Program Notes
CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)
Prélude à ‘L’après-midi d’un faune’
Published in 1876, Stéphane Mallarmé’s eclogue L’après-midi d’un faune is a monument of symbolist poetry, reflecting in its sumptuous but fragmentary language, the erotic fantasies of a drowsy faun – a mythical half-man, half-goat – on a hot, languid Sicilian afternoon. Running like a thread through the imagery of fruit and flowers and naked nymphs are references to music, specifically to the syrinx. This instrument, the ‘pan-pipes’, was fashioned by the god Pan from reeds into which a young nymph, desperate to escape his amorous attentions, had been transformed.
One such reference, to the syrinx’s ‘sonorous, airy, monotonous line’, would become the kernel of Debussy’s musical rendering of the poem. (Debussy hated hearing his music described as ‘what imbeciles call impressionism’ and preferred his work to be compared to Symbolist poetry.) Inviting Mallarmé to hear the work in 1894, he described ‘the arabesque which … I believe to have been dictated by the flute of your faun’.
In fact the work’s genesis was in a proposal by Mallarmé to present a staged version of his poem at an avantgarde theatre in 1891. By now he knew and admired some of Debussy’s vocal music, and went so far as to announce in the newspaper that the staged version would include music by the young composer ‘M de Bussy’. The project fell through, but Debussy’s imagination had been whetted. The orchestral piece that finally appeared made an immediate and positive impact with the audience, if not the critics, and may be said to be Debussy’s breakthrough work. In 1912
it was choreographed and danced by Nijinsky, whose erotic performance caused one of those typically Parisian fracas.
The first phrase of the solo flute arabesque with which the piece begins has rightly been described as a founding moment in modern music. Its chromatic, rhythmically ambiguous line traces and retraces the equally ambiguous interval of the tritone: like the material elsewhere in the work that is derived from the whole-tone scale, it is in no clearly discernible key, as is shown by the varied ways in which it is harmonised on its subsequent reappearances. The second half of the melody provides more ‘conventional’ motifs that are taken up from time to time by the rest of the orchestra.
Mallarmé’s poem rhymes, but otherwise avoids traditional forms or a narrative line; similarly, Debussy’s piece avoids the goal-directed development and tonal architecture that informs 19th-century symphonism. As Pierre Boulez puts it, ‘What was overthrown was not so much the art of development as the very concept of form itself.’ Musical events, like the vivid splashes of colour that first answer the flute, are there for the immediate pleasure they give; climaxes are approached by simple repetition of motifs; the most extended melody is a richly scored, Massenet-like tune at the work’s midpoint, accompanied by layered, rocking ostinatos.
The faun’s dream is overcome by sleep and the ‘proud silence of noon’, and the piece ends with flutes, muted horns and the glitter of harp and antique cymbals, fading to nothingness.
© Gordon Kerry 2017
ORGAN SYMPHONY | 10–11 August 12
SAINT-SAËNS’
MAURICE RAVEL (1875–1937)
Mother Goose Suite
I. Pavane of the Sleeping Beauty
II. Tom Thumb
III. Laideronette, Empress of the Pagodas
IV. Conversations of Beauty and the Beast
V. The Fairy Garden
In some exasperation, Ravel once asked a friend, ‘Doesn’t it ever occur to those people that I can be “artificial” by nature?’ He was responding to the criticism that his music was more interested in technique than expression. There is some truth in the charge: Stravinsky described him – affectionately – as the ‘Swiss watchmaker of music’, and Ravel’s stated aim was indeed ‘technical perfection’. In fact, his love of mechanical intricacy led Ravel to collect various automata and other small machines, and he dreamed, as he put it in a 1933 article, of ‘Finding Tunes in Factories’. Many of his pieces are exquisite simulacra of earlier or other forms and styles – Renaissance dances, Spanish music, jazz, or the music of the French Baroque.
Scandalously, between 1900 and 1905 Ravel failed several times to secure the prestigious award for composers, the Prix de Rome, ostensibly because of musical ‘errors’ and despite his already having established himself as a major new voice. In 1909, partly in response to his outsider status, he helped to found the Société Musicale Indépendante – independent, that is, of the Parisian musical and academic establishment – and its inaugural concert saw the premiere of the first version, for piano duo, of the Ma Mère l’oye (Mother Goose) Suite.
Ravel was born in south-western France to a Basque mother and Swiss father
but spent his entire life in Paris. Like Tchaikovsky, he saw a strong connection between childhood and enchantment. In his opera L’enfant et les sortilèges, for instance, a destructive child learns the value of compassion when furniture, trees and animals in the garden all come magically to life. The evocation of ‘the poetry of childhood’ in the original piano duo version of Mother Goose led Ravel to ‘simplify my style and refine my means of expression’ – or so he said. Certainly we can hear echoes of the deceptively simple piano music of Erik Satie, whose music Ravel championed.
Mother Goose began life as the ‘Pavane of the Sleeping Beauty’ for piano, four hands. Ravel composed it for Mimie and Jean Godebski (aged six and seven respectively), to whose parents he had dedicated his Sonatine for piano. Ravel then composed four more pièces enfantines, depicting characters from the fairy-tales anthologised by three 17th century authors: Charles Perrault (Sleeping Beauty and Tom Thumb), the Baroness d’Aulnoy (Laideronette) and the Prince of Beaumont (Beauty and the Beast). The Fairy Garden was an original inspiration.
Mimie later recalled:
neither my brother nor I was of an age to appreciate such a dedication and we regarded it rather as something entailing hard work. Ravel wanted us to give the first public performance but the idea filled me with a cold terror. My brother, being less timid and more gifted on the piano, coped quite well. But despite lessons from Ravel I used to freeze to such an extent that the idea had to be abandoned.
Nevertheless, the work’s premiere at the SMI concert in 1910 was given by two children, Jeanne Leleu (later a professor at the Paris Conservatoire) and Geneviève Durony. In 1911 Ravel made this orchestral version of the suite.
SAINT-SAËNS’ ORGAN SYMPHONY | 10–11 August 13
The Pavane is a slow and stately Renaissance dance (which Ravel also used for his Pavane for a Dead Infanta) with gently repeated motifs and modal harmony that establishes Ravel’s characteristic use of pungent dissonances on the strong beats of the bar. Tom Thumb is shown at the moment where he realises that he is lost; the breadcrumb trail he left has been eaten by the birds. Laideronette (‘little ugly girl’) is represented in music where glinting pentatonic (‘black-note’) figures give the piece its ‘oriental’ flavour. Much closer to home, Beauty and the Beast is a waltz where any menace is dispelled by the Beast’s eventual transformation, graphically depicted, into Prince Charming. Finally, The Fairy Garden is imagined in music that gathers power through simple repetition until an ecstatic climax of rippling scales. Having completed his major ballet Daphnis et Chloé in 1912, Ravel revisited Mother Goose to make it the basis for a ballet score in which the movements, in rearranged order and with new prelude and interludes, represent the Sleeping Beauty’s enchantment, dreams, and her awakening by Prince Charming.
Gordon Kerry © 2010
CAMILLE SAINT-SAËNS (1835–1921)
Symphony No.3 in C minor, Op.78 (‘Organ’ Symphony)
I. Adagio – Allegro moderato Poco adagio
II. Allegro moderato – Presto Maestoso – Allegro
Calvin Bowman organ
In 1887 Charles Gounod heard the Parisian premiere of Saint-Saëns’ ‘Symphony No. 3 in C minor, with Organ and Two Pianos’ and famously gushed, ‘there goes the French Beethoven’. Hyperbole, of course, but the work has remained hugely popular ever since. The reasons for its continued currency are easy to find: Saint-Saëns believed that ‘the time has come for the symphony to benefit by the progress of modern instrumentation’ and his orchestration is masterly, with a dramatic range of sounds from the diaphanous to the massive. The Organ Symphony is, moreover, replete with memorable tunes and intricate counterpoint, traversing an emotional landscape from deepest melancholy to sheer joy.
It was commissioned and first performed under the composer’s baton by the London Philharmonic Society in 1886. During the composition Saint-Saëns’ old friend Liszt visited him and admired the score; sadly, Liszt died weeks before the premiere, inspiring Saint-Saëns to dedicate the symphony to his memory. Liszt had been a great mentor ever since 1857 when, hearing Saint-Saëns improvising at the organ of the Madeleine church, he had declared the young Frenchman to be ‘the finest organist in the world’. Saint-Saëns for his part fought for the due recognition of the older man as composer as well as pianist, leading Debussy grudgingly to admit, ‘we are indebted to him for having recognised the tumultuous genius of Liszt’.
| 10–11 August 14
SAINT-SAËNS’ ORGAN SYMPHONY
Perhaps, though, there is more than just hyperbole to the Beethoven comparison. Like many a symphony of Beethoven’s, especially the Fifth, the ‘Organ’ Symphony begins in darkness and turbulence and only toward the end does it reach the bright affirmation of C major. And like Beethoven in the Fifth, Saint-Saëns is remarkably economical with his thematic material: it is possible to trace almost all those melodies back to the motifs heard in the work’s introduction and the opening of the following Allegro moderato. How the composer elaborates these into such a contrasting abundance of melodies is by the principle of thematic transformation developed by Liszt.
In his program note for the first performance, Saint-Saëns wrote that ‘this symphony is divided into two parts. Nevertheless, it embraces in principle the four traditional movements, but the first is altered in its development to serve as the introduction to the Poco adagio, and the scherzo is connected by the same process to the finale.’ In other words, the four movements are grouped in pairs, with the main dramatic weight carried by the second of each.
The opening Adagio is deliberately vague in direction, containing almost inconsequential motifs that, as we have noted, become transformed in the course of the work. The static nature of the introduction enhances the release of energy in the Allegro moderato whose febrile theme begins with the same notes as the plainchant for the Dies irae. Saint-Saëns had, after all, been trained as a church musician and taught at the Ecole Niedermeyer, a school whose founder was an authority on how ‘modern harmony is submitted to the form of the ancient modes’. This fast music, however, seems to peter out, subsiding into the beautifully sombre and emotionally searching Poco adagio. It is here that the organ makes
an appearance, providing a velvet backdrop for the questing second theme of the movement.
Part II opens with a turbulent scherzo punctuated by timpani. It too builds in sound and fury but mysteriously winds down to a quiet, simple texture built on another chant-like motif. Only now does Saint-Saëns unleash the full power of the organ. A shattering C major chord opens onto a world of sparkling piano figurations, chorale melodies and an overpoweringly joyful final peroration.
Gordon Kerry © 2009
SAINT-SAËNS’ ORGAN SYMPHONY | 10–11 August 15
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PACKAGES ON SALE NOW SEASON 2024
MSO.COM.AU featuring HOLST’S THE PLANETS BEETHOVEN FESTIVAL CARMINA BURANA • MAHLER 3 BAROQUE FESTIVAL and more
MANY STORIES. ONE MSO.
Principal Partner
Premier Partners
Education Partner
Major Partners
Orchestral Training
Partner
Government Partners
Venue Partner
Supporting Partners
Thank you to our Partners
Quest Southbank
Bows for Strings
Ernst & Young