Mercedes Sarua Thesis by Mercedes Sarua

Bamboo Lives

Bamboo Lives a school village project for burmese refugees in mae la camp

Mercedes Sarua Matricola: 767092 Tutor: [PhD] Luca Maria Francesco Fabris Politecnico di Milano Scuola di Architettura e Società Master of Science in Architecture july · 2013

Bamboo Lives

ACRONYMS DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army GDP

Gross Domestic Product

ICRC

International Committee of the Red Cross

IDP

Internally Displaced Persons

KNLA Karen National Liberation Army KWO

Karen Women Organization

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

SPDC State Peace and Development Council SLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council

Special thanks

United Nations

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund U5MR Under 5 Mortality

to my parents [Lala & José], Damian and my siblings [Pri & Tato] for being by my side always no matter how far - no matter how close. Ho Thi Hong Trang for being such a perfect colleague and friend. Luca M. F. Fabris for his guidelines and support. And to all the lovely friends I met in this journey.

WHO World Health Organization WEAVE Women’s Education for Advancement and Employment

Bamboo Lives

INDEX ABSTRACT · RIASSUNTO L·SCALE 1. Floting across the border 1.a. Who is a refugee? 1.b. Different with other forcibly displaced groups 1.c. Climatic Refugee 1.d. Refugee Destination 1.e. The United Nation & the refugees 2. Education is the key 2.a. Education as a right 2.b. Education as a protection tool 2.c. Education as a durable solution 2.d. Education as an international obligation 2.e. Education as the basis for sustainable development 3. Home sweet camp 3.a. Definition of camp setting 3.b. The objectives of the refugee camps M·SCALE 1. The Context in the Thai-Burma border 2. Human right violation 3. Internal conflict 4. Refugee in Thailand 4.a. Why people leave Bruma? 4.a.a. Education 4.a.b. Health Care 4.a.c. The shortage of food supply 5. Local housing & structure technique 5.a. Community based natural resource management [CBNRM] 5.b. Bamboo growing 5.c. Treatment of bamboo poles 5.d. Concrete post production

S·SCALE 1. Mae La Camp, a brief history 1.a. Location 1.b. Population 2. Mae La Camp, urbanization 2.a. Education 2.b. Services & Infrastructure. 2.c. Public nodes [Partners & Community – Based Organizations]. 2.d. Health 2.e. Water & Sanitation 2.e.a. Water Supply and Use 2.e.b. Water System CASE STUDIES 1. Different examples of Bamboo Architecture THE PROJECT 1.Challenge of architects 2. Desing strategy 2.a. Sustainability through education 2.b. Social participation 2.c.Use of local resources & materials 2.d.Prototype of a family 3.Masterplan design 4.Architectural design

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bamboo Lives

Under the statistic of UNHCR, nowadays there are more than ten millions people considered refugee. Most of them are now settled in refugee camps in the neighbor countries under very poor living condition. Along Burmese-Thailand border, approximately 150.000 Burmese refugees are living in nine camps with no better situation. This situations makes me wonder... Does architecture help to make a change in people lives?. In order to understand more about this tragic world situation and try to answer to my question, is born this project for a study village in Mae La camp. The target of this project to help the most vulnerable group among the Burmese refugee in Mae La: the children that are,either, abandoned or orphan. The design is a sustainable â&#x20AC;&#x153;villageâ&#x20AC;? in-

Bamboo Lives

side the refugee camp for this children, in which they can be provided further education, live-hood and also the emotional and financial protection. Sustainable strategies will be applied throughout the proposal in order to improve the quality of life and at the same time provide a space to grow in the future.

Bamboo Lives

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

L Scale World Refugee Situation Refugees are a type of forced or involuntary migration. In the Refugee Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 The United Nations, defined refugees as “persons fleeing their country legally because of a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership a particular social group or political opinion.

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

1. Flowing Across Border 1.a. Who is a Refugee? “owing to a well-founded fear of being perseA refugee is a person who is outside their country

cuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality,

of origin or habitual residence because they have

membership of a particular social group or polit-

suffered (or fear) persecution on account of race,

ical opinion, is outside the country of his nation-

religion, nationality, political opinion, or because

ality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is

they are a member of a persecuted ‘social group’

unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that

or because they are fleeing natural disaster. Such

country.”

a person may be referred to as an ‘asylum seeker’ until recognized by the state where they make a

The first reference of affording asylum to people

claim.

fleeing per

secution has been recorded 3,500

years ago1. Over three millennia later in the late of

As of January 31, 2005, the largest source coun-

1940s, UN Refugee Agency was set up to look

tries of refugees are Afghanistan, Iraq, Sierra Le-

after refugees, specifically those waiting to return

one, Myanmar, South Sudan, and the Palestinian

home at the end of World War II. At the beginning

Territories. The country with the largest number of

of 2012, there were 10.4 million under the man-

IDPs is South Sudan, with over 5 million. As of

date of UNHCR, down slightly from the previous

2006, with 800,000 refugees and IDPs, Azerbai-

year. It is important to note that refugees are very

jan had the highest per capita IDP population in

different from economic migrants. Economic mi-

the world.

grants choose to move in order to seek a bet- 11 ter life for themselves or their families (UNHCR,

According to the Refugee Convention, estab-

2011). Refugees flee in order to reach safety and

lished by UNHCR in 1951, a refugee is defined

protect their freedoms.

as someone who :

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

Total under UNHCR Total under UNHCR

Burundi Bosnia Georgia* Chad Croatia Burma Russia* Burundi

Yemen Afghanistan Kenya CAR Serbia Georgia

Sri Lanka Uganda Ivory Coast Azerbaijan Sudan Iraq Somalia Pakistan Yemen Afghanistan Kenya Sri Lanka Uganda Ivory Coast Azerbaijan Sudan

3,304,000

Congo Colombia Iraq Somalia Pakistan

2,052,700

1,894,600

1,550,000

1,522,000 2,052,700

1,034,100 1,894,600

586,000 1,550,000

519,100 1,522,000

446,300 1,034,100

434,900 586,000

399,000 519,100

297,100 446,300

250,000 434,900

246,900 399,000

224,900 297,100

3,304,000

CAR Serbia Georgia Bosnia Georgia* Chad

197,000 250,000

170,500 246,900

105,700 224,900

113,600 197,000

100,000 170,500

Russia*

81,900 105,700

81,900

Burma

67,300 113,600

67,300

Croatia

* includes people in IDP like situation

2,300 100,000

2,300

15,627,900 15,627,900

Congo

Colombia

* includes people in IDP like situation

SOURCE: UNHCR

GRAPHIC: SCRUTON, MCCORMICK, SHEEHY SOURCE: UNHCR GRAPHIC: SCRUTON, MCCORMICK, SHEEHY

Figure 1: Sourse: UNHCR ,Graphic: SCRUTON, MCCORMICK, SHEEHY

A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. UNHCR , The UN Refugee Agency.

[i. 001]

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

in 2005 as Internally Displaced Persons.But one

1.b. Different with other forcibly displaced groups

thing in common among these people: conflict threatened their family; they have to choose to stay and risk their lives or leave everything behind

In addition to refugees, there's a category of dis-

and try to flee and risk kidnap, rape or torture.

placed people known as "Internally Displaced

The choice here is between horrific or something

Persons" (IDP’s) who are not officially refugees

worse. The refugees flee their country, across

because they have not left their own country but

the border usually ending up in refugee camps,

are refugee-like inasmuch as they have been dis-

shelters, or rural area in other countries. Although

placed by persecution or armed conflict within

numerous non-profit agencies operate around the

their own country. The leading countries of Inter-

world protecting the rights of refugees, this group

nally Displaced Persons include Sudan, Angola,

continues to face extreme social and economic

Burma, Turkey, and Iraq.

hardship.

Refugee organizations estimate that there are

...

between12-24million IDP’s worldwide. 27.1m people are displaced by conflict within their own countries. Of these, 15.6m are looked after by the UNHCR. Colombia, with 3.3m, has the most IDPs, while renewed conflict in the Congo and 16

Pakistan have created 2.1m and 1.9m in those countries last year. Iraq and Uganda saw significant falls, as people returned home. Some organizations even consider the hundreds of thousands of evacuees from Hurricane Katrina

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

Who are the forcibly displaced?

10.4m

11.5m

15.2m

Under UNHCR Shown above

Internally displaced people not under UNHCR

43.3m TOTAL

Refugees

4.8m

Palestinian refugees under UNRWA

15.6m

27.1m

Internally displaced people under UNHCR Shown below

IDPs

983,000 Asylum seekers

Figure 2: Source UNHCR ; Graphic: SCRUTON, MCCORMICK, SHEEHY

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

1.c. Climatic Refugees

1.d. Refugee Destinations

The number of refugees worldwide is growing

When a person or family decides to leave their

year by year, according to the yearly reports pub-

home country and seek asylum elsewhere, they

lished by the UNHCR, where it is stated that cli-

generally travel to the closest safe area possible.

mate change is one of the leading causes of the

Thus, while the world's largest source countries

global rise in refugees, along with conflict and es-

for refugees include Afghanistan, Iraq, and Sierra

calating food prices. According to the Internation-

Leone, some of the countries hosting the most

al Red Cross, climate change disasters are now

refugees include countries like Pakistan, Syria,

a bigger cause of population displacement than

Jordan, Iran, and Guinea. Approximately 70% of

war and persecution.

the world refugee population is in Africa and the Middle East.

The global impact of the environment on human

livelihoods is creating a new kind of casualty: en-

During 1994, Rwandan refugees flooded into

vironmental refugees. Rising sea levels, increas-

Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,

ing desertification, weather-induced flooding, and

and Tanzania to escape the genocide and terror

more frequent natural disasters have become a

in their country. In 1979, when the Soviet Union

major cause of population displacement in sev-

invaded Afghanistan, Afghanis fled to Iran and Pa-

eral parts of the world—a trend that is very likely

kistan. Today, refugees from Iraq migrate to Syria 21 or Jordan. [see Figure 3]

to continue. ...

...

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

1.e. The United Nations and Refugees

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

The refugee problem is one that developed countries ought to take a greater part in to reduce hu-

In 1951, the United Nations Conference of Pleni-

man suffering worldwide.

potentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons was held in Geneva. This conference led to the treaty called the "Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951." The international treaty establishes the definition of a refugee and their rights. A key element of the legal status of refugees is the principle of "non-refoulement" - a prohibition of the forcible return of people to a country where they have reason to fear prosecution. This protects refugees from being deported to a dangerous home country. The United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees UNHCR, the United Nations agency established to monitor the world refugee situation. The refugee problem is a serious one; there are 22

so many people around the world who need so much help and there is just not enough resources to help them all. The UNHCR tries to encourage host governments to provide assistance but most of the host countries are struggling themselves.

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

Where do Afghanistan’s refugees go? Top 50 origin countries of UNHCR-monitored refugees

Europe

Top 50 host countries of UNHCR-monitored refugees Sweden

Norway 37,826

81,356

Denmark 20,355

Canada 169,434

Russia 109,455

UK 269,363

Top 50 origin countries of UNHCR-monitored refugees

Netherlands 76,008

France 196,364 Switz. 46,203

Costa Rica 19,116

Canada 169,434

Colombia 389,753 Americas

Chad 55,014

338,495

Ivory Coast Ghana

Sudan

15,609 Nigeria

CAR

Senegal 99,957

Sierra Leone

Africa

15,417

Just over 2m refugees live in Africa, after a decrease of 1.5%, the ninth consecutive annual fall. The naturalisation of 150,000 Burundians into Tanzania and repatriations in Sudan and Rwanda offset the 280,000 new refugees created by renewed conflict in Somalia and the Congo Dem Rep

Liberia 71,599

Georgia 15,020

76,478 Bosnia 70,018

1,054,466

159,554

Chad

Congo 16,305 22,151 20,544 Guinea 10,920

111,411 23,153 24,604

55,014 Togo

185,809

Lebanon

Montenegro 24,019 15,711

Israel 17,736

Jordan 450,756

Occupied Palestinian Territory

Africa Just over 2m refugees live in Africa, after a decrease of 1.5%, the ninth consecutive annual fall. The naturalisation of 150,000 Burundians into Tanzania and repatriations in Sudan and Rwanda offset the 280,000 new refugees created by renewed conflict in Somalia and the Congo

20,544

111,411

India

1,739,935 Bangladesh 228,586

17,914 35,132

1,740,711

Iraq

Yemen 170,854

Malaysia 66,137

Cambodia

Burma 406,669

18,213 Indonesia

22,548

Vietnam 339,289

Australia

India Bangladesh 228,586

Thailand 105,297 17,025

185,323

Sri Lanka

Cambodia

18,213 Indonesia

145,721 22,548

16,260

1,785,212

50,413

Occupied Palestinian Territory

Bhutan 89,070

17,025

Malaysia 66,137

35,218

Lebanon

SomaliaEgypt 678,30994,406 94,137

Nepal 108,461

19,514

95,201

Algeria

300,989

Tibet 20,080

145,721

Thailand

China105,297 180,558

185,323

Pakistan

Refugee numbers in the Asia and Pacific region grew by 7.2% to 3.9m, making it the host of 37% of the Vietnam world’s refugees. Threequarters of the refugee population 339,289 are Afghans, while 200,000 new refugees from Burma were accepted by Banglades

Bhutan 89,070

19,514 to Pakistan

Jordan 450,756

Australia

95,201

Iraq

Yemen 170,854

26,795 39,143

35,218

Mauritania

KenyaEritrea

358,928 209,168

Sudan

54,016

129,109

159,554 94,239 South Africa 47,974

Somalia 678,309

Ethiopia

Tanzania 186,292 118,731

Stateless

62,889

15,866

121,886

368,195

Burundi

Congo 141,021

35,132

1,054,466

Israel 17,736

Rwanda

27,047 24,967

99,957 Angola

Pakistan

72,774

Nepal 108,461

Asia and Pacific

Burma 406,669

1,785,212

CAR 14,766

Iran

Turkey 146,387

Syria

16,260

50,413

Uganda 127,345

338,495

Cameroon

18,000 Armenia

Albania

DR Congo

14,893 18,378 455,852 Ivory Coast Ghana 15,609 Nigeria

5,026 to Denmark

300,989

Tibet 20,080

16,939

27,047

14,766

1,739,935Afghanistan China to Pakistan 2,887,123 180,558

Sri Lanka

121,886

368,195

Cameroon

Iran

Azerbaijan

Croatia

17,914

For the last three decades, Afghanistan has been the leading country of origin for refugees. Currently, 2.9m Afghans are living in one of 71 host countries, though 96% are located in Iran and Pakistan. Their positions Asia and Pacific as countries with the most refugees are almost solely due to Afghans crossing their borders Refugee numbers in the Asia and Pacific region grew by 7.2% to 3.9m, making it the host of 30,320 37% of Others include: the world’s refugees. Three-to Germany 9,383 to Netherlands quarters of the refugee population 8,528 to India are Afghans, while 200,000 new 23,658 6,401 to Austria refugees from Burma were to UK 5,664 to Australia accepted by Banglades

1,022,494 to Iran

1,070,488

Where do Afghanistan’s refugees go?

to UK

Afghanistan 2,887,123

1,070,4881,740,711

62,889

186,292

Syria

Austria 38,906

Italy 54,965

Western Sahara 116,474 Ethiopia

Togo

14,893 18,378

23,658

72,774

195,626

Switz. 46,203

Others include: 9,383 to Netherlands 8,528 to India 6,401 to Austria 5,664 to Australia 5,026 to Denmark

to Germany

24,522

86,351

Eritrea 209,168

16,305 22,151

30,320

Hosting just 16% of the world’s refugees, Europe has increased the number of displaced people it hosts by 14,000 to 1,648,000 over the past year. Germany, with 600,000 refugees, and the UK, with 270,000, are the biggest Armenia hosts, while refugees from Iraq, Serbia and Turkey are the largest groups

Serbia

The 15% fall in refugee numbers, to just over 2m, is mainly attributed to a revised estimate of Algeria Egypt Palestinians in Saudi Arabia. Western Some 100,000 departing Iraqis 94,137 94,406 Sahara from Jordan and Syria also 116,474 outnumbered the arrival of 32,000 Somali refugees in Yemen. 26,795 Crucially, 39,143 the UNHCR figure does not include the 4.8m Palestinians Mauritania living in camps in the occupied territories - which are run by

Senegal

23,153 24,604

Turkey 146,387 Ukraine

15,711

France 196,364

over 25,000 refugees from guerilla and drug violence. The US, with 275,000 refugees, is the region’s largest host country

71,599

Bosnia 70,018

Albania Germany 593,799

Ecuador Costa Rica 19,116Middle East and North Africa 116,557 The 15% fall in refugee numbers, to just over 2m, is mainly attributed to a revised estimate ofVenezuela Colombiain Saudi Arabia. 201,313 Palestinians 389,753 Some 100,000 departing Iraqis from Jordan and Syria also Americas outnumbered the arrival of 32,000 Somali refugees in Yemen. The region with the smallest Crucially, the UNHCR figure does number of refugees, at just over not include the 4.8m Palestinians 810,000 people. Colombians living in camps in the occupied Ecuador - which are runMiddle East and North Africa consitute the largest proportion, territories by 116,557 with Ecuador’s acceptance of

Liberia

18,000 Russia 109,455

Montenegro 24,019

76,478

Haiti 24,116

Guinea 10,920

16,939 Georgia 15,020

Netherlands 76,008

54,965

Azerbaijan

195,626

Croatia

Austria 38,906

UK Italy 269,363

Venezuela 201,313

Serbia

81,356 86,351

Denmark 20,355

US 275,461

The region with the smallest number of refugees, at just over 810,000 people. Colombians consitute the largest proportion, with Ecuador’s acceptance of over 25,000 refugees from guerilla and drug violence. The US, with 275,000 refugees, is the region’s largest host country

15,417

Sweden

Norway 37,826

Haiti 24,116

Sierra Leone

Ukraine 24,522

593,799

US 275,461

to Iran

Europe

Top 50 host countries of UNHCR-monitored refugees Germany

1,022,494 The countries they flee from and the hosts that shelter them

Hosting just 16% of the world’s refugees, Europe has increased the number of displaced people it hosts by 14,000 to 1,648,000 over the past year. Germany, with 600,000 refugees, and the UK, with 270,000, are the biggest hosts, while refugees from Iraq, Serbia and Turkey are the largest groups

Zambia 56,785

Kenya

Uganda 127,345

22,449 Zimbabwe

358,928

Figure 3: Source UNHCR

DR Congo 185,809 Rwanda

455,852

54,016

129,109 Burundi 24,967

Zambia

Tanzania 118,731

Stateless 15,866

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

2. Education is the key All people of concern to UNHCR – women, men, boys and girls of all ages and backgrounds -, being either refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless persons, returnees or internally displaced persons assisted and protected by UNHCR have the right to education. Education is a fundamental and universal right and forms an integral part of the organization’s goal to provide protection and find durable solutions. More importantly, the provision of educational opportunities by UNHCR is

Word Cloud 1: UNHCR Education Strategy 2007-2009 (with “UNHCR” and “education” removed).

regularly voiced as one of the highest priorities among refugee communities themselves. Despite an overall recognition of the value of education, UNHCR is still faced with major challenges in regard to using education as an effective protection tool in times of crisis and displacement. Without an education, children, including adolescents, are less likely to be healthy, grow strong, be safe or fully participate in their communities. Without an 26

education, communities are less likely to achieve their other development goals. The educational needs of refugees are immense,

27 Word Cloud 2: UNHCR Education Strategy 2010-2012 (with “UNHCR” and “education” removed).

Figure 5: The policy focus on education in urban areas is evident in this visual representation, where the size of the text indicates the number of times a word or concept appears in the 2007-2009 and 20102012 Education Strategies; the word urban does not appear in Word Cloud 1, whereas it is one of the dominant words in Word Cloud 2.

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

ranging from pre-school to primary, post-prima-

- 24% almost met the standard (at least 70% of

ry to adult education, including both formal and

the children enrolled).

non-formal learning activities. With sufficient pri-

- 47% did not meet the standard.

oritization and support these needs can be ad-

Secondary education

dressed through a comprehensive strategy.

-Only 6% of the camps with 100% of the refugee

UNHCR estimates that only 67% of the world’s

children enrolled

school-aged refugee children are accessing pri-

Urban situation

mary and secondary school education (2007

Primary education

data). From other sources: half of the world’s 72

- 32% of the urban areas met the standard of

million children out of school live in areas of conflict

100% of refugee children enrolled in Grades 1-6.

or reconstruction; over 300 million youth between

- 8% almost met the standard (at least 70% of the

the ages of 15-24 are living in countries affected

children enrolled).

by armed conflict with international acknowledge-

- 60% did not meet the standard.

ment that their educational needs are unmet; 12

Secondary education

out of the 25counties with the lowest adult literacy

26% of the urban areas with 100% of the refugee

rates are in a state of conflict or reconstruction.

children enrolled Gender parity

Problems statement (2008 data)

Disparity between the percentage of girls and boys enrolled in grades 1-6, where the gender

Camp situation

parity index (GPI) is 0.83, meaning a disparity in 29 favor of boys.

Primary education:

Disparity between the percentage of girls and

- 29% of the camps met the standard of 100% of

boys enrolled in grades 7-12, where the gender

refugee children enrolled in Grades 1-6.

parity index (GPI) is 0.77, meaning a disparity in

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

favor of boys.

The Convention states that hosting states should

Youth

accord to refugees the same treatment as is ac-

Global enrolment rate of youth in non-formal ed-

corded to nationals with respect to primary edu-

ucation and vocational training (15-24 years old)

cation (Article 22:1) as well as treatment as favor-

remain below 10%.

able as possible with respect to education other than elementary. In addition to the CRC and in or...

der to ensure that girls and women have the same access to education as boys and men, UNHCR

2.a. Education as a right

advocates for the enforcement of Article 10 of the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

As a UN agency promoting a rights-based ap-

of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).

proach, education is viewed by UNHCR as a

priority from the onset of an acute crisis or emer-

The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of

gency through to the durable solution phase, es-

the Child also has a strong emphasis on girls’ ed-

pecially for children. A child’s right to free educa-

ucation. Finally, the 1948 Universal Declaration of

tion is emphasized within the Declaration as well

Human Rights already stated that ‘everyone has

as the 1966 International Covenant on Economic

the right to education.’ But refugees’ and other

and Social Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the 1989

persons of concern’ right to education encom-

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). UN-

passes more than primary schooling as it also

HCR is mandated by the Statute of the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status

includes education opportunities such as pre-pri- 31 mary education, secondary, non-formal and vo-

of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol to assist and

cational education.

protect refugees. The International Covenant on Economic, Social

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

and Cultural Rights states that, ‘secondary education in its different forms includes technical and

Children may become at-risk for exploitation or

vocational, and higher education’. The Conven-

abuse, especially the worst forms of child labor,

tion states that ‘fundamental education shall be

if education programs are not rapidly established

encouraged or intensified as much as possible for

and consistently supported. The benefits of edu-

those who have not received or completed the

cation are specifically highlighted for children but

whole period of their primary education’.

equally apply for youth and adults.

...

While the protective factors associated with education are well documented, significant challenges

2.b. Education as a protection tool

exist to ensure the consistency of protection within education programs in terms of creating safe

Education can provide physical, psychosocial,

learning environments, involving communities in

and cognitive protection, especially for children.

the education of their children, raising awareness

Over the past 10 years, UNHCR has been articu-

on health issues and providing life-skills education

lating protection risks that occur when education

as part of the curricula.

is not provided and how this can be mitigated by more protection focused programming. Formal

...

and non-formal educational programs can serve 32

as a means of addressing issues such as the pro-

2.c. Education as a durable solution

motion of gender equality, peace and tolerance, preventative health education on HIV/AIDS and

Education prepares individuals for the future. In

other communicable diseases, SGBV and land-

its most fundamental form, education supports

mine awareness.

individuals’ development and the attainment of

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

their full potential. Basic skills of literacy and nu-

The lack of continuity of education services

meracy increase the ability of refugees to access

throughout all stages of displacement, from the

services; decrease child mortality; increase the

emergency phase to the achievement of durable

likelihood that parents will send their children

solutions, constitutes a serious obstacle to reach

to school; enhance an individual’s capacity for

empowerment and to prepare for durable solu-

self-reliance; and leave refugees better prepared

tions.

for durable solutions. An educated person will be more conscious about his/ her health status; will

...

be less likely to attract HIV/AIDS and other diseases; be more gender sensitive and generally more productive, therefore increasing the chanc-

2.d. Education as an international obligation

es to find a job, generate income and become

self-reliant. Formal education, especially primary

Displaced populations and children themselves

and secondary, is vital to supporting the long-term

consistently prioritize quality education and ac-

well-being of children. For youth, education pro-

cess to higher levels of educational services. UN-

vides them the knowledge and skills for employ-

HCR is strongly committed to the achievement

ment and also provides a venue for them to de-

of the United Nations Millennium Development

velop their individual identity and responsibilities

Goals (MDG) and the Education For All (EFA)

within their community. Non-formal technical and

Strategy, on which its education programs are

vocational education plays an equally important role in providing a means for refugees to sustain

based. Education is increasingly being included in 35 emergency response. UNHCR is looked upon by

themselves, while in asylum as well as during re-

displaced communities to provide a wide range of

patriation and return.

educational services and the NGO community is requesting UNHCR to take up a greater coordi-

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

nation role, especially with governments and line

learn skills for life-long learning that starts with the

ministries. Over the past decade, EFA and the

early childhood of a person and continues through

MDGs are also influencing the roles of govern-

primary, secondary and tertiary education if given

ments in shaping refugee education. This trend

the chances. Life-long learning does not only refer

is impacting on the provision of education by an

to formal education systems but includes all forms

increased role and involvement of Education Min-

of learning. In times of ever-changing technology

istries and other local partners. Partnerships with

and improved communication the traditional ways

United Nations sister agencies like UNICEF, UNE-

of learning in classrooms have been supplement-

SCO and WFP, being an active member of the In-

ed by e-learning, distance learning, radio and TV

ter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies

learning programs, etc. The more we learn the

(INEE) as well as participation in the Education

better we are prepared to face the challenges of

Cluster of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee

a complex life. This applies to the life of displaced

(IASC), assists UNHCR in the application of jointly

populations as well as for the rest of us. A refugee

developed strategies, guidelines and monitoring

who goes without education cannot look forward

tools.

to a more productive and prosperous future. A refugee who is unable to attend school or a vo...

cational training course is more likely to become discouraged and involved in illegitimate or military

2.e. Education as the basis for sustainable development

activities. 37 A refugee who remains illiterate and inarticulate

Investments in education are investments into the

will be at a serious disadvantage in defending his

future. The educated of today will be the leaders of

or her human rights. Education therefore forms

tomorrow. In the modern world there is a need to

the basis for income-generation activities and

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

self-reliance – all necessary ingredients for successful living. As a whole, education is a means to preserve one’s identity, create self-esteem, be part of the community and generally hope for a better future.

L Scale Âˇ Worlds Refugee Situation

3. Home sweet camp When people flee their homesteads, they leave

diseases such as cholera and dysentery to take

behind most of their belongings. Sometimes they

hold and spread quickly among thousands of

manage to grab a few basics, but most of the

people gathered in these makeshift settlements.

time they are just happy to escape with their lives intact. They usually end up with thousands of

The hope among the refugees is that they will be

others in a settlement that can stretch for miles.

resettled quickly to a safe place, or, even better,

This is a refugee camp, a place that not one of us

return to the homes they had left behind. After all,

would willingly choose to inhabit.

a refugee camp is intended as a temporary solution, not a permanent residence.

But the refugees have no choice. Having fled conflicts of unimaginable proportions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; massacre,

Unfortunately, for many millions of people that is

genocide, and other atrocities - they are relieved

not the case.

to have found a safe place. So they construct

Camps are often the first safe haven for refugees

tents and other makeshift shelters from whatever

and IDPs seeking shelter, assistance and safety.

materials happen to be available -- sticks, plastic

But not all the camps provide durable solutions

sheeting, mud and stones. In the best of cases,

and can be calamitous in the long run. In the short

humanitarian aid agencies, as those mentioned

term however, if managed properly, camps can

above, will provide the basics: food, clean drink-

serve major protection functions for people dis-

ing water, and rudimentary health care. But some40

times, depending on the local political climate and the accessibility to the camp, weeks could go by before help arrives. That is more than enough time for water-borne

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

Refugee Camp in Pakistan, near the Afghan border. Area is mostly controlled by the Taliban movement. People leave here

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

Refugee from western Sudan sells fruits at a market in the Djabal Refugee camp, near Goz Beida in Chad. [i.004]

in tents for already five years. [i.002] Daily Life in Kakuma Refugee Campi, Kenya [i.005] Dheisheh Refugee Camp: The sprawling refugee camp. [i.003]

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

3.a. Definition of camp setting placed by armed conflict or natural disasters. It is hard to imagine, but some refugees often end

The types of settlement that are defined as camp

up living in the camps for much longer than ex-

settings can vary depending on the emergency

pected because they have no safe home to re-

and the coping strategies in place:

turn to, or cannot be resettled in other countries due to restrictive asylum policies of other nations.

• Camps. These are where displaced persons

Aid workers call this protracted stay “warehous-

find accommodation in sites where a full range of

ing,” defined as “populations of 10,000 or more

services may be provided, usually exclusively for

restricted to camps or segregated settlements,

the population of the site. Camps can include:

or otherwise deprived of basic rights five years or

Planned camps

more.”

Self-settled camps Reception centres and transit camps.

Globally, there are an estimated 7.8 million people who fall under the category of “perpetual refu-

• Mass shelter in collective centres.

gees.” At over 3 million, Palestinians top the list.

• Dispersed settlements.

They have been in camps for so long – over 50

• (Early) Return Areas.

years -- the UNHCR does not even include them in their overall figures. And over 1 million Afghanis have been in Pakistan for 26 years. So many gen44

erations of these people have never seen their

...

3.b.The objectives of the Refugee Camps

homelands. ...

The overall objective of any refugee camp management is to secure and uphold the protection

L Scale · Worlds Refugee Situation

of the rights of refugees and internally displaced

• Ensure that camp management and coordina-

persons (IDP’s) under international law, including

tion mechanisms are established and maintained

an adequate standard of living in accordance with

to internationally accepted standards, in order to

international minimum standards at all levels of

provide a safe, secure and dignified place for dis-

planning, practice and participation.

placed persons to live.

Another big objective of the refugee camp s is to provide dwellers a peaceful living

environ-

• Coordinate providers for the efficient and timely

ment far from the critical (usually also violent)

delivery of all services, including monitoring, plug-

situation that they are coming from, and to en-

ging gaps and avoiding duplication.

courage all of them to live a “normal” life providing them with social services such as ed-

• Act as the camp residents’ advocate and as the

ucation, sanity and for sure shelter (home).

intermediary between them and the authorities,

All of this normally is carried out by internation-

security forces, implementing agencies and local

al agencies that cover most of the expenses.

host communities.

The international NGO’s objectives in Refugee Camps:

• Promote the appropriate representation of the groups in camp committees and other locally

• Ensure access to basic human rights by all of

formed groups.

the displaced population in camp settings. 46

• Use and develop local capacity where possible. 47 • Work with camp residents, humanitarian actors, authorities and host populations to secure the

• Ensure focus on protection as well as age, gen-

overall protection of all groups with a focus on the

der and diversity in all activities and apply partici-

most vulnerable.

patory and community-based approaches.

The overall objective of any refugee camp management is to secure and uphold the protection of the rights of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) under international law [...]

[i. 006]

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

M Scale Thai – Burma border To start to understand the problem of Burmese refugee living in Thailand, the situation of people living in Burma should first be completely understood. A resume of the last fifty years of history shows how all these facts are the origin of what is been going on in the Burma eastern border for more than twenty years. 50

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

1. The Context in the Thai-Burma border

In 1948, Burma became an independent coun-

became the “State Peace and Development

try, bringing together people from over 135 ethnic

Council” (SPDC) and ruled until march of 2011,

nationalities to create a new nation. At this time,

when Thein Sein became the president of Bur-

Burma had the chance to turn into the strongest

ma. From many years the country was under the

economy in Southeast Asia. But ever since Bur-

control of an authoritarian government, with a very

ma was independent from the United Kingdom,

strong power and controls the citizens’ life in a

the country has been dealing with constant so-

very brutal and violent way.

cio-political conflict, which up to now have not came to an end , on the contrary they have been

The SLORC and, later, SPDC always struggled

worse as the year passed by .

to keep a firm grip on the country, the regime continually waged war against ethnic minorities,

The first democratic government of Burma was

displacing millions of people from their homes.

led by prime minister U Nu. This first independent

Thousands of villages have been destroyed and

government probed to be unstable and in 1962

countless civilians killed. There have been nu-

General Ne Win conducted a coup d’état with his

merous denounces of extrajudicial killings and the

– and named himself as

use of rape as a weapon of war against ethnic

army – the Tatmadaw

the prime minister. Under his rule, an era of brutal

women and children.

oppression just started and Burma became a very

isolated country.

There has also been mismanagement of the

After a large nationwide uprising in 1988 the

economy and bad governance as a result of all 53 this facts. The weak polities and devastating

oppression was taken to new levels by a new

economy have made daily life a struggle. Fami-

regime, the “State Law and Order Restoration

lies are living a day to day existence and children

Council” (SLORC). After 8 years, in 1996, SLORC

who survive infancy, face a life that is limited by

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

poverty, a lack of education and opportunities. Constant campaigns against ethnic groups have driven an estimated of 500.000 people from their homes into Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) areas inside Burma, or across the border to refugee camps in Thailand. Then is not hard to understand why Burma has a dubious reputation among the global organization. For over 20 years, Burma has been deemed by the United Nations as one of the world’s least developed countries. Despite the government annually reporting Burma’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate to be in the region of 13%14%, the majority of the international economic bodies’ estimates those numbers are just a cover and the real GDP is much lower.



TIMELINE TIMELINE



Burma is rename : Myanmar, the capital, Rangoon, become

October: Aung San Suu Kyi begins secret talks with ruling council.

NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi, of Aung San, is Law designating peoplethe of daughter noni n d i g e n o u s b a c k g r oput u nunder d a s house arrest. "associate citizens" in effect bars such people from public ofﬁce.

Aung San Suu Kyi awarded Nobel Peace Prize

U Nu, together with Indian Prime Minister Nehru, Indonesian President Sukarno, Yugoslav President Tito and Egyptian President Nasser co-found the Movement of Non-Aligned States.

Burma becomes independent with U Nu as prime minister.

Britain liberates Burma from Japanese occupation with help from the AFPFL, led by Aung San.

Burma becomes independent with U Nu as prime minister.

Britain liberates Burma from Japanese occupation with help from the AFPFL, led by Aung San.

U Nu's faction ousted in military coup, that abolishes the federal system and inaugurates "the Burmese Way to Socialism" - nationalising the economy, forming a single-party state with the

U Nu's party faction elections,and promotes Buddhism as the state religion , this facts angers the military.

U Nu's faction ousted in military coup, that abolishes the federal system and Military Government inaugurates "the Burmese Way to Socialism" - nationalising the economy, forming a single-party state with the

U Nu's party faction elections,and promotes Buddhism as the state religion , this facts angers the military.

Military Government

New constitution comes into effect, transferring power from the armed forces to a People's Assembly.

 

April: The National League for Democracy offers to take part in elections if the government frees political prisoners, changes the constitution and admits international observers.

January: Government and September : Ruling council lifts Karen National Union agree to restrictions on movements of end hostilities. Aung San Suu Kyi and senior NLD members.

August: Aung San Suu Kyi is January: c on vGovernment i c te d of b r eand ac h i n g Karen National Union to conditions of agree her house end hostilities. arrest [18 months' house arrest].

Pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi released of house arrest [after 20 months].

UN and aid agencies claim that thousands in the Irrawaddy Delta need assistance a year after Cyclone Nargis. The UN says Burma now allows it to bring in all the staff it needs.

Pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi released of house arrest [after 20 Aung San Suu Kyi is released months]. from house arrest after six years.



August: President meetshits May: Cyclone Nargis Aung I r r aSan w aSuu d d Kyi. y delta. Estimated death September: 134.000. President suspends construction of Chinese-funded Myitsone December: Junta signs hydroelectric to gas deal to pipedam, natural show i n t ogreater C h i n openness a , d e s p to ite public opinion. protests of human rights November: Aung San Suu KyiApril: says she Thewill National League stand for to offers to take forelection Democracy parliament, party part asinher elections if the rejoins government the political frees political process. prisoners, changes the

constitution and admits Burmese authorities agree international observers. truce deal with rebels of Shan ethnic groupAugust: and orders Aung San Suu Kyi is military to stop operations c on v i c te d of b r e ac h i n g against ethnic Kachin rebels. conditions of her house arrest [18 months' house arrest].



March:Thein Sein is the new president of a nominally civilian government.



August: President meets Aung San Suu Kyi.



September: President suspends construction of Chinese-funded Myitsone hydroelectric dam, to show greater openness to public opinion.



November: Aung San Suu Kyi says she will stand for election to parliament, as her party rejoins the political process.

Burmese authorities agree truce deal with rebels of Shan ethnic group and orders military to stop operations against ethnic Kachin rebels.

UN and aid agencies claim that thousands in the I r r a w a dThe d y Burmese D e l t a narmy e e dlaunches assistance a year after an attack that surrounds Cyclone Nargis. The UN says Laiza, breaking the ceaseﬁre. Burma now allows it to bring in all the staff it needs.

The Burmese army launches an attack that surrounds Laiza, breaking the ceaseﬁre.

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Aung San Suu Kyi is released Suu after Kyi awarded from Aung houseSan arrest six years.Nobel Peace Prize



March:Thein Sein is the new president of blasts a January: Bomb hits nominally civilian the country. State media government. blame ethnic rebels.

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RIOTS

September : Ruling council lifts restrictions on movements of Aung San Suu Kyi and senior NLD members.

NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of Aung San, is put under house arrest.

1995

Law designating people of nonOpposition National Democratic indigenous background as Front formed by regionally-based "associate citizens" in effect bars minority groups, who such mounted people from public ofﬁce. guerrilla insurgencies.

1992

U Nu, together with Indian Prime Minister Nehru, Indonesian President Sukarno, Yugoslav President Tito and Egyptian President Nasser co-found the Movement of Non-Aligned States.

Opposition National Democratic Front formed by regionally-based minority groups, who mounted guerrilla insurgencies.

1991

Aung San and six members of his interim government assassinated by political opponents led by U Saw, a nationalist rival of Aung San's. U Nu, foreign minister in Ba Maw's government, which ruled Burma during the Japanese occupation, asked to head the AFPFL and the government.



May: Cyclone Nargis hits Irrawaddy delta. Estimated death 134.000. May: Constitutional convention despite December: begins, Junta signs boycott National deal to by pipe natural League gas for i n tDemocracy o C h i n a , (NLD) d e s pwhose ite leader San Suurights Kyi is protestsAung of human house arrest.

Slorc declares martial law, arrests thousands of citizens, including advocates of democracy and human rights.

1988

Aung San and six members of his Japan invades and occupies Burma by interim government assassinated withpolitical some help from the opponents led Japaneseby U Saw, a trained Burmarival Independence Army, nationalist of Aung San's. U Nu, which thea w ' s f o rlater e i g ntransforms m i n i s t e ritself i n into Ba M Anti-Fascist People'swhich Freedom League government, ruled Burma (AFPFL) and resists Japanese rule. during the Japanese occupation, asked to head the AFPFL and the government.

1987

Japan invades and occupies Burma with some help from the Japanesetrained Burma Independence Army, which later transforms itself into the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) and resists Japanese rule.

Slorc declares martial law, arrests thousands of citizens, including advocates of democracy and human rights.

May: Constitutional convention begins, despite boycott by National League for Democracy (NLD) whose leader Aung San Suu Kyi is house arrest. October: Aung San Suu Kyi begins secret talks with ruling council.



January: Bomb blasts hits the country. State media blame ethnic rebels.

 January: Government January: China and Russia  March:Government  ceasfire M a r c hwith : G orebels vernment veto a draft US resolution at announces January: election China laws and Russiasigns a draftwith US resolution atof Karen announces election laws ethnic group. the UN Security Council have been veto passed, Mae La refugee camp was theanUN Security Council have been passed, with urging Burma to stop provisions for electoral Several political prisoners Mae La refugee camp was established in Tha Song Burma admitted to Association of Ruling council releases some r g i n g byB uthe r m a t o s t o pApril: provisions for an electoral NLD candidates persecuting minority and commissionupicked Several political prisoners freed in bid to improve releases some established in Tha Song Burma admittedactivists. to Association of Ruling council opposition 200 pro-democracy Yang District, Tak Province in South Nations (Asean). persecuting minority andsweep commission the board inpicked by the groups. junta. freed in East bid Asian to improve Burma's international 200 pro-democracy activists. Yang District, Tak Province in South Eastsays Asianreleases Nations (Asean). Government the Dawna Range area in opposition groups. junta. byparliamentary Burma's international image. Government says releases the Dawna Range area in reect progress in talks with Thailand. Slorc: renamed State Peace and elections, with Aung San  April: Burma and  October: Government image. talks with Thailand. Slorc:NLD renamed opposition leader State Aung Peace and reect progress in North Development Council (SPDC).  A p r iag, l : B u r m a a n dSuu  KyiOctober: Government elected. The Korea restore changes country's opposition NLD leader Aung Development Council (SPDC). San Suu Kyi who remains under Northand Korea restoreEuropean changes Opposition National League for Union country's ag, diplomatic ties, after national anthem Ne Win relinquishes the San Suu Kyi who remains under Opposition National League for house arrest. New constitution comes into national anthem and Democracy (NLD) wins all non-military 24 years. official name. diplomatic ties, aftersuspends Ne Win relinquishes the presidency to San Yu, a retired house arrest. Democracy (NLD) wins effect, transferring power from 24 years. official name. landslide victory in general sanctions against Burma presidency to San Yu, a retired general, but continues as landslide victory in general  February - Burmese army, the armed forces to a People's election. for a year.  June: International  November: Union general, but continues as chairman of the ruling Socialist  February - Burmese army, election. Shan rebels clash on Thai Assembly.   June: International  N o v e m b er: Union Committee of the Red S o l i d a r i t y a n d chairman of the ruling Socialist The camp was attacked by DKBA Programme Party. Shan rebels clash on Thai border. o l i d a sets r i tup y a n d Result are ignored by the The camp was attacked by DKBA Cross (ICRC) accuses D e v e l o p m e nCommittee t P a r t y of the RedAugust:S President Programme Party. troops supported byBurma Army. border. Result are ignored by the accusescommission D e v etol oinvestigate p m e n t Pa r t y military. troops supported byBurma Army. the government of ( U S D P ) , c Cross l a i m(ICRC) s military.  June - Thai Prime Minister the government ofviolence ( Ubetween SDP), claims abusing the Burmese resounding victory in  June - Thai Prime Minister Shinawatra visits, says Buddhists and resounding victory in people's rights. e l e c t i o n . O p pabusing o s i t i o nthe BurmeseRakhine Shinawatra visits, says relations are back on Rohingya the people's rights. e l eMuslims c t i o n . in Op position A number of camps were attacked in Many people are killed during groups allege widespread relations are back on track. were attacked in A number of camps west ofgroups the country. Many people are killedcross-border during allege widespread raids and the Thai authorities the anti-government riots. The  August: Wave of public fraud and the election is track. cross-border raids and the Thai authorities Dozens have died and the anti-government riots. The  August: Wave of public fraud and the election is consolidate camps to improve security; State Law and Order dissent sparked by fuel condemned as a sham.  November Chinese consolidate camps to improve security; thousands of people State Law and O r d eLa r was designated as the main dissent sparked by fuel condemned as a sham. Mae Restoration Council (Slorc) is price hikes. The junta says the election  November - Chinese President as Jiang Mae La was designated the Zemin main have been displaced. Restoration Council (Slorc) is pricefrom hikes. The junta says the election consolidation camp in the area. formed. marks the transition President Jiang Zemin visits, consolidation camp in theissues area. statement formed. marks the transition from  October: Normality military rule to a civilian visits, issues statement supporting government,  November - Visiting October: Normality military rule to a civilian returns to Rangoon. democracy. supporting government, reportedly urges Commission returns to Rangoon. European democracy. Currency devaluation wipes reportedly urges economic reform. chief Jose Manuel Buddhist monks hold a A week after the election, Aung Currency devaluation wipes out people's savings : riots. economic reform. Burma Buddhistfrom monks hold aBarroso A weekoffers after the election, Aung series of anti-government San Suu Kyiis released out people's savings : riots. in series of anti-governmentmore San than Suu $100m Kyiis released from protests. house arrest. development protests. house arrest.aid.



January: Government signs ceasﬁre with rebels of Karen ethnic group.



April: NLD candidates sweep the board in parliamentary byelections, with Aung San Suu Kyi elected. The European Union suspends all non-military sanctions against Burma for a year.

 



August: President sets up commission to investigate violence between Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in the west of the country. Dozens have died and thousands of people have been displaced. November - Visiting European Commission chief Jose Manuel Barroso offers Burma more than $100m in development aid.

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

In 2006, Burma was ranked 135th in the world

their parent’s decision, for others they have come

on the Human Development Index (HDI)2 table

or have been sent alone to be breadwinners for

. A 2008 study by Transparency International,

the family or to chase their dream of an education

showed Burma, along with Iraq, to be the 176th

and a better life. Even if for migrants it seems

most corrupt country in the world, with only So-

as a promised land, the reality is that they must

malia ranking lower.

face lot of challenges and difficulties , fundamental rights are often denied and the Burmese are

Living in Burma was and still today is difficult and

vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. A number of

the possibilities of something changing are quite

international conventions have been ratified and

low, due to this reason many citizens in the coun-

laws and policies are in place to protect migrant

try prefer to go out of the looking for a better life

adults and children, the implementation is poor.

elsewhere. The most popular destination among Burmese people is in on the north western area of Thailand is called Mae Sot, a city in the Thai-Burma border. The “popularity” of this city is related with its status as an export processing zone and promise of employment, most of them in the manufacturing, construction and agricultural sectors. Although this kind of works are not the ideal, since 58

most of them are dangerous, demeaning and the salary is not a good gone, many of the people prefer that to the conditions back in Burma. Children also come to Thailand, for some of them their fortunes and thus their futures are bounded to

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

Some Reasons to Leave Burma

why ?

why ? VIOLENCE

VIOLENCE oppresion

who ?

Ethnic Groups who ?

ECONOMY

HEALTH

EDUCATION

oppresion

Ethnic Groups Ethnic Groups

Ethnic Stationery Groups Workers

Ethnic Groups Stationery Children Workers

Ethnic Groups Burmese Children Poor Families

Burmese Ethnic Groups Poor Families Children

Ethnic Burmese Groups Children Children

Burmese Children 61

where ?

Textile Factories Refugee Camps Refugee Camps

Textile Factories Dr. Cynthia Maung, Dr. Cynthia Maung, Refugee Camps Refugee Camps Mae Tao Clinic [Thai west border] [Thai west border] [ in Mae Sot]

[Thai west border] [Thai west border] Mae Tao Clinic [Thai west border] [Thai west border] [ in Mae Sot]

[i. 007]

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

2. Human right violation The Human Rights, in Burma, have been system-

food a very difficult job. Therefore people living in

atically abused; people suffer arrest, torture and

this areas are forced by the situation to leave to

imprisonment due to many reasons, political is-

Thailand where the can find jobs and even send

sues or cultural issues. The Junta continues to

their children to school.

commit abuse against minority ethnics groups, mainly located in the eastern Burma; along the border with Thailand. ... The people of these ethnics groups have supper of different atrocities, forced relocation, conscription, and labour, along with other terrible types of human degradation (documented by international organizations) comprises among others: torture, executions, and sexual violence against women and girls by the Burmese Army, “the Tatmadaw”. ... In the villages controlled by the Tatmadaw (and 64

also in relocation areas) the people cannot speak their own languages, grow crops and children cannot go to school. So their entire lives

are

under control and their economic activities are completely block, which make obtaining the daily

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

[i. 008]

[i. 010]

[i. 009]

[i. 011]

“Laws are silent in times of war.”.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

[i. 012]

[i. 013]

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

3. Internal conflict For a long time there has been and internal conflict between “the Junta” and various ethnics groups (notably Karen, Mon, Shan, Kachin and Chin)3 . The deepest conflict is the one between the Junta and Karen Ethnic group, this conflict has been going on oppress the population.

[i. 014] 1. Bamar people

[i. 015] 2. Chin people

... The campaign of SPDC can consist on forcing families to flee to the jungle and burn the villages together with all the food and possession of the former villagers. ... Children living in this dangerous conflict areas have a very precarious live, and many of them have lost one or even both of their parents, not to mention that they are daily exposed to poor health conditions and disease of all kind, which make their survival a constant risk. Recently studies made by the Back Pack Health Worker Team (BPHWT) in Eastern Burma, 68 showed that in those families who were forced to move were 2.4 times more probable to have had a child aged under 5 die. This studies the BPHWT made also show that in in households where food destruction and theft had occurred (by armed groups) within the preceding 12

[i. 016] 4. Rakhine people

[i. 017] 5. Shan people

[i. 018] 3. Kachin people

[i. 019] 6. Karen people

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

months, children were 4.4 times more likely to be malnourished. Along this socio-political conflict many families have become Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), some of them have been forced to leave their home but have remained inside Burma, either hiding out in the for est, staying in ethnically administered ceasefire areas or in other cases, forced to move to SPDC designated relocation areas .

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

Thailand come seeking for shelter, there exists also a large number of people migrating for other reasons, but making distinction between asylum-seekers and those coming predominantly for economic reasons a little bit confusing, since there is a large number of unregister migrant, living in Thailand.

... The estimated number of people who have been internally displaced in Eastern Burma is around 500.000. People also cross the border to either go to one of the ten refugee camps in Thailand or to settle outside in the migrant area. Many Burmeses escape to Thailand because they are afraid of becoming forced labour for the Tatmadaw. The mayority of the people emigrating to Thai cities or refugee camps have no plans to return their home, in Burma, as the Tatmadaw took over their village. 70

... Thailand is at the center of migratory movements in the region, and hosts an estimated 2 million migrants (coming mainly from Bruma, Cambodia, Viet Nam). Not of of these migrants arriving to

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

M Scale: Thai – Burma M Scale: borderThai – Burma border

REFERENCES REFERENCES Bamar: dominant ethnic Bamar:group dominant ethnicBamar group and Mon-Khmer Bamar and Mon-Khmer

Chin

Karen

Kachin

Karen and Bamar Karen and Bamar

Rakhine

Thai Shan

Others: 1. Naga 2. Lahu 3.Akna

Mon Khmer

Karen

Bamar and Shan Bamar and Shan

150

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

150 0

150

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

4. Refugee in Thailand Thailand is not part of the 1951 Refugee Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees neither is part of the 1967 Protocol, but the even so the Thai Government has been hosting refugees and asylum-seekers for several decades. Article 1(A) of that Convention defines a refugee as a person who :

“owing to a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, mem-

who live outside the camps are regarded as illegal migrants under the Thai immigration law and are subject to arrest, detention and/or deportation. And this is an important fact if we consider that nowadays Thailand counts with 89.253 registered refugees and nearly 62.000 unregistered asylum-seekers from Burma. Nonetheless, since 1975 the Government has signed agreements with UNHCR, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the World Food Program and international NGOs to provide assistance to asylum seekers. Registered migrants and persons who are victims of trafficking are also afforded protection.

bership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality

It is important to distinguish three main groups of persons seeking a safe haven in Thailand:

and is unable or, owing to such fear is unwilling, to avail himself of the protection of that Country”

Since Burmese refugees began to arrive in Thai76 land, during the 1980s, they have been settled into nine closed camps, all of them located along the west border of Thailand. Although Thai Government have “helped” the people running form the violent regime in Burma, all of the people (refugees and asylum-seekers)

1.The first group: are the persons living in camps near the Burma border whom the Thai Government considers to be displaced persons. The displaced persons in the camps are under the control of the Thai Government and are not permitted to apply to UNHCR for refugee status determination. It is important to distinguish three main groups of persons seeking a safe haven in Thailand.

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

2.The second group: is much smaller and consists of those coming to Bangkok and Mae Sot to apply to UNHCR for refugee status. They are sometimes referred to informally as “urban refugees” and the Thai Government normally recognizes them as “persons of concern to UNHCR”. Once they have applied to UNHCR they are deemed asylum seekers until the final decision on their individual cases. If they are determined to be valid refugees, they are entitled to resettlement in a third country if such a country agrees to receive them. 3.The third group: are Laotian Hmong who were residing at Wat Tham Krabok in Saraburi Province and who were partially resettled in the United States in 2004. Their situation is distinct from that of the other two groups. They were never formally “screened in” as refugees under the Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochinese Refugees nor has UNHCR conducted individual refugee status determination for them. Nevertheless, the United States has agreed to resettle them and the resettlement process was 78 begun in 2004. ... Thailand has been affected by the conflicts in neighboring Burma for many year, but during

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

2011 and 2012 mayor political developments happened: negotiations between Burma Government and ethnic armed groups resulted in a series of ceasefire agreements that brought relative calm to south-eastern Burma, until the beginning of 2013 when the conflict and riots started to appear again in some areas. Since the ceasefire agreements start to be discussed, by the Burma Government and the ethnic rebel groups, the number of registered refugees in the camps has decreased. But despite this, the camp population is still today very large and the number of unregistered people in the camps has grown to an estimated 62.000. Burmese refugee coming to Thailand are not only looking for a safe “spot” to settle in, but also they arrive with the hope to have a better life and to give their children better opportunities, that the one they can have back in their home villages.

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

M Scale: Camps Location in Thailand

Ban Mae Nai Soi

BURMA

Ban Mae Surin

Mae Ra Ma Luang

Mae La

Umpium

REFERENCES

THAILAND

Nu Po

International border

Ban Don Yang

Province border High Refugees Camps |Location BANGKOK

Karenni Camp

Tham Hin

Karen Camp 81

150

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

4.a. Why People Leave Burma?

4.a.a. Education One important factor is the Education: in the border camps, education is provided in schools run by the refugees themselves, with some logistical support provided by NGO’s. The NGO’s supply some school necessities, language training (English, Karen, Burmese and Thai) and teacher preparation. The education subcommittee of the Coordinating Committee for Services to Displaced Persons in Thailand coordinates NGO education activities in order to prevent duplication. A drawback of the education provided is that it does not extend beyond tenth grade in most camps so that refugee children face many obstacles in obtaining more advanced education. A few students transfer to Mae La camp in Tak Province for tertiary education. Also the Catholic Office for Emergency Relief – Refugees constructs school (most of the made out of the local material: bamboo) buildings and provides some vocational materials. The only problem is 82 that most of the chilcren finish only the elementary school and later give up the secondary studies in order to help or in other cases (when they are the oldest sibling of orphan kids) support their family by working, normally under very poor conditions.

Nu Po Mae Ra Ma Luang Umphiem-Mai Mae La Oon Mae La Tham Hin Ban Don Yang 0

100

120

Gross enrolment ratio (%) Primary

Secondary

Figure 6: Education stops at primary school for many Myanmar refugees in Thailand Primary and secondary gross enrollment ratios in seven refugee camps, 2009

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

4.a.b. Health Care Another important factor is Health: all health and sanitation are provided by NGOs in the camps, which in principle follow standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). The camps provide both in-patient and out-patient medical services. More serious cases are referred to local hospitals. There are two main health centers for refugee, Tham Hin clinic and Mae Tao Clinic. The most popular on is Mae Tao Clinic founded by Dr. Cynthia Maung. Mae Tao Clinic provides inpatient and outpatient medical care for adults, children, reproductive health clients, and surgical service patients. Other services include eye care, dental care, laboratory and blood bank services, prosthetics and rehabilitation, voluntary counseling and testing for HIV (this service is also provide by Mae Tao Clinic), and counseling services. Se85

84 vere cases are referred to Mae Sot Hospital. The Clinic also supports small satellite clinics set up in Burma, particularly in the IDP areas, to assist those who cannot reach the Clinic.

[i. 020]

British Dr Claudia Turner examines a child as staff assist at the SMRU hospital inside the Mae La refugee camp in Tak province. Mae La is the largest of nine camps along the Thai border where the Burmese live in a stateless limbo for many years.

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

4.a.c. The shortage of food supply.

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

the kcal/person/day provided by the camp and the kcal needed depending on the age groups.

With 150.000 refugees living in 9 camps along the border, the supply of the provisions is funda-

A nutritional review of TBBC’s food basket prior to

mental concern. The problem is all these refugees

2010 confirmed high carbohydrate content and

do not have the chance to find a job outside the

poor quality of the available protein (primarily from

camp because they do not have legal registration.

rice) coupled with an insufficient quantity of beans

Furthermore all the camps are in the rural border

to complement and complete this poor quality

area, far from the main cities and civilization and

protein. In addition, due to the low level of fortified

not connected with any kind of transportation. The

blended food , the ration is low in micronutrients,

report of TBC shows that by December 2012, the

particularly for beneficiaries over age 5.

camp feeding figure was 127,186, while the total number of 128,783 verified cases loads.

Among children under five, one-third (33.7%) w ere underweight, 36.4% were stunted and 8.7%

In 2011, as a result of funding shortages, rising

were wasted. This compared unfavorably with

food costs, TBC cut the food ration to an average

Thai children under five from a reported NCHS

of 1,930 kcals/ person/ day. At the end of 2011,

survey in 1996 where just under one-fifth (18.6%)

due to further funding constraints, TBC further

were under weight, 16% stunted and 5.9% wast-

reduced the ration for 2012, bringing the overall

ed. Among older children, 41.2% of those aged

food ration amount to approximately 1,640 kcals/ person/ day. SPHERE suggests a minimum plan-

5-9.9 years, 31.5% of those aged 10-13.9 years 87 and 19.9% of those aged 14-17.9 years were un-

ning figure of 2,100 kcals/ person/ day for pop-

derweight. Over half (61.6%) of those aged 5-9.9

ulations in emergencies who depend solely on

years, 51.6% of those aged 10-13.9 years and

external aid. Figure … shows the comparison of

51.5% of those aged 14-17.9 years were stunt-

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

ed. Among a sample of 345 adults, 18.8% were thin (Body Mass Index (BMI) 18.5-19.9) and 7.2% were very thin (BMI < 18.5). To subsidize the inadequate in quantity and quality of people meal, refugees start doing the community garden inside and outside the camp bor-

January 2012 TBBC food ration, adjusted Kcal provided Table 3: January 2012 TBBC food ration reduction, adjusted Kcals provided Item

der. The project is call Community Agriculture and Nutrition (CAN). People will be training the way to

Rice

Provided since August 2008 16 kg/ adult: 7.5 kg/ child < 5 years 0.25 kg/ adult: 1 kg/ child < 5 years

Adjustment for January 2012 12 kg/ adult & older child: 6 kg/ young child. None provided to adults: 1 kg/ young and older child

% Reduction (Adult) 25%

cultivate their own garden effectively. The project

Fortified flour (AsiaREMix)

was also put into practice in the refugee schools

Fishpaste

0.75 kg/ person

500 gms/ person

33%

Iodised Salt

330 gm/ person

150 gms/ person

55%

Yellow beans

1 kg/ adult: 500 gms/ child < 5 years

No reduction

Cooking oil

1 ltr/ adult: 500 ml/ child < 5 years

0.5 ltr/ person

50%

Dry chilies

40 gm/ person

None provided

100%

Sugar

125gm/ adult: 250 gm/ child < 5years

None provided

100%

so the children will be the attendant under the assistant of staffs and volunteers.

100%

Adjusted Kcals Provided 6 mos - <5 years 1042kcal (needs = 585-1510) 5 - <18 years 1810 (needs = 1710-2485) 18+ years 1675 (needs = 2542 kcal) Average 1640 (needs = 2100)

Source: Mae La Ma Luang Refugee Camp: Access to Food Entitlements Under Restrictive Encampment Chad Ellingson

Figure: Source: Mae La Ma Luang Refugee Camp: Access to Food Entitlements Under Restrictive Encampment , Chad Ellingson

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

Use of ration foods over duration of 30-day distribution cycle Table 12: Use of ration foods over duration of 30-day distribution cycle

Survey

FGD

Respondents

# of days rice lasted

21.3

# of days AsiaREmix lasted

8.4

# of days cooking oil lasted

17.5

# of days yellow beans lasted

26.6

# of days salt lasted

10.5

# of days fish paste lasted

24.8

# of days charcoal lasted

15.4

# of Days Ration Foods Last

Main obstacle to accessing food Figure 12: Main obstacles to accessing foods

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

M Scale: Thailand - Myanmar situation

BURMA

Chiang Mai Mae Sariang

Mae Sot

THAILAND

REFERENCES International border Sangklaburi

Bangkok

Refugee Camp Refugee Schools 92

Health Center for Refugees

Important City 0

150

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

5.a. Community based natural resource

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

5.b. Bamboo Growing

management [CBNRM] TBBC supports bamboo growing both through plantations, as community based initiatives, and Led by TBBC partner RECOFTC, CBNRM is a community-driven approach that entails sustainable biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. It fosters management of natural resources and helps to identify sustainable livelihood activities within specific natural environments. It involves training and relationship building in the camps and the surrounding communities, bringing together other key Thai actors such as the Royal Forestry Department (RFD), Community Conservation Groups and local authorities. Such management capacities represent an effective tool to decrease potential conflict with neighboring Thai villages but might also prove extremely beneficial in a situation of refugees returning to Burma and recovering their livelihoods while preserving 94

existing biodiversity and the natural environment.

through the distribution of bamboo seedlings to individual households. During January-June 2012 7,000 bamboo plants, 3,000 eucalyptus plants and 2,000 other trees were planted, bringing the total plants panted in and around camps to almost 40,000 bamboos, 10,000 eucalyptus and 3,000 other usable trees. There are currently a total of 22 stipend workers helping in Tham Hin, Ban Mai Nai Soi, Mae Surin and Mae La Oon camps planting the trees, providing fertilizer and cutting grass. Community volunteers are mobilized on certain days to help plant thousands of bamboo plants in each camp. In Nu Po and the two Mae Sariang camps, bamboo is being planted in coordination with CAN. Plant nurseries are currently being established in four camps to propagate and protect 95 bamboo and other plants during the dry period ready for planting in the wet season.

... ...

M Scale · Thai – Burma border

5. Local housing and material in Thailand

5.d. Concrete Post Production: 5.c.Treatment of Bamboo Poles The initial necessary equipment and materials for The bamboo smoking project, using ARC gar-

concrete post production were purchased at the

bage incinerators in Nu Po to treat bamboo, be-

end of 2011. Training and production began in

gan at end of 2011 and was implemented during

the second quarter of 2012. To date Nu Po has

the first half of 2012. Although camp residents ac-

produced more than 200 concrete posts, which

knowledge that smoking bamboo is an effective

will be distributed to houses in need of replace-

method of improving its durability, only 245 poles

ment posts

were treated in the last six months. This was due to the long distance between bamboo distribution points and the smoking kiln and late delivery of bamboo, which resulted in families focusing on repairing their house rather than treating the bamboo. Another method of bamboo treatment is the leaching of bamboo through the use of large water tanks, which were built at end of 2011. More than 300 poles have been treated in this manner. 96 Initial responses indicate that families seem satisfied with these treatment methods, and TBBC is exploring the possibility of expanding these projects. ...

[i. 022]

[i. 023] [i. 024]

[i. 025] [i. 026] 2,321 4,889

12,097 11,604 0

1,260

4,835

49,800

92,125*

431,371*

327,600* 212,952

51,744

111,709*

28,661

63,554*

582

1,566

103,560 695,130*

1,020

1,198

62,800

8,990 1,190

743,290

295

1,529

1,617

66,410

1,610

17,677

Tham Hin

* Total quantity required for distribution was not delivery completely, ** includes quantities needed after Umpiem fire.

* This does not include the quantity of bamboo that is considered early delivery of 2013 which was received in Nov. / Dec.2012.

Note:

Small 66,276 2”/ 6m Large 90.942 3”/ 6m Small 3,296 4”/ 6m Large 2,681 5”/ 6m Short 0 4”/4m Leaf 1,977,764 Thatch Grass 0 Thatch Plastic 0 Sheets

Nu Po

Ban Mai Ban Mae Mae La Mae Ra Nai Soi Surin Oon Ma Luang

69,000

11,520

Ban Don Yang

1,885

19,349

24,208

538,413

41,936

Total 2011

5,060

62,801

57,967

1,381,127

Total 2010

1,610

374,059

2,221

272,335

2,350

645,135

4,403,822 3,876,934 5,192,920

877

19,060

16,371

412,416

104,735

Total 2012

Note: * Total quantity required for distribution was not delivery completely, ** includes quantities needed after Umpiem fire. * This does not include the quantity of bamboo that is considered early delivery of 2013 which was received in Nov. / Dec.2012.

Roof Thatch

Eucalyptus Poles

Bamboo Poles

Mae La

**Umpiem Mai

Refugee Camps

Figure 3.15: Building Materials delivered to camps in 2012

Repairing the roof

Material Items

Source: TBBC

[i. 021]

Building Materials delivered to camps in 2012

M Scale · Thai – Burma border M Scale · Thai – Burma border

The refugee camp is situated along the Burma-Thailand border and is home to around 50,000 refugees. Mae La is the largest of nine camps along the Thai border where the Burmese live in a stateless limbo for many years.

[i. 027]

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

S Scale Mae La camp site We choose to place our project in Mae La camp, the most important refugee camp in Thailand is Mae La, a camp that has been active from the year 1984, and since then it has been a reference point for all Burmese citizen who flee the country and try to make a better life in the neighbor Thailand. 102

103

S Scale · Mae La camp site

1. Mae La Camp, a brief history

The largest of all the nine camps in the Thai

when Shoklo camp was closed.

border, is Mae La , It was established in 1984 in Tha Song Yang District, Tak Province in the

The camp has been the target of various military

Dawna Range, almost 8km from the international

attacks. It was infiltrated by Democratic Karen

border between Thailand and Burma. This camp

Buddhist Army (DKBA) troops in 1997 with support

currently houses nearly 50,000 and over 90% of

from Burma Army units. The DKBA is a faction of

the inhabitants are ethnic Karen.

the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) which split off and aligned itself with the Burma Army

When the camp was establish, in 1984, the

in 1994. There have been no incursions since

population was 1.100. During 1995, a number of

then, although a mortar shell landed in March

camps were attacked in cross-border raids; the

1998. Every dry season, this area is quite tense

Thai authorities began to consolidate camps to

with concerns relating to camp security – threats

improve security. Mae La was designated as the

of armed attack and/or

main consolidation camp in the area.

the camp. During the recent years, the area of

After 10 years Mae La that was established, the

Karen State (opposite Mae La camp) has suffered

population started growing rapidly. In April 1995,

of substantial social conflict, with the DKBA

Mae La increased the population from 6,969 to

and Burma Army deposing the KNLA from its

13,195 due to the closure of five camps and the

attempts to burn down

headquarters in 2009.

increasing social problems in Burma. Over the next 104

year, the camp doubled the number of dwellers to a total of 26,629. In March 1997, many of the Burmese refugees were relocated in Mae La due to the closure of Huai Bone camp and once more the population increased in February of 1998

105

The camp houses people who have been there for many years, including youths born, and also new arrivals either from across the border, or from other camps. There are also children whose families still live in Burma and others are orphans.

[i. 028]

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

L Scale: Thailand - Myanmar situation

MANDALAY

MYANMAR [BURMA]

THAILAND

REFERENCES International border Refugees Camps | Population

BANGKOK

Karenni Camp: 21.259 Karen Camp: 100.124 108

TOTAL: 121.383

109

150

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

3.a. Location: Mae La Camp together with Mae Ra Ma Luang are the most remote of all of the nine camps on the Thai Burma border. Mae La was chosen as the site for the relocation. NGOs and UNHCR expressed their security concerns regarding the initial proposed site for relocation: not only was it only 1km away from the border, but also it had hosted the temporary headquarters of the Karen National Union (KNU) after the fall of Manerplaw in 1995. In an effort to respond to the concerns, the government decided to shift the site slightly by bringing it 3km away from the border. The site is located about 2.5km west of Mae Ra Ma Luang camp and 3.5km south of Mae Taw La village. It occupies an area of about 128 hectares. The steep topography, poor soils and deforestation 110

has meant that Mae La site still faces significant environmental dangers such as landslides and flooding. Each year during the wet season houses are washed away fortunately with no reported loss of life.

111

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

L Scale: Thailand - Myanmar situation

MYANMAR [BURMA]

THAILAND

REFERENCES International border Main Roads Secondary Roads Railway 112

Mae La Refugees Camp

113

150

S Scale · Mae La camp site

Ethnicity

Gender

3.b. Population In Mae La Camp the population is mainly Karen of Buddhist and Christian faiths. There are also a minority Muslim residents, who are of Karen and Burmese ethnic origin. UNHCR assists the Ministry of Interior of the Royal Thai Government with all

Karen 84% Women 50% Burmese 3%

registration activities in the camp including training, technical support, planning, data collection

Men 50% Other: includes Kachin, Mon, Rakhine, Shan and Chin 13%

and updating. Since 2005 registration in the camps has been

Religion

Age

based on UNHCR’s progress electronic registration database. The system incorporates comprehensive bio-data, individual digital photographs, links between related households, and other case and individual based information. Registration by UNHCR is subject to official rec114

ognition by the Thai Government through the Mae Hong Son Provincial Admission Board (PAB). Since the beginning of 2007, the PAB suspended its regular functioning.

Buddhist 51%

Aged 0 - 5: 14%

Christian 37%

Aged 5 - 18: 33%

Muslim 12%

Aged 18 or more: 52%

115

S Scale · Mae La camp site

2. Mae La Camp, urbanization

4.a. Education.

Being Mae La the biggest refugee camp in Thailand it has a wide range of educational opportunities and is considered a center of study for refugee children and teen-agers, for this reason current population includes many students who come to study in the camp (some of them from other camps and the majority from Burma). As they settle in the camp only for studying, they are registered only as temporary inhabitants. There are seven nursery schools, two primary schools, two middle schools and four high Density

schools in Mae La. The nursery schools are run with the support of KWO and Women’s

High

Education for Advancement and Employment (WEAVE). ZOA seek to support the education system in camp by providing teaching supplies

116

and assisting with curriculum developmentThey have also established vocational training centers in the camp including an auto-mechanic workshop, sewing center, stove making workLow

shop, bakery and a restaurant serving food.

117

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

Basic Thai language education is available for refugees as part of a project funded by UNHCR to enable refugees to communicate with Thai authorities as well as increase their chances of pursuing higher education in Thai institutions.

119

118

[i. 029]

An example of the camp schools, this one is supported by UNHCR and in this school,as in others in the camp, english is taught to students, since many of the people working is part of the international aid.

S Scale · Mae La camp site

4.b. Services and Infrastructure.

S Scale · Mae La camp site

provide services in Mae La, that represent a urban nodes inside the camp; some of them are Imple-

The infrastructure in the camp has improved since

menting Partners funded by UNHCR.

the mid 2000’s, during 2008 mobile phone coverage

Some Partners funded by UNHCR:

was made available to the camp, and this has also fa-

• Malteser International: provides health,water

cilitated the Internet services in the community. Later,

and sanitation services.

in 2009, the connected to the mains electricity grid

• American Refugee Committee: implements sex-

and nowadays it has access to full 24 hour- a-day

ual and gender-based violence prevention and re-

electricity; on that same year more health, educa-

sponse activities.

tion and social centers were settled as well as many

• Catholic Office for Emergency Relief and Refu-

households for the inhabitants.

gees (COERR): provides assistance to extremely vulnerable individuals, vocational training, and im-

4.c. Public nodes [Partners & Community – Based Organizations]. NGO’s activities are coordinated on the national level through the Coordinating Committee for Services to Displaced Persons in Thailand (CCSDPT). Although not all NGOs present in the camp are members of the 120 CCSDPT, this body is the main forum for discussion, information-sharing, and advocacy with the two organizations have also initiated dialogue with the Thai government to improve skills, living conditions, and prospects for camp residents. A number of NGOs

plements child protection programs. •Handicap International (HI): operates a prosthesis program, provides rehabilitation services and promotes social inclusion of people with disabilities. • Ministry of Education (MOE): provides basic Thai language education to refugees. • Ministry of Interior (MOI): camp administration 121 and security; provision of support to national authorities on registration and status determination. • Shanti Volunteer Association (SVA): provision of library and socio-cultural activities; operates six

S Scale · Mae La camp site

libraries in the camp.

non-food items with distributions carried out by

• ZOA Refugee Care (ZOA): implements voca-

the Camp Committee. TBBC also provides sup-

tional training programs for refugees an supervis-

port and assists in capacity building of camp

es agricultural activities for income generation to

management structures.

increase refugee self-reliance. • Operational Partners: have direct and indirect

Beside all these organisations mentioned before,

involvement with UNHCR funded projects interms

there are many community-based organizations

of co-ordination and collaboration with the Imple-

in the camp that work with some specific groups

menting Partners.

or issues including the Karen Youth Organization,

• International Organization for Migration (IOM):

Karen Student Network Group, Drug and Alcohol

conducts resettlement related activities including

Recovery and Education (DARE) Network, SGBV

post-approval processing, cultural orientation ser-

Committee and the Karen Women’s Organization.

vices, medical examinations, travel arrangements and exit clearances. • Overseas Processing Entity (OPE): US Government entity which conducts resettlement related activities. • Department of Homeland Security (DHS) interviews. 122

• Planned Parenthood Association of Thailand (PPAT): delivers reproductive health services and awareness-raising activities. • Thai Burma Border Consortium (TBBC): provides basic food basket, shelter materials and

123

Sometimes, it takes a change of course to find sustainable solutions for an emergency situation. Malteser International

[i. 030]

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

4.d. Health.

Malteser International has been providing medical, water and sanitation services in Mae La Camp since January 2003. MI runs medical clinics and diagnostic laboratories in four different locations on the camp. They also provide maternal and child health care,including safe motherhood services and supplementary feeding for children and pregnant or lactating women. Emergency cases are referred to Thai hospitals in Mae Sariang or Chiang Mai.

Camp Nodes Community Nodes

4.e. Water & Sanitation. For more than 17 years, Malteser International has been providing comprehensive health care services in the refugee camps in the Mae Hong

126

High Density zones

Son province. These services have come hand in 127 hand with the construction of water supply systems and latrines for the refugees in the camps Mae Ra Ma Luang and Mae La Oon.

S Scale · Mae La camp site

Since January 2011, Malteser International is implementing a new project on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), in which the emergency approach of the past is transformed into a strategy for sustainable development. The goal is to strengthen the population’s ability to develop long-term solutions by actively involving the affected communities in and around the camps in decision-making and the implementation of WASH measures. Malteser International works in many ways: - Maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems in the camps - Monitoring of water quality and quantity, water treatment and vector control - Training of villagers and camp population in WASH issues - Conducting hygiene promotion and awareness campaigns - Set up recycling banks run by students

128

Initiate and facilitate coordination meetings and [i. 031]

Karen refugee collects daily water from the river for the irrigation of the cultivation.

workshops for all relevant stakeholders

129

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

4.e.1. Water Supply and Use

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

it is discarded and the containers are refilled the following day.

The water sources in Mae La are surface water from a river, naturally flowing springs, groundwa-

4.e.2. Water System

ter wells and boreholes. The river runs east-west, cross-cutting the end of the ridges that border the

Water in MaeLa comes from a range of sources.

camp. The springs are located at higher elevations

Water from the springs and river is treated and

along the western ridge while ropepump wells and

made available through public tap stands. Other

boreholes are located at low elevations in the

sources of water are available, but the quality is

housing area of the camp. It is an improved wa-

not as good as the water from the taps .

ter source by UN definition, but some of the wells sometime can be contaminated by sewerage. The

The MaeLa distribution system provides water

water supply can be divided into drinkable water,

to thousands of people and it was developed

that from the distribution system which originates

gradually as the camp population grew, that

from springs and the river, and non-drinkable wa-

is the reason why the water system is such an

ter.

heterogeneous system through which water is supplied from open boreholes, rope-pump wells,

130

Most of the spring- and all of the river-supplied wa-

and the tap distribution system. The distribution

ter is available during only three-hour blocks

system, which is supplied by multiple sources, is

each morning and afternoon. Once water reaches

fragmented and has a variety of pipe sizes and 131 lengths.

the public taps, residents fill containers until the entire volume of water has been collected. People store their water in containers on their

AMI funded most of the water system with a total

porches and in their homes. If water goes unused,

of 17 boreholes, 63 rope-pump wells and 152

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

tap stands. Some spring connections supplying a minority of taps are isolated and run straight from spring to tap without affecting the central distribution system. The water is free for residents of the camp. Both AMI and the users would like to improve accessibility, quality and quantity of the supply. The locations of the various sources are shown in the next figure. The tap distribution system provides water to over three-fourths of the population. The system is supplied by the adjacent river to the northwest of the camp, and a series of springs found in the hills to the southwest. Water is pumped from the river and naturally flows from the springs into storage tanks, where water is treated and released to the

Water Sources

pipes, reaching the taps by gravity. Wells

The tanks are open twice a day to provide water 132

at the standpipes, for 3 hours each from 6 to 9 AM and 3 to 6 PM.

Tap Stands

Boreholes

133

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

Topography

134 River Main road Community Nodes Area of intervention

S Scale 路 Mae La camp site

135

Notice that the stiffest tree is most easily cracked, while the bamboo or willow survives by bending with the wind. Bruce Lee

[i. 032]

Case Studies

Case Studies Bamboo Architecture Bamboo is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fastest growing plant and due to this ability, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s considered an eco-friendly, sustainable and renewable material. Other properties of this material like tensile strength and flexibility make it a great choice for construction nowadays.

138

139

Case Studies

1. Different examples of Bamboo Architecture Natural growing of bamboo in the world

As prices for conventional high energy consuming materials like cement, steel and aluminum are increasing, natural materials are gaining more interest. This could also be a chance for new architecture to increase the use of natural materials, like the bamboo. Bamboo has been used for many centuries in different countries: in Asia and America, but this use, until some years ago, was only related to vernacular and traditional construction of some villages and local populations. This concept has change in last years, since many architect realized that the capacities and properties of bamboo were good enough to use it as any other conventional material. In addition to all the structural and physical features of this material we must also say that bamboo is a plant with very range of growing and it is common in many countries, normally in Asia 140

Asia

to find an economical and sustainable solution to

America Asia Africa America

the lack dwelling problems.

Africa

and Central America, which is also make this a good opportunity for those development countries

Others : 43% India: 30% China: Others 14% : 43% Indonesia: India: 30% 5% Ecuador: 4% China: 14% Myanmar: 2% Indonesia: 5% Vietnam: 2% Ecuador: 4% Myanmar: 2% Vietnam: 2%

141

Case Studies

142 7

[i. 033]

6 5

4 2

1. Earthen School Tipu Sultan Merkez Lahore. Pakistan The Earthen School by Ziegert Roswag Seiler Architekten, has various green features including the use of sunlight for lighting and the use of bamboo and earth in its construction.

143

Case Studies

[i. 035]

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145

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2. Bamboo & Earthbag School. Mozambique School and library built by students from the Bergen School of Architecture in Norway, using bamboo sand bags, bottles and grass. [i. 036]

Case Studies

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147

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3. METI Handmade School Rudrapur. Bangladesh This is chool by Anna Heringer and Eike Roswag is a good example of high design quality achieved with traditional local materials like bamboo, mud and even fabrics for Saris with the involvement of the community.

[i. 039]

Case Studies

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149

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4. Restaurant Tanjung Duren Utara, Jakarta.Indonesia This project by DSA+s Architects is a more complex and â&#x20AC;&#x153;expenciveâ&#x20AC;? example but it can help us to undestand the outdoor spaces created by the bamboo buildings . [i. 042]

Case Studies

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151

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5. Bamboo House in Guanacaste. Costa Rica Bamboo House designed by Benjamin Garcia Saxe Architecture. Constructed using bamboo, scrap wood and plastic bags. [i. 045]

Case Studies

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6. The Soe Ker Tie House in Noh Bo. Thailand Housing for orphan thai kids designed by TYIN Tegnestue Architects from Norway. This architectural studio has done many social and suistanable projects in Thailand ways using simple materials and traditional building techniques.

[i. 048]

Case Studies

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7. The Bamboo Village. Hawaii

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Architecture is basically a container of something. I hope they will enjoy not so much the teacup, but the tea. Yoshio Taniguchi

[i. 052]

The Project 路

The Project路

The project School Village in Mae La

158

159

The Project ·

The Project·

1. Challenge of architects

Based on a study of the sociological matter, eco-

new artistic languages but instead gather all local

nomical, social and cultural aspects of the Bur-

and traditional knowledge to strengthen cultur-

mese refugee camps, a new model of education

al identity. The sustainable strategies will be ap-

centre shall be proposed in order to assure a

plied throughout the proposal in order to improve

long-term protection toward future of refugee chil-

the quality of life and at the same time provide a

dren. In the first place, the orphan and abandoned

space to grow in the future.

children who is living vulnerably in the orphanages, clinics or temporary shelters will be consider as the primary subject of the project. Can we apply an architecture method into a context which has been developing in different organic ways by the inhabitant? With only little professional assistant from architects and urban planners, refugees living in the camps create “small city” remaining in thirty years. However, when we take a look at the certain people in-need, there are still plenty of circumstances in which we can use our knowledge. To start with, we can provide the 160

refugee children here with further education, livelihood and also the emotional and financial protection. Architecture now will be considered a tool to improve for people to enjoy life. In our architectural intervention, we will try not to introducing

161

The Project 路

The Project路

2. Desing strategy

The idea is to propose a school village capable

of houses for children with the attached support-

of managing their own needs independently. The

ing function such as the shared play ground and

target group of the project is the abandon, or-

bath-house. Semi-public area includes teachers

phanage refugee children who are vulnerable to

and staff houses and office, and a complex of

several type of negative factor, from the physical

store, kitchen and dining area. The nutrition gar-

shortage such as lack of rations, to the mental

den can be placed at any suitable space; together

shortage such as abuse and feeling of abandon-

with the developing of vertical garden and ceiling

ment. Therefore, they have the special need of

garden when we consider land will be shorten for

the sense of family, protection and development.

future expansion. The architecture design is also

The village will provide these children a space of

required to challenge the weather condition and

living, where they have feeling of being nourished;

the problem of using natural resource to minimize

a place to study and at the same time a provision

the spending to maintain.

for living need. In order to resolve the problem of affordable architecture, we will provide a model using the local material and construction method with a way to expand in the future due to the need of improving quality and quantity. 162

163 Public area in the village includes classrooms, library and reading place and performance space which are accessible by both children in the village and outside. The private area will be the groups

The Project 路

The Project路

AID

dwelling

education

2.a. SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH EDUCATION Mae La refugee camp has the high rate of children dropping school after primary, and the rate of the girls is higher than the boy. These children have no alternative than working as the commu-

peace

nity labour in the camp to gain very little income,

bamboo HOME

sustaintability

SCHOOL

and no chance for them to get out of the camp to settle in another country. For the orphanage and abandoned children the life is harder, they have no parents to take care of and have to depend on the community organization. There is a need for place for orphanage kids where they learn the important of education. After finishing the secondary, they have a chance to join the post-ten grade in the camp. Even if it is not possible to get out of the camp, there is a

164

playground local building tradition

chance for them to have the jobs in community 165 such as teacher, officers, and staffs for UNHCR.

local materials

Any of these options will provide them a better future than dropping school from primary. The educational program and library are open to the

The Project ·

community, which will gain participation of com-

The Project·

boo can be used for different component.

munity in the camp.

2.b. SOCIAL PARTICIPATION

2.d. PROTOTYPE OF A FAMILY

The second aim of the village project is to attract

The age group of children settle in the camp will

the community to create a new social project for

be from 5 to 14 years old. 14 years old is the

the community. The project will create more work

standard age where students finish the middle

for the community. The involve jobs is not only

school. The kids will stay together in the ‘family’

to erect the buildings, but also to build a life for

with 4-5 members, in which, the mature one will

many kids after. Some action can be listed such

take care the smaller one. The house of family

as teacher of the schools, tutor for children, con-

will be one separated shelter in the village with

duct to perform the planting garden

the common playground. From there every day they came to ‘school’ in the village to study and

2.c. USE OF LOCAL RESOURCES & MATERIALS

have foods from the common kitchen. Members of ‘family’ have to join the work of ‘community’ to maintain the family and community itself, for ex-

166

All the construction materials are locally available,

ample: cooking in the kitchen, taking care of their

bamboo, mud for brick and floor, post-production

own garden, or tutor the smaller students in com-

foundation, leave, straw... All the materials have

munity.

to be used in an effective way without any waste. Bamboo was considered the most effective material in our condition. The resource of bamboo around the area is plentiful and all the size of bam-

167

The Project 路

The Project路

169

168

Map of the present demographic situation in MaeLa Camp. scale 1:15000

The Project 路

The Project路

[i. 053]

[i. 055]

[i. 054]

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The site, located in the norther part of the camp, is surrounded by natural borders, on one side the river and on the other the mountains

171

170

[i. 057]

[i. 058]

The Project路

community meeting space

sport facilities [soccer & volleyball]

performance opendoor space

community ceilling garden

playground for children

community canteen

community library & reading spaces A larger scale project for an entirely integrated camp scale 1:15000

173

The Project ·

The Project·

farming lands river roads camp area of intervention

the site

[7380 m2]

green area the project

175

174

�id�s room

canteen

[182m2]

playground [900m2]

school

[335m2]

library

[130m2]

[157m2]

bath

[74m2]

teacher�s

[100m2]

The Project 路

The Project路

School Village in Mae La Camp

176

177

The Project 路

The Project路

3.Masterplan design School Village & the Context + 280 mts

+ 260 mts

+ 240 mts

+ 220 mts

+ 200 mts

+ 180 mts

+ 170 mts

The purpose of the project is to create a simple masterplan, designed through the comoposition of 6 main modules that can be adapted to different it in all situations. At any place in the refugee camps there is demand and available land for the project we can start a new village there. In Mae La, the potential site we choose is settled on the northern border of the camp, in the area which is not yet fully occupied because of the separation by the river. The river bank is now using as plantation of inhabitant. There are two bridges across the river not so far the site. There is a road connects the main road to the further community. There is no record of flooding in Mae La camp. The position beside the river will make it easier to bring the water for plants. The mud along the river 178

can be used to construct the building.

179

The complex & the relation with the surrounding. The entrances to the Theschool school complex & the relaion with the surrounding school complex from the community are located on the northern and the southern part of the complex.

The Project 路

Public Spaces in the Village

The Project路

Private Spaces in the Village

181

180

Public access from the community along the main road. Areas publicuse, use, open tocommunity: the community: the& school Areas for for public open to the the school library & library

Areas for private use: the dwellings, the bath-house and the canteen, which are less frequent fromuse: thethecommunity and also in need ofcanteen more quiet envieronment are Areas for private dwellings, the bath-house and the located on the back of the plot, next to biger arming areas and the river.

The Project ·

The Project·

Self·farming in the Village

Fun spaces in the village

The different uses of the farming areas

182

183

self-farming space for private use

The different uses of the farming areas self-farming space for private use use self-farming space: private

farms for the school, supplies the school & the community nutritional wall, for use of the complex nutritional wall

nutritional ceilling The different uses farms of the for farming areas nutritional ceilling farms school, supplies the school & the community forthethe school:school & the

The different leisure areas

Kid’shouses houses performance kid's performance terrace The different leisurePlayground areas

open the playground open to the to community

community self-farming space for private use nutritional wall, for use of the complex

kid's houses performance terrace

farms for the school, supplies the school & the community nutritional ceilling

playground open to the community

terrace

The Project 路

The Project路

The different uses of the Village

The different uses of the farming areas

184

self-farming space for private use

The different uses of the farming areas self-farming space for private use Housing

farms for the school, supplies the school & the community nutritional Serviceswall, for use of the complex

farms for the school, supplies the school & the community nutritional ceilling Education Leisure nutritional wall, of the complex The different uses offor theuse complex housing nutritional ceilling

The idea of this masterplna design is: a group of buildings that can be integrated into the context of the camp. This village does not stand out from the camp but is a part of it.

185

The Project 路

The Project路

The main purpose of this proposal is to create a housing and edu- 187

186 orphan living & stuying in the complex[max [maxcapacity: capacity:70] 70] orphan kid kid living & stuying in the complex

cation complex in which the different units are linked to each other.

teacher or ONG aid living & helping in the complex [max capacity: 10]

To create this flow of different spaces a variety of sefl-farming plot are created as

kid stuying in the complex

connection between the units, According to the use of the space the farming plot

teacher or ONG aid helping in the complex

are projected in different ways.

teacher or ONG aid living & helping in the complex [max capacity: 10] kid stuying in the complex

teacher or ONG aid helping in the complex

The Project 路

188

The Project路

189

RAIN WATER TANK

The Project 路

BANANA TREES FENCE

The Project路

STORE

CEILING GARDEN

KITCHEN

NUTRITIONAL GARDEN

CEILING GARDEN

DINING AREA

NUTRITIONAL GARDEN

ENTRANCE FROM COMMUNITY

NUTRITIONAL GARDEN

VILLAGE MAIN PATHWAY

ENTRANCE FROM COMMUNITY

BAMBOO PLANT NURSERY SCHOOL PLAYGROUND

BAMBOO PLAYGROUND

BAMBOO PLANT NURSERY

BATH-HOUSE

SCHOOL SCHOOL PLAYGROUND

TREES FENCE

VILLAGE MAIN PATHWAY

NUTRITIONAL GARDEN HOUSING FOR TEACHERS AREA

HOUSING FOR CHILDREN AREA

SELF-CULTIVATION FARM

SCHOOL PLAYGROUND

NUTRITIONAL WALL

ENTRANCE FROM COMMUNITY

THE LIBRARY GARDEN

191

190 LIBRARY & READING AREA

School Village Masterplan 路 Rooftop p`lan scale 1:1000

School Village Masterplan 路 Plan scale 1:1000 TREES FENCE

0 mts 5 mts

The river

Farming plots

Sefl-cultivation garden

Orphan kids housing

Bath路house

Teachers housing

Nutritional garden

School - class路rooms

The Project 路 The Project路

192 193

20 mts

The Project路

Orphan kids housing

The Project 路

195

194

0 mts

5 mts

20 mts

196 Library open to the community

Orphan kids housing

Bath路house

School - class路rooms

Kitchen & canteen

The Project 路 The Project路

197

The Project 路

The Project路

2.Architectural design orphan kid houses [14 units]

teachers houses [5 units]

bath路house [1 unit]

class路room[5 units]

library [1 unit] 199

198

kitchen & canteen [1 unit]

L Scale 路 Worlds Refugee Situation

The Project路

Housing for children: architectural part

Self-cultivation farms for kids

Children house example

Trees fence Tree fence

Surroundings farms Surroundings farms

Common leisure space for kids

201

200

orphan kid houses [14 units]

CHILDREN ROOM SITE PLAN scale 1:400

CHILDREN ROOM SITE PLAN Scale 1:400

The Project路

A + 0.95

+ 0.95

1.00

+ 0.00

2.50

1.00

The Project 路

1.00

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL

2.50

BAMBOO HAMMOCK

A + 0.00 TERRACE

+ 0.95

203

1.00

202

+ 0.95

CULTIVATION GARDEN

CHILDREN ROOM PLAN | scale 1:100

CHILDREN ROOM PLAN | scale 1:75

The Project ·

The Project·

205

204

CHILDREN EAST FAÇADE | scale 1:100

CHILDREN WEST FAÇADE | scale 1:100

The Project ·

The Project·

207

206

CHILDREN SOUTH FAÇADE | scale 1:100

CHILDREN NORTH FAÇADE | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

209

208 -1.70

-1.70

SECTION A:A| scale 1:100

SECTION B:B | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

BAMBOO ROOFTOP BAMBOO ROOFTOP

+5.90 0.30

+5.90 8%

WINDOWS MADE OUT OF BAMBOO STICK

BAMBOO BEAM AWNING BAMBOO WINDOW

BAMBOO & ROPE HANDRAIL

3.83

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL

RAIN WATER COLLECTOR

BAMBOO LADDER

BAMBOO DOOR PANEL

TERRACE 0.85

BAMBOO HANDRAIL +0.00

CULTIVATION GARDEN

0.30

+0.00

-1.70 -1.70

0.70 0.70

GRAVEL LAYER

-1.70 -1.70 -1.70

210

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION

1.00

3.00

2.50

1.00

3.50

7.00

A SECTION A:A| scale 1:75

SECTION B:B | scale 1:75

211

The Project 路

The Project路

The children unit is design in two small storeys that permit the unit to have different The children unit is design in two small storeys that permit the unit to have different uses. On one side it can have two separate spaces, the lower one for sleeping and the upper one for studing or recreation The children unit is design in two small storeys that permit the unit to have different uses. On one side it can have two separate spaces, the lower one for sleeping and the upper one for studing or recreation

uses. On one side it can have two separate spaces, the lower one for sleeping and the upper one for studing or recreation

Bamboo shaders in all of the windows control the direct stroke of the sun, while bringBamboo shaders in all of the windows control the direct stroke of the sun, while bringing indirect

lighting lighting inside the house unit the house unit ing indirectrefracted refracted inside

Bamboo shaders in all of the windows control the direct stroke of the sun, while bringing indirect refracted lighting inside the house unit

213

212 When the studying complex is more crowded with kids, both of the storeys can be When the studying complex is more crowded with kids, both of the storeys can be used

In the future some of large rooftop slopesslopes can be used for placing solar PVfor panels in In the future some of large rooftop can be used placing solar PV panels in

used for giving shelter to the new orphan kids When the studying complex is more crowded with kids, both of the storeys can be used

order to provide with enough energy for the children dwelling units

for giving shelter to the new orphan kids for giving shelter to the new orphan kids

order to provide with enough energy for the children dwelling units

In the future some of large rooftop slopes can be used for placing solar PV panels in order to provide with enough energy for the children dwelling units

The Project ·

Cross vetinlation is applied along the entire housing unity. Thereby providing it comfortable thermal qualities Cross vetinlation is applied along the entire housing unity. Thereby providing it comfortable thermal qualities Cross vetinlation is applied along the entire housing unity. Thereby providing it comfortable thermal qualities

The Project·

The rooftop slope allows to collect the rainwater and save it in a separate tank, for The rooftop allows to collect the rainwater and save a separate tank, for later use later use slope as irrigation water for the kidsit inself farming space as irrigation water for the kids self farming space The rooftop slope allows to collect the rainwater and save it in a separate tank, for later use as irrigation water for the kids self farming space

215

214 Big openings, in all of the façades, at different levels permit the natural flow of the

The terrace can be used both as a place of performance or as a recreation space

cool-hot air, which will give the unit a comfortable temperature naturally balanced

for the kids. And the unit trapezoidal shape will provide a protection for both the sun

• •• •• • • • •• • • •••• •• •••• •••• • ••• • • • • • ••• ••• •••• •• • •••• • • •• •• • •• ••••• • •• • •• •• ••••• • •• •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •The • • •terrace • • • • • • can • • • •be • •used • both as a place of performance or as a recreation space for the kids. cool-hot air, which will give the unit a comfortable temperature naturally balanced And the unit trapezoidal shape will provide a protection for both the sun and the rain.

• •• •• • • • •• • • •••• •• •••• •••• • ••• • • • • • ••• ••• •••• •• • •••• • • •• •• • •• ••••• • •• • •• •• ••••• • •• •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •The • • • terrace • • • • • • can • • • •be • • used both as a place of performance or as a recreation space for the kids. cool-hot air, which will give the unit a comfortable temperature naturally balanced And the unit trapezoidal shape will provide a protection for both the sun and the rain.

and the rain.

The Project ·

The Project· •• • • • • •••••••• CB.3.

CC.3.

CD.3.

2.50

CA.3.

•• • • • • •••••••• CA.3.

CB.3.

CC.3.

CD.3.

•• • • • • • •••••••••

CA.2.

CB.2.

CC.2.

CD.2.

CB.1.

CC.1.

CD.1.

1.00 CC.2.

CD.2.

CC.1.

CD.1.

CA.1.-CD.2. •• • • • • • •••••••••

•• • • • • • •••••••••

3.50

•• • • • • • •••••••••

3.50

•• • • • • • •••••••••

2.50 1.00

Housing for children: structural part

0.45 3.00

CA.2.

CA.1.-CD.2. •• • • • • • •••••••••

•• • • • • • •••••••••

3.00

CB.2. 7.00

1.00

•• • • • • • •••••••••

CB.1. 0.45

3.00

1.00

7.00

•• • • • • •••••••• CA.3.

•• • • • • • ••••••••• •• • • • • • •••••••••

CC.3.

CD.3.

CA.3.

CB.3.

CC.3.

CD.3.

CA.2.

CB.2.

CC.2.

CD.2.

3.00

1.00 CC.2.

CD.2.

3.00

1.00

2.50

CB.3.

•• • • • • ••••••••

3.50

2.50

CA.1.-CD.2. •• • • • • • ••••••••• 0.45

216

•• • • • • • •••••••••

CA.2.

CB.2. 3.00 CA.1.-CD.2. •• • • • • • •••••••••

3.50

•• • • • • • •••••••••

7.00

0.45

3.00

7.00

STRUCTURAL PLANS | scale 1:100

217

The Project ·

The Project·

Bamboo tiles rooftop

Rooftop bamboo joists [ 80]

Joint nº 1

Joint nº 2

2 Joint nº 3 Main structure bamboo columns & bamboo beams

Floor board

Joint nº 4

Floor bamboo joists [ 80]

Joint nº 5

218

219 Concrete fundation

The Project ·

The Project·

0.30

5 4 7 3

2 0.30

2 4

3.00

1.00

7.00

3.00 7.00

220

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100]

DOUBLE BAMBOO COLUMN [2X 100]

SINGLE BAMBOO BUTTRESS [1X 100]

3.00

1.00

FLOOR STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100] ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100] 5 IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X400X700] DOUBLE BAMBOO COLUMN [2X 100]

221

1 2

JOINT nº 1 DETAIL REFERENCES:

SINGLE BAMBOO BUTTRESS [1X 100]

1 double bamboo column [2x100 ]

4 vertical - clamping bolts

FLOOR STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100]

2 horizontal - clamping bolts

5 bamboo plug �lled �ith concrete

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X400X700]

3 thic� rope to �eep �xed beams

6 rooftop bamboo joists

7 double bamboo beam [2x100 ] for rooftop structure

The Project ·

The Project·

5 5

6 6

3 3 6

4 4

2 2

223

222 JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES:

JOINT JOINT nº nº 3 3 DETAIL DETAIL REFERENCES: REFERENCES:

1 bamboo brace �x to main structure [100] 4 double bamboo beam [2x100] for rooftop structure

] 1 double bamboo bamboo column column [2x100 [2x100 ] 1 double

4 bamboo plug plug �lled �lled �ith �ith concrete concrete 4 bamboo

2 diagonal - clamping bolts to �x brace

5 rooftop bamboo joists [80]

2 horizontal -- clamping clamping bolts bolts 2 horizontal

5 mezzanine �oor �oor bamboo bamboo �oists �oists [diam�0] [diam�0] 5 mezzanine

3 t�ic� rope to �eep �xed beams

6 vertical - clamping bolts

3 vertical -- clamping clamping bolts bolts 3 vertical

] 6 single bamboo bamboo beam beam [1x100 [1x100 ] 6 single

to main structure

The Project ·

The Project·

1 1 8 8 9 9

4 4 1 1

2 2

7 7 3

3 3 3

6 6

3 3

2 2

4 4

225

224

JOINT nº 5 DETAIL REFERENCES: JOINT nº nº 4 4 DETAIL DETAIL REFERENCES: REFERENCES: JOINT

JOINT nº 5 DETAIL double REFERENCES: bamboo column [2x100 1

] �lled �ith concrete in the �nal part

4 in situ concrete footing [400x500x700]

double bamboo bamboo column column [2x100] [2x100] 1 double 1

bamboo plug plug �lled �lled �ith �ith concrete concrete 4 bamboo 4

clamping bolts bolts to to �x �x brace brace to to main main structure structure 7 clamping 7

[2x100- ]metal pin plate �x to concrete footing 2 horizontal 5 steel [400x500x700] 1 double bamboo column 4 in situ concrete footing

horizontal -- clamping clamping bolts bolts 2 horizontal 2

�oor bamboo bamboo �oists �oists [[ 80] 80] 5 �oor 5

bamboo brace brace �x �x to to main main structure structure [[ 100] 100] 8 bamboo 8

anchorage bolt 3 streel bracket painted5in black 6 steelfooting steel plate �x to concrete 2 horizontal - metal pin

thic� rope rope to to �eep �eep �xed �xed beams beams 3 thic� 3

double bamboo bamboo beam beam [2x100] [2x100] 6 double 6 �or �oor structure

�oor bamboo bamboo �oists �oists [[ 80] 80] 9 �oor 9

3 streel bracket painted in black

�or �oor structure

�lled �ith concrete in the �nal part

anticorrosive

6 steel anchorage bolt

The Project 路

226

The Project路

227

The Project 路

The Project路

Kids playground Kids playground

Housing for teachers: architectural part

Teacher and housing assitants housing Teacher and assitants example

garden TeachersTeachers garden

orphan kid houses [14 units] Nutrition garden Nutrition garden

228

teachers houses [5 units]

TEACHERS & ASSISTANTS ROOM SITE PLAN scale 1:400

229

TEACHER ROOM SITE PLAN Scale 1:200

The Project路

4.10

4.90

0.80

The Project 路

B BAMBOO PATH

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL

WINDOWS MADE OUT OF BAMBOO STICKS

9.00

A BAMBOO PATH

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL

4.00

B WINDOWS MADE OUT OF BAMBOO STICKS

+0.40

1 A

2.00

4.00

2.00

4.00

+0.40

230

231

2.00

TEACHERS HOUSING PLAN | scale 1:100

4.00

2.00

TEACHERS HOUSING PLAN | scale 1:75

The Project ·

The Project·

233

232

WEST FAÇADE | scale 1:100

EAST FAÇADE | scale 1:100

The Project ·

The Project·

235

234

SOUTH FAÇADE | scale 1:100

NORTH FAÇADE | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

+\ 4.6

237

236

SECTION A:A | scale 1:100

SECTION B:B | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

BAMBOO ROOFTOT +4.60

+4.60

15%

BAMBOO PRIMARY BEAM [2x 100]

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL

BAMBOO ROOFTOT

WINDOWS MADE OUT BAMBOO STICKS

BAMBOO STRUCTURE

+2.10

BAMBOO COLUMN

BAMBOO SECONDARY BEAM

BAMBOO DOOR

RAIN WATER COLLECTOR

BAMBOO DOOR

AWNING BAMBOO WINDOW

BAMBOO FLOORING

+0.00 -0.20

BAMBOO COLUMN [2x 100] BAMBOO BEDS

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL & VERTICAL GARDEN

BAMBOO FLOORING

+0.00

-0.40

-0.80 -0.80

0.90

2.10

4.00

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION

2.00

4.00

238

SECTION A:A | scale 1:75

239

SECTION B:B | scale 1:75

The Project ·

The lateral walls of the teacher units are designed as vertical garden where the dwellers can grow plant or small vegetables. The rooftop slope allows to collect the rainwater and save it in a separate tank, for later use for irrigation.

The Project·

Cross vetinlation is applied along the entire housing unity. Thereby providing it comfortable thermal qualities

241

240 The teacher units have a “double front”, it means these building are place in a site in Bamboo shaders in all of the windows control the direct stroke of the sun, while bring-

the masterplan from where the teacher can have a clear look at the children housing

ing indirect refracted lighting inside the house unit

as well as at the classrooms.

The Project 路

The Project路

Housing for teachers: structural part bamboo leaves roof

bamboo roof joints

bamboo panel

vertical garden bamboo floor

243

242

bamboo floor joints

STRUCTURAL PLANS | scale 1:100

The Project ·

The Project·

Joint nº 1

Joint nº 2

1 Joint nº 2

Joint nº 1

2 3

3 3

Joint nº 3

Joint nº 4

6 Joint nº 4

5 6

Joint nº 4

244

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100]

DOUBLE BAMBOO COLUMN [2X 100] ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100]

SINGLE BAMBOO BEAM [1X 100] DOUBLE BAMBOO COLUMN [2X 100]

4 SINGLE BAMBOO BEAM [1X 100] SINGLE BAMBOO BUTTRESS [1X 100]

5 FLOOR STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100] SINGLE BAMBOO BUTTRESS [1X 100]

6 IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X400X700] FLOOR STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2X 100]

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X400X700]

245

ROOF STRU

The Project ·

The Project·

5 5

4 4

4 5

6 6

2 2

3 3

1 1

247

246 JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES: JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES: JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES:

JOINT nº 1 DETAIL REFERENCES: 1

double bamboo column [2x100 ]

vertical - clamping bolts

horizontal - clamping bolts

bamboo plug �lled �ith concrete

thic� rope to �eep �xed beams

URRIWRSEDPERRMRLVWV> @

GRXEOHEDPERREHDP>[ @ for\ rooftop\ structu

1 1 2 2 3 3

bamboo brace to main [ 100] structure [ 100] bamboo �x to main�xstructure 1 brace 4 bamboo brace �x to main structure [ 100] 4 to �x brace diagonal clamping- clamping bolts to �xbolts brace 2 -diagonal 5 main structure to main structure diagonal - to clamping bolts to �x brace 5 to main 3 structure 6 t�ic� rope�xed to �eep �xed beams t�ic� rope to �eep beams 6 t�ic� rope to �eep �xed beams

double beam bamboo beam [2x100 ]for rooftop structure double4bamboo [2x100 ]for rooftop structure double bamboo beam [2x100 ]for rooftop structure rooftop joists bamboo joists [ 80] rooftop5bamboo [ 80] rooftop bamboo joists [ 80] vertical - clamping bolts vertical6- clamping bolts vertical - clamping bolts

The Project ·

The Project·

1 1 2 2

4 3 3

5 5

6 6

3 5 4 4 6

249

248 JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES: JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES:

JOINT nº 2 DETAIL REFERENCES: 1 double bamboo column [2x100 ]

4 bamboo plug �lled �ith concrete

7 clamping bolts to �x brace to main structure

2 horizontal - clamping bolts

5 rooftop bamboo joists

8 bamboo brace �x to main structure [ 100]

3 thic� rope to �eep �xed beams

6 double bamboo beam [2x100 ] for �oor structure

1 double bamboo column [2x100 ] 4 in situ concrete footing [400x500x700] with concrete column [2x100 ]in the �nal in situ concrete footing [400x500x700] 1 double bamboo�lled 4 part 2 horizontal 5 steel plate �x to concrete footing metal �lled with concrete in the -�nal partpin 2 horizontal - metal pin 5 steel plate �x to concrete footing 3 streel bracket painted with anticorrosive 6 steel anchorage bolt 3 streel bracket painted with anticorrosive 6 steel anchorage bolt

The Project ·

The Project·

Bath·house: architectural part

Bamboo plant nursery

Bamboo nursery garden

Playground Kids playground

orphan kid houses [14 units]

teachers houses [5 units] Bath·house

250

bath·house [1 unit]

Bathhouse

251

BATH·HOUSE SITE PLAN scale 1:400 BATH HOUSE SITE PLAN Scale 1:200

The Project 路

The Project路

ENTRANCE

GRAVEL FLOOR

MUDBRICK WALL

ENTRANCE

LAUNDRY AREA

BAMBOO COLUMN

SHOWER AREA

BAMBOO FLOORING

22.00

253

252

24.00

2.00

ENTRANCE

2.00

ENTRANCE

BATH路HOUSE PLAN | scale 1:200

The Project ·

The Project·

255

254

SOU TH FAÇADE | scale 1:200

LONGITUDINAL SECTION | scale 1:200

The Project ·

The Project·

257

256

EAST FAÇADE | scale 1:100

PERPENDICULAR SECTION | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

BAMBOO ROOFTOP

+ 3.50

+3.50

+ 3.00

+ 3.00 RAIN WATER COLLECTOR

+ 2.10

THATCHED CEILING COVER

MUDBRICK WALL

BAMBOO FLOORING

FLEXIBLE BAMBOO PANEL

BAMBOO COLUMN

0.00

259

3.50

258

LONGITUDINAL SECTION [FRAGMENT] | scale 1:75

PERPENDICULAR SECTION | scale 1:75

The Project 路

The Project路

Bath路house: structural part cob wall: bathroom boxes

bamboo leaves roof

0.50

bamboo columns [4x100diam]

1.00

1.50

3.50

1.50

shaders structure

1.00

23.00

bamboo shaders

261

260

STRUCTURAL PLAN | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

JOINT n潞 1

1 1

1 2

2 2

3 5

4 5

262 5

JOINT n潞 2

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2x diam100]

5 BAMBOO COLUMN [4x diam100]

BAMBOO STRUCTURE FOR SHADERS FIX TO MAIN STRUTURE[1xdiam100]

PERIMETRAL SINGLE BAMBOO BEAM[1xdiam100]

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X500X700]

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2x diam100]

BAMBOO COLUMN [4x diam100]

BAMBOO STRUCTURE FOR SHADERS FIX TO MAIN STRUTURE[1xdiam100]

PERIMETRAL SINGLE BAMBOO BEAM[1xdiam100]

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X500X700]

263

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BA

BAMBOO COLUMN [4x diam100]

The Project ·

The Project·

6 66 11

22 3 5 77

99 55

3 1

264

265 JOINT nº 1 DETAIL REFERENCES:

JOINT JOINT nº nº 22 DETAIL DETAIL REFERENCES: REFERENCES:

1 bamboo column [4x100 ]

4 vertical - clamping bolts

7 shaders structure anchored to the main structure

bamboo column column [4x100 ] [4x100 ] 11 bamboo

vertical -- clamping clamping bolts bolts 44 vertical

shaders structure structure anchored anchored to to the the 77 shaders

2 thic� rope to �eep �xed beams

5 bamboo plug �lled �ith concrete

8 bamboo shaders

double bamboo bamboo beam beam [2x100 ] [2x100 ] 22 double

bamboo plug plug �lled �lled �ith �ith concrete concrete 55 bamboo

steel plate plate �x �x to to concrete concrete footing footing �ith �ith 44 88 steel

3 double bamboo beam [2x100 ]

6 rooftop bamboo joists [ 80]

rooftop bamboo bamboo joists joists [ 80] [ 80] 66 rooftop

99 streel streel frame frame painted painted in in black black

for rooftop structure. On both directions

for for rooftop rooftop structure. structure. On On both both directions directions

33 inin situ situ concrete concrete footing footing

main main structure structure

steel steel anchorage anchorage bolt, bolt, one one in in each each corner corner anticorrosive anticorrosive

The Project 路

266

The Project路

267

The Project ·

The Project·

Class · rooms : architectural part

Nutritional Garden

Bamboo nursery garden

orphan kid houses [14 units]

teachers houses [5 units] School Playground

bath·house [1 unit] 269

268

class·room[5 units]

CLASS·ROOM SITE PLAN scale 1:400

The Project 路

The Project路

Classroom unit distribution

Typology 1 16 students

Typology 2 16 students

Typology 3 24 students

Typology 4 24 students

Shaded terrace area Classroom area

The age distribution of children living in the village is uneven. Therefore the project provides different type of classrooms for the best use and also for resource saving. 270 Depend on certain need and situation, community can decide which typology will be chosen to build up first.

271

The classroom areas allow the children to enjoy different activities. When at play, the children will have an external canopy sheltering the courtyard from sun and rain. Children will also be able to influence their environment, creating displays and exhibitions. CLASS路ROOM PLAN | scale 1:100

The Project ·

The Project·

273

272

EAST FAÇADE | scale 1:100

NORTH FAÇADE | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

275

274

SECTION B:B| scale 1:100

SECTION A:A | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

With the modular structure, the building can be expanded easily in the future. Depend

on the demand and available of material, we can add different modules into existing building. The expansion area can be used for the outdoor performance terrace or to expand the classroom area.

type 3 - phase 3: expand performance space

raised bamboo cane [for future expansion]

type 4 - phase 4: expand classroom area existing building

expanded building

type 5 - phase 5: outdor classroom area type 1 - phase 1: add performance space

type 2

277

276

+ type 2 - phase 2: expand classroom area

= type 3

type 6

The Project ·

The Project·

Use1: Teaching

Use 5 : Exhibition

The standard classroom is in linear

With the moving of the panel, the

form. There are front and back

classroom can provide an open

terrace for children’s playing and

space for exhibition for children or

performance beside studying time.

for the community of the camp.

Use 2: Kindergarten

Use 6: Community meeting

For the small kids, we can easily

The classrooms is intended to be

take out all the furniture and make

resources of the entire community

a space for kindergarten.

in the camp.

Use 3: Shared classroom

278

With little move of the bamboo

Use 7: Performance

panels

two

Interactive performance for children

separated classrooms for different

is easy to process by moving all

demand.

the furniture to backyard terrace.

Use 4: Expanding classroom

Use 8: Outdoor classroom

In case of need the bamboo panel

Some typology of classes with the

can be fold so the classroom

big front terrace (16sqm) can be

space will be expanded to the

used for outdoor class to diversify

terrace for more attendance.

school performance.

can

create

279

The Project 路

The Project路

Classrooms: structural part 1 Prepare the site and place concrete foundation

in situ

4 Secondary floor joists installed

2 Fix the bamboo column to the metal frame anchored to the concrete foundation and raise it with fish mouth joint

6 Light ceiling primary beam right angle joint to column

3 Double bamboo floor beams assemble to column by fish mouth joint

7 Floor board added creating a working platform

281

280

4 Secondary floor perimetral beamns installed

8 Ceiling secondary beams inserted, raise mud low wall

The Project 路

The Project路

9 Double bamboo floor beams assemble to column by fish mouth joint

0.50

10 Primary roof beam connected to the strut and columns

11 Secondary roof joist installed

283

282

12 Finished with bamboo tile roof STRUCTURAL PLAN | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

1 2

1 2 3

6 6

284

1 ROOF STRUCTURE ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO DOUBLEBEAM BAMBOO [2x diam100] BEAM [2x diam100]

2 ROOF STRUCTURE ROOF STRUCTURE SECONDARY SECONDARY BAMBOO BEAM BAMBOO [diam100] BEAM [diam100]

3 STRUT[diam100] STRUT[diam100]

BAMBOO4 CANES BAMBOO RAISED CANES [2xdiam100] RAISED [2xdiam100]

5 6

5 IN SITU CONCRETE IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION FOUNDATION [500X500X700][500X500X700] BAMBOO6 COLUMN[ BAMBOO6xdiam100] COLUMN[6xdiam100]

7 FLOORBAMBOO FLOOR PRIMARY PRIMARYBEAM BAMBOO [2xdiam100] BEAM[2xdiam100]

8 IN SITU CONCRETE IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION FOUNDATION [400X500X700][400X500X700]

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2x diam100]

ROOF STRUCTURE SECONDARY BAMBOO BEAM [diam100]

STRUT[diam100]

BAMBOO CANES RAISED [2xdiam100]

5 6 7 8

ROOF STRUCTURE DOUBLE BAMBOO BEAM [2x diam100]

2 ROOF STRUCTURE IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X500X700] BAMBOO COLUMN[6xdiam100] 3 STRUT[diam100]

SECONDARY BAMBOO BEAM [diam10

FLOOR PRIMARY BAMBOO BEAM [2xdiam100] 4

BAMBOO CANES RAISED [2xdiam100]

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [400X500X700] 5

285

IN SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATION [500X500X700] BAMBOO COLUMN[6xdiam100]

The Project 路

The Project路

Library: architectural part

Housing area

orphan kid houses [14 units]

teachers houses [5 units]

Reading room

bath路house [1 unit]

class路room[5 units] Library 287

286

library [1 unit]

LIBRARY SITE PLAN scale 1:400

Library & book store

The Project路

Indoor reading room

Outdoor performance terrace

The Project 路

289

288 The library is placed at the entrance of the village for easily access from community. There are three main sections: closed room for book store and quiet reading area, opening reading nook with comfort bamboo bench, and big outdoor terrace where kids can play outside, learning and reading under the shaded of existing big trees. LIBRARY PLAN | scale 1:200

The Project ·

The Project·

291

290

NORTH FAÇACE| scale 1:200

EAST FAÇADE | scale 1:200

The Project 路

The Project路

293

292

SECTION A:A| scale 1:2 00

SECTION B:B | scale 1:200

The Project ·

The Project·

Kitchen & Canteen : architectural part orphan kid houses [14 units] Storage area

teachers houses [5 units]

bath·house [1 unit]

Kitchen area

Outdoor dinning area

Nutritional garden

class·room[5 units]

Ceiling garden

library [1 unit] Kid’s playground 294

kitchen & canteen [1 unit]

KITCHEN & CANTEEN SITE PLAN scale 1:400

295

Outdoor dinning area

Kitchen & serving

The Project·

Vegetablee crop area

Ceiling garden

The Project ·

The kitchen area include: Food store, kitchen and canteen, shaded terrace for dining, 296

and nutrition garden. The main feature of this area is the “ceiling garden”, under which

297

people can find shelter from the sun and the rain, it means that this module is not only and architectural choice but also another way for people to grow their own food, like vegetables and tropical fruit common in oriental countries. Besides the ceiling garden in this part of the village we find a vegetable crop area. KITCHEN & CANTEE PLAN | scale 1:100

The Project 路

The Project路

299

298

PERPENDICULAR SECTION| scale 1:100

The Project 路

300

The Project路

301

class路room

kitchen & canteen

green feature

library

structure

bathhouse

green feature

teacher houses

structure

funtion

children houses

The Project路

funtion

The Project 路

303

skin

302

The Project ·

The Project·

Material catalogue

The sense of belonging to a place is given by many sociological and personal facts, but also through architecture we can insentivate that “idea”. So in this project in order to create that sense in the dwellers of the village the use of the local material and local/traditional building techniques if fundamental. Through the material choises, all of them natural and common in their use, the school village can have its own identity, making the new inhabitants feel that they live in a place where they belong, and not just another unpersonal and anodyne refugee camp where people is nothing but a num-

“Nature is not a place to visit. It is home.” Gary Snyder

ber. To creathe this identity of the place makes people feel more secure and confortable in their homes, and that will, specially the orphan kids to love their new accomodation, feeling like finally the have a home. And finally this idea of settled and 304

peaceful lives will make the kid forget the problems that they had in the past and focus on their future which will lead to better lerning.

305

The Project 路

The Project路

[i. 059]

[i. 060]

[i. 061]

[i. 066]

[i. 067]

[i. 068]

Bamboo poles flooring

Corrugated metal sheet roofing - Capable of collecting water - Low capacity for thermal isolation - Long maintain period

Bamboo tile roofing - Capable of collecting water - Thermal isolation ability - Long maintain period

[i. 065

[i. 062] Cob wall - Local material: earth, straw, sand.. - Good thermal isolation & good humidity isolation - Long maintain period

Thatched roofing - Non capable of collecting water - Thermal isolation - Short maintain period

307

306

[i. 063] Mud brick - High capacity of thermal isolation - Long maintain period

[i. 064] Wood finished platform, for the floor

[i. 069]

[i. 070]

The Project 路

308

The Project路

309

Bamboo Lives

BIBLIOGRAPHY ONLINE RESOURCES: World Wide Web •http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/jun/20/refugee-statistics-unhcr-data Ami Sedghi & Simon Rogers, 20th June 2011. http://www. guardian.co.uk •http://www.unhcr.org A year of crisis – UNHCR Global Trends 2011 2012 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR Global Appeal 2012 - 2013 http://www.unhcr.org/statistics http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/populationdatabase •http://www.unhcr.org/4fd9e6266.html Global Trends Report: 800,000 new refugees in 2011, highest this century, 18th June 2012. • http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/prsr/prsr.html Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Convention Relating the Status of Refugees, Geneva 28th july 1951 - Protocol Relating the Status of Refugees, New York 31th January 1967.

gees-has-grown-thailand Peter Biro, On the Border: A generation of Burmese refugees has grown up in Thailand, 27th June 2009. • http://maetaoclinic.org/ •http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12992883 A chronology of key events, last updated 2th April 2013. • http://www.unhcr.org/4fc880b70.html UNHCR Global Report 2011, pages 261 - 265 • http://www.malteser-international.org/en/home/where-we-help/asia/thailand/ water-sanitation-and-hygiene.html

Online Publications • Manual de Construccion con Bambu. Oscar Hidalgo Lopez, Ciban, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Artes • Design and building with bamboo. Jules J.A. Janssen Technical University of Eindhoven Eindhoven, The Netherlands

• http://www.unhcr.org/3b5e90ea0.html Walter Brill, Nathalie Karsenty, Patrick Tiger, 50th Anniversary: The wall behind

• International Migration in Thailand. Jerrold W. Huguet & Sureeporn Punpuing. International Organization for Migration. Bangkok, Thailand 2005

which refugee can shelter - The 1951 Geneva Convetion. •http://www.eldiario.es/acnur/SITUACION-REFUGIADOS-MUNDO_6_79502061.html Amaia Celorrio, La situación de los refugiados en el mundo, 14th December 2012. •http://www.rescue.org/blog/border-a-generation-burmese-refu-

• The politics of silence: Myanmar NGOs’ ethnics, religious and political agenda. Lois Desaine. Carnet de l’Irasec / Occasional Paper n°17. IRASEC. Bangkok, Thailand 2011 • Modeling and Mapping of MaeLa Refugee Camp Water Supply. Navid Rahimi. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2008

Bamboo Lives

BOOKS: • Manual y directrices sobre porcedimientos y criterios parandeterminar la condición de refugiado: en virtud de la convencion de1951 y el protocolo de 1967 sobre el estatuto de los refugiados. ACNUR. Ginebra 2011 • La situación de los refugiados en el mundo: En busca de la solidaridad. Oficina del alto comisionado de las naciones unidas para los refugiados. ACNUR.2012 • Conventionand Protocol: Relating to the status of refugees. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES. 1966. • TBBC Programme Report January to June 2010. • TBBC Programme Report July to December 2011. • Diagnostico: Desplazamiento forzado y necesidades de proteccion generados por nuevas formas de violencia y criminalidad en Centroamerica. Centro Internacional para los derechos humanos de los migrantes.2012. • Guia para el diseño y reparaciones de viviendas en baharenque de uno o dos pisos. Rafael Alberti Santamaria Moya MOYA. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Minas, Sede Medellin - Facultad Ingenieria y Arquitectura, Sede Manizales.2001. • The study of thai traditional architecture as a resource for contemporary building design in Thailand. Wattana Boonjub. Silpakorn University. 2009. • 50th Anniversary: The wall behind which refugee can shelter. UNHCR.2001 Rohingya in Burma: Spotlight on current crisis offers opportunity for progress. Field Report. Refugee International.2012.

• Alejandro Aravena, Andrés Iacobelli. Elemental : manual de vivienda incremental y diseño participativo- incremental housing and participatory design manual Elemental (studio di architettura). Ostfildern : Hatje Cantz, [2012] • Andara Ramos, Larissa Leticia. Phd Thesis: Construire in bambu: Verifica delle condizioni di applicabilità per l’edilizia popolare brasiliana. Tutor :Emilia Amabile. Milano : Politecnico di Milano, [2006] • Design like you give a damn : architectural responses to humanitarian crises.y Architecture for Humanity.New York : Metropolis books, [2006] • Design like you give a damn 2 : building change from the ground up / edited by Architecture for Humanity. New York : Abrams, [2012] • Fabris, Luca Maria Francesco. Blu+verde international congress (2 2008 ; Milano). Politecnico di Milano. Dipartimento di scienza e tecnologie dell’ambiente costruito. Santarcangelo di Romagna : Maggioli, [2008] • Gernot Minke. Building with bamboo : design and technology of a sustainable architecture.Minke, Gernot. Basel : Birkhäuser, 2012 • New bamboo : architecture and design / Marcelo Villegas ; direction and edition Benjamin Villegas ; coordination Liliana Villegas ; texts Ximena Londono. Villegas, Marcelo ; Londoño, Ximena ; Villegas, Liliana ; Villegas, Benjamin Bogotà : Villegas, [2003] • Simon Velez und die Bambusarchitektur .Grow your own house.Herausgeber Alexander von Vegesack, Mateo Kries.Kries, Mateo ; Vegesack, Alexander von Weil am Rhein : Vitra Design Museum, [2000]

Bamboo Lives

IMAGES [cover page]: http://www.tasc.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/immagini.4ever. eu-bambu-158343.jpg [i.001]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Young-refugee-delhi1947. jpg [i.002]: http://www.flickr.com/photos/varlamov/6441855857/ [i.003]: http://www.flickr.com/photos/voovie/2600724659/ [i.004]: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomsonreutersfoundatio sets/72157625194024025/detail/ [i.005]: http://www.zoriah.net/blog/2009/02/kenya-daily-life-in-kakuma-refugee-camp.html [i.006]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Refugee_camp,_ Beirut_from_Bain_Collection,_no_date_(LOC).jpg [i.007]: https://www.sunriseandsundorne.blogspot.it [i.008]: http://www.antonellafabiani.com/burmese-refugees-camp-mae-la-thailand/ [i.009]: http://althouse.blogspot.it/2012/05/at-salad-garden-cafe.html [i.010]: http://www.bamboogarden.com/care.htm [i.011]: http://www.yinthway.org/cottage-industries/attachment/metta-e-ws-013 [i.012]: http://www.tyintegnestue.no [i.013]: http://www.agrilandagluegun.com/2011/10 [i.014]:http://www.odyssei.com/ [i.015]: http://www.michaelfreemanphoto.com/-/galleries/countries/burma/ page/4 [i.016] : Ph. Aaron Joel Santos

Bamboo Lives

[i.018]: http://www.flickr.com/photos/internationalreportingproject/8158984797/ sizes/l/14 [i.019]: http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/A_manual/Appendix.htm18. [i.020]: http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/pb120608-camp-jb-01.photoblog900.jpg [i.021]: http://matthieu.net/photography/portraits-of-india/9-man-carrying-bamboo.jpg [i.022]: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sszalG_OS3s/S74xoi8uOKI/AAAAAAAABOI/ acL480VsRxc/s1600/Melinda+Tiki+Hut+Finish+Structure+015.jpg [i.023]: http://www.flickr.com/photos/1697911/5790126896/ [i.024]: http://gallery.usgs.gov/images/10_2_2012/otk7NAy44H_10_22_2012/ medium/traditional_construction.jpg [i.025]: http://farm3.staticflickr.com/205/2247749554_b04e73f737_z.jpg?zz=1 [i.026]: http://us.123rf.com/450wm/aeeris/akeeris1303/ akeeris130300058/18437364-natural-roof-detail-of-weave-bamboo-and-palmleaf-roof.jpg [i.027]: http://lottiedavies.com/gallery/large/old-man-mae-la.jpg [i.028]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg [i.029]: http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700059165/University-of-Utah-topartner-with-refugee-camp.html?pg=all [i.030]: http://www.clairetrageser.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ dsc_0707-copy.jpg [i.031]: http://lorrainelui.wix.com/phototrial#!vstc13=photo-vertical/vstc0=photography [i.032]: http://www.alkyrama.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/HERMOSA-BAMBOO-Wallpaper__yvt2.jpg [i.033]: http://www.igreenspot.com/the-earthen-school-by-ziegert-roswag-seilerarchitekten-is-an-eco-friendly-school-in-pakistan/ [i.035]: http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/bambooearthbag-school-in-mozambique/

Bamboo Lives

[i.036]: http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/bambooearthbag-school-in-mozambique/ [i.037]: http://iqbalaalam.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/archiecture-of-social-engagement-school-bangladesh/ [i.038]: http://iqbalaalam.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/archiecture-of-social-engagement-school-bangladesh/ [i.039]: http://iqbalaalam.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/archiecture-of-social-engagement-school-bangladesh/ [i.040]: http://www.archdaily.com/85282/restaurant-at-greenville-dsas/ [i.041]: http://www.archdaily.com/85282/restaurant-at-greenville-dsas/ [i.042]: http://www.archdaily.com/85282/restaurant-at-greenville-dsas/ [i.043]: http://www.topboxdesign.com/bamboo-house-in-guanacaste-costa-rica/ [i.044]: http://www.topboxdesign.com/bamboo-house-in-guanacaste-costa-rica/ [i.045]: http://www.topboxdesign.com/bamboo-house-in-guanacaste-costa-rica/ [i.046]: Photographer Pasi Aalto. http://www.tyinarchitects.com [i.047]: Photographer Pasi Aalto. http://www.tyinarchitects.com [i.048]: Photographer Pasi Aalto. http://www.tyinarchitects.com [i.049]: http://www.bamboovillagehawaii.org/news.htm [i.050]: http://www.bamboovillagehawaii.org/news.htm [i.051]: http://www.bamboovillagehawaii.org/news.htm [i.052]: http://timelightmaela.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/2008-0508-hsabweasay-img_0300.jpg [i.053]: http://journeyofajunglegirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/DSC_0076. jpg [i.054]: http://www.mizzima.com/edop-38165/features-1591/6321-refugees-inthai-camps-waiting-for-peace [i.055]: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3041/3048229130_81a3d71245_m.jpg [i.056]: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_A1laCBrtkG8/S4FZwgD6dDI/AAAAAAAAAFU/g-rLIUSh5JU/s1600-h/Mae+La+Oon.jpg [i.057]: http://timelightmaela.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/2008-0508-hsabweasay-img_0300.jpg [i.058]: http://alongtheborder2.tripod.com/images/MUYURIVER.jpg [i.059]: http://bambus.rwth-aachen.de/eng/reports/buildingmaterial/neuebilder/ moench.jpg

Bamboo Lives

[i.060]: http://www.mayang.com/textures/Metal/images/Corrugated%20Metal/ corrugated_metal_4210094.JPG [i.061]:http://texturez.com/textures/fabric/4225 [i.062]:http://authenticplasterfx.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Tadelakt_texture.jpg [i.063]:http://static2.bigstockphoto.com/thumbs/2/1/6/large2/6126658.jpg [i.064]:http://www.btcomm.com/trains/resource/brick_n_stone/rough_shakes_ small.jpg [i.065]: http://sr.photos3.fotosearch.com/bthumb/CSP/CSP567/k5679545.jpg [i.066]: http://chrisglass.com/album/wp-content/uloads/2011/02/0216-woodtexture2.jpg [i.067]: http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/topten22photo/topten22photo1210/topten22photo121001103/15901226-bamboo-weaving-back-and-forthtexture.jpg [i.068]: http://www.chinabamboogarden.com/UploadFile/20091129163143292. jpg [i.069]: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/29/35710972_6abbeaae7f_o.jpg [i.070]: http://farm1.staticflickr.com/5/5294658_a93b44d47b_z.jpg?zz=1 [i.071]: http://www.traderscity.com/board/userpix38/6988-bamboo-mats-weavepanel-sheet-plaiting-board-weaving-plywood-veneer-1.jpg