Typology(Urban planning and Architecture)

Architectural Engineering Department Postgraduate Course – 2019/2020

Typology (urban planning and architecture) Housing & Urban Studies(ARC 531)

Under Supervision of:

Prof. Dr. : Ghada farouk 04/03/2020

Presented by: ► Sally Saad Abdelhameed ► Mennatallah Abdelrahman Mohammed ►Shereen Mohamed Abdelmageed ► Yasmeen Osama Ramadan

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CONTENTS - Introduction - Definition of typology - Housing Typology - Elements affecting on typology • • • • •

Site Analysis Culture Social condition Building regulation Economy

-Literature Review •

THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY ON NEW HOUSING DESIGNS IN EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY IN AKCAKOCA-Turkey

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A CHRONOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN GULF CITIES

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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON LOWCOST HOUSING IN NEW TOWNS IN EGYPT: THE CASE STUDY OF NEW BORG EL-ARAB

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“ SPATIAL PRINCIPLES Of TRADITIONAL CAIRENE COURTYARD HOUSES IN CAIRO

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SHAPE CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT : A LESSON OF URBAN DESIGN FROM DAKHLEH OASIS, EGYPT

- Case Studies - Summary - References 04/03/2020

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Introduction â–ş An emphasis on typology is characteristic of New Urbanism. New Urbanisms believe it is important to match the physical development characteristics of a place within the appropriate typology for that place , as determined by local preferences taken in context with urban patterns as evidenced throughout history.

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Definition of Typology â–ş Dictionary definition : A classification according to general type . â–ş Architecture definition : It is a science that defines a particular set of characteristics of a building that depend on specific factors at the household level To identify and categorize buildings into different groups of forms .

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Housing Typology

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Housing Typology Detached dwellings Detached

Multi-user dwellings Small detached buildings Long attached row buildings

Semi detached

Large detached building

Attached

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Detached dwellings Detached â–ş Single dwelling unit .

Semi detached

â–ş Dwelling unit shares one or more walls with another dwelling unit.

Attached â–ş Dwelling unit shares one or more walls with another two dwelling unit.

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Multi-user dwellings Small detached buildings â–ş Small detached buildings containing from 2-8 unites in 1 to 4 floor buildings.

Long attached row buildings

Large detached building

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â–ş Long attached row buildings containing several units in 1 to 4 floors.

â–ş Large detached building containing huge amounts of unites on many floors.

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Elements Affecting on Typology

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Factors Affecting Typology

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Site Analysis â–ş Definition : Is a preliminary phase of architectural and urban design processes dedicated to the study of the climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural context of a specific site. .

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â–ş Elements 1- Location:

2-Neighbourhood Context:

3-Zoning and size:

Where the site is situated.

The immediate surrounding of the site including data of buildings that impacts on our project.

dimensional considerations such as boundaries, easements, height restrictions, site area, access along with any further plans.

4-Natural physical features:

5-Man made features:

6-Circulation:

Actual features of the site such s trees, rocks, topography, as rivers, ponds, drainage patterns.

Existing buildings, walls, surrounding vernacular, setbacks, materials, landscaping, scale.

Vehicle and pedestrian movements in, through and around the site.

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7-Utilities:

8-Climate:

9-Sensory :

Any electricity, gas, water, sewer and telephone services that are situated in or near the site, along with distances, depths and materials.

All climatic information such as rainfall, snowfall, wind directions, temperatures, sun path, all considered during the different times of the year.

This addresses the visual, audible and tactile aspects of the site, such as views, noise, and so on. These again should be considered in time frames and a positive or negative factor can be attributed to the condition.

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â–º The influence

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Culture â–ş Definition :

Culture embraces complex ways of living, value systems, traditions, beliefs and habits; including knowledge, morals, law and customs, acquired by those within that society .

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â–ş The cultural component: - Religious belief.

- Index of attitudes toward women.

- Index of political attitudes.

- Kinship relations.

- Attitudes toward kinship and housing.

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â–º The influence

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Social Condition â–ş Definition:

Marital status , your income, your occupation or your level of education .

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Building Regulation The aim of the building regulations is to provide for the safety and welfare of people in and about buildings. The building regulations apply to the design and construction of a new building (including a dwelling) or an extension to an existing building. The minimum performance requirements that a building .

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Economy ► Definition : It is the element that cares about the financial part , So Rising house prices, generally encourage consumer spending and lead to higher economic growth – due to the wealth effect.

A sharp drop in house prices adversely affects consumer confidence, construction and leads to lower economic growth. (falling house prices can contribute to economic recession)

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Literature Review

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THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY ON NEW HOUSING DESIGNS IN EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY IN AKCAKOCA-Turkey -Author(s):Deniz Tuzcuoğlu

-Publication Date:.25 july.2015 –Istanbul-turkey -Keywords: Housing Design, Typology, Traditional Housing, New Design, Spatial Organization .

Introduction: Climate, livelihood, regional characteristics, cultural and socio-economic characteristics etc. of an area has a significant impact for new housing designs in existing environment.

Aim: paper focuses on the information of the housing typology in existing areas by studying the traditional and the new type of housing plans to reveal the impact of traditional typology on the new housing plan types.

CONCLUSIONS : •

In this paper, it is discussed the impact of the design characteristics of traditional housing typology and new housing typology with and without the reference of traditional typology.

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There is central plan type with inner sofa in traditional housing examples and sofa is very important unit in plan layout that connects all other units of house. The direction of sofa in traditional housing plan layout is located due to the view, sun and wind direction.

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the traditional usage of corridor still keeps the traditional memory and provide comfortably space to users Reverse, in the new housing design with no reference provide no interaction space for the users with fairly long corridors.

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In traditional housing design examples the relation with garden for all spaces of house is very strong. Similar to this in the new housing type with the references of traditional typology provides relatively same relation to its users. In opposite, the new housing type with no reference almost do not provide any relations to its users which is relatively unusual.

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there occur inadequate user satisfaction and functional efficiency in the examples of new housing design with no reference of traditional building scale and typology. On the contrary, in the examples of new housing design with the reference of traditional building typology has higher user satisfaction and comes up to expectations. building scale in existing environment provide more functional efficiency and higher user satisfaction.

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Case study in AKCAKOCA-Turkey : • The plan types of traditional Turkish houses is determined by the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the occupants and the influence of physical factors is mostly manifested in the structural systems and plan layouts.

• The plan types of Turkish traditional houses is formed by the location of “Sofa” surrounded by rooms .

• there are 4 types of traditional Turkish houses illustrated in Figure 1

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Case 1 (T): Traditional Housing Typology: As conclusion of the study of Case T there is high satisfaction of users even though they have some problems with the use of their houses.

The comfort level and natural ventilation of each spaces in the house can be the result of the natural construction material that used in houses and the direction of sofa in layout.

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Case 2 (R): The New Housing Designs with Reference of Traditional Typology: it can conclude that the typology of case R are following the trails of the traditional housing design Case T in the meaning of garden usage, section relations, the direction of the location of house and etc. Hence, it can conclude that the examples of Case R is the transition typology between new designs and traditional designs.

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3.3 Case 3 (N): The New Housing Designs with No-Reference : The ex-user of N1 emphasized the main problems that he had with the dwelling and he especially emphasized that there was humidity problem inside of the dwelling and so that he and his family had no comfort .

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the direction of sofas and corridors of each study are demonstrated.

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A CHRONOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN GULF CITIES Author(s): Dr. Adel Muhammad , Dr. Ashraf M. Salama , Florian Wiedmann and Dr. Hatem Galal A Ibrahim Publisher: ResearchGate.

Publication Date: September 2016.

Keywords: Contemporary urbanism, Gulf cities, Housing transformation, Housing production, Residential architecture

Aim: Identify the process of transformation by applying a comparative assessment of the different periods in order to examine continuities or ruptures between them. Thus, particular layout elements were analyzed and compared.

Conclusions are drawn to underline contemporary challenges while offering projections for future housing typologies in the selected cities and other similar ones.+

A demonstration of housing transformation in the Gulf.

Conclusion : - the first two phases of the housing evolution represent a collective development reflecting both the cultural needs as well as the various environmental constraints. The study furthermore unveils that the modern and contemporary phases reflect international housing standards in which the spatial configuration of housing typologies have been following global economic forces.

- Attracting the local population to the urban core is achieved by utilizing traditional design elements in an exclusive housing district while at the same time creating a spatial distance from migrant communities and their lifestyles.

- urban governance has to mediate between the general housing expectations and the new reality of housing as main investment opportunity leading to rising land prices in all cities.

- The layout should based on a central core from where all rooms can be accessed, various layers of family privacy and a certain distance to migrant communities 04/03/2020

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The various case studies of housing types in the four Gulf cities.

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The key events within local urban governance impacting housing development in the four selected Gulf cities.

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The internal relationships of spaces within the post-nomadic housing typology in the four cases.

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The spatial organization of the traditional housing typology in the four cities.

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The spatial organization of the modern housing typology in the four cities.

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A demonstration of housing transformation in the Gulf.

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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON LOW-COST HOUSING IN NEW TOWNS IN EGYPT: THE CASE STUDY OF NEW BORG EL-ARAB Author(s): Dr. Islam Hamdi Elghonaimy and Dr.Dalia Hussain Eldardiry.

Publisher: ResearchGate.

Publication Date: April, 2010.

Keywords: Environmental Determinants, Building Conditions, Low-cost Housing, New towns, Egypt.

-Aim: Assess the environmental conditions which affect the houses in Borg El-Arab, and to suggest recommendations which could lead to improve the housing conditions in houses built under the same environmental conditions, integrating buildings with the surrounding environment, achieving better levels of human comfort, improving residents’ satisfaction and attracting more people to live in the houses.

Location of Borg El-Arab City

-Results: From the detailed study of the environmental housing conditions in New Borg El-Arab, the effective periods suitable for the human activities are about 41.6% of year, and these periods change with the change of internal influences, they could be increased to 66.6% of the year or decrease to 33.3% of it. This change depends on the building materials, the design of the house elements, and the site of the house. It could be observed that the well designed houses, the choice of suitable finishing materials and the landscape around the house can protect the inhabitants from climatic changes and much glare. Also, they can provide comfortable conditions without the use of expensive, energy–consuming mechanical equipment.

Master Plan of Borg El-Arab City 04/03/2020

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-Case study of Borg El-Arab: -Environmental conditions in new Borg El-Arab:

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-Building Materials:

• Natural materials: sand, stone, and natural rocks. • Synthesized materials: concrete, steel, bricks, wood, lime, and glass • Complimentary materials: wooden and metallic doors and windows.

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-Environmental housing conditions:

Housing categories

Low cost house

Economic house

Medium house

Environmental housing conditions

economic

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-Tables of the Study results : environmental housing conditions in the cases studied of New Borg El-Arab

The relationship between the environmental conditions and housing elements

-Comments: The architects should integrate the affordable housing with the surrounding environment in terms of human comfort. That can be achieved through : • The good design of the house • The suitable building and finishing materials within the same region.

• The landscape around the house 04/03/2020

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SPATIAL PRINCIPLES Of TRADITIONAL CAIRENE COURTYARD HOUSES IN CAIRO Author(s): Reem Abdelkader & Jin-Ho Park.

Publisher: Architectural Institute of Japan.

Publication Date: 24 Oct. 2018.

Keywords: Egypt, Islamic, Cairene, courtyard, and principles.

Aim: Recapitulates a spatial logic underlying the arrangement of traditional Cairene courtyard houses in Cairo, which adequately characterizes its unique spatial designs.

Results: The compositional principles of traditional Cairene courtyard houses can be an important source of an Egyptian architectural identity because it has evolved with Egyptians over generations while adapting to their needs, social, cultural, and climatic environment. The lessons learnt from this study could be used as a canonical solution to the development of new Egyptian house designs, and can be utilized in contemporary design practices. Accordingly, traditions will step up the creative process and help with the realization of very creative blends within the spirit of contemporary aesthetic thought.

Al Suhaymi house 04/03/2020

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-Features of Traditional Cairene Courtyard Houses in Cairo :

Fig.2. Courtyard and Magaz Organization in the Zeinab Khatoun House

Fig.1. Nine Cairene Courtyard Houses in [Keys: a. Courtyard, b. Magaz, c.

Takhtabush, d. Reception hall (Salamlik/Haramlik)/ Guest room e. Store room, f. Kitchen, g. Stable room, h. Backyard] 04/03/2020

Fig.3. Top. Image and plan of Takhtabush and its location in the Al-Suhaymi house; Bottom. Plan of Takhtabush in the Muhib al-din house 40

Fig.5. Top. Plan and section of Shokhshekha in the Zainab Khaton house; Bottom left. View of Shokhshekha outside the Harawi House; Bottom right.

Shokhshekha inside the Al-Suhaymi House

Fig.4. Top. Mashrabiya's details and main components (Mohamed, 2014); Bottom. Mashrabiya in an Al-Suhaymi house

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Fig.6. Malqaf view inside and outside the Al-Suhaymi house showing its function as a wind catcher and wind escape 41

-Principles of Spatial Compositions:

Fig.8. Left. 1. Bench 2. Gatekeeper's room in Manzil Gamal Al-Din AlDahabi; Right. 1. Bench 2. Gatekeeper's room in the Sennari House

Fig.7. Relationship between Shokhshekha and Malqaf in the way air flows, the Muhibb Al Din Muqqawi House

Fig.9. Possible Ways in Which Rooms Can Wrap Around the Courtyard 04/03/2020

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Fig.10. Spatial Compositions of the First Floor Plan in Traditional Cairene Courtyard Houses [a. Courtyard, b. Magaz, c. Takhtabush, d. Salamlik, e.

Water storeroom and stable, f. Service and mill storerooms, g. Stairs and attached rooms, h. Backyard

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Fig.11. Spatial Composition of the Second Floor Plan in Traditional Cairene Courtyard Houses [a. courtyard, back garden, Salamlik and stairs from the first floor, b. Maqad with rooms attached, c.

Haramlik Zone, d. Secondary reception hall]

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SHAPE CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT : A LESSON OF URBAN DESIGN FROM DAKHLEH OASIS, EGYPT -Author(s): Riccardo Balbo.

-Publisher: SemanicScholar.

-Publication Date: September,2006 -Keywords: urban design, rehabilitation, Egyptian oasis, Dakhleh, urban morphology, building typology.

-Aim: consider the ancient Egyptian approach to sustainable urban design and rehabilitation.

-Results: On-site survey, research and conducted comparing the Coranic prescriptions with the technological aspects, show connections between urban shape, environmental quality and socially shared values. If inhabitants are aware of economic and material resources availability, they can easily help the city to change the process while maintaining essential environmental criteria as a spontaneous urban environment regulator.

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-Case study Al Qasr and Balat : 1-Urban Structure:

Figure 1: relations between streets width and privacy

Figure 4: Masharabyia and olla

Figure 2: Shops windows positioning 04/03/2020

Figure 3: Vertical windows positioning and privacy 45

2-The Vertical Growth(need of space):

Figure 5: Town labyrinthic structure

Figure 6: Shaded alleys and light wells

Figure 7: Town vertical growth process 04/03/2020

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Case Study 1

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Rokko Housing I,II,III Tadao Ando

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-Site:

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Case Study 2

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Housing Case Study: Narkomfin Apartments -Located in: Moscow, Russia

-Designed by: Moses Ginzburg and Ignaty Milinis -Year: during Constructivist Movement in Russia 1930 The apartments were designed for the workers at the Russian Ministry of Finance. • The purpose of the project: was to better understand housing typology and unit adjacency within a housing project and determine the pros and cons of the project and apply it to our own housing design. • Result: This project was not only a progressive step toward a new architecture, but it tried to shape the inhabitants manners and values by instilling a collective and communal behavior, in an attempt to alter social norms.

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Determined the housing typology, programmatic elements, circulation and unit adjacency and layout, by recreating plans, sections and axonometric drawings, and a sectional model.

The project pushed a progressive change in housing, moving from family housing to collective communal housing 04/03/2020

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The intent of the design was to reduce the size of an individual apartment unit and promote a communal style of living.

The model unit was separated vertically, where the bedrooms were located in the upper portion and the living and kitchen area located in the lower portion.

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• The apartment complex consists of two different types of living spaces, “type K” and “type “F”.

• The first, type “K” were for families, allowing more room for a larger amount of people and ample space to cook. The second type, type “F” were better suited for single or smaller groups of people, who wanted to embrace a greater communal living style. This apartment unit contained smaller spaces to eat and cook.

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• The building is a single orientation consisting of a single loaded corridor at every third floor, in order for natural light to enter the one side of the building

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Model

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Exterior Shots

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Narkomfin Apartments Video :

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Summary

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References ► Papers : • “ Tadao Ando 0 Process and Idea (English and Japanease Edition) ” , Tadao Ando , toto , 2019 • “ Ando Tadao Housing I.II.III JA Library “ , Yoshio Yoshida,Tadao Ando , Shinkenchiku-Sha Co. Ltd , Dec. 1993 • “ THE IMPACT OF TRADITIONAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY ON NEW HOUSING DESIGNS IN EXISTING ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY IN AKCAKOCA-Turkey “ , Deniz Tuzcuoğlu , 25 july.2015 –Istanbul-turkey • “ A CHRONOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN GULF CITIES “ , Dr. Adel Muhammad , Dr. Ashraf M. Salama , Florian Wiedmann and Dr. Hatem Galal A Ibrahim , September 2016, ResearchGate • “ IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON LOW-COST HOUSING IN NEW TOWNS IN EGYPT: THE CASE STUDY OF NEW BORG EL-ARAB “ , Dr. Islam Hamdi Elghonaimy and Dr.Dalia Hussain Eldardiry. , April, 2010 , ResearchGate • “ SPATIAL PRINCIPLES Of TRADITIONAL CAIRENE COURTYARD HOUSES IN CAIRO “ Author(s): , Reem Abdelkader & Jin-Ho Park., 24 Oct. 2018 , Architectural Institute of Japan.

• “ SHAPE CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT : A LESSON OF URBAN DESIGN FROM DAKHLEH OASIS, EGYPT “ , Riccardo Balbo , September,2006 , SemanicScholar.

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► Internet Links : • https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/building_types/typology • http://crowdsociety.org/index.php/100_projects_of_crowdfunding_in_architecture • https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Shape%2C-culture-and-environment%3A-a-lessonof-urban-Balbo/c467a4c2fd5c9228594dd0c9f7e709addb59451c • https://densityarchitecture.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/formal-typologies-of-dense-residentialarchitectures/ • https://www.researchgate.net/figure/City-blocks-adaptation-after-the-typologies-of-DensityNew-Collective-Housing_fig6_259642232 • https://www.architectural-review.com/15178.more?blocktitle=typology&contentID=15178 • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275117302299 • http://theconstructivistproject.com/en/object/5/narkomfin-residential-complex • https://archinect.com/mwieber/project/housing-case-study-narkomfin-apartments

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