Proliferating Drosscape(Meng, Y. 2021) by Vicky M

PROLIFERATING DROSSCAPE Evaluating Land Waste Within Central Manchester ARCHITECTURE & URBANISM 2022 DISSERTATION Yichen 21408110Meng Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropoitain University

MA Architecture & Urbanism Degree Dissertation, submitted to Manchester School of Architecture in 2022. Author: Yichen Meng Tutor: David Chandler 3rd May 2022

RationalPreface Literature Review List of Rational Literature Part One Berger - Wasting Landscape as Method Drosscape Methodology Rational Footnote on Method Part Two The empirical process: Case Studies in Greater Manchester Applying the theory to Greater Manchester Footnote on My Urban Strategy The Case Studies Siege: Seaford Road Vita Factory & Surrounding Caged Spaces: Piccadilly Station & Surrounding Forgotten Island: Pomona Island Natural Museum: Kersal Flats Aged Industrial Network: Waste landscape Along Hyde Road Part Three A Critique of Method Conclusion: Five Outcomes Appendix Culture of Ruinology The Pain and Pleasure of Wastelands Bibliography Reference List List of Figure 966454290201ivixi11121315184176778283909599 Contents

Part Two In part two, Google earth map and Mapping GM will be used as the base map to locate the site of wasteland. In the 3D view of the Google map, the site can be revealed clearly in the whole scene. Then, before visiting the site, the route will be marked on the map in advance. On the day of the field visit, the main transportation to reach the site is a bicycle.

Part One In The Part one is literary criticism. It is divided into three subsections and respectively introduces the research methods of wasteland based on Berger’s ‘Drosscape’. This chapter is not just a summary of the methodologies of the literature, but a reborn form of these meth odologies throughout the article to complete the final case study.

Preface With the birth of new urbanism, the waste landscape caused by urban sprawl has received certain attention. Berger researched urban landscape waste in the United States, respectively. He has made a comprehensive study from the causes of the formation of land waste to the classification of understanding the types of waste landscapes. The United King dom as a country with a deep history of industrial background has yet to conduct an evalu ation and analysis in this field. This article will assess the land waste in Great Manchester, the UK as the site of inspection. Before you start reading, you may not know what a waste landscape is, and you may never even have heard of it. This article walks you through this particular topic and provides a general initial assessment of the Badlands in Manchester, UK. Wasted landscape means that the land is wasted. So, how is land wasted and what kind of land is called wasted?

Berger’s ‘Drosscape’ that comprehensively analyses and interprets the wasted land scape in the United States. The situation in the United States is complex, and Drosscape’s de tailed description of abandoned landscapes from different causes has advanced through history, and a large number of images taken from high-altitude aircraft have become fa vourable evidence for his argument. He concludes with a summary of six types of wasted landscapes that are not categorized by cause.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester i

Wasteland is a less well-known field. The first point is that the wasted landscape is not within the scope of the city system, and it is also a landscape that is easy to neglect. So, it is also called invisible land. The formation of the wasteland is organic, without any mis takes or faulty design or planning. The process of formation is natural. It is inseparable from economic and social changes in history. Wasteland will continue to be formed in the future. So, this topic is studied to make people aware of wasteland and to respond strategically to this urbanization phenomenon.

The topic of wasteland has a number of scholars who have a pivotal voice in this field. Berger’s ‘Drosscape’ in America; Marcinkoski’s ‘The City That Never Was’ in Spain; Jonas and Rahmann’s ‘Tokyo Void’ in Japan; Meyer’s ‘In Manchuria’ in China; Mariani and Barron’s ‘Terrain Vague’ in Bachoura, Detroit, San Francisco, etc. Only in the UK, no researchers have set foot yet. All wastelands in different countries may have something in common, but what is more worthy of attention is the culture and history behind these wastelands with local urban characteristics are different. Why do I choose Manchester?

There are five case studies in this chapter, each distributed in Manchester. At the end of each case, studies will draw the corresponding conclusion.

Firstly, Manchester has a pivotal position as an important urban centre in the north of England and was once one of the most important cities during industrial development. Secondly, I live in an apartment on the southwest side of Central Manchester, by the University City. In this city, every day, I repeat the same route to university. Every week, I take a walk in a certain neighbourhood in the city. I am learning about the city from the perspective of a person’s life. Whenever I pass by these voids, they may not be as exciting as the beautiful museums, but they leave traces in my vision. The constant frequency of the vacant lots is programmed into a network that makes me think of them, they are part of Manchester.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester ii

After arriving, walk to the places where the bicycle cannot reach. During the expedition, photos and sketches will be used to record the Drosscapes seen during the visit.

Why do I do this research?

What can be learned from this research?

This study is to propose the existence of wastelands to the masses. Wasteland may sound negative, but they also have values. I cannot say if the wasteland is right or wrong, because it has a reason for existence. Moreover, everyone understands wasteland differ ently: residents might say, I do not feel these abandoned landscapes have any impact on my life. Tourists might say, I like these abandoned landscapes, they have character, and they represent the city. Architects and planners might say, these vacant lots need to be remodelled to be more aesthetically pleasing. Geographers might say, these abandoned landscapes should be returned to nature. This research provides a profile for these diverse role populations and also lays the groundwork for future research.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester iii

Activism in urban progression. Using Blog as a tool to gather public viewers’ opin ions. I will use the Blog to document my observation images and thought about the waste land I have visited within Central Manchester. (See Figure 1). The link is below: https://mengyichen54.wixsite.com/proliferatdrosscape

Figures 1: Proliferating Drosscape Blog. (Source: Author).

Blog-PROLIFERATING DROSSCAPE

The first part is giving a brief history of Manchester which helps to under stand the background of how waste landscapes were shaped in Manchester. Then, the second part is the key pieces of literature that help to build up the fundamental under standing of this research. But for those who are studying wasteland.

Brief History of Manchester

The wasted landscape of urban void refers to empty land without any use. Such as a space is not be used for any other purpose for an extended period after the building has been demolished. Alternatively, the empty site does not have any substantial use, it can be bare barren land isolated in between the building or streets, or it can be a space without any planning (does not include green area).

Manchester is one of the three largest cities in England and the capital of the north. Another point is that Manchester is the oldest industrial city in the world, also known as the ‘capital of the industrial revolution’. Mainly known for the production of cotton. But the indus try was in recession as early as 1914. During the First Century War, trade with India was inter rupted, and competition from other countries overseas was under pressure. The demand for cotton fell sharply, making Manchester’s economic situation imminent. Although a diversified economy and port trade protect the city to some extent. But severe unemployment and pov erty in the late 1961-1983 period forced Manchester to choose a transition. Deindustrialization in 1985 was accompanied by a restructuring of Manchester’s urban structure. Large-scale slum-clearing programs peaked after World War II, when residents of the old town moved to newer neighbourhoods, such as Hulme crescents, on the fringes of the original city, such as Wythenshawe.1Thecombination of youth culture and warehouses in the late 80s and early 90s gave 1. Misselwitz, P. Manchester-City Profile. MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL II.1 (2004: 33). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester iv Rational Literature Review

This paper is predominantly base on Berger’s Drosscape as the engine to test and verify the wasted landscapes in Great Manchester. The following paragraphs are divided into two parts.

Rational Literature Review is the pivotal list of waste landscape research compulsory pieces of literature. The list includes all the important aspects of preparation for under standing the wasteland and beginning with the journey of digging deeper into the waste land subject. The explanations given below are all theoretical preparations that must be done before starting the case study.

inequality has exacerbated spatial polarization. In the city centre, for example, compact work, living and recreational facilities make transportation less demand ing. Spatial polarization is also reflected in the division of uses of space. For example, parks outside the city, car retail, stadiums, etc. only have a single function. If other uses are obvious, these facilities are developed to support the main function with a few other intended or os tensible roles, such as car parks, fast food, etc.6

Rational Literature Review Outrage

Manchester a chance to be reborn. Over the past 30 years, Manchester has become a model city of successful rejuvenation. Office and apartment rents in the city centre speak to affluent urban development, but Manchester is a highly polarised city where successful regeneration and ongoing looting continue to collide. The thriving urban centre resembles an isolated is land surrounded by wasteland and vacant estates created by deindustrialization.2

2. Misselwitz, P. Manchester-City Profile. MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL II.1 (2004: 34).

Philosophically, the idealization of the Little Man who lives there (from suburb + Utopia).7 However, there is such a doomed prophecy in an ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW that satiriz es the term ‘Subtopia’. England was described as a poor and universal country. This was the

3. Ferrari, E. and Roberts, J. Regrowth of a Shrinking City. MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL II.1 (2004: 41).

4.Ibid. (2004: 42).

5. Ferrari, E. and Roberts, J. Regrowth of a Shrinking City. MANCHESTER / LIVERPOOL II.1 (2004: 43).

6. Ibid. 7. Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architectural Review Outrage. (1955:365). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester v

The loss of population in cities due to the decline of industry has severely affected the increase in the wasteland and vacant land. Manchester’s population experienced a sharp decline from 1981 to 2001.3 The population decline has indirectly affected the decline in hous ing demand in Manchester; the shift from factories to offices is also one of the reasons for the reduction in demand for land.4 The housing vacancy rate in 1991 was by far the highest in the subregion, with nearly 15,000 vacant dwellings, or more than 8 percent of the population.

—Ian Nairn Wasted landscapes are not unfamiliar to a British citizen, and this wasted land was called another name in the 1950s - ‘Subtopia’. The original idea of ‘Subtopia’ is ‘Making an ideal of suburbin.’ Visually speaking, the universalization and idealization of our town fringes.

In 2001, about 330 hectares of land in Manchester were defined as vacant or abandoned. An equivalent area of land is also vacant or abandoned in Manchester and surrounding areas. Notably, this definition does not include vacant land for “Urban” land uses, this includes agri culturalConsumptionland.5

11. Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architectural Review Outrage. (1955:366).

12. Ibid. (1955:366).

Quote from Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architectural Review Outrage. (1955:364).

Quote from Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architectural Review Outrage. (1955:369).

Quote from Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architectural Review. (1955: 377)

diagnosis of the ‘SUBTOP’ symptom: a monument preserved by barbed wire and concrete roads; there is no distinction between urban and rural, both are filled with fake housing estates, abandoned car parks, intense sprawling cement warehouses, sanitation plants, the wreckage of wars and War Departments.

13. ‘It is also the end to which all the other branches of planning sociology, traffic circulation, industry, housing hygiene are means. They all at tempt to make life more rewarding, more healthy, less pointlessly arduous. But if they at the same time destroy our environment, they are denying us the end to which they were designed to be the means. We get the by-products, lose the end-product.’

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester vi

The destruction of the site by ‘Subtopia’ can be seen as the early prototype of the wasted landscape. Nairn uses photographs to document the tragic situation of Subtopia in England. Nairn’s concern is to eliminate the Subtopia phenomenon is to maintain and en hance the differences between places in terms of visual planning. His advocacy manifesto is for everyone, not professional architects and planners. This activism is the active promo tion of environmental reforms that bring about social change for the better.

The reason cause ‘Subtopia’ is unrestrained urban sprawl. Britain is a country heav ily relying on industry. Eighty percent of the population of the UK is created by industriali zation. Urban sprawl no longer depends on population growth but the growth of industry and technology. This way of growth is sprawl that spreads out on the surface in the form of suburban sprawl. Villas, parking lots, motels, camps, etc. freely extended in the form of strips in the suburbs, and farmers gradually became commuters. The old urban centre has lost its meaning. Figure 2 can be seen the original appearance of the countryside,9 and Figure 3 shows the fragmented and scattered towns in the ‘Subtopia’ of the countryside.10 ‘Suburbs become utopias, and utopias become suburbs.’ 11 The general sub-urbanization of a coun try or town includes towns and villages over the entire surface of the land. This terrifying form is defined as ‘Subtopia’.

Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America —Alan Berger Berger is the core of the literature review. The methodology of Drosscape is rela tively comprehensive in much literature to classify the reasons for the formation of wasted landscapes. And the arguments for classification are analysed one by one according to 8. Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architectural Review Outrage. (1955:365).

9.‘It is just a reminder of what we are squandering with all the means at our disposal, confident that there will always be some left over. What follows proves that this is a criminally feckless illusion, and that we are in fact obliterating the whole countryside.’

10.‘The whole country is beginning to look like this, as all development follows the same pattern of a careless romp of dispersal across the country side, a pattern which is wasteful and dreary in itself and utterly impracticable in a small and crowded country’.

Figures 3: ‘Subtopia on the March: the morning after the battle, with pock ets of field pattern awaiting mopping up.’ (Source: Nairn et al. 1955: 369).

Figures 2: ‘This is the first and last view of rural England’. (Source: Nairn et al. 1955: 364).

In addition to Berger, there are other Drosscapers who have also made relevant arguments. Unlike Berger, Marcinkoski in the city that never was a comprehensive analysis

Through the analysis of the causes of formation, the classification of 6 kinds of wast ed landscapes is obtained. This context will be expended in Part One. The City That Never Was: Reconsidering the Speculative Nature of Contemporary Urbanization —Christopher Marcinkoski

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester vii

the four major inflection points affecting urbanization in the history of the United States: (1) Deindustrialization. (2) Post-Fordism. (3) Technological innovation and location. (4) Con tamination, Ugliness, and Blight.

— Ignasi de sola morales

15. ‘The Third Landscape” is a broad category of areas of nonhuman landscape evolution; the more specific “les délaissés” are leftover places colo nized by wild plants and animals. “Zero panorama” playfully recognizes the living evidence of present entropy and the promise of future entropies, inherent in all terrains vagues and beyond.’

Quote from Mariani, M and Barron, P. Terrain Vague: Interstices at the Edge of the Pale. United States: Taylor & Francis. (2013: 3-4). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester viii

‘Leftover space’ can mean extra or redundant areas, but also irrelevant areas; ‘Uncertain space’ carries the meaning of ambiguity and transience; ‘Informative space’ refers to the alternative site of subversive activity.15 These lands have been largely ignored in the mainstream discourse of design be 14. ‘The word comes from French, and is translated into English as ‘vacuum’ and ‘vacant’ which is to say “empty, unoccupied,” yet also “free, available, unengaged.” The relationship between the absence of use, of activity, and freedom of expectancy is fundamental to understanding the evocative potential of city’s terrain vagues. Void, absence yet also promise, the space of the possible, of expectation.’ Quote from Ignasi de Solà-Morales. Terrain Vague (1995: 199)

Terrain Vague

In the eyes of photographers, architects, and urban planners, these ambiguous spaces exist within the city but are outside the scope of everyday use. This seems could ex plain why the vague space is invisible. They are not included in the efficient functioning and productive structure of the city. But ‘terrain vague’ is still an abstract concept, and there are many terms have been interpreted to extend this definition. ‘Derelict land’ frequently refers to abandoned lands contaminated with toxic by-products in industrial areas; ‘Vacant lands’ refers to vacancy and unused lands; ‘Empty area‘ conjures to underutilized parking lots; ‘Dead zone’ indicates the interim oversight of the planning committee and developers;

The origin of Wasteland is from an early concept of ‘Terrain Vague’. The first scholar to propose this concept was the Catalonia architect and philosopher Ignasi de Solà-Morales. He uses ‘terrain vague’ to describe this invisible urban wasted landscape. The word origi nally comes from French which can be translated to ‘vacant’.

of abandoned landscapes created by urban sprawl in Spain before the 2009 economic crisis, but Marcinkoski focuses on the timeline, the changes in these wastelands from 2002 to around 2015. In addition, the imagery is divided into satellite floor plans, aircraft bird’s-eye views, and partial views. From these three pictures, we can fully understand the scale differ ence of the site. In times of economic prosperity, this kind of speculative investment and develop ment is inevitable. The consequence of this behaviour is that the supply exceeds the de mand, leading to imbalanced market demand, soaring housing prices, and eventually col lapse. Every financial crisis causes a large number of companies to fail, production to stall, and planned development projects to go nowhere. Some of these unsustainable projects are waiting for new companies to buy in, or become a wasteland.

19. Ibid. (2007: 219).

A third distinct space is where formal and informal overlap, they exist simultaneously without a clear physical or temporal boundary between them.20 This situation exists in vari 16. ‘From the economic point of view, industrial areas, railway stations, ports, unsafe residential neighbourhoods, and contaminated places are where the city is no longer... In short, they are foreign to the urban system, mentally exterior in the physical interior of the city. Its negative image, as much a critique as a possible alternative.’

Karen A.Franck and Quentin Stevens

Loose Space: Possiblity and Diversity in Urban Life

Quote from Ignasi de Solà-Morales. Terrain Vague (1995: 199)

20. Franck, K.A. and Stevens, Q. Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. (2007: 217). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester ix

The space of the zone includes former industrial areas or 19th-century infrastruc tures such as slaughterhouses, abandoned barracks, dysfunctional ports, and railway stations. These areas often have strong boundaries that make access to them somewhat restricted and make the site look inward. Their former official uses have been emptied, and they have been replaced by countless informal activities, sometimes temporarily.

Doron introduced the concept of the ‘Dead Zone’ in Chapter 11. 'Dead Zone' is also interpreted as void, whiteboard, and no man’s land, invisible. This abstraction by naming is also reflected in the reasonably impartial and detached approach to defining and quan tifying such lands. Such spaces include three categories: Zone, Edges, and Overlapping spaces.

Terrain vague forms are easily recognizable from the outside and simply understood as loose spaces that are informally used for other activities, often associated with recycled waste such as abandoned factories, slaughterhouses, water towers, trucking companies, schools, bridges, tunnels, etc.

Studying the process of urbanization, architects and urban planners, as the imple menters of urbanization, built these facilities with urban significance, but these facilities did not realize the original design intention of the scheme. In a way, the remaining space is “Wasted” beyond planning. This waste contains material and land.

The edges are located beyond road and rail tracks, sidewalks, and river banks. Due to their size and environment, they are immune to redevelopment and acceptance of in formal activities.

17. Franck, K.A. and Stevens, Q. Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. (2007: 211).

cause they are no longer the centre of activity in the city. Ignasi de Solà-Morales asserts that such negative adjective is the selective exclusion of industrial areas, railway stations, and unsafe areas from the urban system by people’s spiritual subconsciousness of this type of landscape.

18. Ibid. (2007: 214).

Tokyo Void: Possibilities in Absence

22. Ibid.(2014: 162). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester x

It is common for land to be left unused in cities. But for urbanization, the vacant land in the city has been idle for a long time, but the city is still expanding outwards. Is this a symp tom of vicious sprawl? Tokyo is a live laboratory. Rapid economic development, changing demographics and the demands of urban life are all making the city face transformation. Since 2009, about 90% of the voids remain vacant for a few years.21 This urban void is also growing.The

This List contains 31 books that include the previous paragraphs of six key pieces of literature. The rest of the literature is not additional works of literature, but must-read litera ture before starting the research. The 31 books cover the origin of wasteland; how to define the wasteland; the forma tion of wasteland; the typology of wasteland, how scholars deal with wasteland; positive aspects of wasteland associated with culture, art, archaeology, etc.; negative aspects of wasteland associate social hierarchy, regional science, environmental issue, and urban sprawl, etc.

Description of List of Rational Literature

21. Jonas, M. and Rahmann, H. Tokyo void: possibilities in absence. (2014: 156-157).

ous places, but can only be located in time, not geographically.

The urban void is split out because Berger’s category neglected these voids in the city waiting to be used or built for something else. These sites have nothing to do with size or scale, and their existence is a product of new urbanism.

notion of urban void needs to be concerned with two aspects: (1) the concept of the result; (2) the scale of change. The large scale of Tokyo challenges the idea of the result. If the result of an element is a new building, a new block, or a new street, it can cause oth er parts of the urban fabric to continue changing, as individual parts of similar or different scales. If a vacant site is rezoned and a new building is completed, another site may become vacant at the same time. This simultaneous process produces a fluctuating pattern in which the total amount of vacant sites remains stable, but at ground level, voids shift across the region and the city.22

Marieluise Jonas and Heike Rahmann

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester xi Barbanera, M. & Capodiferro, A. (2015) La forza delle rovine. Milano: Electa. standingUnderRuinolo gy of the example of the ruins in Detroit. Berger, A. (2006) Drosscape: wast ing land in urban America. 1st edition. New York: ArchitecturalPrincetonPress. Referring Meth odology for part two development. Bottà, G. (2020). andDüsseldorf,punk’inPunkandDeindustrialisationpopularmusic:and‘post-Manchester,TorinoTampere. Row man & Publishers.Littlefield Understanding the history of re build Manchester. Claeys, G. (2017). Dystopia: a natural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. origintheUnderstandingmeaningandofdys topia. The term dystopia is also used in other fields besides the terrifying urban scene as it is now known. Clément, G. (2005) Manifesto del Terzo paesaggio/ Mani festo of the Third Landscape. The theory of a solu tion can deal ing with wasted lands. Cullen, G. (1995) Concise Townscape, Taylor & Francis Group, London. Available from: Pro Quest Ebook Cen tral.Understand ing New Urbanism applying to town planning. de Solà-Morales, I. (1995) Terrain Vague. Anyplace. In C. (Ed.).DavidsonCambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 118–123. wastestandingUnderhowlandscape comes from. Doucet, B. (2017). Introduction: why Detroit matters. In B. Doucet (Ed.), Why Detroit matters: Decline, renewal and hope in a divided city (1st ed., pp. 1–30). Bris tol University Press. RuinologyUnderstandingofthe example of the ruins in Detroit. Farley, P. and Roberts, M.S. (2012) Edgelands: jour neys into England’s true wilderness London: Vintage. Counter point view for standingunderTerrain Vague. Franck, K.A. and Stevens, Q. (2007) Loose life.diversitypossibilityspace:andinurban London: Routledge. Counter point view for un derstanding Terrain Vague. Garde, A. (2020) ‘New Urbanism: Past, Present, and Future’. Planning,Urban 5(4) pp. 453–463. standingUnderNew Urbanism. Greene, V. ‘Utopia/Dystopia’.(2011) American Art. American Art, 25(2) pp. 2–7. Understanding the betweenrelationshiputopia and dystopia. Humphris, I. & Rauws, W. (2021) Edgelands of prac tice: post-industrial landscapes and the conditions of infor mal spatial appro priation, ResearchLandscape , 46:5, 589604. Gain a better ofunderstandingtheenviron mental impact of events in landsisationpost-industrialtheofedgeintheUK through imagery.

List of Rational Literature Jacobs, J. (2016). The death and life of great American cit ies. London: Vintage Digital. Discussing the safety of public spaces, Jacobs’ public eye point of view ques tioned the secu rity risks of places without public eyes.

Peck, J. and Ward, K.G. (2002). City of revolution : restruc turing Manchester. Manchester: Man chester University Press. Understanding the his tory of rebuilding Manchester. Tree, I. farm.ofWilding:(2018).thereturnnaturetoaBritishLondon: Picador. urbanUnderstandingrewilding as one of the solution of reuse waste land. Ravetz, J. and Warhurst, P. (2013) ‘Manchester: Re-Inventing the Local–Global in the Peri-Urban City-Re gion’, pp. 169–207. NewUnderstandingUrbanism in Manchester. Mummery, A., Jeffrey, M. and Morris, L. (2018) Carol Rhodes. Skira Editore; 1st edition. Artist of printing for wasteland. Rosenthal, M. (1987). Anselm Kiefer. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago. Art works from Anselm Kiefer of the culture of Ruinology. as the history of wasteland in the past.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester xii Wyke, T., Robson, B. and Dodge, M. (2018) Manchester: mapping the city. Edinburgh: Bir linn. Resourse of historical maps of Manchester. Jonas, M. and Rahmann, H. (2014) Tokyo void: possi bilities in absence. Berlin: Jovis. spaceingUnderstandhowvacantusedbase on culture back ground. Katz, P., Scully, V. and Bressi, T. W. (1994) The new urbanism: toward an architecture of community. New York: McGraw-Hill. asNewUnderstandingUrbanismthemethod of dealing with the old way of plan ning. Kellie, E. (2010) Re building Manches ter. Derby: DB. Understanding the history of rebuilding Man chester. Lerup, L. (2000) After the city. Cam bridge: MIT Press. Understanding the term of Dross cape. Nairn, I., Knapp, Drewett & Sons Ltd and Architec tural Review (1955) Outrage. Westmin ster London: Archi tectural Press ([Ar chitectural Review. vol. 117. no. 702.]). SubtopiaUnderstandinginUK Marcinkoski, C. (2015). The city that never was. New York, NY: ArchitecturalPrincetonPress. Referring Meth odology for part two development. Mariani, M and Barron, P. (2013) Terrain Vague: Interstices at the Edge of the Pale. United States: Taylor & Francis. A full differentextendedtypes of Terrain Vague. McIntire, G. (2015). The Cambridge companion to The Waste Land. G. McIntire, ed. Cam bridge: UniversityCambridgePress.

Reference of waste land in UK. Meades, J. (2013) Museum without walls. Unbound.London:Counter point of waste land. Misselwitz, P. (2004). MANCHES TER CITY PRO FILE. MANCHES TER / LIVERPOOL II.1 A full review of the history line the Manchester. Osman, K. T. (2014) ‘Soil Pollution’, pp. 149–226. lutionstandingUnderthepoloflandfill.

Part One Figure 4: Salford Tree of Knowledge. (Source: Author). The Drosscape Industry: Measuring Wastelands

Quote from Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:12). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 02 Drosscape Methodology

This chapter will take Berger’s Drosscape as the head, analyze the related Dross capers in the field, and summarize a complete set of methodology to investigate wasted landscapes. Then, the different types of abandoned sites are classified. And use different colour blocks to distinguish. These colours will play an important role in the case analysis in the next chapter.

Defining wasteland is the first step to understanding what is wasteland. There are a few schoolers who have researched in the field to explain such lands. Berger in ‘Drosscape’ has a specific exposition of the wasted landscape. It was the product created from urban ization activities that associate with industrial, economic, and consumption.

Importantly, ‘waste’ and ‘growth’ are both naturally processed from the historical transformation of urban sprawl. Equally, even though these two types of growth are prolo gizing to each other, the value of the two should be understood at the same level. Waste lands are inevitable in urbanized areas; it has nothing to do with the urban planning script from planners and designers. So, our attitude towards the wasteful landscape should be neutral.25

Quote from Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:45). 24. Ibid. (1998:45) 25. ‘Drosscaps are the inevitable wasted landscapes within urbanized areas that eternally elude the overly controlled parameters and the scripted programming elements that designers are charged with creating and accommodating in their projects…The basic precept of Drosscape is that planned and unplanned horizontalizations around vertical urban centers are neither intrinsically bad nor good but a natural result of industrial growth.’

23 The contem porary industrial production model catalysed by economic and consumerist influences has become the direct reason for forming Wastelands. ‘Waste’ here can be interoperated into three categories: (1) Actual waste, such as solid, sewage, scrap metal, etc.; (2) Wasted plac es, such as abandoned and contaminated sites, etc.; (3) Wasteful places, such as large car parks, retail malls, etc.24

23. ‘With these ideas in the conceptual background my goal is to link together the practical and theoretical issues concerning urbanization and dross to make associations among industrial, economic, and consumption activity and the landscapes created as a result of these processes.’

The formation of wasteland can also be described as organic, because with the rapid development of urban economy and industry, there are traces of the evolution of urbanization, such as the formation of old and new urban areas. This can demonstrate that the history of urbanization can explain that wasteland is not produced by man-made force but formed naturally. This horizontal urban expansion also includes land development in various fields, such as real estate, infrastructure construction, factory manufacturing, and office areas. This phenomenon is also known as urban sprawl. The word sprawl has the connotation of expansion, and this divergence has no limit.

Secondly, there is post-Fordism through consumption. To put it simply, it is a small new industrial cluster developed in the periphery of the respective central cities, which has abandoned the Fordist assembly-line factory operation method and launched a more flex ible production model. This and agglomeration areas often foster the need for sparser land use densities and increased infrastructure, thereby enriching the wasted landscape.29

Quote from Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:46)

The situation of invisible places may apply to this case. These wasted lands have been hidden from the vision of residents daily. Berger spent 5 years collecting and record ing image data of wasted landscape on the plane, and classified and analysed its forma tion causes and impact on the physical environment. In the case of the United States, the reasons for the formation of wasted landscapes can be summarized as four main reasons throughoutFirstly,history.theperiod of deindustrialization has mainly targeted heavy industrial plants such as steel, textiles, clothing, automobiles, electronics, and aerospace. These heavily pol luting heavy industrial plants were influenced by post-World War II sentiment against “dirty” industries, leading to public policy that also contributed to the city’s industrial attrition.28 This resulted in the waste of heavy industrial plants.

‘The first step in delineating and reclaiming the potential of these physically excluded sites is to mentally recognize that such waste deposits are an inevitable result of growth. Waste landscape is an indicator of healthy urban growth.’

If wasteland is unavoidable, then each city has a representative wasted landscape. These wastelands will also have different characteristics in different regions. The second step is to identify wasteland. Wasteland is difficult to describe in a single word because space takes many forms. The form of landscape resulting from urban sprawl is often diffi cult to argue with a single example.

Explaining in-depth, the void with waste properties in the city is not easy to be captured by people daily. The reason why these voids are not perceived. Because, from a human eye-level view, there is a lack of awareness of the horizontal space, such as walking or driving pass by. We only revealed the tip of the iceberg. Also, the scale of the waste may appear diminished and wasteful. But, from a bird's view, poorly planned, unmaintained, irregular, and indiscreet leftovers can be easily seen from a tall building or aeroplane.

26. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:36). 27. Ibid. (1998:26). 28. ‘All deindustrialized sites are not equal. Some find new life immediately by filling an economic niche, such as the immigrant labor force in Los Angeles, or by filling a cultural niche, such as the California Speedway in Fontana. Others are immediately cordoned off due to severe contam ination. Many others are left abandoned for decades until market forces or technological innovation produce resources for their rehabilitation. Imperatively, deindustrialized sites are all transitional places. They await some form of reclamation prior to reprogramming and reuse’.

29. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:58).

Thirdly, the industrial transfer caused by technological innovation accelerates the

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 03

decentralization and fragmentation of the old urban area. This transfer of market and so cial capital will not lead to the demise of the old industrial city. However, the cost and over head of land in the old city are relatively high, so the development of areas with cheaper land and better services in remote areas is promoted.

TYPE OF WASTELAND SHORT CUT COLOUR CODE Waste Landscapes Dwelling Type D Waste Landscapes Transition Type T Waste Landscapes Infrastructure Type I Waste Landscapes Obsolescence Type O Waste Landscapes Exchange Type E Waste Landscapes Contamination Type C

Finally, there are polluted and abandoned landscapes that no one cares about. These include old airports, chemical and oil plants, landfills, various transportation hubs, and decommissioned military facilities, closed or redeveloped for new uses. As urbanization expands, these once isolated sites exemplify urban centres closer and closer.

30. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:64). 31. Ibid. Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 04 Selection Column: This column will be filled in black if the venue matches the appropriate category. Colour Column: The color distinction is to clearly mark the wasteland of different attributes on the map. Category column: six types of bylandscapeswastedthatcauseddifferentreasons. Code column: The letter abbreviation for each category. Table 1: (Source: Author).

Type of waste landscape analysis

There are 6 categories in total from Berger’s conclusion which are displayed in Table 1 below. This table is designed for the case study in Part Two. A detailed explanation of the classification is as follows.

32. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:140) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 05 Waste Landscapes of Dwelling 5: Waste Landscapes of Dwelling (Source: Berger 1998: 60, 152, 150, 156). dwellings. B-Private golf course in an exclusive inside void. C-Transportable housing such as mobile homes and trailer. D-The inside void is water for recreation of the inhabitants. C D

Land voids in residential developments, especially enclosed enclaves. These voids usually have unique planning intentions, and these facilities are usually entertainment and life-related facilities for nearby residents. For example, golf courses, buffer zones, preserva tion areas, and trail systems.

Figure

A-Scattered

com mercial

de mand,

For example, assembly

storage

The wasted landscape of transition includes speculative investments such as and real estate plants. The land use of some sites is not in line with the actual resulting excessive use. areas, yards, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:158) Landscapes of Transition (Source: Berger 1998: 164, 166, 168, 160).

land

parking lots, transfer stations, etc.33 33. Berger,

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 06 Waste Landscapes Transition Figure 6: Waste

A-Massive car parks near airport. B-Mill mall and car parks around it. C-Public storage and sluggard. D-Manufacturing networks. A C B D

34 34. Berger,

Evaluating land waste

central Manchester 07 Waste Landscapes Infrastructure Figure

A-Energy

A C B D

Infrastructure is the most common development because they are ubiquitous in cit ies. Regardless of geographic location or scale, various infrastructure systems are required to be called a city as a whole. Infrastructure Waste Landscapes of infrastructure includes landscape surfaces associated with network system or transportation. For example, high ways, electricity transmission, oil-related easements, natural gas pipelines, waterways, railroads, etc. A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:170) within 7: Waste Landscapes of Infrastructure (Source: Berger 1998: 172, 184, 182, 176). transportation Infrastructure B-Electrical transmission line right-of-way. C-Ship D-Highwaychannel.system.

Waste landscapes of Obsolescence are sites designed for the discharge or storage of municipal waste and garbage. These include municipal solid waste landfills and waste water treatment facilities.35 35. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:186) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 08 Waste Landscapes Obsolescence Figure 8: Waste Landscapes of Obsolescence (Source: Berger 1998: 172, 184, 182, 176). A-Car salvage and junkyards. B-Municipal solid waste inside residential area. D-WastedC-Landfill. water reclamation plant. A B C D

The waste landscape of Exchange generally refers to mega-regional malls or Class A malls, service-oriented anchor retailers, entertainment, themed environments, restau rants, and other sellers of luxury goods. These retailers use new road infrastructure and large parking The field provides customers with superior access. With horizontal urban sprawl, the retail environment is also expanding. There are plenty of abandoned, vacant, and run-down shopping malls and retail centres that were once the main shopping venues in the old cities.36 36. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:204) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 09 Waste Landscapes Exchange Figure 9: Waste Landscapes of Exchange (Source: Berger 1998: 206, 214, 216, 218). A-Aging mall and car parks around it. B-Theatre complex. C-Retail operations into supercentre. D-New Road infrastructure and expansive car parks. C D A B

The waste landscape of Contamination includes public and federal facilities. Such as airports, military bases, ammunition depots, and training grounds, as well as sites used for mining and petroleum and chemical operations. Many sites are contaminated to some extent due to previous land use; they must be recycled or decontaminated before being redeveloped. Contamination can come from subsurface sources, diffuse into groundwater and soil in the form of subsurface plumes, and then settle.37 37. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:220) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 10 Waste Landscapes Contamination Figure 10: Waste Landscapes of Contamination (Source: Berger 1998: 224, 226, 230, 232). A-Ammunition assembly line structures. B-Military reservation. C-New development at decommissioned site. D-An airport sits on top of a former garbage dump. C D A B

Another point is cultural background is also an inevitable consideration. Cultural here means, how do people understand wasted landscapes? Due to the ambiguous defini tion and complexity of wastelands. Is wasteland a positive or negative for ordinary people, artists, or architects and planners? Wastelands literally sounds negative, murky, even problematic. Is it really so? At pres ent, developers are often scrambling to make new renovation proposals on these waste lands. Are these proposals a favorable move to make Manchester rise or become another wasted landscape in the future?

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 11

Rational Footnote on Method

Berger has spend five years on research and fieldwork, also taking photos on plane to complish Drossape. Berger’s method has strong characteristics which base on the his tory of America. These types of wastelands. Even the history of economic development and social changes in UK could find similarity to the US, but they are not identical. Especially, in Manchester, because, it is the most important city in the north of Eng land and was once one of the largest and most brilliant industrial cities in history. The ab solute decline in Manufacturing capacity and employment caused by post-war deindus trialization has robbed the city of the pride it once had.38 In the 1990s, there was a renewed attempt to transform Manchester.39 Manchester’s challenge is not just to find a breaking point. It is a challenge for the athority, working class, imigrance and homeless. The massive economic challenges, which indirectly affect the trend of urbanization. What is the wasted landscape left by deindustrialization and population shrinking to this day, whether it con tinues to be abandoned or has undergone a second transformation. The age of the wast ed landscape, some as short as 20 to 30 years, and some as long as more than 50 years. Have these wastelands changed over time? Could these changes affect people’s attitudes toward wasted landscapes? This will be evaluated in the case studies from Part Two.

38. Peck, J. and Ward, K.G. City of revolution : restructuring Manchester. (2002: 1). 39. Ibid. (2022:216).

Figure 11: Heaton Hall. (Source: Author). Part Two The empirical process: Case Studies in Greater Manchester

CASE 2 is Piccadilly Station - a major transport hub in Manchester city centre. Because being an acquaintance of Piccadilly station, I found that the vicinity of the station is charac terized by geographical diversity. From my home to Fairfield Street take 20 minutes by foot.

40. Whelan, D. ‘Peel fleshes out Pomona Island vision.’ Place North West. (2021: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 13

There are five case studies in this chapter. The number of case studies is designed for four months of fieldwork. Five cases are manageable for designing the route in advance and doing the preliminary investigation on the basic situation of the site. Map 2 shows the location of five cases.

CASE 3 is Manchester’s high-profile abandoned island that was once an important industrial terminal. Pomona island, long considered a prime location for redevelopment, will be redeveloped by Peel L&P into a 2,700-unit residence.40 From my home to Cornbrook sta tion take 25 minutes by tram and foot. The site selection for CASE 4 is the investigation part of studio A, and during the geo graphical and historical analysis stage, an area near the Kersal flat was found to meet the criteria of Drosscape. From my home to Kersal Way take 25 minutes by bike.

CASE 5 is Hyde Road. The reason for choosing this road is that there are conspicuous train stations (Manchester International Depot) and car parks (BCA Manchester) around the road. From my home to Redgate Lane take 11 minutes by bike.

Site of Case studies

CASE 1 is an abandoned factory (British Vita) on the east side of Salford. This case was chosen because it was discovered during studio A site visit, and it is about 2.7 kilometres from central Manchester. From my home to Seaford Road Vita factory take 18 minutes by bike.

Applying The Theory to The Greater Manchester

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 14

Map Small map on the left corner shows the landfill site in Great Manchester. (Source: Mapping GM). Map 2: Large map below is wasteland mapping. Red coloured shapes are the wastelands in Great Manchester. (Source: Author).

CASE 1 CASE 3 CASE 2 CASE 4 CASE 5 HOME

2. Applying Berger’s methodology to the wasteland in Great Manchester by using Google Earth to locate the site of wasteland (See Map 2). What kind of land is selected in Map 2? The selection of locations is a large area of vacant parking lots, brownfields, land fills, trash dumping grounds, circular plan sewage plants or chemical plants (abandoned factory will not show company name on Google map), concrete vacant lots, etc. Figure 12 shows some examples of the selection of wastelands.

Method

5. In the next chapter, the outcomes will be concluded after the evaluation results of five case studies. This research should be able to answer the questions below:

• Does Berger’s methodology applicable for Manchester?

•

1. Mapping GM is a useful resource site that is provided by the authority. This site provides an approximate map of the landfill (See Map 1). Annotated in the satellite view of Google Earth map by referring to the map of the Mapping GM

The method case studies in this chapter follow the lead of Berger’s methodology which is using photographs to document. This research process is as follows:

3. The preparation work before visiting the site includes planning the visiting route. Then, approach the site according to the designed route. After arriving at the site. During the visit documented the view by using a camera and sketches. The main transportation is the rental bike. Bicycle is the most efficient transportation, as the areas often are not easy to access. (See Figure 13)

4. Evaluation will be given at the end of each case study. What is the method of evaluation? Firstly, the Drosscape in each case will be divided into different categories ac cording to Part One. Each type is then analysed on a case-by-case basis. And, the possibili ty for different types of wastelands will be given.

• What is the attitude when facing the proliferating Drosscapes? How should we deal with the ‘Degree of Intervention’? What is the value of wasteland?

•

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 15 on My Urban Strategy

Footnote

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 16 Figure 12: Satellite view of wastelands in Great Manchester. (Source: Google Earth). A - Aged Housing Complex. Woodford, Stockport SK7 1SU. B - Carrington. Manchester Rd, Carrington, Manchester M31 4DD. C - Viridor Pilsworth South Landfill. Pilsworth Rd, Bury BL9 8QZ D - Beswick cargo. Manchester M11 3NH. E - Abandoned Factory. Bredbury, Stockport SK6 2BP. F - Obsoleted sewage plant. Great Portwood St, Stockport SK1 2HH. A C B D E F

Figure 13: Phone, Camera and sketch book. (Source: Author).

A - Since these abandoned sites cannot be reached by ordinary public transportation, and walking is a waste of time, choosing bicycles is a relatively flexible and feasible means of transportation.

B - The role of the phone is to look up the route on Google Maps in advance.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

C - The sketch book is to record the key points of the observation period or record the impressive scene.

D - The map is posted on the wall of my room and is used to mark the address of the Drosscape site. A B C D

The Case Studies Key map CASE 1

The site is on the west side of Seaford Road in the city of Salford. Surrounding use sites include employment, residential and student accommodation to the south, and some small local retail uses to the north and east, while vacant site used to be Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School is to the west.41 (See Figure 14). And a running recycle factory is at the west corner (See Figure 21)

41. Government of Salford. 73053 Former British Vita Salford Seaford Road. (no date: online) 42. Ibid. Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 18 CASE Seaford Road Vita Factory and Surrounding

Historical Perspective Map 4 shows the comparison between 1950 and 2022. It can be seen from the map that the factory (British Vita) has existed for more than 70 years since the 1950s. British Vita was called Vitafoam in its inception. Founded in 1949 with a capital of £100, it initially produced latex cushions and mattresses in Oldham, Greater Manchester. Vitafoam quickly became a supplier to the upholstery and bedding markets in the 1960s and in 1967 changed its name to British Vita Co. Limited, listed on the London Stock Exchange and headquartered in Middleton. In the 2000s, with the international business growth and influence of vita. Vita has opened additional conversion sites and new plants in both Western and Eastern Europe. At the end

Description of Site and Surrounding Area

The site was formerly occupied by Salford Vita, which manufactures coated fabrics. The site includes a variety of brickwork industrial buildings, including brickwork water towers (See Figure 17 and 23). The rest of the site is hard-surfaced for access, parking and mainte nance areas. Overall, the building is in a poor state of repair. Land levels across the site rise to the west and land levels are approximately 4 meters higher near the western boundary of the site than east along Seaford Road.42

Siege:1

44. Whelan, D. ‘Kellen Homes latest to take run at Salford British Vita site.’ Place North West. (2021: online)

45. Whelan, D. ‘Housing proposed for Tree of Knowledge site.’ Place North West. (2021: online) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

As Map 5 shows the route starts from the roundabout which connects to Gerald Road and walks towards the Seaford Road. At Gerald Road, a fenced vacant site appeared on the right side. This place used to be the site of Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School which was built in 1962. Vacant and closed since 2009. Withered branches and leaves can be seen mixed with plastic bottles and various garbage in the open space. Looking into the distance, you can see a blue-green building that was not demolished because of the artwork ‘Tree of Knowledge’ by Stockport-born Alan Boyson on the wall. 45 (See Figure 26). Then, keep walk ing till reach Seaford Road. A glimpse of the dilapidated old vita factory can be seen when walking along Seaford Road. (See Figures 27 and 28). There is an obvious fork on Seaford Road 43. The Vita Group. Vita’s history for over 70 years. (no date: online)

1950 <->2022

of the 2000s, local factories were gradually transferred overseas.43 In 2009, the Seaford Road Vita factory closed down, the place has been left vacant since then. The news tells us this 13year vacant factory will be converted into a new residential community.44 The old Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School was built in the 1960s. Closed at the same period as Vita factory. Inspection route

VacantVacantVacantPasharecyclecentreOldCromwellGirls’SecondarySchool

Map 4: Map comparison of Seaford Road Vita factory in 1950 and Current. Coloured area on map shows the site of wastelands. (Source: Digimap). Old Vita factory

Drosscapes. Inspection route. Map 5: Inspection route of Seaford Road Vita Factory and Surrounding. (Source: Digimap).

20 1 2 3 4 5 109 6 7 8 GeraldRdBoughtonRdE SeafordRd

to see the top of the Brickwork water tower. You can also see some private cars parked at random here. (See Figure 39). This path leads to Pasha recycle centre. The road is flanked by factory fences. The road conditions are extremely uneven and people cannot pass through during the rain. Trashes pile up on both sides of the road. (See Figures 40, 41, and 42). Pasha recycle centre offers a wide range of waste management services such as waste removal services, regular collection of commercial waste, and more. 46 (See Figure 43). At the cross of Seaford Road and Boughton Road East, we can see the sign of ‘Doubletex Leathers Ltd’ and ‘Brentwood Estates’. Here is no longer the company as the logo on the sign, but an abandoned factory. (See Figure 44). Continue walking along the Boughton Road East, only the high walls of the factory can be seen. (See Figure 45) 46. Pasha recycle centre. Our Services. (no date: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 21

‘Tree of knowledge’ wall Gerald Road near roundabout

Figure 15: NO.2 shows the fenced vacant site in the North East corner of the abandoned Salford Vita factory. (Source: Author). 2 Old Vita Factory on Seaford Road A void in the north east corner of Old Vita Factory

Figure 14: NO.1 on the right side of this page. The vacant site was Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School in the past. Highlighted area shows the art work on the wall from Alan Boyson. (Source: Author). 1

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 22

The entrance of old Vita Factory on Seaford Road

Entre road to Pasha recycle centre in the south side of Old Vita Factory Figure 17: NO.4 is the view on the entre path of the Pasha recycle centre. (Source: Author). 4 Brickwork water tower

Figure 16: NO.3 is the view of locked Vita factory on Seaford Road. (Source: Author). 3

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 23

Figure 19: NO.6 is the view on the entre path of the Pasha recycle centre. Left fences belong to Salford Vita, the green fences belong to Pasha recycle cen tre (Source: Author). 6 Entre road to Pasha recycle centre during the raining dayWarehous of Pasha Recycling centre

Figure 18: NO.5 is the southside of Salford Vita. (Source: Author). 5 South fence of old Vita Factory on Seaford Road Entre road to Pasha recycle centre in the south side of Old Vita Factory

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 24 Figure 21: NO.8 on the left side of this page. The working area of Pasha recycle centre. (Source: Author). 8 Pasha Recycling centre Figure 20: NO.7 on the left side of this page. The entrance view of Pasha recycles centre. (Source: Author). 7 Vita Factory Warehous of Pasha Recycling centre

Entre road to Pasha recycle centre during the raining day

Figure 23: NO.10 on the right side of this page. A view of the abandoned Salford Vita factory on Broughton Road (Source: Author). Brickwork water tower Boughton Road East

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 25

Figure 22: NO.9 on the right side of this page. A cross view on Seaford and Broughton Road. The sign shows the name of previous estates compa ny(Source: Author). 9 The corner of the cross of Seaford Road and Boughton Road East

Table 2: Type of waste landscape analysis (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

Three types of Drosscapes appear in the case studies in this chapter. They are the types marked in Map 6. These types are referred to in the Part two contexts. In the face of Drosscape, the classification of species is an important part, because it can help analyze the land characteristics of the waste landscape, which is conducive to the analysis and investigation of the pre-design site, or planning of how to use wasteland again. As the map marked, Type D (Dwelling) is a vacant site with an abandoned school building. The schools here used to serve the residents of the area. The wasteland here is 26 & - Evaluation Map 6: Identification of the type of watse landscap. (Source: Digimap).

Seaford Road Vita Factory

Surrounding

characterized by concrete vacant lots with buildings of historical and artistic value. For this type of Drosscape, should consideration be given to preserving buildings of artistic value? Secondly, it is worth thinking about how to cleverly reuse the historical and artistic heritage with cultural value to make it play its value.

Type O (Obsolescence) on the map is a recycling centre. The site used for recycling is mostly Contaminated. Recycling stations located closer to the city center have a higher possibility of relocation. With the continuous optimization of the surrounding construction, it cannot be ruled out that the garbage recycling station will harm the surrounding residen tial and other commercial and entertainment-related facilities. For the land treatment of the recycling centre, it is necessary to restore the original function of the land contaminat ed by artificial chemical waste. Is urban rewilding an effective solution to allow nature to gradually evolve polluted land? This method has been proposed by many scholars.

47. Bruce-Jones, H. ‘10,000 capacity venue Depot set to open in Mayfield, Manchester’. Fact. (2019: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 27

Type T (Transition) is a vacant factory. The factory is no longer in use, and the aban doned space still retains the appearance of the factory. It is worth scrutinizing the disposal of abandoned factories because production-type factories have a certain level of pollu tion, which hinders reuse. Secondly, whether it is necessary to demolish the building of the factory, construction waste occupies a large proportion of urban waste, and most of these wastes will also be disposed of by landfill, which will cause secondary pollution. The optimal utilization plan is to evaluate the age of the factory building, and then design and reuse it without demolition. Flexible architecture is a more feasible design idea. That is, with out making structural changes to the building itself, the walls and internal distribution are transformed according to the project usage habits.

A good example is Depot Mayfield at Manchester Piccadilly station. (See Figure 24). Depot Mayfield was originally a warehouse for storing goods. It was transformed into a flexible public entertainment venue during Man chester’s transformation period, mainly for holding music concerts, community events, sea sonal events, and the Archive, which will double as a cheap rehearsal for Manchester artists and studio space, etc.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 28 Figure 24: The space for holding the concert or other large event at Deport Mayfield. (Source: Fact Press).

Piccadilly Station is located on the west side of Central Manchester and the north side of the ring road. It is an important transportation hub in the city. The surrounding area includes commercial buildings, hotels, student accommodations, office towers, and industrial areas. The west side of the station is more prosperous due to being closer to the city center. The lower part of the railway is a warehouse that used to store goods, but now it has all become an idle space with the gate locked. On the northeast side of the station are located older factories and parking lots. On the south side is located a large area of the ongoing construction site.

29 CASE Caged2 PiccadillySpaces:Station & Surrounding The Case Studies Key map CASE 2

Description of Site and Surrounding Area

49 48. Robson, S. ‘From an industrial wasteland to city centre oasis - these are the first images of £1.1billion plans for Manchester’s huge new park.’ Manchester Evening News. (2019: online)

Historical Perspective Map 7 shows the comparison between 1960 and 2022. The area around the station hasn’t changed much.48 (See Figures 25 and 26). Piccadilly Station had its initial prototype in 1840 when it was called London Road Station and was expanded in 1862 to relieve the pressure from the increasing flow of people. After the nationalization of the railway in 1948, Manchester London Road was renamed Manchester Piccadilly. The station and office build ings that served the railway company from the 1860s were demolished and a new hall with office buildings was built in glass and steel. Accommodation on the ground floor of Man chester’s Piccadilly Street has been used as a warehouse for goods since the nineteenth century.

49. Network Rail. ‘Manchester was already at the heart of industrial revolution when the railway came to the city in 1830.’ Network Rail. (nodate: online) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 30

Figure 26: Proposed image to convert the Industrial area in the south of Piccadilly Station to a public park. (Source: Robson 2019: online).

1950 <->2022 Depot Mayfield Car parks Car parks Car parks Car

Map 7: Map comparison of Piccadilly Station area in 1950 and Current. Coloured area on map shows the site of wastelands. (Source: Digimap).

Inspection route

As Map 8 shows the route starts from the south entrance of Piccadilly Train Station on Fairfield Street. The first thing that caught my eye was the sign opposite the station that was written ‘I love B...’. A vacant space will be seen when The line of sight moves down. Above this vacant space is the structure of the train rail. (See Figure 27). Walk along Fairfield Street to Baring Street, you can hear the loud construction noise, and you can see the construction scene on the south side of the station through a car park. (See Figures 28 and 35). Turn back to Fairfield Street, and we can see on the way an odd triangular island not being used effec tively. (See Figure 29). Walking east along Fairfield Street, a large open space at the lower part of the trail rail structure surrounded by fences comes into sight. Through the cracks of the

Figure 25: Industrial area in the south of Picca dilly Station (Source: Robson 2019: online).

WarehouseparksRecycleConstructionscentre

fence, you can see the dark, damp, trash-ridden green space and closed shutter door that looks like a warehouse (See Figures 30, 31, and 32). This kind of scenery continues to surround the entire station. (See Figures 33 and 34). Walk along Fairfield St through the trial rail structure and at the intersection with St Andrew’s St you will see a small recycling station. (See Figure 36). On both sides of Street Andrew’s Street are car parks of different sizes and proportions. The car parks here have a low utilization rate and are idle. (See Figures 37 and 38). Arriving on Travis Street, across the parking lot in front of you, you can see a dilapidated building, some of the windows have broken glass. (See Figure 39). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1312 Fairfield St BaringSt Bond St RingRd StManor RdLondon TravisSt HeyrodAdairStStPortugalStE Fairfield St StAndrew’sSt TemperenceSt Drosscapes. Inspection route. Map 8: Inspection route of Piccadilly Station and Surrounding. (Source: Digimap).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 32 1 Figure 27: NO.1 is the fenced wasted land under the trail rail structure. The top photo shows the view from the street and the bottom photo shows the inside of the fence. (Source: Author). Fenced wasteland Inside view of the fenced area in the photo above Piccadilly Rail Station structure (Stop D) Fairfield Street

Travis Street which in the north side of Depot Mayfield Construction site in the south of Depot Mayfield Train rail bridge structure in Piccadilly station

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 33 2

Figure 28: NO.2 is the on-going construction to the south of Depot Mayfield warehouse. (Source: Author). Figure 29: NO.3 is the triangle shape of vacant site to the south of Piccadilly station. (Source: Author). 3

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 34 5 Figure 31: NO.5 is the wasteland under the Piccadilly railway on Fairfield Street (Source: Author). 4 Figure 30: NO.4 is the vacant site under the Picca dilly railway. (Source: Author). Fenced wasteland under Piccadilly Rail Station structure (Stop D) Piccadilly Rail Station structure (Stop D) Old Piccadilly Rail Station storage Fairfield Street

Figure 33: NO.7 is the fenced Wasteland behind the Piccadilly railway, also next to City Centre Garage. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 35 6 Figure 32: NO.6 is the abandoned building on the right side of Fairfield Street (Source: Author). 7

Old Piccadilly Station storage under the railway The wall of Square One car parks Railway Arch over Fairfield Street

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 36 9 Figure 35: NO.9 is the on-going construction to the south of Piccadilly Station (Source: Author). 8 Figure 34: NO.8 is the Wasteland behind the Piccadilly railway. (Source: Au thor). Railway bridge structure in the east side of Piccadilly Rail Station Construction site in the south of Depot Mayfield

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 37

Figure 36: NO.10 is a recycle centre on the west of Piccadilly station. (Source: Author). 37: NO.11 is a car parks to the north side of Piccadilly Station with low occupancy (Source: Author).

10 11 Figure

Fairfield Street

Figure 39: NO.13 is the Churchgate Building, it used to call Fairfax house use as warehouse. (Source: Author). 12

Figure 38: NO.12 is another Car parks to the north side of Piccadilly Station owned by Mvh Fleet Maintenance with low occupancy (Source: Author). Fleet Maintenance Vehicle repair shop

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 38 13

Mvh

SHORT

Waste Landscapes Dwelling Type D

Table 3: Type of waste landscape analysis (Source: Author).

Type

Landscapes Infrastructure Type I Waste Landscapes Obsolescence Type O Waste Landscapes Exchange Type E

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 39 Piccadilly Station & Surrounding - Evaluation

There are three types of Drosscapes that appear in the case studies in this chap ter. They are the types marked in Map 9. These types are refer to the Part two contexts. Map 9 shows there is a large area of Drosscape in the north of the station. From the Streetlist records demonstrates around Piccadilly Station is a high crime area.50 The frequent occur rence of crimes can indicate that the abandoned sites in these cities have a certain negative impact on the residents of the city. These vacant warehouses and underutilized parking lots are used for single purpose. In addition to parking or passing pedestrians, these places can not provide more activities to function. It sounds negative, but it doesn’t mean there are no 50. ‘Churchgate Buildings is a Street in the city of Manchester with the postcode of M1 2WL which measures approximately 42 metres long’. From November 2021 to January 2022, 128 Recorded Crimes have happened near Manchester Piccadilly station. Streetlist. (no date: online).

Landscapes Transition Type T

TYPE OF WASTELAND CUT COLOUR CODE Waste Waste Waste Landscapes Contamination C Map 9: Identification of the type of watse landscap. (Source: Digimap).

As the map marked, Type T (Transition) includes speculative investments such as commercial and real estate factories. The land used for some sites does not meet the actual needs, resulting in excessive land use.

positive aspects. For urban planners and architects, these sites have the hidden potential of the future planning.

51. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:158) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 40

51 The sites selected in the map include warehous es, assembly areas, storage yards, parking lots, transfer stations. For instance, the building displayed in Figure 61 was a warehouse in 1960s. The map shows the waste landscape of transition is the dominate type in this area. As the conclusion of the Vita factory, whether it is necessary to demolish the building that have not been demolished, and then build a new project. The easiest solution is undoubtedly to demolish the old building to be able to build a new building with the site vacant, we can call this addition. Is addition really a necessary choice? Subtraction or no addition or subtraction, adding a new value the old building. For example, office, retial, culture use space (gallery or museum), and restaurant etc.

Summarized from the Part One, Type I (Infrastructure) includes landscape surfaces associated with network system or transportation. For example, highway, electricity trans mission, oil-related easements, natural gas pipelines, waterways, and railroads etc. In this case, Although the entire station is not the main body of the Drosscape, but it applys to the space under the train rail structure. As Figure 49, 52, 53 and 56 showed these fenced spaces are already covered with grass and trashes. Type O (Obsolescence) are sites designed for the discharge or storage of munici pal waste and trash. For the future development of Manchester, the garbage dumps and garbage recycling centers near the train station are likely to become the next abandoned places. The train station has a large flow of people and is a venue favored by investors.

Description of Site and Surrounding Area

Once a bustling industrial marina, Pomona is now a peaceful land that belongs to the member of Drosscape. A slender leaf shape of the land is Pomona Island. It divides the river Irwell into two canals, one is the Manchester ship canal and the other is the Bridgewa ter canal. Pomona island acts as the invisible boundary between Salford and Manchester, the edge that buffers the waterway.52 The island is connected to the surrounding area by a pedestrian bridge and a narrow strip of land that curves towards Media City. In addition to the Bridgewater Canal and the Owell River, the huge spine of the Manchester South Junc tion Railway runs through the former Docklands, with trams constantly passing by.53 Developer Peel L&P is planning to transform the site into thousands of homes, shops, offices, leisure facilities and green spaces over the next few years, with completion expect ed in 2037.54 In the current statement, the first phase of development has gradually formed, and Figure 73 and 77 shows the whole picture of the proposed flats.

52. ‘Now owned by Peel with future plans to redevelop the area into apartments, the area has become one of interest to many people including bot anists. It has been speculated that drastic steps have been taken to prevent the area from becoming listed as one of ecological importance, as noted by a resident in 2011: “I jogged past this site this morning, and couldn’t believe what Peel had done to it! The area had previously supported a lot of native shrubs and trees. Mountain ash, gorse, silver birch, etc were all growing there. I even picked wild apples from there last year, too. The site undoubtedly would have provided a lot of habitat for indigenous wildlife and it was great to see a bit of wilderness and biodiversity in what is a very built up area”.’ Quote from Flynn, H. ‘Edgelands: the palace that exploded and a whole lot of wilderness.’ The skyliner. (2022: online).

41 CASE Forgotten3 Island:

The Case Studies Key map CASE 3

Historical Perspective Map 10 shows the comparison between 1950 and 2022. In the 1950s, Pomona was an important industrial dock along the Manchester ship canal. Historically, Pomona was once happy land. Before being a marina, Pomona was truly a tourist destination unparal

53. Fraser, E. and Wilmott, C. ‘Ruins of the smart city: a visual intervention’. Visual Communication. (2020: 357)

54. Richardson, A. ‘Fascinating history of Manchester’s forgotten island – as £1bn masterplan launched to transform ‘wasteland’’. Manchester Evening News. (2021: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester Pomona Island

Figure 40: Royal Pomona Palace, opened in 1875, was the biggest concert hall in the country (Source: Man chester Libraries) Figure 41: Aftermath of the explosion (Source: Manches ter Libraries)

Map 10: Map comparison of Pomona Island in 1950 and Current. Coloured area on map shows the site of waste lands. (Source: Digimap). 1950 <->2022 Industrial Terminal Deck

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 42

leled in its splendour. Pomona Pleasure Gardens was a major attraction in the mid-1800s.55 The original name was Cornbrook Strawberry Gardens, the name Pomona is from the lush orchards here echo the Roman goddess of orchards. The orchard was opened in 1845, and was eventually converted into a public zoo and sold the area in 1868. The new owner built a palace on the land, with a large mansion nearby.56 (See Figure 40). In the 1880s, the site was almost surrounded by factories, and it was decided to build several Manchester Canal piers on the site. In the summer of 1887, the palace and gardens were severely damaged by an explosion at a nearby chemical plant. (See Figure 41). The fol lowing year, the garden was closed forever.57 Since 1894, the island has been the proud port of the city. This was also the competitiveness of Manchester as a commercial centre at the 55. Flynn, H. ‘Edgelands: the palace that exploded and a whole lot of wilderness.’ The skyliner. (2022: online). 56. Ibid. (2022: online). 57. Ibid. (2022: online).

time.58 By the Edwardian era and World War I, the port had also expanded significantly due to increased traffic. The Port of Manchester was particularly busy during World War II and enjoyed a period of prosperity in the following decade.59 Today, nature has become the master of Pomona. The island has also gradually evolved into a wild uninhabited island, where it has become a habitat for ducks, geese and other wildlife. Plants such as shrubs and birch trees grow wildly here, gradually turning the island into colour-green. 58. Wyke, T., Robson, B. and Dodge, M. Manchester: mapping the city. (2018: 117) 59. Ibid. (2018: 120-121) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 43 CornbrookCornbrookstationRd BridgewaterWayBridgewaterWayManchestershipcanalPomonaStrand 2 1 3 4 5 6 87 9 10 1312 11 Drosscapes. Inspection route. Map 11: Inspection route of Pomona Island. (Source: Digimap).

Pomona is a completely enclosed island, except for the natural barrier of two ca nals, the entrance is blocked by an iron fence. Therefore, the observation route design starts from the Cronbrook tram station, because it is the starting point of the Pomona strand.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 44

When I arrive at the platform, what catches my eye is the fence surrounding the construc tion machines and warehouses, while the apartments under construction and the graf fiti-filled warehouse can also be seen in the distance. (See Figure 42). This is the northeast corner of Pomona. As soon as you step out of the subway station, you can see a piece of grass surrounded by fences, and conspicuous plastic shopping baskets are lying in the grass. (See Figure 43). Then, a blue iron gate will be seen directly when looking to the left. Walking towards the blue gate, you find that there are two pieces of the iron fence on the right side of the gate that has been destroyed which allowed one person can pass through. Fly-tipping is (See Figure 45). When I set my first step into Pomona, in addition to the once harbour occupied by lush vegetation, there is also fly-tipping everywhere in Manchester. (See Figures 44 and 49). Figure 46 shows standing on the bridge and can see the wasteland inside the brick wall on the left and the narrow path next to the Bridgewater canal. Head south along the only road, the Pomona strand, lined with lush meadows and wildflowers. The vast lawn can be seen to the end at a glance. The sky, apartments, warehouses, and canals are visible in the distance. Occasionally cracked concrete flats can be seen on the flat grass, which seems to be a square for playing in the past. (See Figures 47, 48, and 50)

Inspection route

Figure 51 shows the upcoming apartment complex. Figures 52, 53, and 54 display another fly-tipping ground under the tram rail.

Figure 42: NO.1 shows the view on Cornbrook tram station platform. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 45 2

Bennett Brothers Metals Recycling warehouse

Figure 43: NO.2 shows the fenced vacant site in front of the exit of Cornbrook tram station. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 46 3 Figure 44: NO.3 standing at the Waterways Avenue looking at the Cornbrook tram station. (Source: Author). Tram rail bridge near Cornbrook station New (BotanicaapartmentsRental Apartments) New (BotanicaapartmentRental Apartments) 4 Figure 45: NO.4 shows the fly-tipping view on Pomona Island. (Source: Au thor).

Evaluating land waste within central

Manchester 47 6

Figure 46: NO.5 standing at the Waterways Avenue looking at the Bridgewater way. (Source: Author). BridgewaterWastelandWay

Figure 47: NO.6 shows the view of the housing complex to the north east on Pomona Island. (Source: Author). Bridgewater canal Apartment buildings (Pomona Wharf)

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 48 7 Figure 48: NO.7 shows the view of standing at the Pomona strand looking at the Cornbrook station side. (Source: Author). 8 Figure 49: NO.8 shows some urban wastes in the greenery of Pomona Island (Source: Author). New (BotanicaapartmentsRental Apartments) Flat (VoxcomplexManchester)

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 49 10 Figure 51: NO.10 is the new apartment complex on Pomona Island. (Source: Author). Manchester ship canal Pomona Strand New apartments 9 Figure 50: NO.9 standing at the Pomona strand looking at the opposite side of the canal, unfinished construction housing can be seen. (Source: Author). New (BridgewaterapartmentsWharf) Manchester ship canal

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 50 11

Graffiti on tram rail structure

Figure 52: NO.11 shows the fly-tipping view and graffiti on the wall of under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author). 12 Figure 53: NO.12 shows the fly-tipping view and graffiti on the wall of under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author).

Graffiti on tram rail structure

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 51 14 Figure 55: NO.14 is the view of the new apartment complex under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author). New apartments 13 Figure 54: NO.13 shows the fly-tipping view and graffiti on the wall of under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author). Graffiti on tram rail structure

Map 12: Identification of the type of watse landscap. (Source: Digimap).

Table 4: Type of waste landscape analysis (Source: Author). COLOUR Waste Landscapes Transition T Waste Landscapes Infrastructure I Contamination C

CODE Waste Landscapes Dwelling Type D

Type

TYPE OF WASTELAND SHORT CUT

Three types of Drosscapes appear in the case studies in this chapter. They are the types marked in Map 12. These types are referred to in Part two contexts. Pomona is a special kind of wasteland among other kinds, the special reason is that the current state is an on going form of urban rewilding. Although trashes and waste items are still frequently found in between the bushes. But the magic is that people enjoy the natural oasis in the middle of the industrial and commercial urban area, this peaceful land is a unique existence.

As the map marked, all the Type I (Infrastructure) has turned into green land. Although the shadow of history can still be seen (the occasional concrete floor, the irregular steel and asphalt roads on the side of the road), the existence of these contradictions is not all nega tive, just like running on this island in the morning, Instead, people find pleasure in these odd

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 52 Pomona Island - Evaluation

Type

Waste Landscapes Obsolescence Type O Waste Landscapes Exchange Type E Waste Landscapes

Type

landscapes. However, the part that needs to be addressed is the fly-tipping. The potential of this type of abandoned landscape is to bring the city back to life.

In the film Natura Urbana by Matthew Gandy, the strange rubble masonry of the postwar period in the Brachen of Berlin and the spaces between the abandoned buildings are turned into “accidental gardens” by the natural. This is a wonderful work of the coexistence of history and a city designed by nature.60 The interview of professor Susanne Hauser in the film state that ‘...the competing proposals for using this huge site which is being articulated in some cases already, can be balanced, without building on large parts of the field and without drastic re-design meas ures.'61

The idea of intervention from planner and architects are not negative. However, the waste of resources caused as little as possible in the design intervention is worthy of further consideration. The film Natura Urbana: The Brachen of Berlin has displayed a positive example of how can planners and designers find the balance between wasted landscapes and hu man intervention.

Currently, it is common that some abandoned sites are about to be converted into housing by developers, high-rise apartment buildings, or terraced housing, depending on the location of the abandoned site. If it is the prime area of the city, it is the former, and if it is in the suburbs, it is the latter.

60. Gandy, M. Natura Urbana: The Brachen of Berlin. About. (2017: online) 61. Gandy, M. (2017) Natura Urbana: The Brachen of Berlin. (online: 57:56) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 53

Type T (Transition) and Type O (Obsolescence) are the most common types in the first two cases. Such as assembly areas, storage yards, parking lots, transfer stations, garbage dumps, and waste recycling centers appeared the most in Manchester.

Description of Site and Surrounding Area

54 CASE Natural4 Museum: Kersal Flats

Kersal flat is located in the Kersal district in the east corner of Salford and 2.5miles northwest of Central Manchester. To the east of the Kersal flats is the Kersal Wetland, and the River Irwell separates the two areas. Kersal Wetlands is a flood defence project developed in 2018, which serves as a reservoir for flood control to benefit the Lower Kersal neighbourhoods. The wetland is built as a flood basin, but also a natural land for wildlife.62 Directly to the north is Kersal dale, also a national nature reserve. Habitat includes large areas of woodland and semi-natural grasslands; open water marshes attract various signs of life. It is home to a variety of wildlife, such as woodpeckers and kingfishers, which can often be seen along the river.

The Case Studies map CASE 4

Key

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

63 To the south is Littleton Road which was built in the 1950s, the main road of this com munity. The observation area is a small forest on the south side of the two Kersal flats, and the kersal way winds through this green area.

63. Kersal Dale. About Kersal Dale. (no date: online).

Historical Perspective Map 13 shows the comparison between 1960 and 2022. The lush green bush near the Kersal flats in the map of 2022. There used to be 8 apartment blocks, known as Kersal Flats, which were built for Salford Council in the 1950s. Construction of the 492 apartments be gan in 1952 and the first apartment opened in 1962. Known as “communities in the sky,” the apartments became part of the solution to the massive post-war housing crisis, home to thousands. Kersal Estate is considered to be one of the largest residential areas in England at the time.

62. Salford city council. Kersal Wetlands. (no date: online).

64. Sullivan, S. and Sullivan, M. Kersal Flats: A History of Their Rise & Fall, and of the area of Lower Kersal. (2009: online).

65. Sullivan, S. and Sullivan, M. Kersal Flats: A History of Their Rise & Fall, and of the area of Lower Kersal. (2009: online). 66. Ibid. (2009: online). 67. Ibid. (2009: online). 68. Ibid. (2009: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 55 Map 13: Map comparison of Kersal flats area in 1960 and Current. Coloured area on map shows the site of wastelands. (Source: Digimap).

RiverIrwellKersalWetland

1960 <->2022 other 8 Kersal flats site Lower Kersal Kersal Dale

These ‘communities in the sky’ had fallen out of favour by the late 1970s.65 It was believed that such development destroyed communities by bulldozing traditional housing and cramming a huge number of people into a confined space. Instead of high-rise luxu ry living along the lines of the Scandinavian model, it was considered that these concrete jungles created social alienation and social dislocation.66 The rising rates of unemployment, coupled with problems of crime and anti-social behaviour in the early to mid-1980s mean that these forms of housing development were earmarked for extinction. Concerning Kersal Flats there was a policy of moving families out of this estate from 1977 onwards. This policy gave priority to any family with children under the age of 10 years of age. From that point onwards this housing was destined to become what it eventually became in the mid to late 1980s. A dumping ground for problematic persons, criminally orientated individuals, and the socially and economically dispossessed, and the area degenerated at a rate of knots.67 Eight of these were demolished in 1990. The other blocks were sold to private devel opers to renovate for private sale. Shelley and Spencer were painted white and renamed as Tilehurst Court and Peninsula Building . Blake and Cowper were eventually demolished in 1999. Shelley(Tilehurst Court) and Spencer(Peninsula Building) still stand today.68

Drosscapes. Inspection route. Map 14: Inspection route of Kersal flat site. (Source: Digimap).

Inspection route

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 56 KersalwayKingsleyAve SRadfordSt 2 1 3 4 65 7 8

9 10

The route was designed before the inspection because the site is also part of studio A work. The starting point is from an open space where next to the footbridge that leads to the Kersal Wetland. (See Figure 56). There is a shortcut to the kersal way via an unofficial path. Immediately you can see a few huge rocks. (See Figure 57). Walking towards to west along the Kersal way, you can see the abandoned street lighting pole, which was installed for the eight demolished flats. But the lighting pales are no longer used, currently. (See Figure 58). Keep walking, you will find all kinds of rubbish scattered on both sides of the road, and there are signs of being burned on the ground as well. (See Figures 59, 60, and 61). Figure 61 shows a small path leading to the forest. Figures 62, 63, and 65 show fly-tipping (People are unwilling to pay for recycling and throw their waste in the wild) in the forest. Figure 64 is a setup that echoes Figure 57. These boulders are used for traffic control, but these boulders are more like large rubbish without a sense of planning.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 57 2 Figure 57: NO.2 shows the traffic control point on Kersal way. (Source: Author). 1 Figure 56: NO.1 shows an empty space near the foot bridge between Kersal flats to Kersal Wetland. (Source: Author). Studio A team members Kersal Dale (behind the trees) Small informal path entrance from Figure 56

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 58 3 Figure 58: NO.3 shows the abandoned lighting pole on Kersal way (Source: Author). 4 Figure 59: NO.4 shows the view on Kersal way. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 59 5 Figure 60: NO.5 shows some steel parts sealed on the kersal way. (Source: Author). 6 Figure 61: NO.6 shows the burn marks on the path that leads to the green can opy. (Source: Author). Small informal path entrance leads into a hidden forest

Manchester 60 8

Figure 62: NO.7 shows fly-tipping in the forest next to Kersal way. (Source: Author). Fly-tipping in the forest

Evaluating land waste within central

Figure 63: NO.8 shows a motorbike, a scooter and an office chair have found under the green canopy on the Kersal way. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 61 9 Figure 64: NO.9 shows the end cross of Kersal way and Kingsley Avenue. (Source: Author). 10 Figure 65: NO.10 shows a unicorn on the Irwell riverside path. (Source: Author). Kingsley Avenue Irwell Riverside path

Table 5: Type of waste landscape analysis (Source: Author). OF WASTELAND SHORT CUT COLOUR CODE Waste Landscapes Waste Waste Landscapes Infrastructure Waste Landscapes O Waste Exchange E Waste Landscapes Contamination C

Dwelling Type D

Obsolescence Type

Type

Two types of Drosscapes appear in the case studies in this chapter. They are the types marked in Map 15. These types are referred to in Part two contexts. Kesal flats used to be a joyful community in the 1960s. But a change in perception of the community and rising unemployment in the late 1970s, also coupled with crime and antisocial behaviour in the early to mid-1980s, contributed to the complete demise of Kersal Flats. Nowadays, the only element that can be traced back to the picture of the time is the abandoned street lamp on the Kersal way. As the map marked, the entre Kersal flat site belongs to the category of Type D (Dwell ing). Optimistically, what Kersal flat shares with Pomona Island is that its former glory has now been returned to nature. The difference is that the Kersal flat site will continue to maintain its natural vitality, but Pomona Island is about to become a new residential area. Luckily, the Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 62 Kersal Flats - Evaluation

Landscapes Transition Type T

Type I

Landscapes

TYPE

Type

Map 15: Identification of the type of watse landscap. (Source: Digimap).

current stage of the Kersal flat site is still ruling under nature.

Isabella Tree’s argument in ‘Wilding’ is to do nothing and wait for nature to solve the chaos that people made, and there may be unexpected results. She sees this approach as giving nature opportunity and space, a leap of faith. Does such a place have wild and nec essary conditions? Why haven’t these ruins been rebuilt or considered for restoration, even if there is no possibility of any use? These immutable ruins remain today, and they have be come a part of the wasted landscape. The wasteland of urban aging caused by population reduction; the destruction of towns caused by natural disasters and accidents; the waste land of old sites left after the relocation of old factories; citizens created rubbish dumps. These existing wastelands in the urban area, have returned to nature and were rebuilt by the ecosystem. Wild plants and animals have gradually become residents of these areas. Since the eight flats were demolished, this wilding site is gradually turning the 23rd year of its growth. The fly in the ointment is the fly-tipping. If returning land to nature is a solution to re-using wasted landscape, then the fly-tipping impact is still a problem that needs to con tinue to be considered. Because the impact on humans may not be completely negative, people can find pleasure in the waste, but in the natural environment, the impact of these visible large rubbish on wildlife, people cannot guarantee that this impact is positive. Even over time, nature can digest part of the wasted landscape, but human intervention is still necessary.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 63

Hyde Road was built on what was known as Noah’s Ark Allotments, named after the Noah’s Ark house mentioned above. It was built as part of the ‘Houses for Heroes’ campaign to house World War I veterans and opened in 1921, becoming fully occupied by 1923. Hyde Road was so-named in honour of the Hyde Earls of Clarendon, the Villiers family.70 Manchester International Depot is a train maintenance station located on Hyde Road in Manchester. Map 16 shows in the 1950s, this depot was called Longsight station, and it used to be the storage for coals and minerals. In the early 1990s, this depot was extended next to the Longsight depot as part of a plan to operate Regional Eurostar international train servic es from Manchester to Europe via the Channel Tunnel. It was launched in the early 1990s as part of the Eurostar international train service programme from Manchester via the Channel 69. BCA. (no date) The backbone of the UK’s automotive supply chain. Manchester Remarketing Centre. 70. KHAS. Hyde Road – Then & Now. (2017: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 64 5

Hyde Road is the main road leading to Gorton from the southeast of central Man chester. It is also linked from Ardwick Green park in the west to Denton Golf Club in the east. Along the road are located the Nicholls Community Football Centre, Hyde Road Stadium, Manchester International Depot, Gorton Evangelical Church, etc. On both sides of Hyde Road is West Gorton which is a mixed commercial and residential area. The impressive infrastruc ture is the railway system covering almost 155,000 m² at the cross point with Intermediate Ring Road of Manchester. Continuing to move eastward are the large car parks surrounding some central buildings called Manchester Remarketing Centre. These places are owned by BCA Marketplace - formerly British Car Auctions is a used vehicle marketplace.69 This type of plannings are emerging endlessly on both sides of Hyde road on different scales.

Key map CASE 5

Aged Industrial Network: Land Waste Along Hyde Road

CASE

Historical Perspective

Description of Site and Surrounding Area

The Case Studies

Tunnel to the European operating area. Manchester and Glasgow have longer travel times to Paris and Brussels due to economic load and compared to air. Since the completion of the Eurostar service through the Channel Tunnel station in 1994, it has so far failed to deliver on the original plan. The Manchester International depot warehouse has been vacant for almost a decade and is unoccupied.

DepotInternationalManchesterRecyclecentre

71. Waterson, J. ‘Taxpayers are funding rail depot for trains that only run in France.’ Independent. (2011:online).

Map 16 also demonstrates the current BCA Manchester Remarketing Centre used to be Exhibition Hall and Speedway Stadium. Speedway Stadium is commonly known as Belle Vue, it is home to the Belle Vue Aces racing team. The stadium was built in 1928 with a capac ity of 40,000 people. Then, the stadium was used until being demolished in 1987. It was falsely claimed to be the UK’s first purpose-built motorway track.72

72. Huggins, M. and Williams, J. Sport and the English, 1918-1939. Routledge. (2005: 67). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

<->20221950 Car parks

Warehouses

65 Map 16: Map comparison of Hyde Road area in 1950 and Current. Coloured area on map shows the site of wastelands. (Source: Digimap). New

housing

At the intersection with the Manchester International Depot railway line, there is an area that has a large area of the warehouse for storage of various building materials and furniture. Including the car parks, the warehouse area is about 43,000 m². There is a 21-me ter-wide lawn with trash in between the warehouse and Hyde Road. (See Figure 66). Continue to walk west of Hyde Road, and immediately see a ruin surrounded by barbed wire, waiting for the next developer. (See Figures 67 and 68). Figure 69 displays a fenced corner of Jubilee Church RCCG Manchester on Redgate Lane. Walking on Redgate Lane, you can smell the Drosscapes. Inspection route. Map 17: Inspection route of Hyde road. (Source: Digimap).

HydeRdPotteryLnHydeRedgateLnRd 1 2 3 54 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 10

Inspection route

As Map 17 shows, the inspection route is walking from west to east along the Hyde Road. The route is designed to focus on visiting the Manchester International Depot and large car parks shown on Google maps.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 66

74. Quorum. QUATTRO PARK, Manchester. (no date: online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 67 1 Figure 66: NO.1 shows LOFT Furniture Distribution Centre North on Hyde Road. (Source: Author). Mason Marble Ltd. warehouse LOFT Furniture Distribution Centre North warehouse

stench, because there is a recycling station (Redgate Holdings Limited is a Waste Manage ment and Recycling Contractor Specialising in the recovery and recycling of resource mate rial from municipal waste in Manchester)73 behind the depot. (See Figure 70). On Pottery Lane, the end of the road stops at a car park that belongs to Quattro House. Quattro House is a headquarters office and storage facility in Manchester pre-sold to Eastlands Homes Hous ing Association.74 (See Figure 71). Figure 72 and 73 are the view of BCA Manchester Remarket ing Centre. From the south of Manchester Remarketing Centre walking through a residential area, then, arrived at Kirkmanshulme Lane. On Kirkmanshulme Lane, there is a vacant site on Google Maps which is currently under construction. (see Figure 74). On the opposite of the street, which used to appear like an abandoned stadium on Google map, now is a new hous ing development. (See Figure 75). Next is the endless parking lot. The parking lot of the Gala Bingo game centre exceeds 1.5 times the building area. Similar car parks include North West CATS Medical centre and B&M Home Store with Garden Centre. (See Figures 76, 77, and 78).

73. Redgate materials recovery and recycling. Home page. (no date: online).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 68 2

Figure 67: NO.2 shows a vacant site at the cross of Hyde Road and Clowes Street. (Source: Author). 3

Figure 68: NO.3 shows view of a vacant site on Haverford Street. It is also the back side of the vacant site in Figure 67.(Source: Author).

Figure 70: NO.5 shows Redgate Holdings Limited on Redgate Lane. Redgate Holdings Limited is a Waste Management and Recycling Contractor Specialis ing in the recovery and recycling of resource material from municipal waste in Manchester. Author). 69: NO.4 shows an abandoned corner next to Jubilee Church RCCG Manchester (Source: Author). Redgate Lane Jubilee Church RCCG Manchester

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 69 5

(Source:

4 Figure

7 Figure

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 70 6

Figure 71: NO.6 shows the headquarters office and storage facility on Pot tery Lane in Manchester pre-sold to Eastlands Homes Housing Association. (Source: Author). 72: NO.7 shows the Manchester Vehicle Remarketing Centre. Manches ter M12 4BD. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 71 9 Figure 74: NO.9 shows a construction site next to Gala Bingo game centre Car park. (Source: Author). 8 Figure 73: NO.8 shows the BCA Commercial Vehicle Centre. Auction Centre, Redgate Ln, Manchester M12 4RX. (Source: Author).

Figure 75: NO.10 shows the new housing construction on Kirkmanshulme Lane. On Google earth here shown as an old stadium. (Source: Author). 11

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 72 10

Figure 76: NO.11 shows a fly-tipping on the Gala Bingo game centre Car park. (Source: Author).

The new housing construction in Figure 75

HideOut

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 73 12

Gala

Figure 77: NO.12 shows the car park of North West CATS medical centre. (Source: Author). 13 Figure 78: NO.13 shows the car park of North West CATS medical centre. Gala Bingo game centre is located next to it. (Source: Author). Bingo game centre Youth Zone Youth Centre on Hyde Road

Land Urban

Princeton

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 74 Land Waste Along Hyde Road - Evaluation Table

75. Berger,

(Source: Author). TYPE OF WASTELAND SHORT CUT COLOUR CODE Waste Landscapes Dwelling Type D Waste Landscapes Transition Type T Waste Landscapes Infrastructure Type I Waste Landscapes Obsolescence Type O Waste Landscapes Exchange Type E Waste Landscapes Contamination Type C Map 18: Identification of the type of watse landscap. (Source: Digimap).

There are four types of wasted landscapes along Hyde Road. The highest proportion is Type E (Exchange). Type E refers to mega-regional malls or Class A malls, service-oriented anchor retailers, entertainment, themed environments, restaurants, and other sellers of lux ury goods. These retailers use new road infrastructure and large parking The field provides customers with superior access. With horizontal urban sprawl, the retail environment is also expanding. There are plenty of abandoned, vacant, and run-down shopping malls and retail centres that were once the main shopping venues in the old cities.75 In the US, these places may already become abandoned. But in the UK, these hypermarkets with extremely ineffi cient land use continue to operate especially in the suburbs. But, no excuse to admit that A. Drosscape: Wasting America, Architectural Press (1998:204) 6: Type of waste landscape analysis

Manchester International depot could be classified between Type I and Type T. Except for the 4 railways that are in use, the railway width of the others which stalled train contain ers is nearly 185 meters. The few containers on the track are scattered, and most of the track is idle. Although the depot is still performing its storage duties, the usage efficiency is lower than the design capacity. The east side of the track becomes a garbage collection site, a gathering place for various wastelands. Type O (Obsolescence) are sites designed for the discharge or storage of municipal waste and garbage. These include municipal solid waste landfills and wastewater treatment facilities. The location of waste collection station, such facility is generally located on rela tively remote suburban fringes. With the acceleration of urbanization, these recycling centre has become closer to the city centre. In this case, with the increasing growth of the residen tial land use around the Manchester International depot, it is very likely the waste collection station to be relocated to in farther place in the future.

the large car parks bound to these malls can often only see a handful of vehicles. And, since these malls are private land, they cannot be used for any other activities except for idle park ing spaces.

76. Berger, A. Drosscape: Wasting Land Urban America, Princeton Architectural Press (1998:170)

Type I (Infrastructure) includes landscape surfaces associated with network systems or transportation. For example, highways, electricity transmission, oil-related easements, natural gas pipelines, waterways, railroads, etc.76 Type T (Transition) includes speculative in vestments such as commercial and real estate plants. The land use of some sites is not in line with the actual demand, resulting in excessive land use. For example, assembly areas, storage yards, parking lots, transfer stations, etc.77

77. Ibid. (1998:158) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 75

PART THREE Figure 79: Farmer North Car Park Salford University. (Source: Author). A Critique of Method

Conclusion: Five Outcomes

Does Berger’s methodology applicable for Manchester?

C1-c: shows the proposal of housing development on the same site. (Source: Manchester Evening News) C4-a: shows the front of Chaucer (one of the demolished flat) in 1962. (Source: Flickr Kersal Blog). C4-b: shows the same spot 47 years later in 2009.(Source: Kersal Flats Blog). C4-c: shows the same spot 60 years later in 2022. (Source: Author).

The topology of wasted landscapes is not limited to the formation which is summa rized by Berger’s Drosscape method after evaluating five different case studies in Man chester. There is currently a problem. If the life of wasteland is divided into three stages: birth, growth, and present. The six types of summarized waste landscapes by Berger are all considered at the stage of birth. For instance, take Case 1 (Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School site) and Case 4 (Kersal flats) as examples. (See Figure 80). The wasteland formed in the Birth stage may change the nature of the land after many years. The mural Grade II ‘Tree of Knowledge’ on the Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School building in Case 1 is preserved, but this wall will be preserved on the façade of the affordable housing project. Is this decision con sidered enough? Also, in Case 4, Kersal flat site seems to have become a natural Garden in the residential area. As can be seen in the Case 4 photo series in the previous chapter. Even this Greenland has become a part of nature, imprints of fly-tipping and bonfire burning are common. Located in an urban area, is there any security risk? How can we make this piece of nature merge with the city? In the context of Manchester’s rapid development, Berger’s research taxonomy is constructive for Type C (Contamination) and Type O (Obsolescence). Con taminated land, recycle centre, or landfill does require a longer-term consideration of land

BIRTH GROWTH PRESENT

19621962 20092022 FUTURE2022C1-aC4-a C4-b C4-c C1-b C1-c

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 77

re-planning for the future. Considering how the wasteland being produced in the past is one of the important factors if the land belongs to the category of obsolescence and con tamination. Because, toxic lands are necessary to recover before using them again, and recovery is not an easy task. However, the evaluation of case studies indicated that waste land was also involved with the transformation in time. Type I (Infrastructure) and Type E (Ex change) are not a hundred percent wasteful for Manchester, because of the Railway depot or car parks for commercial facilities, staging areas, etc. These lands are still being used, but the usage rate is considerably low, or the usage is single. Urban construction has built projects that exceed the amount of use, which is a waste of land. So, should urban planning be more forward-looking in Manchester? These Type I and Type E lands are likely to become complete wastelands in the future. For Type D (Dwelling) and Type T (Transition), Manchester has experience in the re-use of abandoned factories. Since Manchester is a city famous for its industrial history. A large number of abandoned factories could be another challenge for the variation of reuse. Are there commercial or residential uses for the factory in addition to music and art? Wasteland is not a mistake! Wasteland is not a mistake. Almost all wasted landscapes are generated organical ly, and their generation is not a design error, nor is it random planning without thought. The formation of the wasted landscape of Manchester has been caused by several stages. The first is that Manchester is an industrial city with a special existence in history. After the postwar period, the industry crashed. The struggle of Manchester is not only coming from the pressure of the economy. De-industrialization left factories idle, and unemployment and economic setbacks resulting from the sharp population decline have turned residential areas into no-man’s-land.

After understanding that the existence of wasteland is a natural phenomenon, it is what attitude we should take to face waste landscapes. The reason why this research is Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 78

What is the attitude when facing the proliferating Drosscapes?

So, before we discuss how to deal with wasted landscapes in the urban area, it is necessary to understand that the existence of these lands is a natural phenomenon.

The waste of landscape caused by the suburban sprawl in the past, ‘New urban ism’ also gave a corresponding solution - infill and redevelopment. The best use of existing infrastructure and the best chance to protect our open spaces will come from infill and redevelopment.

In Part Two, from the evaluation of the Vita factory (Cases 1) and Pomona island (Cases 2), after years of abandonment. Both lands will be converted into housing or apart ment. It is known that after the wasteland has been abandoned for a long time, the devel opers have used these two places as residential areas.

If we assume that these housing proposals are not considered, for now, the Vita factory is located on the outskirts of Manchester. Apart from residential buildings nearby, the land use of the area is not vibrant. Is more housing the key to revitalizing communities and improving residents’ quality of life and the environment?79 Valid common areas? or commercial? Who are the residents around? What is the economic strength of the region? Several factors are associated with infill and redevelopment. In the same situation, what other possibilities are there if Pomona Island is not an island of brand-new apartment complexes?

78. Katz, P., Scully, V. and Bressi, T. W. The new urbanism: toward an architecture of community. (1994: xiii-xiv). 79. Ibid. (1994: xiii-xiv). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 79

called the ‘Proliferating Drosscape’, is because wasteland was produced in the past, but it does not mean the production will stop. As long as there are civilizations where cities are experiencing different scales of urbanization, this means that wasteland is still in produc tion and will be continuing in the future. Wasteland literature is no longer a topic that only scholars, architects, and urban planners should pay attention to, but should be explained and introduced to more ordinary people.

Over the past three decades, urban infill and redevelopment have been a top priority for most cities. There were some successes, but there were also many failures.

The list of problems and restrictions is long: racial tension, gentrification, economic stagna tion, bureaucracy, deteriorating schools, and redline assessments, to name a few. There are many ways to address or reduce the extent of these constraints, and they will all need to be considered in future urban infill efforts. But it is clear that these strategies are not enough and additional means are needed to advance urban infill.78 Then these lands that need to be filled and redeveloped are these wasted landscapes. Then, wasted landscapes also become an opportunity. How should we deal with the ‘Degree of Intervention’?

To sum up, the waste landscape is commonly found in Great Manchester, but the name of it is not exposed to the public. People are aware of council and developers chang ing our living environment, but more people ought to understand this subject to be able to have diverse openings on such ‘Proliferating Drosscape.’

80. Fortune, D. and Anau, T. Pomona Island, Lake Manapouri 20 mx 20 m Permanent Forest Plots Re-measurement Report 2005–2016. 81. Ibid. 82. TATE. Carol Rhodes 1959 – 2018. BIOGRAPHY. Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 80

David Fortune and Pomona Island Charitable Trust have established ‘Permanent Forest Plots Re-measurement Report’. This report analyzes and evaluates the change of species on Pomona Island from 2005 to 2016. The results show that mammals have deer and pos sum. And, during these ten years, the number of deer and possum both have increased significantly.

The Charm of Wasted Landscapes.

So far, the wasteland is still considered a problem that needs to be solved, then your understanding of wasteland is not comprehensive enough. There is a group of people who always see the charm of things and can find fun in the wasteland. Artists, musicians, chil dren, and even adults might like this wildness. For example, Scottish artist Carol Mary Rho des is known for paintings and drawings of landscapes marked by human intervention.82 Her works show spectacular landscape oil paintings of bird's eye view. From her workRidge (See Figure 81), you can find the figure of wasteland in the UK. This part of the view will be expanded in the Appendix.

80 Also, there are many rare plants on the island, such as mountain beech (Fuscospora cliffortiodes) – silver beech (Lophozonia menziesii) forest with other broadleaf species (including southern rata and kamahi), and treeferns (Dicksonia squarrosa and Cyathea smithii), etc. In ten years, there are 6 observed rare plants with significant growth respectively.81 Is there a better way to protect the flora and fauna on this treasured island than building a new housing complex? The thinking to be made on this question is, keep adding, or do nothing, or even subtract?

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 81 Figure 81: Ridge, 1999, Oil paint on fibreboard, 437 × 510 × 17 mm. (Source: Tate: online).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 82 APPENDIX Figure 82: Warehouse on Hyde Road. (Source: Author).

87. Shaw, G. Love and Death in a Sunny Day. MARUANI MERCIER. (2018:online).

84. Wylie, D. Light pool. oil and alkyd on canvas, 210 x 280 cm. Collection CNAP, France. (2012: online).

In 1992, German artist Anselm Kiefer moved to Barjac near Nimes in southern France. Over time, the ruins of an abandoned silk factory became his residence and studio there, expanding to include a series of extraordinary interventions in the landscape.88 (See Figure 85). His artwork is painted using colours such as rusted brass, lime grey, dry field depicting a ‘world of ruination’, ‘moonscape’, dry gardens, mountains of corpses, and ancient pilgrimage sites in sunflower fields. People are infected by these paintings. The visual impact of these 83. Remesal Rodríguez, J. Monte Testaccio (Rome, Italy). In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. (2020:7369–7382).

88. Macpherson, A. ‘Behind the scenes: Anselm Kiefer’s studio at Barjac.’ Royal Academy of Arts. (2014: online) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 83 Culture of Ruinology

86. Shaw, G. Biography. MARUANI MERCIER. (1995: online).

Monte Testaccio is a hill in the south of the Colosseo in Rome and east of the Tib er River that rises above the city’s horizon. About 250 years ago, it used to be a place for knights to compete and play, a place where people sang and danced in a bustling carni val, a place where Garibaldi defended Rome. But this is not one of the ‘Seven Hills of Rome’, it is a ‘Hill of Ancient Trash’. When visitors walk in, this hill will be revealed made from frag ments of broken ceramic pottery.83 It has now become a popular sanctuary for tourists and art schools, and people enjoy visiting while learning about the history of ancient Rome. Ruins have been sublimated from rubbish to aesthetic art.84 The art of ‘Ruinology’ has inspired all kinds of artists. Zimbabwean painter Duncan Wylie, whose modern abstract paintings use hazy expressions to present looming ruins85 (See Figure 83). British artist George Shaw, born in 1966, is known for his interpretations of the mediocre spaces of British suburbs in the form of oil paintings. In his paintings, graffiti, rub bish and architecture coexist, and this collision creates a strange feeling86 (See Figure 84) 87

85. ‘What does the picture show? A form in its centre, which seems to float, a ruin, an entanglement which is released from the canvas, freeing itself through a hypothetical force of this latter’s limits. In the background, transparent almost invisible shadows jostle the composition. As if a human presence were underscoring their absence... Transposed in the simplicity of a statement: Has the city not become the most natural of sets for us? “Take the landscape with you”, it says to us, a witness perhaps of the avowal of our powerlessness. Aesthetic sublimation of the explosion shedding light on affects and wounds. It urges us to question, underlines the urgency of a necessary reconstruction, brakes the headlong rush so that man can re-find his bearings in the tumult.’ Quote from Balesdans,T. Work in progress, Thierry Balesdans, Rencontres d’Art Contemporain Editions. Collection CNAP, France. (2013:online).

The world gradually transitioned from the doubts and dissatisfaction of the Subtopia era to the Dystopia era. The ruins of war and planning failures in the city have become a sought-after resource for art and research. Two voices have kept Dystopia alive today, one is seeking ways to CHANGE and the other is to MAINTAIN the status quo. The view of CHANGE claims these contaminated sites cannot be reused and that this pollution is eternal. While the MAINTAIN view says that change is useless, we should seek the beauty in it. There is no right or wrong here, both have value.

92. Seether. ‘Wasteland.’ Animation: Mertcan Mertbilek. Coloring: Yasemin Yasu. SeetherVEVO. (2020:online).

91. ‘For the Portugal-born composer Luís Antunes Pena, exploring the use of computers and various forms of instrumental and electronic resyn thesis is at the centre of his work as a composer. Although the “consciousness of uncertainty” is a key concept in his aesthetic. Here uncertainty is a factor which shakes the “certainties” of the process of composition and interpretation that are manifested in the supposedly clear notation of the score.’ Quote from Pena, L. A. Terrains Vagues. The ZKM. (2013: online).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 84 Figure 83: Light pool, oil and alkyd on canvas, 210 x 280 cm. Collection CNAP (Source: Wylie, D. 2012: online).

90. Klaus Rifbjerg’s poem TERRAINS VAGUES starts like this (in the poet’s own translation): ‘There were wild oats. And the soil was black. But sparkled. When the sun was out. The air sharp in the nostrils. Hard to define. Somewhere between knife coal and. Acid and that special light and sweet. Whiteness thornbushes exhale. It was nothing special. Because everything was special…’

ruins cannot be underestimated, and visitors seem to feel helpless in the ruins.89 Danish musician Per Nørgård found inspiration while reading the poem ‘TERRAINS VAGUES’ by Danish poet Klaus Rifbjerg. The term ‘Terrains Vagues’ was coined by French writer Victor Hugo to describe the boundary area between nature and human civilization. In Hugo’s words: “trees vanish, roofs take over” and “the divine murmur of Nature is silenced, the noise of Mankind takes over”.90 Per Nørgård painted this scene with classical music. Others associated with abandonment are ‘Terrain Vague’ by Portuguese composer Luís Antunes Pena91 and ‘Waste land’ by South African rock band Seether.92 The destroyed environment resonated with art ists of all stripes. In addition to the ruins depicted in these works of art, abandoned sites. There is also a kind of ruins in life that are often seen today is ‘Fly-tipping’ which means illegally leaving

89. Gagosian, L. Anselm Kiefer. Gagosian Gallery. (1980:online).

Quote from Nørgård, P. ‘Terrains Vagues, Edition Wilhelm Hansen Copenhagen (World).’ Wise Music Classical. (2000: online).

Figure 84: Love and death on a Sunny Day, 2018, enamel on board, 92 x 121 x 3.2 cm. Provenance: Artist studio. Expo Chicago 2018, Chicago, 67. (Source: Shaw, G. 2018: online).

Figure 85: Kiefer’s towers punctuate the parched landscape around Kiefer’s studio complex at Barjac in southern France, 2012. (Source: Duprat Charles 2012: online).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 85

96. Herron, J. (2013) ‘Three meditations on the ruins of Detroit.’ Terrain Vague: Interstices at the Edge of the Pale. (2013: 62-74). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 86 Figure 86: Fly-tipping cost councils £58m to clear up in 2016-17. (Source: BBC 2017: online).

Michigan central station had become an empty shell, all that could be seen through the broken window frames was darkness95 (See Figure 88). Herron asks ‘But to whom does a ruin first appear as a ruin?’ in Terrain Vague, three meditations on the ruins of Detroit chapter.96 Detroit appears to be a complete ruin to visitors, but to the residents who still live there, people don’t want to hear that they are living in ruins. Modern-imposed history is less of a 93. ‘Piles of rubbish dumped across England have been reported to councils more than one million times in 2016-17. Here are some of the things you wanted to know about fly-tipping.’ Quote from BBC. ‘Fly-tipping: What you wanted to know.’ BBC. (2017: online).

things that you do not want next to a road, in fields, in rivers, etc, recording to Cambridge Dictionary. Handicapped desks, torn sofas, intact mattresses, jumbled with car toys, plastic electronic keyboards, plastic Dumbos are scattered in the wilderness somewhere in the un inhabited suburbs, and no one cares93 (See Figure 86). There are also ruins that the travellers have visited. Travelers often dump their rubbish on the site, leaving household and industri al waste, horse manure and even human waste for landowners to dispose of. When it comes to the real ruins, Detroit’s urban decay will be on the list. As resi dents gradually have left Detroit suburb area, then, nature has become the ruler of the city. Weeds, grass and trees grow in abandoned houses and gradually encroach on each community. The houses destroyed by the fire have not been demolished, and the original properties have been difficult to identify for many years; the once well-preserved houses have also been completely occupied by the wilderness with the baptism of time. Aban doned apartments have been unable to find a single piece of complete glass. The cold, dark and empty scene in Fisher Body 21 Plant sends chills down the spine94 (See Figure 87).

94. Martinez, E. ‘Eerie Before and After Images Show Urban Decay in Detroit.’ The Weather Channel. (2016:online).

95. Vergara, C. J. ‘Former Michigan Central Railroad Station, Detroit, 1997.’ Library of Congress. (1997: online).

Figure 87: Fisher Body 21 Plant in Detroit. Photograph by Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre. (Source: Martinez, E. 2016: online).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 87

Figure 88: Former Michigan Central Railroad Station, Detroit, 1997. Photograph by Vergara, Camilo J., Vergara Photograph Collection. (Source: Library of Con gress 1997: online)

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester

Figure 89: With the sudden evacuation of around 100,000 people, the region has been left in an eerie state of decay and pictures show some of the many shops, cafes (pictured) and showrooms frozen in time after the disaster. (Source: Robinson, J. 2018: online).

Figure 90: In 2019 Chernobyl’s reactor number four was encased in a massive steel structure to prevent further radiation leaks. (Source: BBC 2022: online).

99. BBC ‘Ukraine war: Chernobyl workers’ 12-day ordeal under Russian guard’. BBC. (2022:online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 89

solution than to be thematized and Disneyfied, consumed as entertainment. Detroit is not the only abandoned town. Fukushima in Japan is in ruins after the nuclear plant disaster caused by the tsunami, and residents cannot return to their original homes since 2011.97 The prosperous town once famous for pottery has become dilapidated, but the daily necessities and furniture coefficients in the houses are all there, but they have been scattered on the ground and covered with dust and loess, and no one can return because of the nuclear radiation that still exists, wildlife began to live here98 (See Figure 89).

‘Chernobyl Exclusion Zone’ is another town contaminated by a nuclear explosion. On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (former Soviet Union) suffered a catastrophic meltdown, causing two massive explosions. 30 years later, this is still a danger zone. An abandoned Ferris wheel stands in a wooded public space in the former city centre of Pripyat, Ukraine. Once home to nuclear power plant workers and their families, today is a ghost town with abandoned apartment buildings, shops, restaurants, hospitals, schools, cultural centres and sports facilities, and its streets are overgrown with trees. According to the latest news, the abandoned nuclear power plant has once again been involved in the war, and the abandoned plant is now under the control of Russia99 (See Figure 90)

98. Robinson, J. ‘Abandoned Fukushima: Haunting images show nuclear-stricken town as it emerges soil tainted by power plant’s radiation is being used to build roads, sparking outcry in Japan’. BBC. (2018:online).

97. BBC. ‘Fukushima nuclear disaster: Abandoned town allows first residents home’. BBC. (2019:online).

— Paul Farley and Michael Symmons Roberts

102. Farley, P. and Roberts, M.S. Edgelands: Content. Landfill Water

ContainersDensPaths‘Cars

BridgesCanalsLoftsGardensWireSewage MinesVenuesWoodlandsRuinsWastelandMastsPower LightsRangesBusinessRetailHotelsPallets Piers’WeatherAirports Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 90 The Pain and Pleasure of Wasteland

100. Farley, P. and Roberts, M.S. Edgelands: journeys into England’s true wilderness. London: Vintage. (2012: 5). 101. Ibid. (2012: 5).

If wasted landscapes are negative, architects and planners strive to find second ary uses of these abandoned and wasted lands. Then, there must be some voices who will stand up and ask, why do we want to change these images that are considered to be unsightly? Why can’t we accept and find the beauty in it?

It is undeniable that time can indeed change the properties of a piece of land, but this waiting depends on the type of the original wasteland. ‘Edgelands’ describes the following objects.

Take landfill as an example, Farley and Roberts state While the impact of a landfill on sight and smell is enormous, once a layer of aggregate and soil is laid, the land is regen erated. Here it is possible to give nature an opportunity. A real case is Salt Ayre, a jutting hill

Farley and Roberts claim in ‘Edgelands’ that the wild bushes, wastelands, underde velopment and no-man’s-land on the fringes of cities have ‘edgy’. And it is proposed that the existence of the marginal zone depends on whether it can be seen or not. Most of the time these areas are just passing by as scenery along the way. Even if someone stumbles into these situations, the knee-jerk reaction is to flee quickly. So, such a land is invisible to most people, and invisibility limits the imagination of its environment.100 This is not an issue of duality, we cannot deny that unseen landscapes are worthless, however, this type of fringe is complex. Over time, these fringes are also changing.

Edgelands: journeys into England’s true wilderness

102

‘Revisit an edgelands site you haven’t seen for six months, and likely as not there will be a Victorian factory knocked down, a business park newly built, a section of waste ground cleared and landscaped, a pre-war warehouse abandoned and open to the elements.’ 101

107. ‘...as informal practices, limited in their ability to prepare groundwork, Spatially Appropriating Practices are reliant upon finding pre-existing material conditions that meet their physical requirements for practice.’

Quote from Humphris, I. & Rauws, W. Edgelands of practice: post-industrial landscapes and the conditions of informal spatial appropriation, Landscape Research (2021: 599).

103 But beneath this thick soil is 50-yearold garbage. No matter what kind of rubbish it is, what happens to it in the ground over time? Now, covered by lush green plants, the rubbish becomes an invisible layer of the land.

106. Farley, P. and Roberts, M.S. Edgelands: journeys into England’s true wilderness. London: Vintage. (2012: 157).

T. ‘Soil Pollution’. (2014: 150).

The land that can successfully regenerate was lucky. Is every landfill so lucky? In a 2002 report by The DOE, municipal waste was classified into five categories: biodegradable, recyclable materials, inert waste, composite waste, hazardous wastes.104 A large portion of this waste is non-degradable, which can clog soil airstrikes and hinder natural drainage, farming and planting operations. Only through the correct landfill method can possibly be reducing the pollution to the soil.

105 What about the ruins? Ruins are more culturally supportive than landfills. Artists and photographers can always find inspiration in the ruins. Children in residential areas use the ruins as playgrounds. Unexpected new discoveries can always be found in the ruins, and various materials rub in the wind to make different sounds. These abandoned car parks, shopping malls or anywhere in the wild with existed slopes shape which provide the perfect venue for skateboarders.106 (See Figure 91) 107 Ruins may sound like marginalized sites, and these abandoned places are often seen as a blemish in the city.

108. Franck, K.A. and Stevens, Q. Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. London: Routledge. (2007: 234).

109. Ibid. (2007: 235) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 91

104. DOE (2002) EU Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfi ll of waste. A con-sultation paper on limiting landfi ll to meet the EC Landfi ll Directive’s targets for reducing the landfi ll of biodegradable municipal waste. Environmental Policy Division, Department of the 105.Environment.Osman,K.

Karen A.Franck and Quentin Stevens However, it ends up being a useful place, where ‘useful’ means being used as a place for other activities.108 For example, a playground. It is precisely because the aban doned factory is not monitored by the regulatory authorities, which makes this kind of public space contains more freedom and adventurous. This is also the best place to at tract children and adults for illegal entertainment. These industrial ruins have many of the hallmarks of an adventure game.109 Empty hallways and stairwells, ceilings that may fall at any time, old tables and benches that may be reassembled, discarded table decorations.

103. Farley, P. and Roberts, M.S. Edgelands: journeys into England’s true wilderness. London: Vintage. (2012: 59).

on the banks of the Lune River west of Lancaster, completely oblivious to what was once a landfill, and all that is visible is grass and wildflowers.

Loose Space: Possiblity and Diversity in Urban Life

Figure 91: ‘At Port Dundas graffiti writers take advantage of the ample, unin terrupted, vertical surfaces positioned at appropriate height for painting, while DIY skatepark builders are drawn to the smooth concrete footings that allow them to roll freely from one side to the other and retaining walls stable enough to build concrete skatepark formations against.’ (Source: Humphris and Rauws 2021: Figure599)92: Edmund Moeschke in Germania anno zero (1948). Photo by A7A08A03_113.jpg - © Archives du 7e Art/Tevere Film (Source: IMDB: online)

Run, jump, pick up anything heavy like a stone and smash it, or scribble any creative pat tern on the wall, no one will interfere with anything you do here. It is the lack of censorship that makes the ruins a venue for a form of carnival that is destructive. Berlin was devas tated after World War II. The ruins are the background scenery of the city, and the debris of the protruding buildings is piled up on both sides of the road. But children can still be seen playing in the ruins. This scene of people playing in the ruins was featured in the movie ‘Germany Year Zero’ in 1948 (See Figure 92)

110. Franck, K.A. and Stevens, Q. Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. London: Routledge. (2007: 237) Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 92 other hand, presents a very different material context. Here, on a former railway embankment, hard concrete surfaces are replaced with a gently sloping grassy verge—optimal conditions for the doocot securing a timber generally less favourable recent demolition on foot. Figure 5. Park Head. Source: Author. Figure 4. Port Dundas. Source: Author. RESEARCH 599

LANDSCAPE

111

However, there is a difference between the Abandoned space in Japan and the space in The United States, The United Kingdom or other European countries. Abandoned spaces in Japan have spatial and geographical characteristics which are closely related to the local cultural background and physical environment. Firstly, these urban voids have a high degree of sanitation. Except for the space covered with vegetation made the trash uneasy to be found. The normal case is the residential neighbourhoods usually remove the rubbish and sweep the fallen leaves in the area. Secondly, the scale of abandoned sites in Tokyo is relatively small. Land in Tokyo is scarce, and giant buildings are rare in Japan. Even large vacant lots will be surrounded by endless fences and sighs to remind passers-by to be careful.

Whether these ruins are good or bad. The coin always has two sides. However, due to the sprawl of the city, these ruins are getting closer and closer to the city centre. What impact do the ruins have on the city? Are there any security risks in these ruined sites that make people pass by and leave in a hurry? Does it bring the possibility of a crime scene to the city?

Marieluise Jonas and Heike Rahmann

114. ‘The desire to maintain a clear order is expressed through the practice of clearing vacant lots of vegetation and debris, covering the ground to keep new vegetation in check, or by the more lucrative practice of turning the vacant space into a clean bitumen-surfaced car park. Larger voids are rarely noticeable, masked to blend into the building fabric by tall, immaculate walls mimicking frontages and the spatial attributes of buildings.’

112

Quote from Jacobs, J. The death and life of great American cities. London: Vintage Digital. (2016: 85). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 93

114

Jacobs argues that keeping public spaces open improves people’s sense of 111. Jonas, M. and Rahmann, H. Tokyo void: possibilities in absence. Berlin: Jovis. (2014: 28). 112. Ibid. (2014: 28). 113. Ibid. (2014: 28).

Japan has also embraced the existence of wasted and leftover spaces, not just accepting or even advocating the creation of such gaps in cities from a cultural point of view. These empty gaps are seen as potential possibilities as a concept of space. The notion of the void has a pivotal position in the Japanese context. This ‘ideas of Mu (the void) are deeply embedded in philosophical, religious, and spatial concepts, and can be found in Japanese terms such as Ma (in-between space, emptiness), Wabi-Sabi (imperfection), Oku (in wardness), or Harappa (open field, wild field).’

Tokyo Void: Possibilities in Absence

The ‘emptiness’ in the Japanese traditional sense is considered to be the infinite possibilities of space. As the designer of MUJI, Kenya Hara states: ‘Emptiness does not merely imply simplicity of form, logical sophistication, and the like. Rather, emptiness provides a space within which our imaginations can run free, vastly enriching our powers of perception and our mutual comprehension.’

These voids in the city become mysterious and exploratory playgrounds. Jun Aoki declares: ‘The wilderness is not fun in itself. Almost daily, one has to invent new ways of playing.’

113

115. ‘On the surface, we seem to have here some simple aims: To try to secure streets where the public space is unequivocally public, physically un mixed with private or with nothing-at-all space, so that the area needing surveillance has clear and practicable limits; and to see that these public street spaces have eyes on them as continuously as possible.’

Quote from Jacobs, J. The death and life of great American cities. London: Vintage Digital. (2016: 35-36).

safety. The ‘public eye’ is the key, whether it is the pedestrians around the public space, the people who stay in the space, or the residents upstairs of the adjacent buildings can become the supervisors.115 But this property does not exist in abandoned spaces or is less likely to exist. It must be said that while people enjoy ruins, abandoned sites, and wilderness, they must sacrifice nature to pay the same price.

Manifesto del Terzo paesaggio/ Manifesto of the Third Landscape

We seek nature not just in remote mountaintops and forests, but in our cities and suburbs. It’s a new way of thinking. Suburban yards, car parks, and municipal drains are not useless remnants but territories with enormous potential. We survey our degraded archi tectural landscape with tireless eyes and see the archipelago of the remaining land. We pass by them every day, but their potential sets them apart.

Gilles Clément

116. Clément, G. Not Absolute Control, Landscape Theory. (2015:online). Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 94 Figure 93: EThe Jardin des Etiquettes occupies a rectangular pit located near the Dome. A thin substrate covers this surface in depression. The plants that settle arrive spontaneously, by the wind or the birds. (Source: Landscape The ory.: online)

116

Gilles Clément proposed the theory of ‘The third landscape’. The third landscape includes sites left in urban or rural areas, transitional spaces, and neglected lands. The Third Landscape forms a privileged area for receiving biodiversity compared to the territories controlled and developed by humans. However, the natural source of the Third Landscape can come from those places where called Dosscape. (See Figure 93).

BIBLIOGRAPHY Figure 94: Farmer North Car Park Salford University. (Source: Au

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[Online]rySullivan,churchgate-buildingsAprilterStreetlist.-Smithson,cier.com/artists/74-george-shaw/works/[AccessedShaw,er.com/artists/74-george-shaw/works/[AccessedShaw,yVfIcOokM&ab_channel=SeetherVEVOMarchline]Mertbilek.Seether.lands/salford.gov.uk/parks-and-open-spaces/kersal-wetline]Salforded-soil.htmldoned-Fukushima-Images-town-amid-row-taintwww.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5673475/Abanhttps://citycouncil.(nodate)KersalWetlands.[On[Accessedon23rdMarch2022]https://www.(2020)‘Wasteland.’Animation:MertcanColoring:YaseminYasu.SeetherVEVO.[OnAvailablethroughYoutube.[Accessedon22th2022]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miG.(1995)Biography.MARUANIMERCIER.[Online]on21stMarch2022]https://maruanimerciG.(1995)Biography.MARUANIMERCIER.[Online]on20thMarch2022]https://maruanimerA.andSmithson,P.(2005)Thechargedvoidurbanism.NewYork,N.Y.:MonacelliPress.(nodate)‘ChurchgateBuildingsManchesM12WL’.Streetlist..[Online][Accessedon19th2022]https://www.streetlist.co.uk/m/m1/m1-2/S.andSullivan,M.(2009)KersalFlats:AHistoofTheirRise&Fall,andoftheareaofLowerKersal.[Accessedon19thApril2022]http://www. kersalflats.co.uk/index.html The Vita Group. (no date) Vita’s history for over 70 years. [Online] [Accessed on 19th April 2022] cessedSalfordWhelan,france-2368113.htmlare-funding-rail-depot-for-trains-that-only-run-in-independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/taxpayers-[Online]potWaterson,resource/vrg.07153/[AccessedStation,Vergara,farm.Tree,www.thevitagroup.com/our-company/our-history/https://I.(2018).Wilding:thereturnofnaturetoaBritishLondon:Picador.C.J.(1997)‘FormerMichiganCentralRailroadDetroit,1997.’LibraryofCongress.[Online]on22thMarch2022]https://www.loc.gov/J.(2011)‘TaxpayersarefundingraildefortrainsthatonlyruninFrance.’Independent.[Accessedon10thApril2022]https://www.D.(2021)‘KellenHomeslatesttotakerunatBritishVitasite.’PlaceNorthWest.[Online][Acon27thMarch2022]https://www.placenorth

Robinson, J. (2018) ‘Abandoned Fukushima: Haunting images show nuclear-stricken town as it emerges soil tainted by power plant’s radiation is being used to build roads, sparking outcry in Japan’. BBC. [Online] 30th April. [Accessed on 22th March 2022]

Figure 10: Waste Landscapes of Contamination (Source: Berger 1998: 224, 226, 230, 232). A-Ammunition assembly line structures. B-Military reservation. C-New development at decommissioned site. D-An airport sits on top of a former garbage dump. Figure 11: Heaton Hall. (Source: Author).

Figure 25: Industrial area in the south of Piccadilly Sta

Figures 1: Proliferating Drosscape Blog. (Source: Au thor). Figures 2: ‘This is the first and last view of rural Eng land’. (Source: Nairn et al. 1955: 364).

E - Abandoned Factory. Bredbury, Stockport SK6 2BP. F - Obsoleted sewage plant. Great Portwood St, Stock port SK1 2HH.

Figure 23: NO.10 on the right side of this page. A view of the abandoned Salford Vita factory on Broughton Road (Source: Author).

Figure 14: NO.1 on the right side of this page. The vacant site was Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School in the past. Highlighted area shows the art work on the wall from Alan Boyson. (Source: Author).

Figure 22: NO.9 on the right side of this page. A cross view on Seaford and Broughton Road. The sign shows the name of previous estates company (Source: Author).

Figure 21: NO.8 on the left side of this page. The working area of Pasha recycle centre. (Source: Author).

Figure 4: Salford Tree of Knowledge. Source: Author. Figure 5: Waste Landscapes of Dwelling (Source: Berger 1998: 60, 152, 150, 156).

Figure 18: NO.5 is the southside of Salford Vita. (Source: FigureAuthor).19: NO.6 is the view on the entre path of the Pasha recycle centre. Left fences belong to Salford Vita, the green fences belong to Pasha recycle centre (Source: FigureAuthor).20: NO.7 on the left side of this page. The en trance view of Pasha recycles centre. (Source: Author).

6: Waste Landscapes of Transition (Source: Berger 1998: 164, 166, 168, 160).

Figure 13: Phone, Camera and sketch book. (Source: AAuthor).-Since these abandoned sites cannot be reached by ordinary public transportation, and walking is a waste of time, choosing bicycles is a relatively flexible and feasi ble means of transportation.

C - The sketch book is to record the key points of the observation period or record the impressive scene.

B - Carrington. Manchester Rd, Carrington, Manchester M31 4DD. C - Viridor Pilsworth South Landfill. Pilsworth Rd, Bury BL9 D8QZ-Beswick cargo. Manchester M11 3NH.

D - The map is posted on the wall of my room and is used to mark the address of the Drosscape site.

A - Aged Housing Complex. Woodford, Stockport SK7 1SU.

A-Car salvage and junkyards. B-Municipal solid waste inside residential area. C-Landfill. D-Wasted water reclamation plant.

Figure 24: The space for holding the concert or other large event at Deport Mayfield. (Source: Fact Press).

Figure 9: Waste Landscapes of Exchange (Source: Berger 1998: 206, 214, 216, 218). A-Aging mall and car parks around it. B-Theatre complex. C-Retail operations into supercentre. D-New Road infrastructure and expansive car parks.

Figure 7: Waste Landscapes of Infrastructure (Source: Berger 1998: 172, 184, 182, 176).

Figures 3: ‘Subtopia on the March: the morning after the battle, with pockets of field pattern awaiting mop ping up.’ (Source: Nairn et al. 1955: 369).

A-Massive car parks near airport. B-Mill mall and car parks around it. C-Public storage and sluggard. D-Manufacturing networks.

FigureD-Highwaychannel.system.8:WasteLandscapes of Obsolescence (Source: Berger 1998: 172, 184, 182, 176).

Figure 12: Satellite view of wastelands in Great Man chester. (Source: Google Earth).

B - The role of the phone is to look up the route on Goog le Maps in advance.

A-Energy transportation Infrastructure. B-Electrical transmission line right-of-way. C-Ship

Figure 16: NO.3 is the view of locked Vita factory on Sea ford Road. (Source: Author).

Figure 15: NO.2 shows the fenced vacant site in the North East corner of the abandoned Salford Vita factory. (Source: Author).

Figure 17: NO.4 is the view on the entre path of the Pasha recycle centre. (Source: Author).

A-Scattered dwellings. B-Private golf course in an exclusive inside void. C-Transportable housing such as mobile homes and D-Thetrailer. inside void is water for recreation of the inhab Figureitants.

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 99 List of Figure

Figure 34: NO.8 is the Wasteland behind the Piccadilly railway. (Source: Author).

Figure 43: NO.2 shows the fenced vacant site in front of the exit of Cornbrook tram station. (Source: Author).

Figure 40: Royal Pomona Palace, opened in 1875, was the biggest concert hall in the country (Source: Man chester Libraries).

Figure 46: NO.5 standing at the Waterways Avenue look ing at the Bridgewater way. (Source: Author).

Figure 51: NO.10 is the new apartment complex on Po mona Island. (Source: Author).

Figure 38: NO.12 is another Car parks to the north side of Piccadilly Station owned by Mvh Fleet Maintenance with low occupancy (Source: Author).

Figure 36: NO.10 is a recycle centre on the west of Piccadilly station. (Source: Author).

Figure 28: NO.2 is the on-going construction to the south of Depot Mayfield warehouse. (Source: Author).

Figure 58: NO.3 shows the abandoned lighting pole on Kersal way (Source: Author).

Figure 35: NO.9 is the on-going construction to the south of Piccadilly Station (Source: Author).

Figure 30: NO.4 is the vacant site under the Piccadilly railway. (Source: Author).

Figure 53: NO.12 shows the fly-tipping view and graffiti on the wall of under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author).

Figure 44: NO.3 standing at the Waterways Avenue looking at the Cornbrook tram station. (Source: Author).

Figure 61: NO.6 shows the burn marks on the path that leads to the green canopy. (Source: Author).

Figure 37: NO.11 is a Car parks to the north side of Pic cadilly Station with low occupancy (Source: Author).

Figure 27: NO.1 is the fenced wasted land under the trail rail structure. The top photo shows the view from the street and the bottom photo shows the inside of the fence. (Source: Author).

Figure 39: NO.13 is the Churchgate Building, it used to call Fairfax house use as warehouse. (Source: Author).

Figure 45: NO.4 shows the fly-tipping view on Pomona Island. (Source: Author).

Figure 56: NO.1 shows an empty space near the foot bridge between Kersal flats to Kersal Wetland. (Source: Author).

Figure 59: NO.4 shows the view on Kersal way. (Source: FigureAuthor).60: NO.5 shows some steel parts sealed on the kersal way. (Source: Author).

Figure 32: NO.6 is the abandoned building on the right side of Fairfield Street (Source: Author).

Figure 57: NO.2 shows the traffic control point on Kersal way. (Source: Author).

Figure 42: NO.1 shows the view on Cornbrook tram station platform. (Source: Author).

Figure 33: NO.7 is the fenced Wasteland behind the Piccadilly railway, also next to City Centre Garage. (Source: Author).

Figure 48: NO.7 shows the view of standing at the Pomo na strand looking at the Cornbrook station side. (Source: FigureAuthor).49: NO.8 shows some urban wastes in the green ery of Pomona Island (Source: Author).

Figure 50: NO.9 standing at the Pomona strand looking at the opposite side of the canal, unfinished construction housing can be seen. (Source: Author).

Figure 31: NO.5 is the wasteland under the Piccadilly railway on Fairfield Street (Source: Author).

Figure 62: NO.7 shows fly-tipping in the forest next to Ker sal way. (Source: Author).

tion (Source: Robson 2019: online).

Figure 26: Proposed image to convert the Industrial area in the south of Piccadilly Station to a public park. (Source: Robson 2019: online).

Figure 29: NO.3 is the triangle shape of vacant site to the south of Piccadilly station. (Source: Author).

Figure 41: Aftermath of the explosion (Source: Man chester Libraries).

Figure 54: NO.13 shows the fly-tipping view and graffiti on the wall of under the tram railway structure. (Source: FigureAuthor).55: NO.14 is the view of the new apartment com plex under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author).

Figure 63: NO.8 shows a motorbike, a scooter and an of Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 100

Figure 52: NO.11 shows the fly-tipping view and graffiti on the wall of under the tram railway structure. (Source: Author).

Figure 47: NO.6 shows the view of the housing complex to the north east on Pomona Island. (Source: Author).

Figure 68: NO.3 shows view of a vacant site on Haver ford Street. It is also the back side of the vacant site in Figure 69: NO.4 shows an abandoned corner next to Jubilee Church RCCG Manchester (Source: Author).

Figure 82: Warehouse on Hyde Road. (Source: Author).

Figure 80: Three stages of wasteland life. C1-a: shows Cromwell Girls’ Secondary School was built in 1962 and demolished in 2009. (Source: Salford Star). C1-b: shows the same site 13 years later in 2022. (Source: C1-c:Author).shows the proposal of housing development on the same site. (Source: Manchester Evening News) C4-a: shows the front of Chaucer (one of the demol ished flat) in 1962. (Source: Flickr Kersal Blog). C4-b: shows the same spot 47 years later in 2009. (Source: Kersal Flats Blog). C4-c: shows the same spot 60 years later in 2022. (Source: Author).

Figure 65: NO.10 shows a unicorn on the Irwell riverside path. (Source: Author).

Figure 75: NO.10 shows the new housing construction on Kirkmanshulme Lane. On Google earth here shown as an old stadium. (Source: Author).

Figure 64: NO.9 shows the end cross of Kersal way and Kingsley Avenue. (Source: Author).

Figure 71: NO.6 shows the headquarters office and storage facility on Pottery Lane in Manchester presold to Eastlands Homes Housing Association. (Source: FigureAuthor).72: NO.7 shows the Manchester Vehicle Remar keting Centre. Manchester M12 4BD. (Source: Author).

Figure 78: NO.13 shows the car park of North West CATS medical centre. Gala Bingo game centre is located next to it. (Source: Author).

Figure 81: Ridge, 1999, Oil paint on fibreboard, 437 × 510 × 17 mm. (Source: Tate: online).

Figure 83: Light pool, oil and alkyd on canvas, 210 x 280 cm. Collection CNAP (Source: Wylie, D. 2012: online).

Figure 84: Love and death on a Sunny Day, 2018, enam el on board, 92 x 121 x 3.2 cm. Provenance: Artist studio. Expo Chicago 2018, Chicago, 67. (Source: Shaw, G. 2018: Figureonline).85: Kiefer’s towers punctuate the parched land scape around Kiefer’s studio complex at Barjac in south ern France, 2012. (Source: Duprat Charles 2012: online).

Figure 92: Edmund Moeschke in Germania anno zero Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 101

Figure 79: Farmer North Car Park Salford University. (Source: Author).

Figure 90: In 2019 Chernobyl’s reactor number four was encased in a massive steel structure to prevent further radiation leaks. (Source: BBC 2022: online).

Figure 87: Fisher Body 21 Plant in Detroit. Photograph by Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre. (Source: Martinez, E. 2016: Figureonline).88:Former Michigan Central Railroad Station, Detroit, 1997. Photograph by Vergara, Camilo J., Vergara Photograph Collection. (Source: Library of Congress 1997: Figureonline)89: With the sudden evacuation of around 100,000 people, the region has been left in an eerie state of decay and pictures show some of the many shops, cafes (pictured) and showrooms frozen in time after the disaster. (Source: Robinson, J. 2018: online).

Figure 73: NO.8 shows the BCA Commercial Vehicle Centre. Auction Centre, Redgate Ln, Manchester M12 4RX. (Source: Author).

Figure 67: NO.2 shows a vacant site at the cross of Hyde Road and Clowes Street. (Source: Author).

Figure 66: NO.1 shows LOFT Furniture Distribution Cen tre North on Hyde Road. (Source: Author).

Figure 63: NO.9 shows a motorbike, a scooter and an office chair have found under the green canopy on the Kersal way. (Source: Author).

Figure 86: Fly-tipping cost councils £58m to clear up in 2016-17. (Source: BBC 2017: online).

Figure 76: NO.11 shows a fly-tipping on the Gala Bingo game centre Car park. (Source: Author).

Figure 77: NO.12 shows the car park of North West CATS medical centre. (Source: Author).

Figure 74: NO.9 shows a construction site next to Gala Bingo game centre Car park. (Source: Author).

Figure 91: ‘At Port Dundas graffiti writers take advantage of the ample, uninterrupted, vertical surfaces positioned at appropriate height for painting, while DIY skatepark builders are drawn to the smooth concrete footings that allow them to roll freely from one side to the other and retaining walls stable enough to build concrete skatepark formations against.’ (Source: Humphris and Rauws 2021: 599).

fice chair have found under the green canopy on the Kersal way. (Source: Author).

Evaluating land waste within central Manchester 102

(1948). Photo by A7A08A03_113.jpg - © Archives du 7e Art/Tevere Film (Source: IMDB: online) Figure 93: EThe Jardin des Etiquettes occupies a rec tangular pit located near the Dome. A thin substrate covers this surface in depression. The plants that settle arrive spontaneously, by the wind or the birds. (Source: Landscape Theory.: online). Figure 94: Farmer North Car Park Salford University. (Source: Author).

Drosscape Drosscape proliferating proliferating ARCHITECTURE & URBANISM 2022 DISSERTATION | Yichen Meng | 21408110 Manchester School of Architecture | University of Manchester | Manchester Metropoitain University