democracykhmer1 by phat MEN

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CMBUkTI1

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CMBUkTI2

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enAéf¶TI11 ExmIna qñaM1976 KN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIskm<úCa)anCYbBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðasuMla ElgBItMENgrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. KN³Gcié®nþy_)anRBmeRBógTTYlyksMeNIsuMlaElgrbs; RBHGgÁ b:Eu nþngw minGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁcakecjBIRbeTs eFVeI sckþEI føgkarN_ b¤CbY BiPakSaCamYyGgÁTtU breTs NamYyeLIy. rbbraCaniymenAkm<Cú aEdlekItmaneLIgGs;ry³eBlCitBIrBan;qañ mM kehIyenaHRtÚv)anbBa©b.; enAExemsa qñaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa)anebIksm½yRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmþgKt;rbs; xøÜn. GgÁRbCuM)anRBmeRBógKñaCaÉkcänÞeTAelIsMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtþn_rbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu eday pþlf; aV yRBHGgÁnvU R)ak;esaFnnivtþnc_ nM nY R)aMbBI an;dlu aø rshrdæGaemrikkñgú mYyqñaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGgÁ Tal;EtesaH. RBHGgÁngi RBHraCvgSanuvgSRtÚv)anXuXM aMgenAkñgú eKhdæantUcmYykñgú RBHbrmraCvaMg. RBHGgÁ )anCab;XuMenA TIenaHrhUtdl;Exmkra qñaM1979 KWrhUtdl;éf¶dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü13. 5> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaKWCaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RksYg EdlmanskmµPaBkargareRcIn EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgPñMeBjrYmmanRksYgkarbreTsdwknaMeday eGog sarI RksYgkarBarCatidkw naMeday sun esn RksYg]sSahkmµdkw naMeday ecg Gn nigRksYgesdækci © dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KN³kmµaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiTGi§ N M ackñgú kareFVeI sckþsI eRmccitþ nigGnumt½ eKal neya)ayrdæaPi)alniglkçnkiþ ³epSg² KWKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþyb_ kSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú aEdlman b:lu Bt Caelxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú aminEdlykcitTþ ku dak;eKarBrdæFmµnBu aØ nigbTbBaØtniþ ana EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGñkGnumt½ begátI eLIgedayxønÜ ÉgmþgNaeT. smaCikénKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþyn_ gi KN³ kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSk¾mantMENgenAkñúgrdæaPi)alEdr14.

exov sMpn ¬smmitþEhm¦ exov sMpn ekItqña1M 931enAextþsaV yerog. bnÞab;BITTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs )araMg exov sMpn )anbBa©b;sBaØab½Rtfñak;bNÐit viTüasa®sþesdækic© ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCa vijkñúgqñaM1959. bnÞab;mk semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anEtgtaMg exov sMpn CardæelxaFikar RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ. enAqñaM1964 exov sMpn )anlaElgBImuxtMENg b:uEnþbnþsßitenACasmaCik sPary³eBlbYnqñaMeTot. qñaM1967 edayRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;gar rbs;RkúmkumµúynIsþ exov sMpn )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn enAkñúgéRB. qñaM1976bnÞab;BIkarsuMlaElgrbs; semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu exov sMpn RtÚv)anEtgtaMg CaRbFanKN³RbFanrdærbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. exov sMpn )ancUlrYmCamYyY rdæaPi)alnireTsrbs; b:ul Bt BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1998 ehIybnÞab;mk exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

6> karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS

enAExmIna qña1M 976 KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)an seRmcykqñaM1960 ¬minykqñaM1951¦ CaqñaM kMeNItbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgenaH)an seRmcfa GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcUlCasmaCikmunqñaM 1960nwgminRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasmaCikbkSeTot eT. mCÄimbkSmincg;TTYlsÁal;sarsMxan;énkarCYy eRCamERCgrbs;evotNammunqña1M 960eLIy ehIy cg;bdiesFecal\T§iBlrbs;evotNammkelIbkS kumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú a nigcg;kat;paþ c;TnM ak;TnM gTaMgLayEdl Føab;manCamYyevotNampg. bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anbnþdwknaMRbeTsCasm¶at; enAeRkameQµaHfa{GgÁkar}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAEx kBaØa qñaM1977 KWmundMeNIrTsSnkic©eTARbeTscin bnþic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarN³nUvGtßiPaB rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCanayk rdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

kmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSnkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CMBUkTI5

PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAqñaM1976 bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa)anEbgEckkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeTACa6PUmiPaK EdlrYmman 32tMbn;. PUmPi aKnImy Y ²KWykextþBrI b¤eRcInmkbBa©lÚ Kña b¤kat;ecjBIextþenHxøHb¤extþenaHxøHmkbBa©lÚ Kña. PUmPi aKnigtMbn;TaMgGs;sTu E§ tRtÚv)andak;kN M t;smÁal;Caelx. PUmPi aKnImy Y ²EckecjCaeRcIntMbn; ehIy tMbn;nImYy²EckecjCaRsuk XuM nigshkrN_. PUmPi aKbUBa’ ¬PUmPi aK203¦ dwknaMeday esa Pwm EdleFVGI tþXatenAEx]sPa qña1M 978. PUmPi aK enHrYmmanextþéRBEvgnigextþsaV yerogTaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþkBM g;camEdlsßti enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁTaMgGs; nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykñúgextþRkecHKWRsukqøÚg nigkat;ykRsukxøHBIextþkNþalEdlrYmmanRsukxSac;kNþal

lVaÉm nigmuxkMBlU . PUmPi aKenHEckecjCaR)aMtbM n;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22 tMbn;23 nig tMbn;24. PUmiPaKnirtI ¬PUmiPaK405¦ dwknaM eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:ku . PUmPi aKenHrYm manextþkBM tnigextþtaEkvTaMgmUl RsukBIrkñgú extþkBM g;sW< ¬RsuksMeragTg nigRsukKgBis¦I nigRsukR)aMkgúñ extþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞgw s¥ag ekaHFM ekonsVay nigRsukelIkEdk¦. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCabYntMbn; KWtMbn;13 tMbn;33 tMbn;35 nigtMbn;25. PUmiPaK]tþr ¬PUmiPaK303¦ dwknaM kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs eday kuy FYn ehA Fuc BIqañ 1M 970eTAedIm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦ qña1M 976. bnÞab;BI kuy FYn RtÚv)ancab;xnÜø nigsmøab;enAKukTYlEsøgenAqñaM1976 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaPUmiPaK. enAqñaM1977 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNþalEdleTIbbegáItfµI ehIyelxafµIrbs;PUmiPaK]tþrKW kg cab. PUmPi aKenHrYmmanextþkBM g;FTM aMgmUl EpñkxaglicTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;énextþkBM g;cam nigRsukmYykñgú extþRkecH ¬RsukERBkRbsb;¦ ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.

29 emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVITsSkic©enACnbT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

PUmPi aKBay½Bü ¬PUmPi aK560¦ dwknaMeday jwm rs;. PUmPi aKenHrYmmanextþeBaFisat; nigextþ)at;dbM g TaMgmUl EdlEckecjCaR)aMBIrtMbn;rYmmantMbn;1 tMbn;2 tMbn;3 tMbn;4 tMbn;5 tMbn;6 nigtMbn;7. PUmPi aKbs©mi ¬PUmPi aK401¦ dwknaMeday CU eCt. PUmPi aKenHrYmman extþekaHkugnig extþkBM g;qañ gM TaMgmUl nigEpñkxøHénextþkBM g;sW< ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtbM n;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11. PUmPi aK|san ¬PUmPi aK108¦ dwknaMeday éN sar:an; ehA y:a ¬smøab;enAqña1M 976¦. PUmPi aKenH rYmman extþrtnKIrTI aMgmUl extþmNÐlKIrTI aMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþRkecH nigEpñkxøHénextþsgwÞ ERtg Edlsßti enA eRtIyxaglicTenøemKgÁ. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMmYytMbn; KW tMbn;101 tMbn;102 tMbn;104 tMbn; 105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.

PUmiPaKnigtMbn;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976 e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgsikSaFikarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976 ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

kñgú qña1M 976enH km<Cú aRbCaFibetyü)anbegátI tMbn;sy V t½ cMnnY BIrepSgeTotEdlTak;TgkargarpÞal; CamYyKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS b:uEnþmintamry³PUmiPaKNamYyeT. tMbn;TaMgenHrYmmantMbn;esomrab ]tþrmanC½y¬tMbn;106¦ nigtMbn;RBHvihar¬tMbn;103¦. RkúgkMBg;esam¬bc©bú ,nñRkúgRBHsIhnu¦k¾RtÚv)an cat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr. enAqña1M 977 PUmPi aKfµmI y Y eTot KWPmU Pi aKkNþalRtÚv)anbegátI eLIg. PUmPi aKenHmanTItaMgsßti enA Rtg;GtItPUmPi aK]tþr cMENkPUmPi aK]tþrfµRI tÚv)anbþrÚ TItaMgeTAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½ynigtMbn;RBHvihar. tMbn;RkecH¬b¤tbM n;505¦ nigtMbn;mNÐlKIr¬I b¤tbM n;105¦ RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIPmU Pi aK|sannigcat;taMgCa tMbn;sVy½t.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CMBUkTI6

KeRmagEpnkarbYnqñaM ¬1977-1980¦ ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkare)assMGatTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnana edIm,IlubbM)at;ecalkarrs;enAtamTIRkúg nigksagkm<Cú amYyfµeI dayBwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIkplitkmµRsUv. edImqña1M 976 bkSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú a)anRbjab; Rbjal;eroberogEpnkarbYnqñaeM lIkTImy Y ¬1977-1980¦ EdltRmÚv[eFVkI arRbmUlpþnMú vU ral;sm,tþÉi kCn TaMgGs; nigdak;kardaMdHu RsUvCaGaTiPaBcm,grbs;Cati. bnÞab;BbI Baðasnþsi xu Cati smUhPavUbnIykmµKCW aeKal neya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RbCaCnkm<Cú aminEdlCYbRbTHkarRbmUlpþEMú bbenHeTtaMgBImnu mk. b:Eu nþkgúñ qña1M 976 RbCaCnRKb;rbU RtÚv)antRmÚv[RbmUlRTBüsm,tþÉi kCnTaMgGs;rbs;xnÜø ¬rYmTaMgsmÖarpÞH)aypg¦edIm,IeRbIR)as;rmY . CaEpñk mYyéndMeNIrkarenHEdr RKÜsarExµrTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIKañ ehIyRbCaCnRKb;rbU RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTA eFVkI artamRkúmerog²xønÜ . bþRI bBn§RtÚv)anbMEbk[rs;enAepSgBIKañ ehIykUn²RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþay. EpnkarbYnqñaMmaneKaledAseRmc[)anplitplRsUvbIetankñúgmYyhiktaCamFüm. enHCakic©kar

mYyEdlminGaceFVIeTAekIt edayehtufaRbCaCnkm<úCaminEdlRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkardaMduHRsUvy:agsem,Imkñúg TUTaMgRbeTsEbbenHeTtaMgBIburaNkalmk. CagenHeTAeTot RbeTsCatiRtÚv)anbMpøicbMpøajedays®gÁam ehIymankarxVHxat]bkrN_ stVBahn³ nigkmøaMgBlkmµmaMmYny:ageRcIn. EpnkarbYnqñamM anrYmbBa©lÚ TaMgKeRmagdaMbEnøbgáar ehIysgÇwmfanwgGacTajykR)ak;cN M lU BIGnupl éRBeQI karensaT karciBa©mw stV nigkardaMedImeQI. emdwknaMkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüsgÇwmfanwgeFV[I km<Cú aman ÉkraCüeBjbribrU N_TaMgvisy ½ esdækci © k¾dcU Cavisy ½ neya)ay nigmanbMNgERbkøaykm<Cú aBIRbeTsksikmµ »nfy [eTAksikmµsm½yTMenIbmYy. eTaHCay:agenHkþI emdwknaMTaMgenHmin)anKit dl;plvi)akénkarGnuvtþEpnkarenH nigTukeç vTna rbs; RbCaCnbNþalmkBIkareFVkI arhYskmøagM lkçxNÐrs;enAminl¥ karTTYlTanGaharminRKb; RKan; karxVHxatesrIPaBnigsiTCi§ amUldæanehIy nigCMgWEdlKµankarBüa)al. kñúgry³kalén km<Cú aRbCaFibetyü lkçxNÐrs;enArbs;RbCaCn mansPaBy:ab;yuWny:agxøaMg. rbbenH)an bMpøajsuPmgÁlnigesckþIéføfñÚrCamnusS rbs; RbCaCnkm<Cú aesÞrI Kµansl;cenøaH. RbCaCnPaK kgcl½tnarIExµrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv eRcIndwgfaRbeTsmYyRtÚvkarGñkecHdwgedIm,I ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦ GPivDÆn_. b:uEnþExµrRkhm)ansmøab;bBaØvnþnig Gñkbec©keTsGs;CaeRcIn ehIy)anbiTsakl viTüal½y salaeron nigmCÄmNÐlGb;rdM éTeTotenATUTaMgRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anbBa¢nÚ ksikrBICnbTEdl BuMmanbTBiesaFn_[mkeFVIkarenAtameragcRkmYYycMnYntUcenATIRkúgPñMeBjeTAvij. km<Cú aRbCaFibetyü)anEckdIERseTACadIERsl¥elxmYy nigdIERsminl¥Fmµta. Tinpñ lsRmab;dEI Rs FmµtaKWbeI tankñgú mYyhikta cMENkdIERselxmYy ksikrRtÚveFV[I )anBIR)aMmy Y eTAR)aMBrI etankñgú mYyhikta. CagenHeTAeTot TinñplRsUvnwgRtÚvbegáInCaerogral;qñaM. enAkñgú RTwsEIþ dl)anEcgkñgú EpnkarbYnqñaeM nH Tinpñ lRsUvRtÚv)anEbgEckCabYncMENk. mYycMENk sRmab;Caes,ógrbs;RbCaCnEdlmñak;²TTYl)an312KILÚRkamRsUvkñúgmYyqñaM b¤0/85KILÚRkamRsUvkñúg mYyéf¶. mYycMENkeTotsRmab;eFVBI CU ehIymYycMENkeTotsRmab;Tku bRmúg. cMENkcugeRkayehIyk¾Ca cMENkFMCageKenaHRtÚv)anykeTAlk;enAÉbreTsedIm,IbrÚþ yksac;R)ak; EdlGaceRbIR)as;edIm,ITji m:asunI sRmab;eFVIERscmáar eRKÓgsBVavuF nigTMnijepSg²eTot. edaysarEtTinpñ lesÞrI EtminRKb;tamEpnkarEdl)ankMNt;enaH manRsUvtictYcNas; EdlrkSaTuk sRmab;cBi a©mw RbCaCnnigsRmab;RKab;BCU . pÞy ú eTAvij RsUvPaKeRcInRtÚv)anykeTApÁtp; gÁ k; gT½BnigkmµkreragcRk

nignaMecjeTARbeTscin nigRbeTssgÁmniymdéTeTot. kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü esÞIrEtKµanGñkNamñak; Føab;TTYl)anrbbGaharRKb;RKan;eT. RbCaCnPaKeRcInhUb EtbbrlayeBat edImeck nigedImlðúg ehIyTTYl)anrbb GgárticCagknøHkMbgu: TwkedaHeKakñgú mYyéf¶. manEtkmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhmb:ueNÑaHEdlman)ayhUbRKb;RKan;. Gñk EdlenArs;ranmanCIvti TaMgGs;BrI bbenH yl;Rsbfa GVEI dl Kat;cgcaMbpM tu eRkABIkarbgç[M eFVkI arhYskmøagM nigkarkab;smøab; enaH KWkarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMg. G‘u¿ saer:t Gayu57qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanI PñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitQWcab;rbs;RKÜsarKat; edaysar karhUbminRKb;RKan;fa ³

karsEmþgsil,³rbs;kgyuvCnyuvnarI ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

34 skmµPaBCBa¢ÚndIenAkñúgKeRmagelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

enAqñaM1976 edayRTaMmin)annwgkareRskXøan «Buk´)andYskUnk¥úkmkes¶arhUb edayKat;Kti faenaHKWCakUnRtI. éf¶myY kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmmñak;)ansmøab;Bs;manBis mYyehIyykmkTukecalenAelIrbg. Kat;dwgEdrfaBs;enaHmanBis b:uEnþKat;enAEt BisaeTotrhUteFV[I Kat;saø b;. b¥nÚ RsIńigkUn²søab;edaysarEtkarGt;Xaø n. RKÜsar rbs;´k¾sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBdUcKñaEdr. eyIg)anxitxMeFVIERscmáary:ageRcIn b:uEnþeyIg minEdl)anhUbRKb;RKan;eT. edayXøanxøaMgeBk eBlxøH´kat;edImRtavéRBmkes¶ar hUb. eBlhUbehIyrmas;eBjxøÜn. kUn²ýMRThwgeBjpÞH. éf¶mYyéTAsÞÚcRtI. RbFankgKMram´fa {eFVbI k£ efakTabeTAGgÁyú sÞcÚ RtI Rby½tGñ gÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal}. edaykarxVHGahar kUnrbs;´mñak;Faø k;xnÜø QWCaTm¶n.; ´)anykExSk eTAdUrykGgármk daM)ay[kUn´hUb. kUn´hUb)ayeRcInNas; EtCMgWrbs;vakan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgCalMdab; ehIyk¾saø b;)at;eTA. kUn´BIrnak;eTotnigbþrI bs;´k¾Faø k;xnÜø QWEdr edaysarEthUbmin RKb;RKan;. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ´-bþeI hIynigkUn )anRbwgERbgrs;ya: gevTnaCaTIbpM tu .

RbCaCnmUldæan³ mþaynigkUn ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CMBUkTI7

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kñgú GMLgú s®gÁamsuvI li BIqañ 1M 970-1975 RbCaCnPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;reM daHrbs;ExµrRkhm RtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa{RkúmRbvas;éd} EdlmansmaCikBI10eTA30RKÜsarkñgú mYyRkúm. eTaHCay:agenHkþI cab;BqI añ 1M 973 nigCaBiessbnÞab;BCI y ½ CmñHqña1M 975 RkúmRbvas;édRtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa {shkrN_kRmit Tab}EdlmansmaCikbIbnY rynak; b¤kP¾ mU mi y Y TaMgmUl. rhUtdl;qañ 1M 977 shkrN_kRmitTabRtÚv)anerobcM eLIgvij[eTACa{shkrN_kRmitx<s;} EdlrYmmanmYyBan;RKÜsarkñúgshkrN_nImYy² b¤k¾XuMmYyTaMgmUl.

emdwknaMbkSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú a)anbegátI shkrN_TaMgenHeLIg EdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrrbs;xnÜø eq<aHeTA rkkarlubbM)at;ecalkmµsTi Éi§ kCnnigrbbmUlFnniym nigedIm,IBRgwgvNÑ³kmµkrnigksikr. cMeBaHExµrRkhm shkrN_mann½yfaRbCaCnrs;enACamYyKña eFVIkarCamYyKña hUbCamYyKña nigEckrMElkkarkmSanþCa smUhPaB. eKalkarN_enHeFV[I mankardak;khM ti y:agtwgrwgu eTAelIkarrs;enACabuKlÁ . RKÜsarExµrFøab;rs;enA hUbcukCYbCuMKñarab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy dUecñHkarbgçMRbCaCn[hUbrYmKñaenAkñúgshkrN_ CaBiessenAeBlEdl mankarxVHxatGahary:agxøagM EbbenH KWCaTegVmI y Y eXareXAxøagM Nas;. CagenHeTAeTot RbCaCnRtÚvRbKl; RTBüsm,tþri bs;xnÜø EdlCameFüa)ayplitkmµsxM an;²dak;Casm,tþri mY rbs;shkrN_TaMgGs; EdlmandUcCa ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; eKaRkbI ngÁ½l rnas; RKab;BUC nigdIERsCaedIm. shkrN_RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IeFVy I a: gNaGac[xønÜ ]btßmxÖ nÜø edayxønÜ Ég)an. emdwknaMExµrRkhm )anBN’nashkrN_faCa {kmøaMgFMeFgxøaMgkøa} kñúgkarksagRbeTsnigCa {kMEpgEfby:agrwgmaMbMput} sRmab;karBarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüTb;Tl;nwgsRtÚv. 2> vNÑ³sgÁmfµIBIr

eTaHCaExµrRkhm)anGHGagfa xøÜnkMBugEtksagRbeTsmYyRbkbedaysmPaBniglubbM)at;ecal vNÑ³sgÁmy:agNak¾eday b:Eu nþFatuBti ExµrRkhm)an begáIteLIgnUvvNÑ³fµIBIrenAkñúgRbeTsKW {RbCaCn mUldæan} nig{RbCaCnfµI} . RbCaCnmUldæan b¤RbCaCncas;KWGñkTaMg LayNaEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT RKb;RKgeday bkSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú amunéf¶17 Exemsa qña1M 975. ExµrRkhm)anEbgEckGñkTaMgenHCaRbCaCneBjsiTi§ b¤RbCaCneRtóm. RbCaCneBjsiT§iKWGñkTaMgLay NaEdlminmanbgb¥ÚnFøab;eFVIkarkñgú rbbsaFarNrdæ Exµr ehIyCasmaCikRKÜsarksikrRk b¤ksikrkNþal fñak;eRkam¬ksikrnigkmµkr¦. RbCaCnRbePTenHRtÚv )anGnuBaØat[eTAe)aHeqñat b¤QreQµaH[eKe)aHeqñat eTaHbICakare)aHeqñatmanEtmþgKt;enAéf¶TI20 Ex mIna qña1M 976 kñgú ry³kalkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyük¾ eday. ¬kare)aHeqñatenHminGnuelamtambTdæan GnþrCati ehIyeQµaHsmaCiksPatMNagRbCaCnk¾mni RtÚv)anRbkas[RbCaCndwgEdr¦. RbCaCnmUldæan Gñksil,³ExµrRkhm GackøayCaRbFanshkrN_nigRbFankgepSg². ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

Rkúmsil,³ExµrRkhmenAR)asaTbnÞayRsI ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

RbCaCneRtómKWGkñ TaMgLayEdlmanbgb¥nÚ Føab;eFVkI arCamYyrbbsaFarNrdæExµr. RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚv)an RtaRbNI drabNaRbCaCnTaMgGs;enaHxitxMeFVIkargaredayx¢ab;x¢Ün. RbCaCnfµI b¤RbCaCn17emsaKWGkñ EdlRtÚvCemøósecjBITRI kúg b¤TRI bCuCM nnanaenAExemsa qña1M 975. eTaHCay:agenHkþI mYycMnnY FMénGñkTaMgenHKWCaGñkmkBICnbT ehIy)anrt;eTATIRkúgedIm,IeKcBIs®gÁam. RbCaCn fµRI tÚv)ancat;Tku faCamnusSEdlminGaceCOTukcit)þ an ehIyTTYlkars¥be; x<mI nigkarsgS½yBIsN M ak;GgÁkar. RbCaCnTaMgenHRtÚv)anGgÁkarcat;Tku faCa{CnbeBaØEI k¥k} ehIyKµansiTGi§ TIV aMgGs;dcU EdlBaküesøakExµrRkhmmYy I swk}. BaküesøakmYyeTot )anGHGagfa {BYk17emsaCaCnbeBaØEI k¥k. BYkvaCaGñkcaj;s®gÁamnigCaeQøy EdlGñkrs;ranmanCIvti PaKeRcIncgcaMenaHKW {Tukk¾mni cMeNj dkecjk¾mni xat}. RbCaCnfµTI TYlrgkareFVTI ku ç bukemñjxøaMgCagRbCaCncas;. b:uEnþTMhMénGMeBIeXareXAmankRmitxus²KñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot. ]TahrN_ RbCaCnenAextþsaV yerognigéRBEvgkñgú PUmPi aKbUBa’ )anTTYlkarKaMBarBIbdivtþnR_ besIrCagGñkEdl RtÚv)anCemøóseTAextþeBaFisat;nig)at;dMbgénPUmiPaKBay½Bü. cab suIfa Gayu65qñaM rs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;Kat;EdlkaleNaHCaGñk17 emsafa³

enAeBlCemøósqña1M 975 RkúmRKÜsarÉdlmansmaCikTaMgGs;14nak;RtÚv)anCemøós eTArs;enARsukekaHFM extþkNþal. enATIenaH GgÁkarcat;taMg[daMbEnøbgáar nigeFVEI Rs. éf¶myY evlaem:agR)aMbnY yb; bþrI bs;´RtÚvGgÁkaresñ[I eTAeronsURtmYyry³. ´rg;caMbÍþ b:Eu nþmni eXIjKat;RtLb;mkvijesaH. ®sþmI añ k;enAkñgú PUm)i anR)ab;knU rbs;´mñak;fa {min caM)ac;emIlpøÚv«BukÉgeT ehIyRby½tñRbEygmat;pg kuMniyayGVIepþspþas[esaH Rby½teñ KykeTAmYyBUC eRBaH«BukÉgmanRbvtþFi N M as;}. ´dwgfaGgÁkar)anykbþÍ eTA smøab;ecal eRBaHKat;CaGtItecAhVayextþkNþal. BIrExeRkaymk GgÁkar)anR)ab;´ [pøas;eTArs;enATIRkúgPñeM Bj. tamBit ExµrRkhmnaMBkY eyIgeTAextþ)at;dbM g.GgÁkar)an EckkUnxÞmmYy[RkúmRKÜsar´rs;enA.RKÜsar´RtÚv)anbMEbk[eTArs;enAkñgú kgepSg²Kña. manEtkUnRsIeBArbs;´GayuR)aMmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH rs;enACamYy´. CIivitenA)at;dMbgKWCa erOgr:avmYyEdlminGacbMePøc)aneTsRmab;´. kñúgry³eBlEtdb;éf¶b:ueNÑaHkUnRbús ´bYnnak;ngi kUnRsImañ k;)ansøab;bnþbnÞab;Kañ . xøHsøab;edaysarGt;GaharnigCMgW xøHeTot

39 karsEmþgsil,³rbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

RtÚv)ansmøab; edayGgÁkarecaTRbkan;famanCab;Bak;Bn½ C§ amYyxµagM . mYyry³eRkaymk mþayekµkrbs;´Gayu70qñaM)ansøab;edayCMgWxVHGaharbriePaK. CIviteBareBjeday PaBP½yxøac. Caerogral;yb; ´minEdledk)anRsYleT. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmirbs;´ CaeRcInRtÚvGgÁkarehAeTAehIy)at;xøÜnrhUt. 3> BiFIerobmgÁlkar

mgÁlkar¬b¤BFi eI bIkvKÁ¦kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüxusKñaTaMgRsugBImgÁlkartamTMenomTmøab;RbéBNI Exµr. kUnkemøaHRkmuTM aMgGs;RtÚv)anerobcMkgúñ BiFrI mY EtmYy EdlmancMnnY BI3eTA10KU kñgú BiFtI cU ehIyBiFFI mM an BI30eTA50KUbr¤ hUtdl;Cag100KUkgúñ BiFnI mI y Y ². bursnarIPaKeRcInminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eRCIserIsKURskr rbs;xøÜneT. KU nImYy²)anRtÚvcat;taMgeLIgedayGgÁkar EdlGHGagfaCa«Bukmþayrbs;mnusSRKb;rUb. GñkxøHminTaMgsÁal;eQµaHnigmuxmat;GnaKtKURskrrbs;xnÜø pgeT rhUtdl;eBlR)arB§BFi EI tmþg. bgb¥nÚ sac;jati minGnuBaØat[cUlrYmkñgú BiFmI gÁlkar b¤clU rYmkñgú kareFVeI sckþsI eRmccitN þ amYyeLIy. semøókbMBak;RbéBNI BiFIraMErk ceRmógRbéBNI nigBiFItamEbbsasnaRtÚv)anhamXat;.

40 BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

BiFIerobkarrbs;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

narImYycMnYnRtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarCamYyyuT§CnBikar EdlrgrbYskñúgeBls®gÁam ehIyRtÚvdac;éd b¤dac;eCIgmçag. narIEdlCMTas;mni TTYlykbursBikarTaMgenHGacRtÚvcab;XXMu aMg TTYlrgTNÐkmµCaTm¶n; b¤RtÚv bBa¢nÚ [eTAeFVkI arenAtMbn;dac;Rsyalq¶ay²BIpHÞ . narIxHø EdlCYbRbTHehtukarN_bgçEM bbenH)aneFVGI tþXat. mUsa suxa CnCaticamrs;enAextþRkecH CaGtItRbFansmaKm®sþIXuMkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü )anrMlwkGMBIkarerobkarrbs;Kat;kalBIsm½yenaHdUecñHfa³

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enAqña1M 978 KWmyY ExmunkardYlrlMénrbbenH GgÁkarcat;taMg[érobkar. Es¥keLIg ´GgÁyú elIekAGIenAkñgú BiFeI robkar edaytaMgcitfþ anwgeFVtI amGVEI dlGgÁkarbBa¢a. BiFeI naH manyuvCnyuvnarIEdlRtÚverobkarsrub160KU. ńigRbBn§´)ansc©afanwgrYmrs; CamYyKñanigmankUnmYykñgú eBlmYyqña.M ExµrRkhm)anEckexaGavexµAmYykMebøngi Rkma mYy ehIymanerobcMmðÚbGahar[hUb. eRkaybdivtþn_ ńigRbBn§´vilmkpÞHvij. \LÚvenHeyIgmankUnR)aMnak;. enAéf¶erobkarbursnarITaMgGs;RtÚvQrCaBIrCYr. bnÞab;mkRbFanPUmibBa¢a[GñkTaMgenHcab;édKña ehIyeFVkI arebþCaJ fanwgrYmrs;CamYyKñaGs;my Y CIvti .enHbBa¢ak;fa bursnarITaMgGs;enaH)anerobkarrYcehIy. BiFId¾xøIenHnwgRtÚvbBa©b;bnÞab;BImankarhUbGaharbnþicbnþÜc. bnÞab;BeI robkarehIy bþRI bBn§)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[rs;enACamYyKñaEtBIr-bIéf¶beu: NÑaH ehIybnÞab;mk RtÚveTAeFVIkartamRkúmerog²xøÜnvij. bþIRbBn§mYycMnYnk¾)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[mkCYbmuxKñakñúgrvagBIR)aMBIr eTAdb;éf¶mþgEdr. ExµrRkhmemIleXIjBiFIerobkartamRbéBNIExµr dUcEdlxøÜnemIleXIjkareKarBRbNib½tn_CMenO sasna nigkarsikSaenAtamsalab¤mhaviTüal½yEdr. ExµrRkhmyl;favaCakarcMNayeBl\tRbeyaCn_ nigKµan)anCYyGVITal;EtesaHkñúgkarbgábegáInplRsUv. mgÁlkarrYmRtÚvbegáIteLIg edaysarEtvacMNay eBltic ehIyeBlevlaEdlenAsl;ngw RtÚvcMNayeTAelIkargarshkrN_ nigGVEI dlExµrRkhmehAfa {bdivtþn_ mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü} EdlCaBaküesøakcmøgecjmkBIkumµúynIsþcin. emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü cg;bBa¢ak;[c,as;fa nwgmanekµg²cab;keM NItEdlGacbnþbdivtþnr_ bs;xnÜø )an. sRmab;ExµrRkhm eKalbMNg cm,génkarerobkarminEmnedIm,IbegátI sgÁmRKÜsarenaHeT buE: nþedIm,IbegátI mnusS EdlGacbeRmIbdivtþn)_ an. 4> karrMelaPelIsiT§inigBlkmµrbs;kumar

kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüminmansalaeronCapøvÚ kareT. kumarRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ [eTAeronenAeRkamedIm eQI b¤enAeRkampÞHRbCaCn. RKÚPaKeRcInCaksikrRkEdlGacGan nigsresrEtbnþci bnþcÜ b:eu NÑaH. eTaHCa karGb;reM nAtamtMbn;my Y cMnnY mankarrIkcMerInkñgú qña1M 978k¾eday ¬kumarTTYl)ankarsikSafñak;bzmBI2eTA3 em:agkñgú mYyéf¶¦ k¾enAEtminTan;mansalaeronEdlmandMeNIrkareBjeljEdr. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar

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43 kUnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

kumareronGMBIkardaMduHRsUv ¬rUbPaBedayelak ec> x½sem:n nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

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