is being reused for different purposes thus making sustainable design.



The whole building is surrounded by water and the courtyards make the whole building sustainable.



The loop design is appropriate for this project as the corridor spaces makes them experience the landscape elements.

2.4

Sabarmati River Front Development – Ahmedabad

Selection criteria: The project aims to reclaim the private river edge as a Public asset and restore the city’s relationship with its river.

Map 2: Comparison of flow and land reclaimed area near Sabarmati river front

2.4.1 Need Of The Project 

The intensive uses took their toll on the river.



Untreated sewage flowed into the river through storm water outfalls and dumping of industrial waste posed a major health and environmental hazard.



The river bank settlements were disastrously prone to floods and lacked basic infrastructure facilities.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 42 

Lacklustre development took shape along the riverfront.

Such conditions made the river inaccessible and it became a virtual divide between the two parts of the city.

Figure 36: Riverbanks of the Sabarmati River (Bhatt)

2.4.2 Undertaking The Objectives Environmental Improvement Strategies for overall environmental improvement have been formulated to achieve the following objectives (Munshi): 

Reduction in Erosion and Flood: An optimal width of 263 meters for the water way has been selected and implemented.



Water Retention: The Vasna Barrage, located just downstream of Ahmedabad, makes it possible to retain water for 15 km upstream, the entire length of the river within the city.



Sewage Diversion: An integrated storm water and Figure 37: Design

sewage system with interceptor sewers has been Strategies implemented. These interceptor lines have been

installed along both banks of the river capturing 38 sewage discharge

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 43 points and routing the sewage with new pumping stations in the reclaimed banks. These lines carry untreated sewage to the recently augmented sewage treatment plants south of Vasna Barrage.

Figure 38: Diaphragm wall added and being anchored to ground

2.4.3 Structural Works 

Diaphragm Wall, Anchor Slab, Ghats and Ramps



Retaining Wall, Staircases and Ramps



Interceptor Sewage Line, Extension of Outfalls & Manholes



General Earth Fill



Pumping Station

2.4.4 Challenges

Map 3: Challenges of the site (Munshi)

  

12000 hutments on both banks of the river occupying nearly 20% of critical project area.

Unorganized Gujari Bazaar of more than 1200 vendors on the eastern bank.

Nearly 200 Dhobis using both the banks of the river for washing activities.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 44  2.4.5

Thoroughly polluted and contaminated Sabarmati through 38 storm water outlets.

Learnings And Inferences

Riverfront Qualities that are needed to be checked (Munshi):

2.5



Access and Linkage, Edge Uses, Attractions & Destinations, Identity & Image, Amenities, Water Uses, Flexibility in Design, Seasonal Strategy, Land use Management and Diverse Funding Sources.



The Sabarmati Riverfront Project add almost 10, 00,000 sq. mts. of parks, promenades and plazas to Ahmedabad.



The Sabarmati Riverfront Project help provide Ahmedabad with many new cultural trade and social institutions (36,000 Sq.m).



Creating of City Level Recreational Activities – Water Sports Tourist attraction.



Recharge of Ground water Aquifers of the city Elimination of Flood Hazard.

Management of Cultural Landscape – Tulja Bhawani Temple Complex, Tuljapur, Maharashtra

Figure 39: Tulija Bhawani temple

Selection criteria: The study of cultural landscapes is important in this present day of increasing domestic and international attention. On implementing effective guidelines for management during pilgrim overload, the cultural identity of the religious place could be preserved.

Tuljapur is a pilgrimage site situated in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. It is eminent pilgrimage place and is famous for Goddess Tulja Bhavani. Tuljapur is taluka head quarter in Osmanabad district of Marathwada region of

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 45 Maharashtra.

It is situated on Balaghat ranges of Sahyadri.The temple at Tuljjapur is believed to have its origin around 13th Century A.D. The oldest mention of Tulja Bhavani in an inscriptions dating as far back as 1398 AD. The temple is also linked by pedestrian paths from the base of plateau.

2.5.1 Parking 1. Parking space is allocated near the temple complex permanent parking around 400 vehicles.

2. For peak season the additional parking areas are provided near main routes entering in the town.

2.5.2 Accommodation 1. Only 28 percentage pilgrims taking halt in Tuljapur. 28 hotels and lodges. 8 number of Dharmashalas.

2. Traditional system of staying in upadhyay’s houses.

3.12 private religious institutes like maths and temple also provides lodging facilities.

2.5.3 Visual Impacts 

The main approach roads don’t have visual linkages with temple.



Development around the temple blocks the view.



Hoarding and encroachments hamper the visual quality.



Slum area situated in visual zone of temple.



The good view points of surroundings from town edges have potential areas.



Garbage dumps near the temple precinct disturb the sanctity of temple.

2.5.2 Pressure On The Infrastructural Facilities 

The basic amenities like water supply and drainage become ineffective to take a load of the pilgrims.



Increasing problem of overcrowding in the town during the fairs. Road widths are inadequate to take the load of the pilgrim’s movement.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 46 

No proper solid waste management system. It is limited to collection and transportation only.



Open spaces and kund like Mankawati and Bidkar talav used for dumping solid waste resulted abandonment of those places which are culturally and visually very much important.

2.5.4 Environmental Impacts 

Deterioration of environmental quality.



Rise in pilgrim influx each year.



Human waste and heaps of garbage in kunds and ponds causes severe pollution creating unhealthy situations for the town and the pilgrims.



Deterioration of water bodies due to development both from quality and quantity.



Blockage or modification of natural drains affected quality and quantity of water bodies due to haphazard development.



Lack of vegetation result in high level of radiation results increase in the temperature.



Reduction in catchment areas of pond due to haphazard development.



The pond and kund used as grab-bag dump yard which leads to eutrophication of ponds and blockage to natural drains.



Air pollution and noise pollution in festival season.

2.5.5 Tourism Impacts 

Traffic management is major issue.



Congestion of traffic, inadequate parking areas, illegal parking.



No proper demarcation of pedestrian and vehicular movement.



Slums, shop, hawkers, especially encroachments on the main road resulted in reducing carrying capacity and further created these zones disaster prone during festival season.



Facilities like toilets, accommodation, information centres are not available in festival season.



Lack of signage’s information system to guide pilgrims.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 47 

Lack of congregational open spaces which are very essential for religious places.



Lack of sanitation facilities.



Solid waste management, garbage disposal.

2.5.6 Transportation Facilities At The Peak Time State transport facility connecting to all over Maharashtra additional number of buses in yatra period. In the festive season, pilgrims from surrounding region, as well as from far distance walks down to Tuljapur with the palanquins and bedstead as a part of rituals.

2.5.7 Pilgrimage Pattern The pilgrim traffic to Tuljapur has been increasing every year. In the Nizam period, only about 2000-3000 pilgrims visited. It has swelled to 32 lakhs in 2006.i.e. an average of 25000-30000 pilgrims visit the temple every day.The peak inflow during a day of festival is observed to be about 50,000 - 70,000 Peak season: Navrathri season and marriage season Peak month: October (40,000 - 50,000 pilgrims/day) Peak no (if months): Paurnima(30,000 - 40,000 pilgrims/day) Peak in week: Tuesday (30,000 - 40,000) Peak hours: 9am to 11am & 7am to 9pm

Map 4: Map showing Tulijapur town

2.5.8

Learnings and Inferences

The study of cultural landscapes is important in this present day of increasing domestic and international attention. Areas of concern associated with cultural landscapes include:

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 48 

Preserving natural and cultural resources.

Exploring the relationship between stewardship and the collective sense of place.



Using cultural landscapes as the base for contemporary development.



Understanding the variety of human experience patterns and forms in the landscape and community.



The management of this religious town seems to be an issue of concern, looking at the current scenario. Several proposals such as that of a new road leading to the temple complex, effective management strategies for traffic and pedestrian conflicts have been proposed.



The area needs to be taken care of in terms of its serious environmental degradation.

2.6

Om Shanti Retreat Centre

2.6.1 Location Architect: Ar.Poppo Pingel Location: Auroville, TamilNadu,India Site area: 8661 sqm Vegetation: Palm trees + shrub cover Selection Criteria: It offers a wide

Map 5: Location map of Om Shanti Retreat Centre

variety of natural healing therapies. The healing work at Quiet is based on the understanding that a person is first and foremost a spiritual being seeking to express its truth through the instrumentality of mental, vital and physical nature.

2.6.2

Context

Quiet is a wellness centre located on banks of Bay of Bengal. It occupies over 7 acre beach front compound. The site selected for this project is apt as it connects the place well to both nearest community, city and on other side the nature. One side the structure is surrounded by tall palm trees Map 6: Context map

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 49 and Bay of Bengal. The other side leads to the Pondicherry market and city further connecting to heart of Auroville. Thus the requirement of silent environment for the therapies is fulfilled as well they are well connected to community (scribd).

2.6.3 Accessibility

2.6.4 Climatic Analysis The area lies 25m above sea level and experiences tropical climate. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Auroville.

Figure 40: Average temperature and precipitation (www.meteoblue.com, n.d.)

The location on the beachfront makes it highly susceptible to cyclones. The structures are well spaced out as to minimize the effect of any damage caused due to cyclones. The climate conditions are both constraints and opportunities for development (scribd).

Architect’s Ideology: He was strongly influenced by the growing environmental awareness, baubiological and sensory issues plus physiological concerns in architecture. These included health hazards through industrial

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 50 building materials, electro-smog, the blind use of industrial synthetic building products monotonously applied, and the waste and misuse of natural resources.

2.6.5 Spatial Analysis

Figure 41: Spatial Analysis



Services are zoned to the rear of the site so that it is obstructed from visitor’s view.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 51 

Cluster organisation - curvilinear therapy rooms in the front with the internal corridors facing the open court.



Vehicular circulation inside the site is restricted to reduce the noise level inside the building and also to bring the idea of tranquil while entering.



All the linkage like corridors are connected physically to the consultation rooms and visually to the landscaped courtyards and are well light and well shaded.



Pedestrian circulation connects all the therapy and public spaces of the building.



Because of the single entry point, the chaos is happening at the junctions pointed as critical node.



Dispersed circular rooms provides good air flow throughout the builtform.



The corridor floor slab is elevated from the ground level gives floating effect.



The spaces are arranged based on the hierarchy of privacy level.



Open spaces are well merged with the built-form.

Figure 42: Cross ventilation through ceilings and domes



Recessed entrance which gives user the sense of conviviality when they enter the building.



It also acts as shading element because of the tropical climate.

Addition of the lime to the concrete gives the lightness feel to the built form.



Old water tank used for hydrotherapy.



Pond cools the hot air that enters the multi-use hall.

Landscaped courtyards gives openness to the built-form and also acts as the core for healing.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 52 

The integrated landscape with the rock garden is the space for mud therapy.

Figure 43: Design detail

Figure 44: Spaces



The major building material incorporated in this construction is local brick + lime mortar + lime concrete + bio concrete.



Dome is cladded with broken mosaic tiles to avoid water seepage and the radiation inside the building.

2.6.6 Inferences 

Isolation of the facility from the urban environment.



Separation of public, private and the therapy areas.



Simplicity in the structure with the careful integration of the healing elements.



Use of corridors as multi-functional spaces.



Good integration of climatic factor into the built form.



Designed landscapes the courtyard spaces.



Usage of local building materials.

Holy Crescent College of Architecture, Alwaye

Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 53

3 CHAPTER 3 – LIVE SURVEY 3.1

The Ghats Of Varanasi

Figure 45: Ghats of Varanasi

Selection criteria: It offers pilgrim, tourist and recreational activities near river front at different time interval.

The holy land of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh; also referred to as Banares and Kashi, is the most famous pilgrimage spot for Hindus for hundreds of years.

Known as the oldest city, Varanasi is visited by Hindus for the peace of mind and soul and to wash away all the sins. It is the Ghats of River Ganga in Varanasi that complement the concept of divinity.

3.2.1 Main Activities

Figure 46: Activities of Ghats

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 54 3.1.1 Other Activities

Figure 47: Other activities

There are presently 84 ghats along the edge of the river, but there are five ghat (panchtirth) which are considered most sacred among all the ghats. These include: 1. Assi Ghat 2. Dasashwamedh ghat 3. Manikarnika ghat 4. Panchganga ghat 5. Adikeshav ghat 3.1.2 Change Of Land Use A large number of Sadhus can be seen performing religious rites on this Ghat.

Devotees must not miss the opportunity of visiting the Dasaswamedh Ghat in the evening when after Aarti, thousands of earthen lamps are immersed in the waters of the holy Ganges and the floating lamps give a divine look to the river at dusk. 

Manikarnika Ghat is the main cremation Ghat of Varanasi. Manikarnika Ghat is one of the oldest and most sacred Ghats in Varanasi.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 55 

According to the Hindu mythology, being burned here provides an instant gateway to liberation from the cycle of births and rebirths.



Lying at the centre of the five tirthas, Manikarnika Ghat symbolizes both creation and destruction.



At Manikarnika Ghat, the mortal remains are consigned to flames with the prayers that the souls rest in eternal peace.



Situated at the confluence of Ganga and Assi rivers, Assi Ghat is bathe before paying their homage to Lord Shiva in the form of huge lingam situated under a peepal tree.



Assi Ghat also constitutes the southern end of conventional city.

Figure 48: Major Ghats of Varanasi

3.1.3 Subdivisions Of Ghats Varanasi has witnessed lot of subdivision of ghats which has been regular phenomenon, but what is actually the result of these subdivisions are: 

There are too many pilgrims approaching a smaller area which was originally capable of handling the population pressure. The risk factor increases in such cases.



More concentration of activities at one place related to pilgrimage.

Rapid transformation of the place.

3.1.4 Sewerage And Garbage 

The sewerage line is very old and is not able to vary the load of the city.

Ultimately all the sewerage and waste generated goes into the river.



There is no proper garbage management on the ghat area.



The techniques adopted are proving detrimental to the environment.

3.1.5 Ghat Steps 

The steps are laid with chunar sandstone with a special pattern.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 56 

The stones are just not placed next to each other, they are bonded with iron clamps or with a dowel joint between them.



This is to secure the positions of the stones when the area is flooded with water during monsoon.

3.1.6 Inferences 

Activities in a day changes at regular intervals thus spaces acts as multifunctional.



Spaces are adaptive to the change of activities and it is a regular process.



The use of water as a religious architectural element can be observed through the activities near the riverfront.



Due to multiple activities which depict the cultural, social nature of Varanasi, more tourists are attracted. Thus footfall increased.



Proper spaces for vending activities should be given as the activities are scattered.



During summer and spring there are no sheds provided for the visitors.

Only few Ghats have sheds which is not good in numbers and size. So addition of shelters improves the tourist activities.



There are no proper arrangements for the disposal of wastes which include unclaimed human dead bodies, half-burnt bodies, plastic bag and even the animal carcasses. So proper waste management should be initiated.

4 CHAPTER 4 – LIVE CASE STUDY 4.1

Hotel Hot Spring

4.1.1 Location

Map 7: Location map of Hotel Hot Spring

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 57 Location: Tattapani, Himachal Pradesh Year of Completion: 1994 Designer: Prem Raina Purpose of Construction: To revive the submerged hot springs in the Sutlej River Built area: 917.68 sqm Selection criteria: It offers healthcare spaces related to hot springs and provide information about various uses of hot springs.

4.1.2 Context Hotel Hot Spring Therme and spa standing high along the bank of river Satluj in the middle of Green Valley, away from mass tourism with the spirit of health and adventurous environment. The splendid mountain view and picturesque landscape summons visitors to rejuvenate and refresh the mind with natural warm healing water and adventurous activities, organized in European style.

Nearby temple also uses the hot springs for religious purpose and During Jan, the footfall of visitors increase.

4.1.3 Accessibility

4.1.4 Historical Background 10 Years before The hot springs present in the river was not used properly. Due to the formation of the Bhakra Nangal dam, the whole hot springs and the island submerged into the water.

The hotel is a 4 storeyed hotel designed as per the pertaining style in Himachal Pradesh such as sloping roof effect. The owner of the hotel built-in a mechanism which pumped in the submerged hot spring water and used it form spa in his own hotel.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 58 The another part of the development deals with the reviving of the area which was submerged and forming promenade along with hot spring pools.

4.1.5 Facilities

Figure 49: Facilities and programme

4.1.6 Spatial And User Analysis Basement: Administration/Office, H.R./Accounts, Parking, Acupressure walk way and Lake view terrace G.F: Reception, M.D.,M.S. Office, C.M.O, hot springs, Naturopathy, Cafeteria /Restaurant

First Floor: Rooms, Panchkarma, Pharmacy, Consultation

Second Floor: Rooms

Third Floor: Yoga, Conference, Meeting hall, C.S.S.D/House keeping

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Figure 50: Space Zoning

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Figure 51: Spaces

4.1.7 Technical Details

Figure 52: Technical detail of channelizing the hot spring

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 61 4.1.8 Footfall Analysis 

Tourist accommodation is for 6000 people.



Daily visitors is 50-100 approx. During peak days, the daily visitors will be 2000 approx. Nearby temple also uses the hot springs for religious purpose and During January, the footfall increases due to the festive season.



Religious tourism also influences the project as pilgrims visiting the temple may sometimes visit the health care as it is the only spa centre related to hot spring in India.



More number of tourists are from abroad and from the Northern side of India as most people of India are unaware of the benefits of the hot spring.

4.1.9 Inference 



 

4.2 4.2.1

It is India’s first and only healthcare using hot springs thus more tourists are attracted to it and the spaces are inadequate for the tourists except the accommodation compared to the footfall.

The submerged hot spring of that area was revived and it is being used in an appropriate way by channelizing it to various pools.

Since segregated pools are also present, people with specific diseases can access it.

The social and economic development of that area along with the hotel can be achieved.

The project helped to create an awareness among the people about hot spring and its benefits.

Govardhan Eco Village Location

Map 8: Location map of Govardhan Eco Garden

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 62 Location: Galtare village, Wada Taluka, Palghar, Maharashtra Site Area: 73 Acres.

Built up Area: 2,00,000 sq. ft Design Team: Chitra Vishwanath, Sharath Nayak, Anshu Ahuja, Surabhi Pandurangi(Biome Environment Solutions) Structural Designer: Professor Yogananda / Pramod A.V / Ravindranath Bontadka 4.2.2 Brief The project was to develop a retreat for the devotees of ISKCON,Girgaum Chowpatty Mumbai. The brief included, other than accommodation to develop seminar, prayer, wellness, dining facilities and a Gaushala for hundred cows.

The buildings are built on High ground where they receive better breeze and are designed to be only one bay deep to allow for cross ventilation. Large semicovered spaces provide for comfortable daytime use (Swami).

Selection criteria: Sustainable planning by development of a village and retreat through eco-friendly design.

4.2.3 Context The site is located 100 kms north of Mumbai, in a rural area at the foot hills of the Sahyadris, and lies between the hill Kohoj Gad and the river Vaitarna. The site is undulating with prominent ridges and valleys. Agriculture, primarily paddy was grown in the valley areas. The valleys with black cotton soil also formed the drainage for the rainwater. The higher lands had groves, mostly of Teak and Toon, most of which had been harvested by the previous owners of the land before handing over the land to the buyers. These higher land patches also had the best wind conditions micro-climatically (Swami).

4.2.4 Accessibility

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 63 4.2.5 Climatic Analysis Macro climate Thane has a tropical monsoon climate that borders on a tropical wet and dry climate.

Micro climate Micro- climatically in the site, hot summers are compounded by hot winds blowing off the rocky face off Kohoj hill and nights tend to be chiller than lands away from the hills.

Figure 53: Average temperature and precipitation

4.2.6 Planning Analysis

Figure 54: Site Zoning (Swami)

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Figure 55: Zoning and planning analysis

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4.2.7 Materials

4.2.8 Activities of Govardhan Eco Village

Figure 56: Activities of Govardhan Eco Village

4.2.9 Footfall Analysis 

Tourist in week days : 100 approx



Tourists in week ends: 150-200 approx



Number of tourists is more during winter and less during summer.



5 types of cottages with both private and community cottages. Almost



10,000 people can be accommodated.



As there is more innovations in technology, it attracts more tourists.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 66 3.4.10 Analysis

Figure 57: Sustainability feature

4.2.10 Facilities Available At GEV

Figure 58: Facilities of GEV

GEV conduct educational and recreational trips with an underlying theme of experiencing living a sustainable lifestyle.

School trips (Educational trips for children) 2) Santulan (A retreat for balanced lives) 3) Health retreats

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 67 4) Agricultural training (Government Officials and farmers) 5) Eco-friendly living seminars to students and guests.

6) Artha Conclave (Corporates) 7) Global strides

Figure 59: Goals of Govardhan Eco-Village (Symbiotic Development at Govardhan EcoVillage – A Case Study in Circular Economy, n.d.)

Figure 60: Detailed site plan

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Figure 61: Vrindhavan forest

Health Retreats Govardhan Ashram offers rejuvenating health retreat packages for a range of visitors that include men, women, college students and corporates. These retreats are conducted both on weekends and during the weekdays.

3.4.12 Inference 

The use of local materials and local artisans has made it economically and environmentally sustainable.



The planning and designing of the center is so done that the nature has been merged with the indoors providing small pockets of open and semiopen spaces, thus helping in the treatment procedures too.



The small details have helped the project be aesthetically better.



The re-use and recycling of the wastes make the project the best sustainable and eco village.



Innovation in different technologies attract more researchers, tourists from all over the world.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 69 

Since the project is mainly considered for the development of the villages, the economy of the villagers and the local people are being increased.



Best example of living in harmony with the environment by using modern technologies.



Social, cultural, economical and ecological aspects of design are being considered which helped in creating an ecologically sustainable design.



The sustainable design acts as a perfect retreat free from the chaos of urban life and makes people to think of their environment and fellow being.



Only the issue to the site is the accessibility as it is away from the main city.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 70 4.3

Comparative Analysis

Table 2: Comparative analysis

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 71 4.4

Data Collection

Type of vehicle and its area of parking space (a) Motor vehicle 2.5 m X 5 m (b) Scooter, Motor Cycle. 1.0 m. x 2.0 m. (c) Bicycle 0.50 m x 1.4 m. (d) Transport vehicle 3.75 m. X 7.5 m.

Note: In the case of parking spaces for motor vehicle, up to 50 percent of the prescribed space may be of the size of 2.3 m. X 4.5 m.

Figure 62: Parking

Requirement for Administration

Figure 63: Administration requirements

Requirement for differently abled

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Figure 64: Standards for differently abled

Requirement for Restaurants and Cafes

Figure 65: Standards for cafe spaces

Requirement for exhibitions

Figure 66: Design standards for exhibition areas

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 73 Requirements for library space

Figure 67: Standards for reading space

Design standards for yoga space

Figure 68: Space requirement for a yoga space

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 74 Requirement for health spaces

Figure 69: Design standards for health spaces

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 75

5 CHAPTER 5– SITE STUDY 5.1

Location

Site location: Akaloli Site topography: Levelled flat Climatic condition: Tropical monsoon Area: 9.6 acres (38914.4 sqm)

5.2

Accessibility Map 9: Location map of the site

Figure 70: Accessibility map

5.3

Neighbourhood Context

Figure 71: Neighbourhood context

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Map 10: Land use map

Map 11: Building height map

Map 12: Road network map

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 77 5.4

Community Study

Akaloli village Area: 476 hectares Population: 2,942 Households: 682 Assembly Constituency: Bhiwandi Rural Parliament Constituency: Bhiwandi Nearest Town: Bhiwandi (23 km) Block / Tehsil: Bhiwandi District: Thane State: Maharashtra

Table 3: Community study

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Historical Background (18th Century)

Figure 72: Historical background of the site

5.6

Political Background 

Regional planning: The area falls under the Research and Tourism Development Zone. Almost 70% of the land is agricultural land which is convertible to a non-agricultural land with proper government measures.



Ownership pattern: Hot springs are owned by the Government



Economic activities: The predominant activities of the people comprises of tourism, farming, brick-kilns and sand-dredging small scale factories.



Infrastructure: There is no municipal drainage line which connects the main sewers. The drainage of individual household is collected in the soak pit and septic tanks which is disposed off in a regular time frame.



Traffic: There is lot of traffic happening due to lesser width road and unauthorized parking on the road.

5.7

Site Feasibility 

Akloli is a centre for spiritualism and religious activity due to the presence of the hot springs and the famous temple dedicated to Vajreshwari.

The site has been declared as a recreational and tourism zones under the Draft Development Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 79 

There is a need for the revival of the place and proper maintenance and is rising in demand.



Transportation: a) By air – Mumbai is the closest airport around 70 km from the site. b) By rail – Thane Station, 39 km from the site. c) By road – accessible from National Highway through all major cities in Maharashtra



Nearest bus stop – Akloli-Vajreshwari bus stop, 200 m from the site



Special transportation facilities are being organized by the Maharashtra State Transport during holidays and special festivals.



Tourist destination:



Nature of tourism is not only religious but also recreational with the presence of hot springs. There are about 200-300 tourists present in the village on weekends who are either locals from Vasal – Virar and Thane as well as foreign.



Heritage value: Due to Vajreshwari devi temple



Lack of maintenance: Hot springs are being rarely maintained by the authority and thus existing condition of the place is deteriorating day by day.

Figure 73: Uses of hot spring in the site

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 80 

Lack of facilities: Facilities for tourist such as changing room, bathing facilities and public toilets are inadequate.

Table 4: Footfall of tourists

Map 13: Map showing nearby accommodation and hotels



Pollution: Throwing of garbage into river and accumulation of waste near the river are the major factors causing damage to the beauty.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 81 5.8

Geographical Background

5.8.1 Climatic Analysis The climate of the area is highly humid nearly all round the year, an oppressive summer season and heavy rainfall due to the south-west monsoon winds. The macro climate is Hot and Humid as its 70-80 km away from the coastline. The micro climate is comparatively cooler with respect to other villages nearby due to the presence of Tansa River.

Figure 74: Average temperature and precipitation



Summer season: It starts from February and ends in June. The temperature in May and June rises till 37 degree Celsius.



Rainy season: It starts from June and ends in September. The average rainfall is 2247 mm.



Winter season: The season starts from November and ends in February.

The temperature starts decreasing in the month of November and fails to 16 degree Celsius in the month of January. The January month marks to be the coldest month.

Winds: Winds are generally moderate except in the monsoon months when they get stronger. During May and monsoon months they are from south west to north west.

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Figure 75: Wind rose diagram

5.8.2 Flora And Fauna There are various species of locally growing flora which are sold by the people in the market in town as well as transported to nearby towns such as Vasai and Virar. The fauna constitutes of domestic animals in the houses of the villagers to the wide range of wildlife species found in the Tungar forests.

5.8.3 Soil The soil found is laterite soil having various colours such as yellow, red in various parts. The soil found near river banks is black alluvial soil formed due to its delta deposition.

5.9

Physical Infrastructure

5.9.1 Sewerage And Sanitation Better waste management is not available near the site. The municipal corporation of greater Mumbai (mcgm) is the waste management authority. The other majorly used mode of sanitation is septic tank in semi-urban areas and pit latrine or open defecation in rural areas.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 83 5.9.2 Water supply Most of the people in the village rely on Tansa River. The water supply provision in the village is predominantly covered by piped water supply schemes (pwss). Bore wells are also being used.

5.9.3 Road Vajreshwari road is the main Transport corridor which connects to nearby cities Vasai, Virar and Palghar. The Vajreshwari road experience heavy traffic during peak months like March, April, and October because of increased pilgrim activities.

5.9.4 Electricity Brihanmumbai electricity supply and transport (best) is the sole electricity provider for the village.

5.10 Social Infrastructure 5.10.1 Educational Facilities 7 schools are nearby which includes schools, primary schools etc.

5.10.2 Health Facilities There is a primary health centre in Vajreshwari.

5.10.3 Cultural/Religious Facilities 4 temples nearby which includes Shiva temple, Devi temple and baba temple.

5.11 Site Analysis Absence of vegetation in the site makes summer hotter. The site needs to be landscaped. Tansa River gives a cooling effect during summers. Openings can be given in the direction of the river for better view and cooling effect.

The whole area has quiet and peaceful environment when compared to the urban chaos thus suitable for meditation purpose.

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Figure 76: Site analysis

Figure 77: Vegetation analysis and site requirements

Pedestrian

circulation

is

given

throughout the site. 2 entries are being provided with separate service entries.

Figure 78: Circulation analysis

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Figure 79: Site in detail

5.12 Site Views

Figure 80: Site View

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 86 5.13 Tourism Statistics of Maharashtra

Figure 81: Tourism statistics of Maharashtra (Corporation.(MTDC))

81% of non-leisure travellers were aware of tourist destinations being present in the district they were visiting. 19% of non-leisure visitors mentioned that they were unaware of the tourist destinations being present in the districts they were visiting.

5.13.1 Trends Observed In Tourism In Maharashtra 

Maharashtra saw the highest number of foreign tourist arrivals in the month of January 2010.Maximum domestic overnight tourists visited Maharashtra in the month of January 2010. Same day domestic visitors were highest in Maharashtra in the month of January 2010.



36% of the domestic overnight visitors/ tourists to the state of Maharashtra belong to the state of Andhra Pradesh. 11% of domestic overnight visitors are from Gujarat. This data is from the accommodation survey.



16% of the foreign overnight tourists / visitors are from the USA, while 13% are from United Kingdom. This data is from the accommodation survey.

5.13.2 Month Wise Short Survey of Tourists in Mumbai

Figure 82: Survey of tourists in Mumbai

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 87 5.13.3 Recreational And Tourism Development Zone Following development shall be permitted in the land situated in the Recreational and tourism development zones or in accordance with a plan prepared for the particular rtd zones (www.maharashtra.gov.in): 

Hotels, tourist resorts, holiday homes, motels, club houses.

Retail shops, restaurants and banks.



Religious places and allied activities.



Temporary constructions for limited period such as during fairs, Ceremonies etc.



Essential public services and utilities such as public toilets, waste and sewage treatment facilities, electricity sub-station and bus shelters.



Access roads, bridges, vehicle parking areas, jetties, ropeways. Parks, gardens, play fields, camping grounds, and facilities related to water sports.

5.13.4 Bye Laws Floor Space Index, Plot size (Under Section 37 (1AA) of Maharashtra Regional Town Planning (MRTP) Act) 1. Base FSI for large tourism project is 1.

2. The size of the plot in the sub-division plan shall not be less than 500 sqm.

3. Other features of the development shall conform to the standardized ByeLaws and Development Control Rules recommended by the Government for B and C municipalities.

Pathways

Table 5: Rules regarding pathways (www.maharashtra.gov.in)

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Table 6: Rules regarding facilities (www.maharashtra.gov.in)

Parking Space

Table 7: Rules regarding parking space (www.maharashtra.gov.in)

4.12 Inferences 

Infrastructures are in adequate. Lightings, seatings, changing rooms should be provided.



Absence of predominant vegetation so the site should be landscaped to act as buffer. Main entry, exit and service entry, exit should be provided separate.



Pedestrian circulation should be given throughout the site.

Sides of the site facing Tansa River should not be buffered for better views.



Small pathway connecting the 2 portions of the site should be developed.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 89 4.13 Swot Analysis Strength: 

Presence of adequate hot springs in the site provides better opportunities.



Accessible to all mode of transportation benefit the tourists and pilgrims.



Calm environment for providing a better pilgrimage and recreational zone.



Away from the chaos of the city so less traffic and pollution.



Sense of security due to the presence of small commercial shops.



Presence of temple activities increase domestic tourists.

Weakness: 

Infrastructures near the site are inadequate.



Flood resilient construction should be considered.



Local people often uses the river for their needs and causes pollution.



Illegal parking in the site.

Opportunity: 

Potential for religious activities.



Potential for recreational activities.



Scope for research.



Social and economic development of local people.



The river can be utilised for creating comfort conditions.

Threat: 

Occurrence of flood.



Unwanted temporary structures by the local people.

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6 CHAPTER 6 - DESIGN PROGRAMME & CONCEPT 6.1

Design Programme

Figure 83: Design data

Table 8: Area statement part 1

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Table 9: Area statement part 2

Figure 84: Activities

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Design Process And Concept

Figure 85: Design Process

The connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life.

The hypothesis suggest that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life.

Figure 86: Concept

Form Development: Utilizing organic forms and geometric shapes found in nature for building construction and ergonomic furniture design.

Solid In Volume But Transparent In Nature: Community: Creates communal interaction within users.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 93 Circulation: Spaces will create a sense of way finding to regulate proper circulation.

Privacy of Spaces: Properly planned spaces to maintain privacy within private areas.

Lighting: Using efficient day lighting

to

create

a

built

environment that will represent spaces for body, spirit and society.

Figure 87: Form development

Figure 88: Design philosophy

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Figure 89: Design Strategies

Figure 90: Usage of hot spring

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Table 10: Factors affecting mental health

6.3

Design Evolution

Figure 91: Evolution of design

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 96 Hierarchy of Green Spaces

6.4



Free flowing green space connecting the entire site.



Semi-private green areas.



Private green areas.



Green infrastructure clearly defined and hierarchically connected.



Connection between central green axis and inner block green courtyards.



Connection to blocks along the river.

Zoning

Figure 92: Zoning

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Special Topic - Hydrophilic Architecture (Water Inspired Design)

6.5.1

Introduction

• Human is a combination of spirit, mind and body. Just as the human body needs food, his mind and soul need elements to give him peace.

• Water movement and music has a considerable role in more manifestation of green space.

• Water can be designed in the form of streams and springs for the quiet and serene places and in the form of waterfall and large jets for crowded and busy places.

• Our world is drastically changing. Temperatures are rising, skies over cities are blanketed with smoke, and melting glaciers are raising sea levels at alarming rates.

• Humans rely on heavy engineering, tidal barriers and riverside and coastal defences to protect our built environment from flooding.

• The desire to live adjacent to water reflects our cultural heritage and historic settlement patterns, and we continue to build on flood plains and other floodingprone areas.

6.5.2 Aim The main aim is to reintroduce the value of water into the public consciousness by demonstrating the many ways in which living with water can improve our lives.

6.5.3 Objectives 

Consumption: to design a water cycle that provides fresh drinking water and treats and discharges wastewater (sustainability).



Climatization: to use water as the main climatic driver (passive and active) of the building and surrounding urban environment (function).



Exposure: to apply water in ways that it improves our daily environments by becoming an entertaining feature (aesthetics).

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Mekhika G Mohan

Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 98 6.5.4 History Of Utilisation Of Water As An Architectural Element 

Greeks and Romans created fountains and springs in their courtyards for decorative purposes. The springs created communal spots and points of gatherings where they would always meet around springs to discuss business or socialise (Ar.Shruti.H.Kapur).



Figure 93: Ontana di Trevi, Rome

The typology of the pool may have been first introduced more than a thousand years B.C. The palace had several courts with pools and fountains which formed the focal point of the palace.



Figure 94: Patio de la acequia.

Alhambra, Granada.

In a more modern time, one of the first noticeable things about the court was the water line that split the court and acted like an axis for the whole campus. The buildings on both sides of the water line are identical as if they Figure 95: Ariel view of patio de la acequia. Alhambra, Granada.

were mirrored in a vertical pool.

6.5.5 Water As An Element In Mughal Architecture Water in Islam also has unique meaning where its major element in the eternal gardens of paradise described as water gushing in the garden of heaven. Broad water canals were made in overall proportion to the area. The central water course was strong and dominant. In the centre of these canals, there were fountains which make for the central axis also. Running water in the form of cascades and ‘chadars’ made the garden splendid. Paths ran parallel to the canals so that a person walking on them could see and admire the beauty of the colourful paved marble reflected in the crystal-clear water and enjoy the beauty of the spray from the sparkling fountains by moonlight. To create a pleasant site at dusk, tiny lamps placed in the niches behind the artificial water falls were

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 99 lighted, and the diffusion of light through the water cast shimmering reflections (Ar.Shruti.H.Kapur).

Figure 96: Charbagh garden layout

Figure 97: Main features of Mughal garden with examples

Figure 98: Principles of water areas

6.5.6 Purposes Of Water as an element In Landscape Architecture Edging Element:

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 100 Edging elements may psychologically relieve people. A water element can be used as a limit element that separates the activities in the space and provides the visual or auditory privacy, outside Figure 99: Water as edging element

of its own functional duties.

Orienting: Linear water channels or rectangular pools have an orienting effect. These types of water elements can comply with transportation and walking activity. Water element also plays an orienting role in open spaces. The effect of water element is considerable in the shaping of the space. It can

Figure 100: Water an orienting element

direct people to the point which is desired to be emphasized as according to its usage.

Meaningful: Water as an element adds richness to space with its physical appearance, natural and symbolic value. Waters have had symbolic meanings since anc ient times. In all cultures, water is a part of cleaning and purification

Figure 102: Water as a meaningful element

associated with sacred values.

Focus: Water will add value to the space as a landscape element that will provide noise control and encourage people to use that space. The water element with fountain to be Figure 101: Water as placed in a vital point, a square or a pedestrian axis in the

focal point

urban space can bring a focal point and landmark character to that space.

Continuality:

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 101 The water element in the space can show a feature of providing continuality when it moves by following a circulation. These types of waterscapes can comply with walking and strolling activity.

Figure 103: Water as an element of continuality

6.5.7 Therapeutic Effect Of Water In Landscape Physical health



Sensual Effect: A landscape with natural coast line is always a visual and psychological relief to the eye and senses as compared to the dry and arid landscape with scarce water.



Cooling: A brisk walk by the lakeside with cool breeze blowing refreshes us by virtue of the visual magic of water and the waves produced by the blowing wind.



Visually pleasing: Looking at water in the form of waves, strong and gentle gives us a feeling of exhilaration and relieves our inner stresses both mental and physical.

Mental Health 

 



More interactive Environment: Apart from that the set up tends to become more interactive as water pulls people both children and other age groups near to it. If water feature produces sound ,it makes the setup playful and vibrant making people stay for longer.

Mood enhancing: Our inner self relates instantly with the ambience and one feels in a better state of mind when surrounded by water.

Relaxation to the mind: Water effects the senses in a positive way as the environment created breaks away from the noisy areas. Thereby the mind releases out stress.

Closeness with nature: Presence of water and greenery in our daily routine starting from our home to office place makes our working capacities better and efficient in comparison to the monotonous office environments and other places.

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Figure 104: Dynamic form of water

Dynamic forms 

Spouts: Gives a healing effect as the intensity of flow of water is slow.



Fountains: It is more vibrant in nature as well as appealing to the eye, generates feeling of enthusiasm and creates positive wave of mental well-being.



Cascading: The sound of water creates the magic and also due to fall of water, the intensity is higher.

Static Form 

Still Water: The sound of water creates the magic and also due to fall of water, the intensity is higher.

6.5.9 Architectural Use Of Water As An Element In Today’s Scenario Water As An Elimination Of Boundary: Introduction of water into the walls i.e., the walls can become penetrated by water whether it be through a channel or water wall feature that leaks into the surrounding landscape.

It becomes an architectural

element that seeks to reject the idea of the static wall and encourage infiltration to the external world.

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Figure 105: Water wall

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 103 Water As A Thermal Comfort Strategy: By opening up a building to the exterior, reflection pools, trees, and fountains becomes a mechanism to cool the surrounding area to achieve thermal comfort.

Water As Aesthetic And Function:

Figure 106: Outdoor pool

In order to utilize rain in its fullest capacity, it can be directed from the roof through a green wall which becomes an aesthetic to the faรงade of the building, strengthening the relationship to the exterior, and Figure 107: Green blue

functions as a cooling method for the surrounding area. roof 6.5.10 Design Process

Figure 108: Design process

6.6

Hydrophilic Architecture - Application Of Technical Elements

Recreational Facilities: During the high water period, additional urban recreational activities can be introduced. Boating facility can run all year round, if the water body is not completely dry. Water side enhance the water experience both for facility users and the visitors (www.vebuka.com).

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Figure 109: Recreational facilities

Economic Activity: The water bodies provide many economic benefits. Both food growing and fish farming can take place in any scale, from the river bank to the house roof.

Poultry raising is also possible and these activities help to increase the economy.

Figure 110: Economic activity

Occasional Activity: The bank of water bodies, as extensive open area, can provide sites for open air cultural and religious festivals such as fairs. Other than the festival time, the space can be used as weekend markets during dry season.

Figure 111: Occasional activity

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 105

Daily Activity: A lot of religious rituals begin with taking a bath in the common water source.

While designing flood plain or water bodies, designers can uplift this cultural activities to the next level.

Figure 112: Daily activity

Accessibility: Setting up a pathway involves differentiating between inaccessible, occasionally used and frequently used area of flood plain. The pathways can be of different varieties: narrow or broad, playing with the slope or to stop on a balcony during the walk. ‘Ghat’ is a concept with cultural and religious significant in South Asian region.

Figure 113: Accessibility

As Landscape Elements: Art installations that address the element of water and its processes enhance the value of the water courses. To limit the visual connection of two different functions in public space, the height of the wetland plants can be used. The

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 106 width and depth of water management units such as bios wales or rain gardens can also create physical barrier between functions.

Figure 114: As landscape elements

6.6.1 Water Sensitive Design Principles

Figure 115: Water sensitive design strategies

Figure 116: Hydrophilic design strategies

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 107 6.6.2 Hydrophilic Concept Hydrophilic space is inseparable from the water body, including the exterior of the building from the building interior and exterior interface to the outside of the water body space and the interior of the space facing the water body and the water body has a strong ability to perceive the internal

space:

building indoor

outdoor

interface

and

the

and

interface

between outdoor land and water.

Figure 117: Conceptual sketch of hydrophilic design

6.6.3 Benefits Of Elements Of Hydrophilic Design Evapotranspiration: This is nature’s way to manage water cycle. This process has influence on temperature, humidity and precipitation. Evapotranspiration can be incorporated in both indoor and outdoor to manage temperature and humidity. The physical expression to accommodate this system can be creative

installation,

fountain,

pond

etc.

Controlling air temperature like this also saves energy of ‘air conditioning’.

Figure 118: Evapotranspiration

Bioswales: Infiltrates and recharges aquifer. Accommodates large amount of storm water. Bioswales have very delicate slope, which can be excellent to design the landscape for ‘stepping into the water’ or ‘playing with water’ for children.

Figure 119: Bioswales

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 108 Roof Collection: Harvested rainwater is safe to use for irrigation, flushing or in fire sprinklers. The water can be stored for potable use as well, after running it through filtering system.

Rainwater harvesting from roof of a building or complex can be an integral part of the

Figure 120: Roof collection

architectural design from the conception. If rainwater is stored in above ground facility, it can be designed as an interactive art, architectural or landscaped feature for public as fountain, pond etc.

Permeable Pavement: Hard surface for faster movement and soft surface for water to penetrate can co-exist in the same place. Apart from pathways, it can also be used in driveways or open parking areas. Permeable surface can be designed for both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The semi Figure 121: Permeable pavement soft surface would add a different dimension.

Design patterns and specifications can used to differentiate the types of traffic.

Infiltration Zone: Engineered soil removes the pollutant from the water. Can be incorporated in the pocket spaces.

Permeable surface can be designed for both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The semi soft surface would add a different dimension. Design patterns

and

specifications

can

used

to Figure 122: Infiltration zone

differentiate the types of traffic.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 109 Detention Pond: Remove and treat pollutants through wetland before releasing the water to a different system and it can be used for fish farming, irrigation, community, swimming pond etc.

Figure 123: Detention pond

6.6.4 Water Sensitive Designing (Small Scale)

Figure 124: Water sensitive designing in small scale

6.6.5 Water Sensitive Designing (Large Scale)

Figure 125: Water sensitive designing in large scale

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 110 The Water Sensitive Design concept recognizes the needs of both water and human activity therefore the concept is expressed in 3 layers: water flow (hydrology), people flow (activity), and place making (programmable spaces).

Programmable spaces within the site (as well as the campus concept) provide educational opportunities demonstrating this concept and how green infrastructure responds to it.

Figure 126: Hydrophilic design

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 111

7 CHAPTER 7 – DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND DETAILS 7.1

Master Plan

Figure 127: Master plan

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 112 7.2

Site Plan

Figure 128: Site plan

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 113 7.3

Service Plan

Figure 129: Service Plan

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 114 7.4

Interpretation Centre

Figure 130: Design detail of Interpretation Centre

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 115 7.5

Eco Restaurant

Figure 131: Design detail of Eco Restaurant

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 116 7.6

Accommodation Block

Figure 132: Plans and sections of the Accommodation Blocks

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 117

Figure 133: Elevations and views of the Accommodation Blocks

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 118 7.7

Ceremony Complex

Figure 134: Design detail of Ceremony Complex

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 119 7.8

Meditation Complex

Figure 135: Design detail of Meditation Complex

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 120 7.9

Common Public Block And Ritual Complex

Figure 136: Design detail of Common public block and ritual complex

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 121 7.10 Treatment Centre For Healing

Figure 137: Design detail of Treatment Centre for Healing

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 122 7.11 Treatment Centre For Relaxation

Figure 138: Design detail for Treatment Centre for Relaxation

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 123 7.12 R And D Lab

Figure 139: Design detail of R and D lab

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 124 7.13 Site Views

Figure 140: Views of the site

7.14 Application Of The Special Topic Hydrophilic architecture is being followed throughout the design.

- Green roof reduce water runoff - Permeable pavers to filter large and solid waste.

- Low height plant for sub-surface stormwater filtration.

- Free flowing green space connecting the entire site.

- Green infrastructure clearly defined and hierarchically connected.

- Connection to public spaces along the river.

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Hot Spring Village, Maharashtra 125

8 CHAPTER 8 – CONCLUSION The Hot Spring Village is a sustainable tourism project which caters the needs of the user groups. Through biophilic design strategies, the project is more of eco-friendly and blends in harmony with nature. The design focuses on the local materials like CSEB bricks, bamboo roofing and stone. The usage of concrete is minimal in the site. The use of Jaalis provide more natural light and ventilation to the spaces. Courtyard space makes the building nature friendly.

Pools regulate the micro climate. Every block has an element of nature and hydrophilic design principles are being followed. Segregated circulation for different user groups helps in ease of movement and also the pedestrian bridge acts as a connecting corridor in the site.

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9 REFERENCES Journals & Papers 

Shanmugasundaram, M. (2015). Strategies to Create Awareness of Tourism in the Hot Springs in India.



Aarati Yadav. (2017).Quiet Healing Centre.



Swami, R. (n.d.). Symbiotic Development.



Munshi, R. (n.d.). Riverfront Development.



WILEY-BLACKWELL. Neuferts. n.d.



Erfurt-Cooper, P. (2010). The Importance of Natural Geothermal Resources in Tourism.



Duggal, S. (n.d.). Water As An Element In Landscape.



Bhatt, B. V. (n.d.). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront.



Ar.Shruti.H.Kapur. (n.d.). Landscpe Design.

Web References         

https://vebuka.com/document/180227061455a73c15761500aecd8dc91 93ad72cf845 https://www.archdaily.com/579931/termas-geometricas-hot-springscomplex-german-del-sol https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/site/upload/WhatsNew/ABCDCR_03 122013_1.pdf https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/week/puducherry_india_1259 425 https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/press-room/statistics-and-facts/ https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring http://www.indiawellness.org/spa/origin-and-history.html https://www.champneys.com/about-champneys/blog/the-history-ofspas-and-spa-treatments/

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Mekhika G Mohan