SIMPLE PRESENT.
Functions. General facts/truths Water boils at 100 degrees c.
Future timetables/Schedules. We fly to London on Wesnday.
Habits. I always eat cereal in the morning.
To describe what generally happens. People often call him George.
Examples. • She drinks coffe every morning. • My train arrives tomorrow.
• We live in London.
USE AND FORM.
Practice. 1.
We sometimes ______ books. (read/reads)
2. Emily _____ to the disco. (go/goes) 3. It often _____ on Sundays. (rain/rains) 4. Pete and his sister _______ the family car. (wash/washes) 5. I always _____ to the bus stop. (hurry/hurries)
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE. It emphasizes the duration of the action throughout a period of time.
Functions. To To talk talk about about an an action action that that was was in in progress progress before before aa specific specific time time in in the the past. past.
To To draw draw conclusions conclusions based based on on evidence. evidence.
Example: Example: By By 2000, 2000, Lee Lee had had been been directing directing films films for for eight eight years. years.
Example: Example: She She was was out out of of breath. breath. It It was was clear clear that that she she had had been been runing. runing.
Structure.
Example: They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
More examples. • By the time I got home, he had been waiting for an hour.
• She had been working regulary.
• How long had he been working?
Practice. • 1. We (sleep) __________ for 12 hours when he wokes us up. • 2. They (wait) __________ at the station for 90 minutes when the rain finally arrived. • 3. We (look for) __________ her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. • 4. He (drive) _________ less than an hour when he run out of petrol. • 5. They (cycle) __________ all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
ADVISABILITY IN THE PAST Proper to be suggested or recommended; desirable or wise, as a course of action.
Should have, Ought have, Could have, Might have. • Statements. Subj + modal + have + past participle.
Example: Example: He He could could have have told told her. her.
Yes/ no questions Should + subject + have + past participle.
IMPORTANT NOTE.
Should Should he he have have told told her? her?
Should, Should, ought ought to, to, could could and and might might are are modals. modals. Modals Modals have have only only one one form. form. They They do do not not have have –s –s in in the the third third person person
Short answers.
Negattive: Negattive: No, No, he he shouldn´t shouldn´t have. have.
Wh- Questions. Wh-word + should + subject + have + past participle.
Affirmative: Affirmative: Yes, Yes, he he should should have. have.
Contractions. Should have. = should´ve Could have. = could´ve Might have. = might´ve Should not have. = shouldn´t have
NOTES Use the modals should have, ought to have, could have, and might have to talk about actions and states that were advisable (good ideas) in past, but did not happen.
You might´ve told me. (You didn´t tell me. That was wrong.)
I should´ve applied to college. (I didn´t aply to collage, and now I´m sorry.)
IMPORTANT NOTE. These modals often communicate a sense of regret or blame.
• Should not have and ought not to have are the only forms used in negative statements about advisability in the past. Should not have is more common.
He shouldn´t have missed the math exam.
He ought not to have missed the math exam.
• Should have is the most common form used in questions. Should he have called the teacher?
In informal speech, have in modal phrases is often pronounced like the word of.
In informal speech, to in ought to is pronounced like the word a.
IMPORTANT NOTE
Could Could have have (( ““ could could of” of” ))
Ought Ought to to (( ““ oughhta” oughhta” ))
¡Be careful! Do not write of instead of have with past modals. ¡Be careful! Do not write a instead of to with ought.
Bibliography. • https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1 • https:// www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exe rcises