Advance in Forestry Research June 2015, Volume 3, Issue 1, PP.1-4
Restoration and Reconstruction of the Industrial and Mineral Industry Ecosystem Xibin Song2, Xi Liu1# 1
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
2
Center for Heilongjiang Province Ecological Economy and Ecological Civilization Research
#
Corresponding author e-mail: 113313482@qq.com
Abstract Large amount of toxic contanminants are being released to the environment around the global from rapid urbanization and industrialization. Among such contaminants are industiral wastes and ore tailing that result from worldwide mining acticities. In mining operations and ecological restoration projects increase public perception of mining companies. The effects of minieral industry and ore tailing to environment were studied and the restoration measurements, such as soil and waste materials ecological treament, water purification and recycling, vegetation ecological design, are proposed as successfully designs to achieve an optimum recovery of the waste lands. Keywords: Industrial Wastes, Ecological Restoration, Soil, Water Purification and Recycling, Vegetation Design
1 CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND MINERAL INDUSTRY Industrial and mining abandoned land are kinds of lands with serious damage or pollution that cannot be reused without being governed and which are produced in the process of mining, mineral separation and ore smelting[1]. Such lands have obvious traces of human activities, so ecological system is damaged seriously. According to its source, industrial and mining abandoned land can be divided into three types: one is waste rock and the low grade ore formulated by overburden stripping and mining, another one is pit mining abandoned land formed by mineral exploration and abundant of subsidence area, the other one is gangue derelict lands formed by the leftovers from the tailings wastelands [2]. The exhaust gas produced many ecological environment problems; the ecological restoration of mining wasteland has become a universal attention by all countries in the world.
2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MINERAL INDUSTRY 2.1 Bring Serious Pollution to Air, Water and Soil Mining, Rubbish, and Chemical Production and Other Activities Tend to Pollute Itself and the Surrounding Area Pollution sources include minerals wastes and chemical products which are deposited in the open air. Due to the low utilization rate, large amounts of suspended solids and pollutants will be directly discharged into the environment, which resulted in a decline in the quality of the air, groundwater and soil. Minerals and some wastes deposited in the open air are prone to oxidation, weathering and spontaneous combustion, a large number of harmful gases such as CO2, SO2, CO and NO2 and mineral dust will endanger human body health and influence the air quality. Turbidity will be formed by the mineral deposited in the open air which pollutes the water system after the rain leaching, surface water erosion and man-made pollution of coal washing water system. At the same time, some toxic mineral elements will exist in tailing mineral elements, along with the waste heap will aggravate pollution and degradation of soil and harmful to the growth of plants[3].
2.2 Destroy the Drainage Process Industrial activities brought destruction to the area vegetation and cause the loss of water conservation, destroyed the -1www.ivypub.org/afr
flow of surface runoff and infiltration process.
2.3 Destruction of Habitat. Industrial activity has destroyed in some parts of the native habitat, contamination of soil and water quality directly affect the local normal plant community succession, also harmed the wild species such as birds, fewer species, and biodiversity decrease. Habitat degradation and change are the main reasons for the endangerment and extinction of the local environment.
3 MAJOR MEASUREMENTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTELANDS ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION 3.1 The Soil Ecological Treatment Soil conditions are the decisive factor for the implementation of landscape change. Due to the accumulation of a large number of industrial wasteland with exudation of sediment, mineral and other pollutants, soil is lack of natural nutrients; its fertility matrix is very low, and not suitable for the growth of plants and microorganisms. Before planting design, soil condition should be analysed and then select the corresponding ecological treatment countermeasures. First, removing toxic substances on the topsoil. Second, planting the local vegetation on the recovery soil. Third, natural recovery, allow the vegetation to follow the natural succession processes. Fourth, biological therapy is used to deal with contaminated soil by increasing the humus soil, promoting the activity of microorganism, plant can absorb toxic substances of vegetation, and soil conditions are gradually improved [4]. These methods are often mixed in practice.
3.2 Water Purification and Recycling Landscape design technique was carried out on the field to collect rainwater, sewage water and treatment and reuse, repair of ground water in the natural process and then improve water quality. Generally adopt the principle of rain sewage diversion, engineering measures and ecological technologies can be used for rainwater and wastewater treatment, including setting the rain sewage diversion system intercepting surface water, to prevent surface runoff into the pollution sources, thereby reducing water recharge. Closed all sorts of abandoned mine roadway to isolate air reduce oxidation; eliminate the various conditions of an acidic water, sewage treatment system to deal with pollution. Plants, animals, or microorganisms’ mineral composition of the wastewater can be used to neutralize or remove mineral ions. At the same time, the reconstruction and repair of natural form and restore the natural process of water. The renovation project of industrial wasteland, some designers will also use water purification and utilization through landscape mode, allow visitors to experience the process of water purification, and become a kind of dynamic cultural landscape.
3.3 Vegetation Ecological Design Four ways are generally used. First, respect plant natural regeneration process; protect wild plants in the field. Natural regeneration of vegetation species is the result of the competition, in order to adapt to the environment, the vegetation can attract more wildlife habitats, and eventually the ground to establish a new ecological balance. Second, plants can absorb the harmful substances in the water or soil; use them to deal with the problem of pollution. Third, using of plants monitoring effect which can assist scientific research. Fourth, plants that are adapt the intimidation environment, such as drought, saline-alkali land, soil containing heavy metal ions or slag ore plant are used to transform industrial wasteland and create a natural ecological environment[5,6,7].
3.4 The Processing of Waste Material Waste materials in the field include disused industrial materials, building materials and the production of raw materials which are no longer used and the industrial waste residue. In a certain sense, waste materials is also a kind of resources, in dealing with the waste and pollution, the principle is to use local materials, in situ digestion, if pollution is serious, pollution sources are cleaned up and sinotrans. Generally two ways are adopted to make these -2www.ivypub.org/afr
materials recycling. One waste with no pollution to the environment are used to landscape gardening. Restoration of abandoned lands of mines can be used for agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry base, ponds, lakes, fish farms, residential land and industrial land, wetlands, mine geological parks, etc. The other way is reusing the waste after secondary processing. After the process of secondary fabrication, the prototype can't be found.
4 ENLIGHTMENTS OF RESTORATION ECOLOGY TO INDUSTRIAL LANDS RESTORATION 4.1 Turn Waste into Wealth, to find the Beauty of Industrial Sites Industrial wasteland remains human activity, and undertakes the culture memory of the times. Industrial wasteland reconstruction projects are integrated in the thought of modern landscape design which respect the site characteristics, and discover the historical value and cultural value of the industrial wasteland which is taken as industrial heritage. After screening, retention, and reused, new landscape form can be produced which also can satisfy people's demand for leisure and entertainment. It is notable that not all industrial wasteland is suitable to the above restoration measurement, it should according to local specific geographical, historical and cultural conditions, and choose appropriate transformation way.
4.2 Design Combine with the Respect process of the Nature Using natural succession is an important means of industrial ecological restoration, and site design should pay attention to respect for the natural process and use, including the minimum intervention, improve soil quality, and restore the natural process of natural river and water, and use the native species, restore vegetation communities and succession, etc., in order to improve the productivity and stability of the natural ecological system.
4.3 Sustainable Utilization of the Resources Resources left by a large number of industrial wasteland are important elements of the design of land and resources. Measures should be adjusted to local conditions. These resources include land, water, plant, waste plant and materials. Sustainable utilization can not only save resources, also can make the modified landscape have more places characteristics. With the advocating of "sustainable development" and "create a conservation-minded society", this practice should be extensively advertised and generalized.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research was supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities” (2572014EY).
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AUTHORS 1
2
Heilongjiang ecological economy and ecological civilization,
of Ecology, Northeast Forestry University,
mainly focused on the study of ecological civilization
Harbin 150040.
Xibin Song (1963-). Professor of the research base of
construction.
Xi Liu (1981-). Corresponding author, Dr.
Email: 113313482@qq.com
-4www.ivypub.org/afr