Program Notes
RICHARD WAGNER (1813–1883)
Lohengrin, Act I: Prelude
Divided strings high in their compass alternating with four solo violins and a chorus of flutes and oboes begin Lohengrin, Wagner’s sixth opera and the last of his works that could be considered opera as distinct from music drama, his preferred designation. This is not an operatic curtain-raiser that parades the themes we will hear in the ensuing work; it is a poetic introduction to the work, creating in one breath an image against which the ensuing plot may be compared. Here, as Wagner says in his own program note: ‘Out of the clear blue ether of the sky there seems to condense a wonderful yet at first hardly perceptible vision; and out of this there gradually emerges, ever more and more clearly, an angel host bearing in its midst the sacred Grail.’ The shimmering instrumental effect well illustrates Wagner’s image. Gradually a theme emerges which will gain significance later as the Grail theme. Skilfully introducing deeper and deeper instruments, Wagner suggests a long descent. The horns and brass gradually enter and the Prelude gathers force, until ‘the Grail is revealed in all its glorious reality.’ Having reached a climax the music returns to its quiet origins in the rarefied atmosphere of the higher strings. The angels return to heaven, says Wagner, ‘having once more made pure the hearts of men.’
The story of Lohengrin concerns the knight of the Grail, Lohengrin, who arrives in Brabant to champion the falsely-accused Elsa. In return he asks her never to ask his name or origin, and they pledge themselves to each other.
Elsa’s accuser Friedrich of Brabant
is defeated, but he and his wife later sow doubt in Elsa’s mind, and on their wedding day Elsa asks Lohengrin to reveal his identity. Publicly he reveals that he is the son of Parsifal; he is a knight of the Grail whose assistance to Elsa and the German people was conditional on his anonymity. His anonymity destroyed, he leaves Brabant and Elsa, who falls lifeless to the ground.
Lohengrin stands at the midpoint between Wagner’s experiments with traditional opera forms (grand opera, comic opera) and the development of his music dramas. He had previously based his operas on histkjhorical fiction, Shakespeare and a Gozzi fairy tale. Now he turned to German myth, as a way of speaking to his audience’s inmost being. In 1845 Wagner read the epic poems Parzival and Titurel by Wolfram von Eschenbach and the anonymous Lohengrin. Much of the material of Parzival would surface in his last opera. By 3 August 1845 he had sketched a prose scenario of Lohengrin; the verse version followed almost four months later. Wagner drafted the music on two staves by the middle of 1846, and completed the full score 28 April 1848. He could not attend the 1850 premiere in Weimar under Liszt because he was in exile for his part in the 1848 disturbances, so he did not hear the work until 1861 in Vienna.
Wagner intended his music dramas to elevate the dramatic side of opera, as a way of making opera more significant and socially influential. He was revolted by the contemporary operas of Meyerbeer or Rossini which were, respectively, pompous or had degenerated into superficial vocal virtuosity hung on absurdly slender plots. But Wagner did not fully succeed in balancing the musical and dramatic elements in Lohengrin. He had, for example, begun using leitmotifs, those musical ideas associated with
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MELBOURNE
characters and concepts whose musical development in the later Ring dramas would map, underscore and enhance the developments of the plot. (The main theme of the Lohengrin Prelude, for example, is identified by Lohengrin in Act III as representing the ‘vessel of wondrous blessing [in Montsalvat] that is watched over as a sacred relic’.) But he had yet to find a way to make those musical elements terse, concise or plastic enough to allow an economic telling of the plot: we wait until each musical phrase is finished, long having already twigged to the dramatic point. Fortunately, Lohengrin is one of Wagner’s most beautifully melodic scores containing many fine musical moments.
Lohengrin was one of the first Wagner operas to be performed in Australia. Mr Emil Sander wrote to Wagner about the production of Lohengrin in Melbourne in 1877 and Wagner wrote back to him (22 October 1877) to thank him but also to say that he would have preferred the production to have been in English so that the English-speaking audience could understand the plot: ‘I hope to be able to have this done in London. The views you have sent us from Melbourne have greatly interested me and my family.’ Wagner may have considered the plot of paramount importance, but this Prelude is among those musical extracts that suggest we attend Wagner’s theatre principally because of the magnificence of the music.
G.K. Williams Symphony Australia © 2003
IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882–1971)
The Firebird (1911 Suite)
Just a few years before The Firebird premiered in Paris, Igor Stravinsky was an undistinguished law student in Saint Petersburg wishing he was a composer instead. By chance he met the son of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who was the reigning tsar of Russian composers, ingratiated himself with the family, and soon was taking lessons with the master himself.
Meanwhile, Serge Diaghilev was developing plans to bring Russian art to Western European capitals, beginning with painting and sculpture, then experimenting with opera, and finally settling on ballet. Together with the dancer Michel Fokine, he established the Ballets Russes in Paris, which at first mostly choreographed to existing works by Robert Schumann, Frédéric Chopin, and 19 th century Russian composers. To repurpose non-ballet music for dance was itself an innovative idea, but soon Parisians were clamoring for fresh sounds. Diaghilev and Fokine began to develop an ambitious new ballet with an original score for their French audience, and they paired two Russian folk characters – the magical Firebird and the evil Kashchei the Deathless – for the story.
The ballet follows Prince Ivan Tsarevich, who walks through the garden of Kashchei, a monstrous king. The prince sees the Firebird near a golden apple tree and captures it, only releasing it in exchange for a feather. Soon he meets 13 maidens and falls in love with one, who turns out to be under Kashchei’s evil spell and lures the prince into a trap. The captured prince summons the Firebird with its feather, and the creature reveals that Kashchei’s immortality derives from a magical egg he keeps in a box. The prince smashes
SIDE BY SIDE: MELBOURNE YOUTH ORCHESTRA | 8 June 11
the egg, Kashchei dies, the maidens are liberated, and everyone rejoices.
At least three established composers turned down the project before Diaghilev tried the 27-year-old Stravinsky, who had previously only orchestrated a few Chopin piano pieces for the Ballets Russes. He was the last choice, and Diaghilev could not have had particularly high expectations for the untested composer. Stravinsky set to work writing in his Saint Petersburg apartment between December 1909 and May the following year, sometimes meeting with Fokine to improvise music and dance together.
The Firebird was Stravinsky’s first major piece, and it set him on course to write The Rite of Spring and other innovative works over the next five decades. An original voice already comes through in The Firebird, but current scholarship has emphasised its links to earlier Russian music – links that Stravinsky himself downplayed, not wanting to appear indebted to the country of his birth, or to the past.
But many of the melodies are borrowed from Russian folk music, and even his harmonic sleights-of-hand and modern orchestrational wizardries don’t stray far from those of RimskyKorsakov. The Firebird ’s distinctive sound is largely created through the contrast of murky, chromatic harmonies (representing supernatural evil) against bright, singable melodies (representing human good). It’s a vivid effect, but one borrowed from 19 th century Russian opera – not a 20 th century innovation. What really distinguishes Stravinsky is the shaping of melodies and his rhythmic sense – how he trims and arranges the sinewy phrases, creating jagged exclamations in fast sections and undulating tension in slow ones.
So what if The Firebird wasn’t quite as original as it might at first seem, when
it has such an irresistible pull? The French critic Robert Brussel visited a piano rehearsal in Saint Petersburg in the winter of 1910. Perhaps the very first member of the public to hear it, he immediately recognised: “the moment [Stravinsky] began to play, the modest and dimly lit dwelling glowed with a dazzling radiance. By the end of the first scene, I was conquered: by the last, I was lost in admiration. The manuscript on the music stand, scored over with fine penciling, revealed a masterpiece.”
Stravinsky traveled to Paris that spring for the premiere at the Palais Garnier, and it was met with universal acclaim. Nearly every musical and literary figure in Paris attended the first night – and suddenly Stravinsky, who the day before had been a complete unknown, was shaking hands with Claude Debussy and Marcel Proust.
Stravinsky revisited the Firebird three times (in 1911, 1919, and 1945) to create suites for concert performance. Of these, the 1919 suite is the most frequently performed – but on today’s concert, we hear the 1911 version. This suite omits a few popular numbers like the gorgeous lullaby, but it maintains the original lavish scoring with a huge brass section, three harps, and two keyboards – forces Diaghilev could afford at the Ballets Russes, but which Stravinsky pared back in 1919 to accommodate more modest organisations.
The music emerges from the dark in the lowest depths of the orchestra (Introduction), setting the stage as Kashchei’s cursed domain. In Scene I, the Firebird appears and dances against glittering violins, chirping clarinet and flutes (Dance of the Firebird ). Soon Prince Ivan encounters the thirteen princesses, who dance a khorovod – a Russian circle dance – warmly accompanied by solo violin, winds, and cello (Khorovod of the Princesses). In a
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SIDE BY SIDE: MELBOURNE YOUTH
sudden eruption of timpani, brass, and xylophone, Kaschei is forced to dance (Infernal Dance) before his destruction.
© Benjamin Pesetsky 2023
HOLLY HARRISON (born 1988)
Jammed
The title Jammed has two meanings. It refers to the main musical riff which is repeated and reimagined throughout: it is implied that the players are part of an improvised jam session, freely drawing from funk, rock, and metal styles. The work also embraces the idea of ‘jam’ as something which is ‘stuck’. This is heard in the piece through jarring brass chords and rapid changes between sections, which could be likened to a CD skipping or vinyl warping.
© Holly Harrison
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