PROGRAM NOTES
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
(1756–91)
Concert Rondo in D Major for Piano and Orchestra, K. 382
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the Rondo in D major in 1782 as an alternate finale to his Piano Concerto No.5, K.175, which he had composed as a teenager almost a decade earlier. In the intervening years, he had quit his job at the Salzburg court (the Archbishop sent him off with “a kick on my arse,” as Mozart put it) and moved to Vienna to pursue a freelance career.
He was already known as the composer of the opera Idomeneo, and was at work on Die Entführung aus dem Serail, but he wanted opportunities in concert as well as in the theatre. So on March 3, 1782, he gave his first solo program in Vienna, which included the Piano Concerto No.5 (really his first mature concerto – the other four were juvenile arrangements). For this occasion, he wrote the new finale, perhaps thinking it was a more stylish fit for the Viennese audience, or perhaps simply thinking he could do better at age 26 than he had at 17. Today, the Piano Concert No.5 is usually performed with its original finale, and the Rondo is treated as a short standalone work for piano and orchestra.
To Mozart and his first listeners, it was a great success. Sending the score back to Salzburg later that March, he noted the Rondo made “such a furore in Vienna” and asked his father to “guard it like a jewel – and not give it to a soul to play…. I composed it specially for myself.” This initiated a period of piano-concerto writing; nearly every year through 1788, Mozart turned out between three to six more.
A Rondo is a common last-movement form, especially for concertos, in which a recurring main theme alternates with contrasting episodes. This piece, however, is really a Rondo in name only – coming closer to a variation form.
The orchestra presents the main theme, marked Allegretto grazioso (moderately fast, graceful), before the piano responds with a solo variation. The orchestra reprises the tune, and then joins with the piano for a rippling triplet variation, picking up to rapid demisemiquavers. A D-minor variation is dusky and expressive, before a return to D major decorates with trills. Then a tempo change – to a lilting Adagio that briefly drifts through minor again, followed by a quick Allegro and piano cadenza. Finally, the theme returns again (this time with pizzicato strings). It’s everything you could want from Mozart in its most concise form – classical poise and playful virtuosity draped over a sense of aspiration and longing.
© Benjamin Pesetsky 2024
MOZART
Piano Concerto No.23 in A, K488
I. Allegro
II. Adagio
III. Allegro assai
The key of A major is a wonderful thing in Mozart’s music. It is the key of the joyous, coming-of-age Symphony K201, the wise and transcendent Clarinet Concerto K622, and the key of this concerto, one of Mozart’s most alluring creations.
If we were to apply the words ‘pleasing’ and ‘agreeable’ to the first movement, Allegro, it would not be to suggest that the music is featureless and bland, but to highlight the skilful way in which the concerto captures the sound ideal of late 18th century music. It opens with a melody in the ‘singing style’; that is
MARVELLOUS MOZART | 7 March 10
to say, a gently flowing theme that, although played on instruments, is eminently singable. Mozart was without peer when it came to fashioning themes of this kind: pithy and melodious, varied yet beautifully balanced. For all of these reasons, it is memorable (which is just as well, given that it is the principal theme!). To really hammer the melody home, Mozart offers it twice at the beginning – strings alone in the first instance, winds in the second – and then delivers it a third time, albeit in slightly embellished form, when the piano soloist enters. This is a marvellous example of Mozart taking the listener by the hand and guiding them through the music. Listen up, he seems to be saying, this is the building block at the centre of our work. Other themes are heard in the first few minutes – the opening movement presents at least five clearly differentiated themes – all of which are kept in play as the movement unfolds. As for the piano writing, it is glittering and dextrous with featherlight runs up and down the keyboard in the transition passages. In a departure from convention, Mozart wrote out the first-movement cadenza in full rather than have the performer improvise it on the spot.
Mozart did something very bold in the second movement, Adagio, when he turned to the rarely used key of F sharp minor, the relative minor of A major. This ushers us into a sombre realm. The opening piano theme, one of Mozart’s most soulful, is in siciliana rhythm and conjures up a sorrowful mood with chromatic inflections, accented dissonances and shifts in register. The orchestra answers the opening melody with a poignant theme of its own. Mozart’s tasteful and discreet orchestration is exemplary, particularly his colouristic use of woodwind instruments. This concerto, which dates from 1786, was written towards the end of Mozart’s most concentrated
period of composing piano concertos and, as in the majority of his other so-called ‘Vienna piano concertos’, he liberates the winds from a background role, highlighting the entire section and individual instruments. Unusually, there are no oboes in this concerto. Instead, Mozart includes two clarinets, the wind instrument he prized above all others.
After the introspective middle movement, the finale, which is back in the key of A major, is unabashedly exuberant. Mozart juggles an astonishing variety of themes reminding us that, at a fundamental level, a concerto aims to dazzle and delight.
Robert Gibson © 2017
MOZART
Piano Concerto No.24 in C minor, K.491
I. Allegro
II. Larghetto
III. Allegretto
Mozart was so busy between October 1785 and April 1786 that he didn’t even have time to write letters home. Even by his own standards he got through a huge number of major works: a violin sonata, several pieces for the Masonic Lodge of which he was an active member, various ‘insert’ pieces for other operas, some works for wind ensembles, a ‘musical comedy’ Der Schauspieldirektor (The Impresario), three piano concertos and his epochal opera, The Marriage of Figaro. And he found the time to appear as conductor or soloist in at least seven concerts during those six months.
It is true, however, that this period marked the end, for a time at least, of Mozart’s prominence as a soloist. He gave his annual ‘academy’ – a concert where he would present his newest works – on 7 April in Vienna’s Burgtheater, featuring the C minor concerto, but, unusually for him, did not
MARVELLOUS MOZART | 7 March 11
plan a series of subscription concerts for the season of Lent as he had in previous years. Mozart’s withdrawal from concerto performance inevitably spawned a number of more or less fanciful theories in the decades which followed, especially given the nature of the C minor concerto: one is the old myth about his falling from favour with the Viennese public – the concerto’s uncompromising nature was supposedly not to Viennese taste. Another, more curious, is the notion that Mozart’s hands were damaged: it was said, by Karl Beethoven for one, that Mozart’s fingers were so bent from constant playing that he was unable to use a knife at table. It is true that bouts of rheumatic fever, from which Mozart suffered on several occasions, can cause arthritis, but as Mozart biographer Maynard Solomon points out, the ‘fine calligraphy’ of Mozart’s scores, not to mention his excellence at billiards, make this hard to believe.
Politically, things were a little strained in Vienna at the time. The Emperor Joseph II was determined to modernise his realm, curtailing the power of the church and nobility (for which reason he supported Mozart’s proposal to make Figaro into an opera), reforming the legal system, abolishing torture, offering a greater degree of liberty than his predecessor. Sadly he was inconsistent in his practice, and about the middle of the decade passed the Freemasonry Act in order to monitor the activities of its members. More disturbingly, in early 1786, the emperor intervened in a murder case with the result that the defendant was publicly and gruesomely executed over a four hour period. As German scholar Volkmar Braunbehrens points out, this all took place a few hundred yards from Mozart’s home, and the composer, about to spend two weeks writing this concerto, can hardly have been unaware of the 30,000-strong crowd in the streets below.
To what extent might all this bear on the music? It is unique in Mozart’s output in several ways: it uses a large orchestra for a vast range of effects; it avoids virtuosic display for its own sake; its first movement is in triple time (itself unusual); the opening theme, characterised by downward steps followed by wide upward leaps, is broken into progressively smaller units by short, gasping silences. The turbulence this creates prefigures Beethoven (who declared he could never surpass this piece), and has led commentators ever since to describe the piece as ‘tragic’ or ‘demonic’. Solomon has noted that in the slow movement of this, as in other works of this time, Mozart summons up ‘every gradation of emotion – from terror to vague feelings of unease, from unbearable intense pleasures bordering on ecstasy to a floating placidity and contentment’. And again, in the finale Mozart uses a form beloved of Beethoven and puts his theme through a set of eight variations, exploring a wide range of emotional worlds in the process.
The other factor in the equation is Figaro, of whose importance (both musically and politically) Mozart was well aware. Whether the turmoil and glimpses of beatific peace in this work are the result of Mozart’s response to his circumstances and the times will remain an open question. We can however point out that this work issues from the composer who was in the process of revolutionising the way in which human emotions and relationships could be depicted in music.
Gordon Kerry © 2002
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