democracykhmer by phat MEN

karR)arB§BiFIGbGrsaTcMeBaHkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ynUvKeRmagRbB½n§RbLayTwk ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;

RbCaCnRKb;rUbkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarTaMgGs;. kumarRtÚv)an dak;[eFVkI argarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkmu artUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥.I mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qñaM ¬kumarv½yCMTg;¦ RtÚvTTYlkargarF¶n²; niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;²TaMgenHRtÚv CIkRbLay b¤GagsþúkTwk elIkTMnb; kab;eQIeFVIpÞH randIedIm,IeFVIERscmáar nigdaMRsUv. burs®sþIRbEhl BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj. RbCaCnesÞrI RKb;rbU eFVkI areRcInCagdb;BrI em:agkñgú mYyéf¶ nigR)aMBrI éf¶kgúñ mYys)þah_ edayminmaneBl sRmaknigTTYlTanGahartictYcbMput. CYnkalRbCaCneFVIkartaMgBIRBlwmRsag²rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb; ebIsni CaExPø.W éf¶NaEdlminmanelakEx eKGucePøgI bMPvWø alERsedIm,IeFVkI arbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaxµagM rbs;bdivtþn_ ehIynwg RtÚvbBa¢nÚ eTAGb;r.M GñkEdlRbRBwtkþ hM su dEdl² b¤khM su F¶nF; r¶ nwgRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. karRbRBwtEþ bbenH KWpÞúyTaMgRsugeTAnwgmaRta12énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdlmanesckþICaGaT×fa ³

RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiT§iCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmÖar xagsµartI nigxagvb,Fm’ EdlRtÚv)an EkERb[rIkceRmInkan;Etx<s;eLIgCanic©. RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbsuT§EtRtÚvFanaGHGagxagCIvPaB TaMgGs;. kmµkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk. ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar. BlkrepSgeTotmansiT§imankargareFVITaMgGs;. PaBKµankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

6> visuT§kmµnigkarsmøab;rgÁal

ExµrRkhmEtgEtRsavRCavrkcab;xaµ gM ehIyeCOCak;faxµagM manenARKb;TkI EnøgTaMgGs;kgúñ TUTaMgRbeTs. CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam. karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµd¾FMeFgmYy. enAcugqñaM1977 bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPaKbUBa’én RbeTskm<Cú a. bI-bYnExeRkaymk T½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij edayekorykRbCaCnsuvI li Exµrrab;ry nak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmµaPi)alPUmPi aKbUBa’fa )ancUlédcUleCIg

KeRmagelIkTMnb; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦ ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

kgcl½tnarIrbs;ExµrRkhm)acTwkbBa©ÚlERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CamYyevotNam. ehtukarN_enH)annaMeTAdl;karcab;xnÜø nigsmøab;ecalmnusSCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMgGñkEdl esµaHRtg;nwgExµrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg. visuT§kmµd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén PUmPi aKenH)aneFVkI arbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifnu adl;ExkBaØa enAeBl Edlkarb:HTgÁci CamYyevotNamkMBgu Etbnþ tMbn;PaKeRcInenAkñgú PUmPi aKenH)ankøayeTACasmrPUmri vagkgT½B rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kgúñ PUmPi aKbUBa’)ansøab;kgúñ smrPUmi nigedaysarkarsmøab;rgÁal. rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbBa¢ÚnT½BBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAb®gáab RkúmbHe)ar. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;eTARBMEdnevotNam eKcBIkarsmøab;rgÁalEdlpÞHú eLIg bnÞab;BkI armk dl;énkgT½BTaMgenH. visTu k§ mµke¾ kItmaneLIgEdrenAPUmPi aK]tþrkñgú qña1M 977. visTu k§ mµenHepþateTAelIbBaØvnþ nigGñkEdl manCab;Bak;B½n§nwg kuy FYn EdleFVICaelxaPUmiPaK]tþrrhUtdl;edImqñaM1976. GMLúgeBleFVIvisuT§kmµenH GgÁkar)ancab;xnÜø rdæm®nþRI ksYgB½tm’ an h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitPþ kþCi aeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman ePaK qay nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVrI dæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam¦ kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü15. b:Eu nþEpnkarTaMgenHsuTE§ tbraC½y ehIy)aneFVI [karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµenATUTaMgRbeTs.

san; tIma: Nas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñgú extþkBM g;cam )anrMBk£ GMBkI arsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam edayExµrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;GñkRsIpÞal;. GñkRsI)an erobrab;fa ³

enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi rbs;´. BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;BkY eKesÞrI TaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñgú PUmí nigPUmei kaHpl TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExµrRkhm. cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥nÚ begátI rbs;´ TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs;éQµaH mUsa RtÚvExµrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BkI arbHe)ar ehIy k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI rbs;éQµaH r:hGIV H RBmTaMgbþnI gi kUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminman mUlehtu GVITaMgGs;. bnÞab;mk BYkExµrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnRKÜsarrbs;éTAPUmiERsvalkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg;. mundMbgU BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPeMñ Bj. mnusSCaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVkI armin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdlY rlMsgáte; lI. bnÞab; mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©mw RCÚk. ´)anRbEkkedayGHGagfa ´xøacRCÚkNas;. buE: nþ BYkvabgç´M [eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢nÚ éTAeronsURt RbsinebI´mineFV.I BYkExµrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa ´min EdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItUcmk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[GaharGVI TaMgGs;mk´. ´)ansMGu bM li xøH b:Eu nþBkY vaniyayfarbbGMbli )andak;enAkñgú smøsac;RCÚk Gs;ehIy. xønÜ rbs;éLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ ´)anrYcrs;CvI ti BIrbbenH. ´)anvil RtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.

Rkúmkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

CMBUkTI8

RbB½n§snþisux 1> mnÞIrsnþisux

eTaHbICavisTu k§ mµenAPUmPi aKbUBa’kgúñ qña1M 978 CaRBwtkiþ arN_éRBépSbMptu kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xnÜø ehIykñgú krNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtamtMbn; epSg²eTotkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½n§snþisuxrbs;ExµrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgesÞIr RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞrI snþsi xu } CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}.

mnÞrI snþsi xu kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgCaR)aMfañ k;. mnÞrI snþsi xu TaMgenHRtÚv)an eRbIR)as;CamnÞrI XuXM aMg kEnøgsYrcemøy I nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XkMu gúñ KukbIfañ k;dbM gU ¬fñak;tbM n; fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;X¦Mu PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþrI dækarsuvI li rbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyGñkeTas epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BbI TlYcrbs;rbrb¤cN M GI ahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤ny i ay GaRkk;BGI gÁkar. mnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;PmU Pi aKeFVkI arXuXM aMgGñkeTasrab;Ban;nak;. mnÞrI snþsi xu TaMgenHeRbIsRmab; XuMXaMg yuT§CnExµrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK. mnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;xs< b; pM tu KWCamnÞrI snþsi xu mCÄimenAPñeM BjEdlmaneQµaHsm¶at;fa{mnÞrI s-21}. GñkeTasenA kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_. enAmnÞrI snþsi xu fñak;eRkam kareFVTI NÐkmµmni sUvCaF¶nF; r¶ b:nu aµ neT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmµ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in mðbÚ Gahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XkMu gúñ mnÞrI snþsi xu TaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqña1M 976. b:Eu nþ cab;taMgBIqañ eM naHmk enAfñak;tbM n;ngi fñak;Rsuk esÞrI EtKµanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeLIy ehIyesÞrI Et KµanGñkeTas Namñak;GacrYcrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr. 2> xµaMgrbs;GgÁkar

ExµrRkhmcg;[bdivtþnr_ bs;xnÜø nigRbCaCnkm<Cú aTaMgGs;manPaB s¥ats¥.M RbCaCnTaMg Gs;RtÚvEts¥ats¥TM aMgstiGarmµNn_ gi Rbvtþri bU . ksikrRkIRkRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCaGñkbdivtþn_Edls¥ats¥MbMput. ExµrRkhmminTukcitGþ kñ epSgeRkABIksikrRkTaMgenHeLIy. RbCaCnEdl )anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar lYcmðbÚ Gahar RtÚv)ancat;Tku faCaxµagM rbs;rdæ nigCajwkjy)ankøay eTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExµrRkhm)an EbgEcksRtÚvrbs;xnÜø CaBIrRbePTKW {sRtÚvxagkñgú } nig {sRtÚvxag nIrsaenAmnÞIrs-21 eRkA}. ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦ sRtÚvxagkñúg KWCa{RbCaCnfµI} b¤ {RbCaCn17emsa} nig GñkEdlFøab;eFVkI arkñgú rbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;bBa©lÚ CaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþPi mU ni y i m. CMBkU RbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rmY bBa©lÚ TaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExµrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñgú TaMgenHeFV[I mCÄimbkS16 mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman³ Gñkrdækarrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ³ kñgú qña1M 975 ExµrRkhm)aneFVkI arsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar rbbsaFarNrdæExµrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExµrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan. GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrTaMgb:unµansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;Gkñ rdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan

nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xnÜø ehIy)anrYcrs;CvI ti mYyRKa b¤rcY rs;CvI ti rhUtdl;éf¶ dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RkúmCnCatiPaKtic ³ ExµrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExµrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg karGnuvtþEpnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj. CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñM ³ muneBleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1975 emdwknaMExµrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PTMñ aMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmanciteþ sµaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYycMnnY )ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eTotpg. b:uEnþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esµaHsµ½RKnig eCOTukciteþ lICnCatiPaKtictMbn;Py Mñ a: gNak¾eday k¾ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþmI eFVkI arpøas;TlI eM nACnCatiPaKtickñgú extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn. GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmeTA RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal. pSús éRb CnCatiBgñ rs;enAkñgú extþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BsI aß nPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BRI tÚvbgç[M pøas; bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhmfa ³

52 eyaFaExµrRkhmenAvimanÉkraCü ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

kµÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExµrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg; eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. ´RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVEI RscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn. enAkñgú RsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVkI arTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;´EdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb eRkAEtBIkþÜcenaHeT dUecñHehIybþIrbs;vaeTArkGgá)anR)aMbIkMb:ugnigman;mYyBIPUmiepSg. RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar cab;xnÜø . kñgú PUmLi aMTkw RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb pøitXµúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.

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GñkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtkþ hM su GVFI n¶ F; r¶ eT ehIyGñkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxønÜ BITaruNkmµbeu: NÑaH. exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdæmkBIextþkBM g;qañ gM CaGtItGñkyamenAmnÞrI s-21. eBA )anr:ayr:ab; BIRbvtþirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa ³

enAqñaM1977 mitþPkþirbs;´BIrnak; hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtþkMhus ehIyRtÚv )anykeTAsmøab;ecal. bnÞab;BeI naHmk GgÁkarcab;xnÜø éRBaHĆamitPþ kþri bs;Gkñ TaMgBIr ehIybBa¢nÚ éTAéRBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemøyI ÉRkgela´ manCab;Bak;Bn½ C§ amYyGñkTaMgBIr b:Eu nþéqøy I fa {Gt;maneT}. GñksYrcemøy I eQµaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwgc,as;Nas; fa´xMeFVkI arnigesµaHRtg;. dUecñHehIy´RtÚv)anedaHElg ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAkgBl 502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAétnij eTAév:CamYyevotNam. CIvitenAmnÞIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBP½yxøac. eyIgminh‘anniyayesIc elgrkKñaeT. eyIgminTukcitþGñkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitþPkþiCitsñiT§rbs;eyIgk¾eday. RKb;Kañ RtÚvxitxMeFVkI ar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtÚvdaMbEnøngi ciBa©mw RCÚk. eyIgRtÚvRbúg Rby½tbñ pM tu eBleFVkI ar. kMhsu bnþci bnþcÜ dUcCaegak b¤Ep¥knwgCBa¢agM GaceFV[I eyIgsøab;)an. 3> bTbBaØtisRmab;GñkeTas

bTbBaØtienHRtÚv)anbiTenAelICBa¢aMgkñúgbrievNKuk.

vin½ysnþi)al ¬nKr)alsnþisux¦ enAmnÞIrs-21 1¦ sYrGIeqøIyhñwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj. 2¦ min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitÉglak;b¤RbEkk tmat;min )andac;xat. 3¦ min[eFVIl¶g; minyl;bBaða eRBaHÉgCamnusSh‘anRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn_. 4¦ sYrPøam eqøIyPøam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy. 5¦ erOgxVHxat kMhusbnþicbnþÜc dUcCasIlFm’ xUcenHxUcenaH k¾min[niyay erOgxøwmsarbdivtþn_ k¾min[niyay. 6¦ év:b¤qk;ExSePøIgmin[ERskdac;xat. 7¦ min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgÁúyes¶ómrg;caMbBa¢aGj Gt;bBa¢akuMeFVI GjbBa¢aGIeFVI hñwgPøam RbEkkRcimRcúmmin)aneT. 8¦ kuMykelskm<úCaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;GaÉg[esaH. 9¦ RKb;bBa¢axagelI mineFVItam KWmYyéf¶rgrMBat; ExSePøIgqk;rab;minQñHeT. 10¦ RbqaMgvin½yGjmYycMNuc RtÚvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; b¤qk;ExSePøIgR)aMqac;.

bTbBaØtimYyeTotsRmab;GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}. 1¦ 2¦ 3¦ 4¦ 5¦

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4> sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21

enAeBlbBa¢nÚ eTAdl;mnÞrI s-21 GñkeTasTaMgGs;RtÚv)anftrUbnigtRmÚv[sresrRbvtþri bU lm¥ti cab; taMgBIkmu arPaBrhUtdl;éf¶cab;xnÜø . GñkeTasRtÚvedaHsemøókbMBak;ecjTukEtexakñgú mYy ehIysmÖarCab;xnÜø TaMg b:nu aµ nRtÚv)anrwbGUsyk. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTAXukM gúñ bnÞb; EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasTaMgenHRtÚvdak; exñaHeCIgEdlmancgP¢ab;edayRcvak;eTAnwgCBa¢agM b¤\dæ. cMENkGñkeTasXueM nAbnÞbF; RM tÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgeday rnukEdkEvgmYyrYmKña. exñaHeCIgTaMgenHRtÚvP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkqøas;Kañ dUecñHGñkeTasRtÚvedkdak;k,alTl;Kañ . GñkeTasRtÚvedkpÞal;ngw \dæ edayKµankenÞl mug b¤Py Y eT. GñkeTasRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayrkKña. v:an; Nat GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;elakenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21fa ³ enAkñgú mnÞrI s-21 ´RtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkEvgmYyCamYyGñkeTasCag samsibnak;eTot. ExµrRkhm[eyIghUbBIrdgkñúgmYyéf¶. GñkeTasRKb;rUbTTYl)an rbb bbrbYnsøabRBatUc nigsmølaysøwkeQIxøH. karniyayKñaRtÚv)anhamXat; dac;xat. RbsinebIGñkNamñak;cg;eRkakGgÁúyb¤pwkTwk eKRtÚvsuMkarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam Camunsin. kareFVIGVImYyEdlminmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam nwgRtÚvTTYlkarvaydMCa Tm¶n.; eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bnY éf¶mgþ . eKykTuyy:mU k)aj;CHBImat;TaV r. Rbsin ebIeyIgenAq¶ayBImat;TaV r eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;éf¶ GñkeTasRtÚv )annaMykeTAsYrcemøIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEnþeyIgeXIj GñkeTasfµI²RtÚv)annaMcUlmkCMnYsvij21.

kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

enAem:agbYnknøHRBwk GñkeTasRtÚvRsatexaedIm,I[GñkyamRtÜtBinti ü. GñkyamRtÚvBinti üemIlERkgela exñaHeCIgrlug b¤ERkgelaGñkeTasmanlak;vtßGú EIV dleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVGI tþXat. mYyry³kalknøgmkman GñkeTasCaeRcIn)ansmøab;xnÜø Ég dUecñHGñkyammankarRbúgRby½tN ñ as;kgúñ karRtÜtBinti üemIlexñaHeCIgnigbnÞb.; sßanPaBrs;enAkñgú mnÞrI s-21manPaBkxVk; EdleFV[I GñkeTasPaKeRcInekItERsg kmrmas; nigéc. minmanfñaBM üa)aleTenAkñgú Kuk. kmµaPi)aleBTüenAmnÞrI s-21suTE§ tmin)anTTYlkarhat;eronRtwmRtÚv ehIy eFVIkarBüa)alRKan;EtedIm,IBnüarkarsøab;rbs;GñkeTas bnÞab;BIrgrbYsF¶n;kñúgGMLúgeBlsYrcemøIyb:ueNÑaH. GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTmuxCit eBlRtÚvnaMBIkEnøgXuMXaMgeTAkEnøgsYrcemøIy. GñkyamnigGñkeTasmin GnuBaØat[niyayKñaeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot buKlÁ ki EdlenARkúmepSgKñak¾mni RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eFVkI arTak;TgKñaEdr. 5> karsYrcemøIy

viFsI a®sþéRBépSCaeRcInRtÚv)aneRbIedIm,IsrY cemøy I enAmnÞrI s-21. GñkeTasRtÚv)anvayedayéd dMbg b¤EmkeQI. CYnkal GñksYrcemøIyvayGñkeTasnwgExSePøIgb¤qk;ExSePøIg. viFIsa®sþeFVITaruNkmµ epSgeTotEdleRbIenAmnÞrI s-21manGucePøgI )arI bgç[M sulI amk b¤pkw Twkenam ykm¢lú cak;clU sac; nigBüÜréd eLIgelIeBjmYyéf¶ b¤BüÜreCIgeLIgelIdaMk,alcuHeRkam. GñkeTasxøHeTotRtÚv)anqUtsac;ngw kaMbti b¤ykfg; xÞbR; cmuH. viFsI a®sþmy Y cMnnY eTotEdleRbIsRmab;cRmaj;ykcemøy I sarPaB rYmmandkRkckédehIycak;Gakul BIelI b¤RCmuCTwk. GñkeTasmYycMnYnRtÚvsøab;kñúgGMLúgeBleFVITaruNkmµ.

GñkeTasRsIRtÚv)aneFVTI aruNkmµedaykat;edaH b¤bgç[M ®sþTI aMgenaHedaHexaGavecj. GñkeTasRsImy Y cMnYnRtÚvGñksYrcemøIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpøÚvePTpÞúynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü k¾eday. GñksYrcemøIyEdlRtÚvrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtþGMeBIenHRtÚv)ansmøab;ecal. enAkñgú cemøy I sarPaB GñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BRI bvtþri bU pÞal;xnÜø . RbsinebICasmaCikbkS GñkeTasRtÚv bgðajéf¶EdlxønÜ cUlbdivtþn_ nigerobrab;BkI ci k© arEdlxønÜ )aneFV.I bnÞab;mkGñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BsI kmµPaBk,t; rbs;xøÜntamlMdab;lMeday. kñúgEpñkTIbIéncemøIysarPaB GñkeTas)anerobrab;BIkarrYmKMnitk,t;min)anseRmcrbs; xønÜ b¤kci s© nÞnak,t;epSg². enAcugbBa©bé; ncemøy I sarPaB GñkeTasnwgrayeQµaHCnk,t;EdlRtÚvCamitPþ kþi mitrþ mY kargar b¤mnusSEdlGñkeTasFøab;sÁal;. bBa¢IxøHmanrayeQµaH mnusSEdlBak;B½n§rhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;. GñkEdl maneQµaHkñgú bBa¢PI aKeRcInRtÚv)ancab;ykmksYrcemøy I . edaysarEtTaruNkmµenAmnÞIrs-21sahav éRBépSeBk GñkeTasEtgEtsarPaBnUvGVIEdlxøÜnGacKit eXIj eTaHCacemøy I enaHxusk¾eday. G‘¿ sMNag kmµkr reTHePøgI )ansarPaBBIkci s© nÞnak,t;rbs; tun kmµkrCYsCul reTHePøIgfa³ tun Cakmµkrcas;. vamineBjcitþnwgbdivtþn_dUc KñavaÉeTotEdr. ral;éf¶vaEtgeXasna dUcteTAenH kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm BYkGaGs;enH dl;ÉgbeRgónbec©keTsvaecH ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦ eRcIncg;edjk,alÉgecj. [Ety:agenHcuH éf¶NamYy BYkEh¥gRtÚvrlaydUcGMbilRtÚvTwk. sBVéf¶ kmµkrcas;eRbóbdUcsMrameRkam)ateCIgva vacg;Can;eBlNak¾)aneRscEtnwgcitþva. BYkvaBUEkxagGMnYtnigRTwsþI Etx¢ileFVIkar. eFVIkarRKan;EtdUr)aysuI)anehIy xUcs¥Ik¾xUceTA. eRkABIenH vaBRgwgxøÜneRtomvaybdivtþn_ eBlNamanT½BmkBIeRkA22.

Ca ehOg sa®sþacarüCemøóseTARsuk)arayN_ extþkMBg;FM )ansarPaBBIskmµPaBk,t;rbs; taMg Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIrfa³ CemøóseTAdl;PUmikMeNItvij taMg Lúj edIrRbmUleCIgedIm,IRbqaMgbdivtþn_. va)an eFVIviecäTkmµRbqaMgeyIgCabnþbnÞab;.

ENnaM[bkSBYkElgeKa[suIRsUv. ENnaM[bkSBYkkemÞccantic²CabeNþIr². ENnaM[smøab;TamþgmYyb¤BIr ehIyraykarN_fagab;. ykpÞHxøÜnCakEnøgsresrRtak; ehIy)anykRtak;eTA)actamkardæan23.

6> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21

buKlÁ ki CagmYyBan;nak;enAbeRmIkarkñgú mnÞrI s-21. kñgú enaHmnusSRbEhlbI-bYnrynak;beRmIkarCa buKÁlikTUeTA edayrYmTaMgGñkdaMbEnøbgáarsRmab;beRmIesckþIRtÚvkarkñúgKukpg. eRkABIenH CakgkmøaMgeFVIkar kñgú brievNKuk EdleFVkI arenAkñgú GgÁPaBmYykñgú cMeNamGgÁPaBTaMgbIrbs;Kku nigrYmTaMgbuKlÁ ki kariyal½ypg. GgÁPaBenAmnÞrI s-21rYmman GgÁPaBerobcMÉksar GgÁPaBkarBar nigGgÁPaBsYrcemøy I . GgÁPaB erobcMÉksarmannaTIcmøgcemøy I sarPaBecjBIkaEsSt vayGtßbTcemøy I sarPaBrbs;Gkñ eTas segçbGtßbT cemøy I sarPaB nigerobcMTku dak;Éksar. buKlÁ ki enAkñgú GgÁPaBrgEpñkftrUbmannaTIftrUbGñkeTasBak;kNþal xøÜneBlGñkeTasmkdl;Pøam ftrUbGñkeTasEdlsøab;kñúgbnÞb;XuMXaMg nigftrUbGñkeTassMxan;²eRkayeBl smøab;ehIy. rUbftrab;Ban;snøkw enAesssl;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ b:Eu nþrab;Ban;snøkw epSgeTot)an)at;bg;.

65 kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

GgÁPaBkarBarKWCaGgÁPaBFMbpM tu enAmnÞrI s-21. kgsnþsi xu kñgú GgÁPaBenHPaKeRcInCaekµgCMTg;. kgsnþsi xu PaKeRcInmankarlM)ak Duc ¬eQµaHedIm kaMg ehÁceGov¦ kñúgkareKarBbTbBa¢ad¾twgEtgrbs;GgÁPaB. kgsnþisuxminGnuBaØat[ Duc ekItqñaM1945 enAextþ niyayCamYyGñkeTas sYreQµaH b¤vaytb;Gkñ eTaseLIy. kgsnþsi xu kMBg;FM. Duc eronenAviTüal½y RtÚv)anhamXat;min[lYcemIlb¤lYcsþab;karsYrcemøIy ehIyRtÚv RBHsuIsuvtßi nig)anCab;cMNat;fñak; eKarB[)anx¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvbTbBa¢asamsibcMNucEdlhamR)am min[lYc CasisSBUEkKNitviTüaelxBIrTUTaMg edk GgÁy ú elg b¤Ep¥kCBa¢agM kñgú eBleFVkI argar. kgsnþsi xu RtÚvedIreTA RbeTs. Duc eFVICaRKÚbeRgon edIrmk eFVkI aryaml,at nigBinti üBicy ½ GV²I RKb;ya: gedayRbúgRby½tñ KNitviTüaenAsalaeronmYykñúg bMput. kgsnþisuxNaEdl)an sun esn ¬smmitþexov¦ RbRBwtkþ hM su F¶nF; r¶ nwgRtÚvcab;xnÜø extþkMBg;FM. qñaM1964 Duc eFVIkar enAsalaKruekaslübnÞab;BI sun sY r cemø I y ykeTAXu M X aM g ni g sun esn ekItenAéf¶TI12 Ex esn )anrt;cUléRB. Duc cUlCa ykeTAsmø a b; e cal. mnu s S mifuna qñaM1930 enAextþRtavij smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaenAqñaM PaKeRcI n eFV I k arenAmnÞ I r s-21 RbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. RbBn§ 1970. mankarP½ y xø a cy: a gxø a M g cM e BaH rbs; sun esn eQµaH yun y:at Duc )anrt;ecjBIRkúmExµrRkhm kM h u s epSg²EdlGacekI t eLI g ¬ehAsmmitþ narIGat¦ Cardæm®nþI kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 ehIy)an ni g P½ y xø a ccM e BaHTaru N kmµ ni g RksYgGb;rMnigvb,Fm’kñúgrbbkm<úCa køayxøÜnCaRKisþbris½T. Duc RtÚv)an karsmø a b; . RbCaFibetyü. sun esn )an cab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa qñaM1999. GgÁ P aBsY r cemø I y Eckecj eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg cenøaHqñaM cab;BIeBlenaHmk Duc RtÚvCab;XuM CaRkú m rgekþ A Rkú m rgRtCak; ni g 1950nigqñaM1956 ehIy)an kñúgKukrhUtrg;caMkarkat;kþI. kñúgEx Rkú m rgGegá ó m. Rkú m ekþ A ¬CY n cUlCasmaCibkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg. kumÖ³ qñaM2005 Duc RtÚv)ankat; kalehA kgkac¦ GaceFV T I aru N qñaM1963 sun esn )anrt;cUl eTasBIbT]Rkidækmµs®gÁamnigkareFVI kmµ k ñ ú g eBlsY r cemø I y )an. éRB eKcBIkartamcab;rbs;b:Ulis. TukçbukemñjeTAelICnbreTskñúgry³ pÞ y ú eTAvi j Rkú m RtCak; ¬CY n kal sun esn )ankøayeTACaGKÁbBa¢a kalénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. ehAkgsø t Ú ¦mi n RtÚ v )anGnu B aØ a t karkgkmøaMgrMedaHCatiRbCaCnkm<úCa sßanPaB suxPaBrbs; Duc man [eFV I T aru N kmµ e dI m ,I s Y r cemø I y kñúgqñaM1971. PaBRTúDeRTam kñúgqñaM2006. eT. Rbsi n ebI R kú m enHmi n Gac kñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFib etyü sun esn Ca]bnayk eFVI[GñkeTassarPaB eKnwgbBa¢ÚnGñkeTaseTARkúmekþA. RkúmGegáóm rdæm®nþITIbI TTYlbnÞúkkarBarCatinig eFVIkarCamYykrNIF¶n;F¶rnigkrNIsMxan;². karsYrcemøIymanry³eBlEvg. CYnkaldMeNIrkarenHbnþ RKb;RKgpÞal;eTAelImnÞIrs-21. I TaMgenaHecHGan nigecHsresr sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsarRtÚv)an eFVrI hUtdl;yb;GRFaRt. GñksYrcemøy smøab;tambBa¢arbs; b:ul Bt enA ehIyCaTUeTAmanGayuRbEhlCaCagémÖqñaM. éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1997.

7> fñak;dwknaMmnÞIrs-21

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eyaFa nigbegátI kmøagM sñlÚ sRmab;rbbfµmI y Y . RbeTsTaMgBIr )anRbyuT§KñaeBjmYyry³kalénqñaM 1978. enAéf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUyEdl pSayCaPasaExµr)anGMBavnav[RbCaCnkm<Cú aTaMgGs;eRkak QreLIgRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. evotNam)an eRCIserIsRbCaCnExµrmYycMnnY Edl)anePosxønÜ eTAevotNam [cUlbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½BdwknaMedayevotNam. PaKeRcInén CnCatiExµrTaMgenHKWCakmµaPi)al kgT½B nigRbCaCnmkBIPmU Pi aK bUBa’. mkRtwmeBlenHmYyEpñkénPUmiPaKbUBa’sßitenAeRkam karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIymYyEpñkeTotsßti enAeRkam karRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgbHe)arEdlRbqaMgnwgExµrRkhm. enAéf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUy)anpSBV pSayBIkarbegátI eLIgnUvrNsirSsamKÁsI e®gÁaHCatikm<Cú a25. rNsirSenHdwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrni Edl)anePosxønÜ eTAevotNamenAcugqñaM1978. embBa¢akarT½BevotNam v:an; eTonyug )andwknaMeFVkI ar vayRbhary:agxøagM køamkelIkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶T2I 5 ExFñÚ qñaM1978. T½Brbs; v:an; eTonyug )anvaykan;kab; extþRkecH kñúgry³eBlR)aMéf¶ nigextþkMBg;camkñúgry³eBl mYys)þah_. bnÞab;mkenAéf¶T7I Exmkra qña1M 979 kgT½B evotNamnigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁsI e®gÁaHCatikm<Cú avay deNþIm)anrdæFanIPñMeBj nigesÞIrEtépÞRbeTsTaMgmUlkñúg eBlbnþbnÞab;mkeTot. kgT½BTaMgBIr)anerobcMmhasnñ)i atmYy edIm,IbegátI RkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþnk_ m<Cú a[ eFVICardæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñeRkamkardwknaMrbs;smmitþ ehg sMrin. tam:uk ¬eQµaHedIm Qit eCOn¦ tam:ku ekItqña1M 926 enAextþtaEkv. tam:ku )anbYseronGs;CaeRcInqñaM ehIy )anerobkarCamYyb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyeQµaH G‘uk Xwm ehIymankUnbYnnak;. qñaM1949 tam:uk eFVICaRbFan\sSr³Rsuk kñúgextþ taEkv. tam:uk )ancUlCasmaCikRkúm kumµúynIsþenA qñaM1963. BIqñaM1968 eTAqñaM1978 tam:uk CaelxaPUmiPaK nirtI. enAExvicäika qñaM1978 tam:uk RtÚv )anEtgtaMgCaGnuelxaTIBIrbkSkumµúynIsþ km<úCa. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCa RbCaFibetyü tam:uk minEdlesñIsuMkar elIkElgeTas ehIyminEdlmanbMNg cuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)aleT. tam:ku RtÚv)an cab;xøÜn edaykgT½BraCrdæaPi)alenAEk,r RBMEdnéf enAExmIna qñaM1999 ehIy dak;kñúgmnÞIrXuM XaMg. tam:ku søab;eday sarCMgeW nAéf¶T2I 1 Exkkáda qñaM2006.

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eBlyam min[GgÁúyb¤Ep¥k nigmin[sresrGVITaMgGs; RtÚvedIrcuHeLIgtammuxsBaØarbs;xøÜn. eBlyam min[sYreQµaHxµaMgdac;xat enAkñúgbnÞb;b¤kñúgpÞH. eBlyam mitN þ amanParkicy © am min[edIrecalkEnøgyam. eBlyam min[mitN þ aKµanParkic© yamcUllukluy ebIkTVarb¤bg¥ÜcemIlGñkeTasdac;xat. cMeBaHGñkeTasEdlCab;XuMXaMg ebIeTaHsÁal;b¤minsÁal; min[saksYrCadac;xat. cMeBaHxµagM EdlCab;enAkEnøgeyIg minGnuBaØat[smøtú b¤vaydac;xat. ebIxaµ gM esrI Gñkyamniyay minsþab; esñIraykarN_CabnÞan;[GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCapÞal;b¤CaRkdas. ebIxaµ gM vamanskmµPaBvayesa cak;esa cgk Gark Garéd bMrgu nwgelbex©A nigmanRbtikmµepSg² RtÚvmanviFankarCabnÞan; dak;exµaHédmkeRkay ehIyraykarN_[GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCabnÞan;Edr. eBlxµaMgrt;rYc RtÚvraykarN_CabnÞan; RtÚvtamcab;Pøam manviFankarPøam. eBlyaml,atkarBar kmµaPi)alRkúmkgha RtÚvmanmuxenAkEnøgyamtammuxsBaØarbs;xøÜnEdl bkSRbKl;[. eBlyam kmµaPi)almin[lYcedkb¤GgÁúyEp¥k RtÚvedIrRtÜtBinitü[Cab;CaRbcaM. eBlyam kmµaPi)alnigyuTC§ nRtÚvEqkeqrRKb;eBlevla tamkarkMNt;[)andac;xat KW24em:ag EqkbYndgCakMhti KW ³ RBwkeBlem:ag6mþg em:ag11éf¶Rtg;mgþ eTot l¶acem:ag6mþg nigyb;em:ag11 mþgeTot. eBlEqkedaHexaGavvaehIy RtÚv[vaesøókBak;vij eTIbGñkEqkecjBIbnÞb;. cMeBaHexaGavxµaMg RtÚv[vaesøókBak;TaMgGs; min[edaHecjBIxøÜneLIy. eBlyaml,at kmµaPi)alRtÚvkan;knU esaedayxønÜ Ég minbENþtbeNþaytamcitxþ nÜø x¢li . dac;xat min[)at;knU esa ebI)at;knU esaminRtÚvGareT RtÚvrkkUn[eXIj ehIyRtÚvraykarN_ GñkeTasrt;rcY kEnøg)at;kUnesa RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsmUhPaB. eBlyam RtÚvesøókBak;CaÉksNæaneyaFa minGnuBaØat[esøókexaxøIb¤edaHGav.

2> GMBIesaexñaH

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3> xagviFankar

xµaMgvaenAtampÞH min[vaTak;TgKña)aneT. xµaMgEdlenAkEnøgeyIg KWdac;xatmin[vaniyayKña. cMeBaHGñkEdlmanParkicx© agkñgú KWdac;xatminGnuBaØat[edIrecjmkeRkAeT Rby½txñ aµ gM vaTak;TgKña )anb¤xµaMgvamanRbtikmµepSg². enAtampÞHnImYy² RtÚvmanbBa¢IeQµaHxµaMgnigelxbnÞb;. cMeBaHGavuF eBlyamRtÚvedaHRKab;ecjBIbg;EdlCab;GavuF EtcMeBaHbg;EdlCab;ngw kaEstRtÚv manRKab;eBj. GñkyamCab;CamYyxµaMgxagkñúg min[kan;GavuF GnuBaØat[kan;dMbg. GavuFRtÚvmanGñkkan;c,as;las;. minRtÚvTukGavuFecal RtÚvkan;Cab;nwgxøÜn. minRtÚvTukGavuFenAEk,rxµaMgb¤s<ayGavuFeTAQrCitxµaMg. bþÚryamRtÚvRbKl;Parkic©c,as;las; nigraykarN_BIsPaBkarN_GñkeTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg² eTot[eTAGñkyamfµI. eBlbþrÚ yam eTIbGnuBaØat[ykFugGacm_ngi Fugenam nigEqkeqr. Parkice© nH GñkbþrÚ yambMeBj ehIyGñkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGñkbþÚryambMeBjParkic©xøÜnCadMbUgenHehIy.

KnßnieTÞs ÉksarbNÑsardæan

ÉksarPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)anykmkeRbIkgúñ karsresrGtßbTenH KWykecjBIbNÑsardæannigbNÑal½y rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa EdlCaXøaMgtmál;ÉksaredImBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüFMCageKbg¥s;enAelI BiPBelak. ÉksarEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsykmkeFVICaÉksareyag rYmman ³ RbvtþirUbrbs;GtItkmµaPi)alExµrRkhm cemøIysarPaBnigbBa¢IraynamGñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21 rdæFmµnuBaØnigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü esovePATg;bdivtþn_nigyuvCnyuvnarIbdivtþn_ ¬TsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦ kMNt;ehtusþIBIkic©RbCuMKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa BaküesøaknigceRmógrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü EpnTIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü rUbftedImrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun².

bEnßmBIelIenH B½tm’ anmYycMnnY eTotRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþRI bcaMExrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar km<Cú a {TsSnavdþEI sVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtþki m<Cú aRbCaFibetyü sarB½tm’ an nigGtßbTEtgesckþEI dl)an cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkñgú kmµvFi I {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtþsi a®sþkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü} EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐl Éksarkm<úCashkarCamYysmaKmGñkniBn§Exµr RBmTaMgGtßbTsmÖasn_. esovePAe)aHBum<nigGtßbT

eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r/ {enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA³ km<Cú anigbdivtþnE_ xµrRkhm} ¬bkERbCaPasaExµr¦ PñMeBj/ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<qñaM2005. Nay:an; can;da/ {sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} e)aHBum<enAjÚvy:k edayeragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986. edvId eqndl½r/ {bgFMTmI y Y ³ Rbvtþri bU neya)ayrbs; b:lu Bt} Boulder, CO: Westview Press, e)aHBum<qñaM1992. ___ {esaknadkmµénRbvtþisa®sþExµr³ neya)ay s®gÁam nigbdivtþn_ BIqñaM1945} New Haven and London: Yale University Press, e)aHBum<qñaM1991.

___ {sMeLgBImnÞIrs-21³ PaBRBWxøacnigRbvtþikñúgKuksm¶at;rbs; b:ul Bt} GtßbTbkERbTI3/ PñMeBj/ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<qñaM2003. qaMg yu {etI´rs;ranmanCIvti BIrbbExµrRkhmedayrebobNa?} GtßbTecjpSaykñgú kaEstPñeM Bj b:usþ×/ elxecjpSayéf¶TI8-21 Exemsa qñaM2005. ___ {TYlBisBulEdlCaKukTYlEsøg} GtßbTcuHpSaykñúgkaEstPñMeBjb:usþ×/ elxecjpSay éf¶TI3-15 ExmIna qñaM1997. ___ {tYnaTIrbs;Gas‘anenAkñgú dMeNIrkartulakarkat;eTasExµrRkhm} sunrÞ kfaenAviTüasßansikSa RsavRCavGasuIGaeKñy_/ sigðburI/ éf¶TI1 Exkkáda qñaM2005. evnI xkehÁól/ ):ag BIvn½ / r:a éqr:an;/ nig sumw suP®½ kþ/ {CIvti kñgú PaBnwgfál³; rUbftesssl;BGI eM BI Rbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<Cú a} GtßbTe)aHBump< SayTI6rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a/ e)aHBume< nAPñeM Bj qña2M 004. eGo em:gRTI/ {cMNg]Rkidkæ mµ³ RbB½ns§ nþsi xu PUmPi aKnirtIrbs;ExµrRkhm} GtßbTe)aHBump< SayTI7rbs; mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj/ qñaM2005. eGo em:gRTI nig swm sUry i a/ {CnrgeRKaHnigCnéddl;?³ ksiNsakSIkmµaPi)alExµrRkhmv½yekµg} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayelIkTI1rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj/ qñaM2001. Heder, Stephen & Brian D. Tittemore. {ebkçCnR)aMBrI nak;sRmab;karkat;esckþ}I GtßbTe)aHBum< pSayelIkTI4rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2004. h‘un Esn/ {10qñaMéndMeNIrkm<úCa 1979-1989} rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM1989. ___ {13stvtSr_éndMeNIrkm<úCa} karpSayrbs;kaEstRbCaCn/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM1991. ½ CmñHeq<aHeTAkarbMpaø jxønÜ Ég} GtßbTe)aHBump< Say h‘y u vNÑ³/ {kgBlExµrRkhmelx703³ BICy elIkTI3rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2003. M acedayrebobNa³ Rbvtþci lnakumyúµ nIseþ nAkm<Cú a 1930Eb‘n eXonin {etI b:lu Bt eLIgkan;GN 1975} New Haven and London, Yale University Press, e)aHBum<qñaM1996.

___ {rbb b:lu Bt³ Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<Cú aeRkamrbbExµrRkhm 1975-1979} New Haven and London: Yale University Press, e)aHBum<qñaM1996. Locard, Henri. {kUnesovePARkhmrbs; b:l u Bt³ BaküGgÁkar} Bangkok: silkworm Books, e)aHBumq< ñaM2004. Pñak;garesubI karsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik {km<Cú a³ kar)at;bg;cnM nY RbCaCn} ecjpSayEx]sPa qña1M 980. v:an; Nat/ {rUbKMnUrGñkeTasmñak;enAkñúgKuk³ mYyqñaMkñúgmnÞIrs-21rbs;ExµrRkhm} Bangkok: White Lotus, e)aHBum<qñaM1998. ém:eXIl vIkxWrI {km<Cú aBIqañ 1M 975dl;qañ 1M 982} e)aHBume< nA)agkk edayeragBum< O.S./ e)aHBum< qñaM1984. Bin y:aéf/ {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;³ esaknadkmµd¾Cak;EsþgkñúgrbbExµrRkhm} ¬GtßbTbkERb¦ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2003. GusI a ]sµan {G‘KU bU H³ yutFiþ m’rbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü} GtßbTe)aHBume< lIkTI2 rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2002. ___{karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam³ CnCaticamnigCnCatiExµreRkamrbbExµrRkhm} GtßbT e)aHBum<pSayelIkTI9rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM 2006.

sTÞanuRkm 1

karkMNt;teY lxGMBcI nM nY RbCaCnkm<Cú a Edl)ansøab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyümanPaBxus²Kña. rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanit km<Cú a¬1979-1989¦ tamry³karRsg;stiß ti amRKÜsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<Cú aCag3lan3Esnnak;)an søab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. enAkñgú esovePA{rbb b:lu Bt³ Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<Cú aeRkam rbbExµrRkhm 1975-1979} ¬New Haven and London kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;saklviTüal½yey:l qñaM1996¦ Rbvtþvi Ti U Eb‘n eXonin )an)a:ns; aµ nfamanmnusScMnnY 1lan5Esnnak;)ansøab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. karkMNt;cnM nY mnusS søab;rbs;Rbvtþvi Ti U Eb‘n eXonin Ep¥keTAelIbTsmÖasn_CamYyRbCaCn500nak; kñgú qña1M 980 Edl100nak;CaCnePosxønÜ enARbeTs)araMgkñúgqñaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGñkrs;enAkñúgRbeTs. eRkaymk RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )anniyayfa eyagtamkarKNnarbs;GñkRbCasa®sþ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlsøab;KWmankñúgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPñak;gares-GuI-Ga enAkñgú r)aykarN_my Y EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<Cú a³ kar)at;bg;cnM nY RbCaCn} ¬elxecjpSayEx]sPa qña1M 980¦ )an snñdi aæ nfaRbCaCnkm<Cú aRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)ansøab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. Rbvtþvi Ti U ém:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGag faRbCaCnExµr Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümancMnYnRbEhl7Esn4muWnnak;. karsikSarbs;elakEp¥keTAelIkar Rsg;sßiticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij edayeRbóbeFobcMnYnRbCaCnmunqñaM1975nigcMnYnRbCaCneRkayqñaM1979 ehIydkcMnYn mnusSsøab;tamFmµCatiBcI nM nY mnusSsøab;srub. ¬km<Cú aBIqañ 1M 975dl;qañ 1M 982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum< qñaM1984.¦ 2

]bTVbI \NÐcÚ ni KWCaeQµaHEdlGaNaniKm)araMgdak;[RbeTsbIEdlxønÜ RtÜtRta rYmmanRbeTsevotNam RbeTsLav nigRbeTs km<Cú a. s®gÁam\NÐcÚ ni elIkTImy Y )ancab;epþmI BIqañ 1M 946dl;qañ 1M 954 rvag)araMgnigclnats‘eU votNam¬evotmij¦dwknaM eday hU CImij. CemøaHenH)anrIkraldalelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsLav.

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edIm,IBRgwgclnats‘RU bqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxøagM køaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAqña1M 951 evotNam )anbMEbkbkSkumy úµ nIs\þ NÐcÚ ni CabIbkS EdltMNag[RbeTsTaMgbIkgúñ ]bTVbI \NÐcÚ ni ³ bkSBlkrevotNam bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ Exµr nigbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Lav. eTaHCay:agenHkþI clnats‘UkñúgRbeTsTaMgbIsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamdEdl. 5

sm<n½ e§ dIm,IÉkraCüevotNam ehAkat;fa{evotmij} RtÚv)anbegátI eLIgeday hU CImji enAqña1M 941 edIm,ITamTarÉkraCü BIGaNaniKm)araMg.

kic©RBmeRBógenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAÉsnñisITTIRkúghSWENvqñaM1954 kñúgkarbBa©b;CemøaHnignaMmkvijnUvsnþiPaBkñúg]bTVIb \NÐÚcin.

minTan;manÉksarNamYybBa¢ak;[)anc,as;GMBImUlehtuénkar)at;xøÜnrbs; TU samut enAeLIyeT.

smasPaBsmaCikKN³rdæm®nþéI nraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<Cú a smasPaBTaMgenaHrYmman³ semþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþ¦I / exov sMpn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþnI gi Cardæm®nþRI ksYgkarBar Cati¦/ sarin qak ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgkar breTs¦/ h‘U yn; ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYg mhaépÞTTYlbnÞúkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦/ h‘U nwm ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦/ ecA esg ¬rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúk ebskkmµBiess¦/ can; yUr:an; ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦/ eg:a h‘U ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsuxaPi)al kic©karsasna nig sgÁmkic©¦/ CYn muM ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦/ ]tþmesnIy_ dYg sMGlu ¬rdæm®nþTI TYlbnÞkú PsþPú areyaFa nigeRKÓg sBVavuF¦/ hYt sm,tþi ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgsaFarNkarTUrKmnaKmn_ngi sagsg;¦/ Ca san ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgyutFiþ m’ nigkMENTRmg; tulakar¦/ Kat Qn; ¬rdæm®nþTI sI kIþ arKN³rdæm®nþ¦I / CYn RbsiT§ ¬rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞkú sRmbsRmÜlkarxitxMRbwgERbgts‘eU dIm,IreM daHCati¦/ RBHGgÁma© s; neratþm PUrsi Sra ¬rdæm®nþkI ti y iþ s¦/ Kg; supl ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgkarBarCati¦/ b:ku dWskumar ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgkar breTs¦/ v:an; BInI ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgkarbreTs¦/ suk FYk ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgmhaépÞTTYlbnÞúkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦/ TIv Gul ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦/ eGog FIriT§ ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYgGb;rCM atingi yuvCn¦/ CU eCt ¬Gnurdæm®nþRI ksYg suxaPi)al kick© arsasna nigsgÁmkic¦© / nig kuy FYn ¬Gnurdæm®nþI RksYgesdækci n© gi hirBaØvtß¦ú . esÞrI EtRKb;smaCikKN³rdæm®nþI TaMgenHmanEteQµaHb:eu NÑaH. GñkEdlmansiTsi§ eRmckick© arRKb; Ebby:agKWKN³Gcié®nþyb_ kSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú aEdlman b:lu Bt Ca elxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. Éksarelx D24008 kñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa. 9

ExµrhaNUyKWCaCnCatiExµrEdlFøab;rs;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBITsvtSr_qañ 1M 950. GñkTaMgenH)anvilRtLb;mkkm<Cú avij kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁam¬1970-1975¦ edIm,ICYyExµrRkhmRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr. 10

munTTYl)anC½yCmñH ExµrRkhm)anRbkasfaxønÜ nwgeFVkI arRbharCIvti m®nþCI an;xs< r; bs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elak esnaRbmux ln; nl; EtR)aMBIrrUbb:ueNÑaH EdlExµrRkhmehAfa {mhaCnk,t;}. GñkTaMgenHrYmmanRbFanaFibtI ln; nl;/ RBHGgÁm©as; suIsuvtiß sirimt³/ naykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t/ ecg ehg/ Guin taM/ sUEsþn EhVNg;eds/ nig sWg g:ukfaj;.

Éksar D01266 enAkñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {esckþIENnaMGMBIkareRbIBaküGgÁkarnigBakübkS}. esckþEI NnaMenHecjpSayBIKN³870 EdlCakariyal½yeFVkI arrbs; b:lu Bt enAéf¶T1I 1 Exkkáda qña1M 977 Edlman esckþfI a {BaküGgÁkarb¤BakübkSeRbIEtcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMg minRtÚveRbIsRmab;bKu lÁ eLIy. cMeBaHbuKlÁ RtÚveRbIBaküsmmitþ eQµaHenH b¤smmittþ EM NgenH b¤smmittþ N M agGgÁkarfñak;enH. ]TahrN_ smmitþ etg smmiteþ lxa smmittþ N M agGgÁkar .l.} 12

Nay:an; can;da/ {bgb¥nÚ EdlCasRtÚv³ s®gÁambnÞab;BsI ®gÁam} j:vÚ y:k/ e)aHBume< dayeragBum< Macmillan qña1M 986.

Nay:an; can;da )anGHGagfaenAéf¶T2I Exmkra qña1M 979 kgkumgµ: d; eU votNam)anqøgkat;Tenøctumxu Ek,rRBHbrmraCvaMg edIm,Icab;BRgt;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ykeTAevotNamkñúgeKalbMNg[RBHGgÁdwknaMclnats‘UmYyeRkamkarCYyTMnuk bRmúgrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü b:Eu nþEpnkarenHRtÚvbraC½y. enAéf¶enaHEdr edaysarsPaBkarN_

EdlevotNamvaycUlkm<úCakan;EtmansPaBF¶n;F¶renaH exov sMpn )anCemøósRBHGgÁeTAkan;RsuksuIsupunEk,rRBMEdnExµréf. BIréf¶eRkaymk exov sMpn )aneTAyagRBHGgÁclU mkTIRkúgPñeM BjvijedayniyayfaevotNam)andkfyvijehIy. éf¶TI5 Exmkra b:ul Bt )anyagRBHGgÁeTACYbRbCuMkñúgeKalbMNgesñIsuM[RBHGgÁeFVICatMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüenA GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarkarKaMRTrbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbqaMgnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam. CafñÚrnwgkic©kard¾mansarsMxan;enH b:ul Bt yl;RBmGnuBaØat[RBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;cakecjBIkm<úCaCamYyRBHGgÁEdr eTaHbICamankarCMTas;BI eGog sarI Edlcg;TukRBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsCacMNab;xµaMgk¾eday. RBHGgÁnig RBHraCvgSanuvgS)anyagcakecjeTARbeTscintameCIgynþehaHcinmYyeRKÓg enAéf¶TI6 Exmkra. Nay:an; can;da/ {sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986. 14

KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþyé_ nsPatMNagRbCaCnkm<Cú arYmman nYn Ca ¬RbFan¦/ gYn kg ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦/ eBA s‘U ¬GunRbFan TI2¦ nig rs; nwm/ s s‘an/ muI qaM/ exg sux/ m:at; lI/ fg su/I nig rs; RBab ¬CasmaCik¦. KN³RbFanrdækm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü rYmman³ exov sMpn ¬RbFan¦/ esa Pwm ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦ nig jwm rs; ¬GnuRbFanTI2¦. smasPaBsmaCikrdæaPi)alkm<Cú a RbCaFibetyürYmman b:ul Bt ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦/ eGog sarI ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI1nigCardæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs¦/ vn ev:t ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI2nigCardæm®nþIRksYgesdækic©¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþI TI3nigCardæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati¦/ h‘U nwm ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgeXasnakarnigB½tm’ an¦/ CYn eCOn ¬rdæm®nþI RksYgsuxaPi)al¦/ eGog FIrTi § ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgsgÁmkic¦© / tUc ePOn ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgsaFarNkar¦/ yun y:at ¬rdæm®nþRI ksYgvb,Fm’Gb;rM nigsikSaFikar¦. eRkABIenHkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyümancat;taMg KN³kmµaFikarmYycMnYndUcCaKN³kmµaFikarksikmµdwknaMeday C½y sYn/ KN³kmµaFikar]sSahkmµdwknaMeday ecg Gn/ KN³kmµaFikarBaNiCkmµdkw naMeday kuy FYn/ KN³kmµaFikarcmáarekAs‘U dwknaMedaysmmitþ PYg/ KN³kmµaFikarKmnaKmn_dkw naM eday muI R)ag nigKN³kmµaFikarfamBl. KN³kmµaFikarTaMgR)aMmy Y enHsßti eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ]bnaykrdæm®nþTI TYlbnÞkú xagesdækic© ehIyRbFanKN³kmµaFikarnImYy²manzan³esµInwgrdæm®nþI. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sßab½nxagelIenHminmandMeNIrkar eBjeljc,as;las;eT. ¬dkRsg;ecjBIÉksarelx D21227enAkñgú bNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a sþGI BM {I GgÁRbCuM snñi)atelIkTI1 kñúgsm½ykalTI1 rbs;sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa éf¶11-13 emsa 1976}. 15

GuIsa ]sµan {karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI9rbs;rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa qñaM2006.

mCÄimbkSKWCaBaküEdlbkSkumy úµ nIskþ m<Cú aeRbIseM dAeTAelIfañ k;dkw naMkBM lU rbs;rdæaPi)al nigRksYgEdlmanGMNacTaMgLay. sßab½nTaMgenHGacCaKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_b¤kgT½B. 17

GñkRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a GusI a ]sµan )an[tYelxCnCaticamEdlsøab;kgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyücMnnY BI4EsneTA5Esnnak;. GuIsa ]sµan )anGHGagfa tYelxenH)anmkBIbTsmÖasn_rbs;elakCamYyfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s; GusI aø mCaeRcInrUb EdlFøab;dgw nig)anRbmUlsßti Ci nCaticamenAkm<Cú a. fñak;dkw naMGsIu aø mTaMgenaH)anniyayfa CnCaticammun qñaM1975mancMnYnRbEhl7Esnnak; ehIyenAqñaM1979 manCnCaticamenAesssl;EtRbmaNBI2EsneTA3Esnnak; b:eu NÑaH. ¬{G‘KU bU H³ yutFiþ m’rbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü} GtßbTe)aHBume< lIkTI2rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a/

PñeM Bj/ e)aHBumq< añ 2M 002.¦ Rbvtþvi Ti U Eb‘n eXonin )an[tYrelxTab;CagenH. eXonin )anGHGagfa cMnnY CnCaticamkñgú qña1M 975man2Esn5munW nak; ehIyeyagtamGRtakMeNInCnCaticam cMnnY enHGacekIneLIgdl;2Esn6munW nak;kgúñ qña1M 979. eXonin )anTajesckþsI nñdi aæ nfa cMnnY CnCaticameRkayqña1M 979manRbEhl1Esn7munW 3Ban;nak; mann½yfaCnCaticam Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFiibetyümancMnYnRbEhl8muWn7Ban;nak;. ¬Eb‘n eXonin {etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNaceday rebobNa³ RbvtþiclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCa1930-1975} New Haven and London, Yale University Press, e)aHBum< qñaM1996.¦ 18

Bin y:aéf/ {CIvti kUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;³ esaknadkmµdC¾ ak;Esþgkñgú rbbExµrRkhm} ¬GtßbTbkERb¦ kare)aHBump< Sayrbs; RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2003. 19

CU sUPa {maneTaseRBaHGV?I } dkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTEtgesckþcI N M at;fañ k;Cy ½ laPIelxBIr enAkñgú karRbkYtRbECgkñgú kmµvFi I EfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlerobcMeLIgeRkamkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCanigsmaKm GñkniBn§Exµr enAExemsa qñaM2004.

m:m épb‘Un/ {sMNl;CIvitnigRsemalGtItkal} C½ylaPITIbYnkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgsMeNrEtgesckþIEdl]btßmÖeday smaKmGñkniBn§ExµrnigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAExemsa qñaM2004.

v:an; Nat {rUbKMnrU GñkeTasmñak;enAkñgú Kuk³ mYyqñakM gúñ mnÞrI s-21rbs;ExµrRkhm} e)aHBume< nATIRkúg)agkk edayRkúmh‘nu White Lotus enAqñaM1998. 22

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {GMBIeQµaH tun kmµkrCYsCulreTHePøIg} Éksarelx D02831.

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {taMg Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIr \LÚveFVIkar enAPUmiCIeGak Rsuk)arayN_} Éksarelx D02845.

km<Cú aeRkamCaTwkdIPaKxagt,Úgrbs;GaNacRkExµr Edl\LÚv)ankøayeTACaTIRkúghUCmI ji ¬EdlExµrehAfaéRBnKr¦. TwkdI enHRtÚv)andak;eQµaHfa kUsaMgsuIn enAkñúgCMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg. rdæaPi)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anRbKl;km<úCaeRkameTA[ evotNamkñúgqñaM1949. RbCaCnExµrCaeRcInmanrs;enAEpñkxøHénTwkdIenH b:uEnþRbCaCnPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.

enAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 clnats‘URbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anR)arB§mITÞIg enARsuksñÜl extþRkecH edIm,I begátI {rNsirSsamKÁsI e®gÁaHCatikm<Cú a} EdleRkaymkkøayeTACa{rNsirSsamKÁkI sagkarBarmatuPmU ki m<Cú a}.smaCikBIrry nak;)ancUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁmiTÞIgenH edIm,ITTYlsÁal;KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimrbs;rNsirSdb;bYnrYb Edlmansmmitþ ehg sMrin Ca RbFan smmitþ Ca suIm CaGnuRbFan nigsmmitþ rs; sm½y CaGKÁelxaFikar.

semþcbvresdæa sWn san ekItenAqñaM1911 enAkm<úCaeRkam. semþcCanaykrdæm®nþIkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym BIEx ]sPa qña1M 967 dl;Exmkra qña1M 968. kñgú TsvtSr_ qña1M 980 semþc sWn san )andwknaM {rNsirSCatireM daHRbCaBlrdæ Exµr}. bnÞab;BkI arcrcasnþPi aBRkúg):arIs semþc sWn san )anbegátI nigdwknaM {KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIny i mRBHBuTs§ asna} cUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñatCatiqñaM1993. semþc sWn san )anTTYlmrNPaBedayeraKaBaFenARbeTs)araMg enAéf¶TI19 ExFñÚ qñaM2000 kñúgCnµayu89qñaM.

GñkniBn§ DI xaMblU I ekItenAqña1M 981 enAextþRkecH. DI xaMblU I cab;epþmI bMeBjkargarenAmCÄmNÐlÉksar taMgBIqañ 2M 003. bUlI )ansresrGtßbTCaeRcInEdl)ancuHpSayenAkñgú TMBr½ TsSnavdþ{I EsVgrkkarBit} nig CaGñksRmbsRmÜlKeRmagénkarsikSaBIGeM BIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. bUlI TTYl )ansBaØab½RtbriBaØab½RtEpñkPasaGg;eKøsBIsklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj nigbriBaØab½RtBaNiC¢kmµBIviTüasßan CatiRKb;RKg. bUlI Føab;)aneTAsikSamuxviC¢aBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAsaklviTüal½ykugxdedorRbeTs kaNada nigFøab;)aneTAeFVkI mµski SaenAsarmnÞrI Rbl½yBUCsasn_ nigviTüúseM LgshrdæGaemrik enATIRkúgv:asunI etanDIsuI shrdæGaemrik.

karraMkmSanþrbs;kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦