Urbans Avenue

U

r

b

a

n

s

A

v

e

n

u

e

Sustainable Architecture I mixed�use zero energy housing complex I MSc02 ARc Spring 2014 Group 07

1

mixed‐use zero energy housing complex Subject Sustainable Architecture Department of Architecture Design and Media Technology Aalborg University, AAU Msc02 ARC Spring Semester 2014 Supervisors Hans Bruun Olesen Jerome Le Dreau Project period 24.02.14 - 28.05.14 Edition 08 Pages 133 Project team Group 07

Andreas Lund Larsen

Matija Jurse

Anna Van

Konrad Wójcik

Chris Strunck Olesen

2

Synopsis This report is a result of the main course on the MSc2 2014 spring semester 2014, focused on The Integrated Design Process in the development of Sustainable Architecture in local environments, with a task to design a mixed-use zeroenergy housing complex. It is achieved by designing a building according to Building regulation 2020 and implementation of active solutions.

Sustainable developments are aiming toward the reduction of fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emission. However, this is not done only with a well-designed project, but also by integrating technical aspects. Even though this assigned location is degraded there is potential of sustainable development. It is located in the southern part of the Sygehus Nord area within the city center which means that all daily functions of the city are within close range. This also means that public transport is accessible for the residents of this area, reducing the need of using cars and thereby lowering energy for transportation.

The assignment is also to create a dens building complex.

However, to attract families and people from suburban areas a good relation between high building percentage, and what is commonly recognize as low dense housing must both be taken into account.

Despite all goals and restrictions, the important factor is also the architectural expression. This should not be neglected or even ignored while trying to achieve sustainable architecture.

(Semester description of Architecture MSc02 2014)

3

Foreword

reading guide

This project is created by Group 7, MSc02 2014, Architecture and Design, Aalborg University. The project theme is to use the Integrated Design Process in order to develop sustainable architecture in the urban context of Aalborg city. The main task of the project is to design a zero energy mixed-use building complex, primary based on housing.

The aim of this report is to present the zero energy mixeduse housing complex in Aalborg together with processes and methods behind it.

The idea is to acquire new skills, knowledge and to get a better understanding of sustainable approaches through the development of a building design with use of the integrated design process methodology. Therefore, the goal is to get acquainted with strategies in the field of sustainable architecture and passive energy technologies in relation to the indoor environment.

By analyzing the existing situation of the southern part of Sygehus Nord in Aalborg, we are defining the potentials and challenges associated closely with this localization. Thereafter it is possible to maximize benefits regarding the micro and macroclimate together with social aspects of this area.

The project is supervised by Hans Bruun Olesen, Research Assistant at the Department of Architecture, AAU and technical supervisor Jerome Le Dreau Research assistant, PhD Fellow at Department of Civil Engineering, AAU. These supervisors should be credited for their help and guidance, which we have received during the project development.

4

Our final proposal among with the initial concept and vision is presented at the beginning of the report including visualizations, plans, sections and elevations. This mostly visual part opens a more detailed process behind the project explaining each step of our work. Starting with analysis through selected references and finally explaining progression of the final proposal. Report also expresses our attitude towards sustainability with regard to architecture and impact of Integrated Design Process as a way to organize our work.

All literature, illustration lists and appendix are placed at the end of this report as a supportive material. For references the Harvard method is used with surname and year in the text.

Furthermore, quotes have always references and exact page number if possible.

table of contents Synopsis 03 Aims 06 Introduction 06 Methodology 07 Presentation 08 Concept 10 Master plan 12 The urban side 14 The urban path 15 Urban - Section 16 The urban side 18 The landscape side 19 Landscape section 20 Building types Description of building types

22 24

Double-hight space Prospect and refuge Cluster A, Plan Cluster A, Elevation East Cluster A, Elevation West Cluster A, Section Detail A-A Detail B-B and C-C Detail D-D Detail E-E

26 27 28 32 33 34 36 37 38 39

The gate towards the landscape Community Center, Plan Office Building, Plan

40 41 44

Tower Supermarket, Plan Tower Apartment, 5th floor, Plan Tower Penthouse, Plan Tower Apartment, Section Tower, Emergency plan Tower, Construction principle

47 48 49 50 52 53

Site analysis 54 Position of the site 56 Vegetation 57 Terrain 58 Terrain, Section 59 Infrastructure 60

Public transport Typology Distance profile Climate Materials, Pavement, Characters Conclusion on site analysis

61 62 63 64 66 68

Theme analysis 70 Users 72 Overall Urban Strategies 74 Sustainability 76 Conclusion on the theme analysis 77 Concept development Character of the scape

78 82

Design process 84 Sketches 86 Model studies 88 Developing the master plan 90 Character of the space 92 Sun analysis, SketchUp 94 Sun analysis, Ecotect 96 Wind analysis 98 Developing the plan 100 Daylight analysis 102 Developing the facade 104 Be10 analysis 106 Zero energy building 108 BSim analysis 110 Ventilation and Venting 114 Final considerations Conclusion Reflection Reference Illustration list

116 118 119 120 120

Appendix 122 Function 124 Noise 125 Shadow 126 Technical requirement 128 Ventilation system 130

5

aims

introduction

We attempt to create an architecture that implements our understanding of sustainability. However, this should be done in a way where architecture and sustainability both benefit from the existence of the other.

The focus of this semester project is aimed towards the Integrated Design Process in the development of sustainable architecture in an urban environment of Aalborg. Besides the architectural focus, there is also a technical part of this theme, which aims toward low energy use and a good indoor climate (Semester description, 2014). However, the term sustainability is much more than the rational use of recourses and is basically described by a generic concern for the environment. Therefore, we focus on two aspects of sustainability – environmental and social sustainability.

We aim to design a building complex, which is fulfilling the zero energy building standard, and at the same time embrace architectural aesthetic using The Integrated Design Process.

We aim to design buildings that can provide an alternative choice for people now living in suburban and rural areas within the boundary of the city.

We aim to consider the aspect of sustainability in a two-folded manner where aspects of environmental and social character are implemented.

We aim to design an area that forms a community and primarily serves the people who live there. Moreover, we want that this area serve the general Aalborg citizen as well.

6

Furthermore, the demand for this project is to create dwellings in the city of Aalborg, which will provide from 100% to 200% of the plot ratio. Moreover, the building height should be a minimum of three stories on average.

Hence, our goal is to create multi-story buildings that could compete with suburban housing and thus attract people into the city center. In this way the consumption of fossil fuels for personal transportation could be reduced.

Methodology

PROBLEM

ANALYSIS

SKETCHING

SYNTESIS

PRESENTATION

Ill. 01: The integrated design process

ARCHITECTURE

SITE ANALYSIS PROGRAMME

METHOD

HERMANEUTIC ANALYSIS SECOND HAND INTERPRETATIONS

PLANS VENTILATION MAPPING

PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS FIRST HAND OBSERVATIONS

ANALYSIS

VISUAL IMPACT

SOURCE DANISH METROLOGICAL INSTITUDE

HISTORY CLIMATE AREA OF REGULATION PRESERVATION TYPOLOGIES VEGETATION NOISE PUBLIC TRANSPORT DISTANCE PROFILE FUNCTIONS INFRASTRUCTURE

THE PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES

DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AALBORG MUNICIPALITY

SUN AND WIND NORDJYLLANDS TRAFIKSELSKAB CONDITIONS

KRAK MAPS GOOGLE STREET VIEW PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE

MATERIALS, PAVEMENT & CHARACTERS EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS SIMULATIONS BUILDING

SHADOW ANALYSIS TERRAIN SECTIONS

ENVELOPE

COMPUTER DRAWINGS

INDOOR CLIMATE CAMERA

DAYLIGHT SIMULATOR OF 3DS STUDIO MAX

USER PROFILE

MAPS OF KORTFORSYNINGEN.DK

FUNCTIONS ARCHITECTURAL REFERENCES

ARCHITECTURAL VOLUMES Ill. 02: Aspects to be considering in The Integrated Design Process

Designing a sustainable building is a veryReference: complex process and process of designing. This is the objective of The Integrated http://www.ecbcs.org/docs/Annex_44_SotAr_IBC_Methods_&_Tools_Vol_2B.pdf it seems that traditional architects and traditional architectural Design Process to integrate different technical parameters methods have difficulties with integrating the more technical and simulations as tools instead of obstacles. The Integrated aspects of a building design. (Knudstrup, 2005) Design Process enables different competences of people to be an advantage and serves as a well-functioning method for Traditional engineering methods also have difficulties of working in teams. integrating more emotional architectural values. As an approach for fusing these two disciplines the Integrated Design Illustration 01 should be seen as a simplification of a Integrated Process attempt to “integrate the knowledge from engineering Design Process. A real design process is much more and architecture and let them interact with each other in order complicated, but the following will contain the main elements to solve the complicated problems connected to the design of of an integrated design process (Knudstrup, 2005). So far the sustainable buildings” (Knudstup, 2005).

Integrated Design Process has been the main overall method of the teamwork. Illustration two shows some of the parameters The Integrated Design Process deals with architecture, design, at play when designing a sustainable building. The Integrated functional aspects, energy consumption, indoor environment, Design Process attempt to include most of these parameters technology and construction. It proposes a design process into a design process. of five main elements which all have to interact in an iterative 7

presentation

8

Urbans Avenue is a place that provides the true alternative solution for suburban housing within the urban context.

Aalborg, the city known for its industrial past now can offer a refuge, quiet and calm space designed in a way to shelter from the city.

The architectural language of the building complex fluently transforms from the hard and rigid structure of the city to a very soft and natural interior landscape. Both the materiality of the place and unusual closure of the wild nature create an exceptional feeling of living in the middle of the forest. It’s an escape from the city within its exact center.

Creating new connection, the Urbans Avenue, brings the city, the greenery and the people together. This is a new link in the city of Aalborg.

Ill. 03: Bridge connection over the railway

9

concept

the prospect and refuge

Ill. 04: The prospect and refuge

10

”There is a kind of spatial appreciation which makes us envy birds in flight; there is also a kind which makes us recall the sheltered enclosure of our origin. Architecture will fail if the neglects either the one or the other.”

– Aldo van Eyck

11

Master plan t nk Sa ns rge

Jø de

Ga

Master plan

1:1000

Site:

14.500 m2 Apartments: 12.155 m2 Common building: 529 m2 Kindergarten: 190 m2 Offices: 712 m2 Supermarket: 621 m2 Existing building: 1.372 m2 Parking spaces: Building ratio: 12

62 106 %

ga de ba ns

årdsga

Ur

de

La

de

gå

rd s

ga

de

La

de

gå

rd s

ga

ans

Av en

ue

de

s Gade

ter

Sankt Jørgen

br o

Urb

Gå pla sepi za gen

Ve s

Ladeg

Ill. 05: Master plan of the site

13

The urban side

Ill. 06: Arrival to the site from the G책sepigen plaza

View from Ladeg책rdsgade towards the row houses on the left and the tower structure in front. The design proposal sits on a plateau in the city and continues the space of the existing street by implementing greenery. The street of Ladeg책rdsgade directs you to the urban plaza from where the design proposal connects to the Urbans Avenue. The choice of materials blends with the existing surrounding, but the design proposal marks itself as something new in terms of typology and shifting formations.

14

The urban path

Ill. 07: Urbans Avenue

View from Urbans Avenue towards the urban plaza and the existing city from the streetscape between two lines of shifting row houses. From this Urbans Avenue the design physically connects to the suburban area. The continuous rising level of the space forms a frictionless transition to the bridge connection. The raising path creates private areas in front of each cluster, which provide the quality of a personal entrance with a directly related outdoor area.

15

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

URBAN, Section

Ill. 08: Urban section A-A

A

A

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

Urban 1:1000 Section A-A

16

URBAN, Section

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

Ill. 09: Urban section B-B

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

B

B

Urban 1:1000 Section B-B

17

The urban side

Ill. 10: The urban side

The streetscape forms a combination of personal entrances, parking of cars and the daily life on the raised plateau. The cuts into the buildings are forming the entrances and leave a varied impression of the dwellings strengthening the vertical expression on the urban side of the design. The wooden material marks the soft and warm element in a design of certain hardness towards the street. This warm marker is placed where the occupants come in direct contact with the building. In the background the tower peaks up as a modern manifestation.

The materials of the tower structure are continued in the architectural details of the row houses.

18

The landscape side

Ill. 11: The landscape side

View from the wild green towards the private terraces on the landscape side of the dwellings. The shifting clusters create an undisturbed outdoor area in direct connection to the dwellings.

From private terraces the units on the ground floor have access to the common green. The greenery growing on the facade marks the rooftop terraces of the lower part of the dwelling clusters. This quality of dwellings being in close connection to the landscape is a unique situation on the edge of the dense urban context. The proportions of the elevation are in contrast with the hard and cold materials of the other side.

19

Landscape, Section

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

C Ill. 12: Landscape section C-C UTWORZONY PRZEZ PROGRAM EDUKACYJNY FIRMY AUTODESK

C

Landscape 1:1000 Section C-C

20

Landscape, Section

Ill. 13: Landscape section D-D

D

D

Landscape 1:1000 Section D-D

21

Building types

ONE COMMUNITY UNIT GATEWAY TO GREENERY

2 CLUSTERS SHIFTING TOWARDS WEST

ONE OFFICE BUILDING GATEWAY TO GREENERY

1 CLUSTER FLIPPED ORIENTATION

2 CLUSTERS SHIFTING TOWARDS EAST 3 CLUSTERS FLIPPED ORIENTATION 5 CLUSTERS SHIFTING TOWARDS EAST

Ill. 14: Building types

TWO STORIES OF PENTHOUSES

TWO APARTMENTS ON EACH FLOOR IN THE TOP PART OF THE TOWER SUPERMARKED GROUND FLOOR FOUR APARTMENTS ON EACH FLOOR IN THE LOWER PART OF THE TOWER

Ill. 15: The tower

The first illustration shows the 3-4 floor high buildings. These are 13 clusters, each with 4 apartments. On the northern part of the site there are two community units with a gateway to the green area. Between the small green area and the urban plaza, 22

the tower with a supermarket at the ground floor is located.

The lower part of the tower has 8 stories and the taller part has 20 stories.

EASTERN URBAN STREET SCAPE RAISED ABOVE THE SURROUNDING CITY URBAN STREET SCAPE ENTRANCES TO CLUSTERS

WESTERN URBAN STREET SCAPE ENTRANCES TO CLUSTERS

NATURAL OASIS CLOSED OFF BY THE CLUSTERS ON EACH SIDE NATURAL OASIS CLOSED OFF BY THE CLUSTERS ON EACH SIDE

Ill. 16: The landscape

29 PARKING SPOTS ON THE PERIMITER OF THE SITE

URBAN PLAZA WITH A RAISED PLATEAU IN FRONT OF THE TOWER

LOWERED PLATEAU OUTDOOR AREA FOR THE CAFÉ 23 PARKING SPOTS ON THE PERIMITER OF THE SITE

10 PARKING SPOTS ON THE PERIMITER OF THE SITE

BRIDGE CONNECTING TO THE SUBURBAN AREA SOUTH TO THE SITE

Ill. 17: The urban

Clusters, common units and the towers together form two U-like shapes. Inside these formations there are green areas, and on the outside the urban design relates to the city, with parking areas on the east and north. Between these two “U”

formations there is a street, connecting the bridge over the railway and plaza in front of the supermarket. In the northeast corner we preserve the existing buildings and add a plateau for a new café.

23

Description of building types

Cluster A and b

Common unit 2nd floor: 257 m2

1st floor: 257 m2

A4 : 115 m2 A3 : 153 m2 Ground floor: 190 m2 gate A1 : 115 m2

A2 : 88 m2

Ill. 18: Cluster

The building design consists of one high dense element and one low dense element. The low dense buildings are further divided into one common unit, one office unit and living units consisting of 13 clusters.

One apartment cluster consists of four living units. This cluster consists of two parts according to the height with stairs in between them. One part is three stories high and consists of one- and two-story apartment and the other one consist of two two-story apartments.

Cluster A and B The one level apartment (A2) is situated on the ground level and have direct access from the public streetscape and their personal terrace. The A2 apartment is the smallest of the four units with an area of 88 m2. The kitchen, dining and living area is oriented towards the green oasis formed by the placement of the buildings. The A2 apartment has a two bedroom layout.

Above the A2 apartment, the two level A3 apartment is 24

Ill. 19: The common unit

situated. The A3 apartment has a floor area of 153 m2 and is a four bedroom layout. The access to this apartment is from the staircase situated between the units in the cluster formation.

On the main floor of the apartment the kitchen and dining area are situated in a double high space. The living room and workspaces are situated on a balcony on the higher level of the apartment. From the living room there is direct access to a private terrace.

The second apartment, situated on the ground floor (A1), is an apartment layout of two levels. The A1 apartment is a three bedroom layout and has a private terrace on the ground floor level directly connected to the common green. The apartment is situated around the life in the kitchen, dining and living area that are situated in close contact to the double high area.

On top of the A1 apartment a similar apartment is situated with a floor area of 115 m2. This unit has a large private terrace

Penthouse: 196 m2

tower Apartment T2: 97 m2 Apartment T1: 88 m2

Apartment T3: 103 m2

Apartment T4: 89 m2

Supermarket: 621 m2 Ill. 20: The tower

on top of the three story part of the cluster design, which are accessed from the second level of the apartment layout.

Common unit Two common units are a part of the design solution as well.

They are both a four stories and form a gate through the building to the common green on the ground floor level. The common units are designed to have a flexible layout and are suitable for different functions and different situations. Two common units have similar floor plans but have different functions. The unit situated next to the tower primarily function as an office and part that is closest to the tower is dedicated to extra space for the supermarket in the bottom of the tower. The other social unit has a function of a kindergarten on the ground floor and a common space on the two top stories.

Tower The high dense element of the building design is a tower formed by one lower part and a high part right next to each other. The ground floor of the tower structure is devoted to a supermarket.

Above the supermarket six stories of apartments are situated.

Above this 12 more stories are placed in the high part of the tower structure. Each level of the higher part of the tower consists of 2 apartments between 89-103 m2. They are arranged with the kitchen, dining and living area to the west and two bedrooms to the east. Moreover, there are balconies on both sides. On the two highest floors of the tower, penthouses are located.

They have a floor plan area of 196 m2. The living spaces are situated on the southern part of the layout and is open towards east and west. The penthouses have 2 bedrooms, a master bedroom with a walk-in closet and two bathrooms.

25

DOUBLE-HIGHT SPACE of apartment a1

Ill. 21: Open kitchen and dinning area with double hight space

26

GSEducationalVersion

View from the kitchen area of a two story unit looking into the dining area with an internal balcony on top. The double high space connects the main functions of the dwelling into one multifunctional space from where the daily life unfolds. The high windows brings light deep into the spaces and create a unique experience of a spacious compact home in which the main function are closely knitted together.

Prospect and refuge

Ill. 22: The prospect and refuge

GSEducationalVersion

View from the living area underneath the interior balcony, shows the quality of sitting in a protected space and looking out towards both the spacious dining and kitchen area and the surrounding landscape. The feeling of the ceiling disappearing towards the facade creates a soften boundary between interior and the exterior. White washed bricks on the interior walls further enhance the feeling of being in a protective dwelling having the overview of the surroundings.

27

Cluster A, Ground floor

2

10

A2

3 1

4

5

7

11

6 8

9

A1

Ill. 23: Plan of cluster A - Ground floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 28

Kitchen, living & dining area : 52 m2 Bedroom : 10 m2 Entrance : 6 m2 Bedroom : 12 m2 Bathroom : 6 m2 Kitchen & dining area : 47 m2 Bedroom : 14 m2 Bathroom : 7 m2 Entrance & storage : 6 m2 Terrace : 22 m2 Terrace : 16 m2

1 : Kitchen, Living & Dining Area : 51,6 sqm 2 : Bedroom Cluster A 1:200: 10,0 sqm 3 : Entrance : 6,5 sqm Plan Ground floor 4 : Bedroom : 12,3 sqm 5 : Bathroom : 5,8 sqm --------------------------------------------------Apartment A1: 115 m2 6 : Kitchen & Dining Area : 247,4 sqm Apartment A2: 88 m: 14,0 sqm 7 : Bedroom 8 : Bathroom : 7,4 sqm 9 : Entrance & Storrage : 6,1 sqm

Cluster A, 1st floor

2

3

1 5

4

A3

8 6

7 9

Ill. 24: Plan of cluster A - 1st floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Kitchen & dining area : 48 m2 Bathroom : 7 m2 Bedroom : 13 m2 Bedroom : 13 m2 Entrance : 5 m2 Double high area : 26 m2 Living & working area : 18 m2 Bedroom : 10 m2 Bedroom : 11 m2

1 : Kitchen & Dining Area : 48,3 sqm 2 : Bathroom : 7,4 sqm 3 : Bedroom : 13,1 sqm 4 : Bedroom : 12,6 sqm Cluster A 1:200 : 4,6 sqm 5 : Entrance ------------------------------------------Plan 1st floor 6 : Double High Area : 25,7 sqm 7 : Living & Working Area : 17,5 sqm Apartment A1:8 : Bedroom 115 m:2 9,5 sqm 2 9 : Bedroom : 11,0 sqm Apartment A3: 153 m

29

Cluster A, 2nd floor

3

1 2

5

4

A4

7

8

6 9

Ill. 25: Plan of cluster A - 2nd floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Terrace : 10 m2 Living & working area : 20 m2 Bedroom : 15 m2 Master bedroom : 18 m2 Double high area : 18 m2 Kitchen & dining area : 40 m2 Entrance : 1 m2 Bathroom : 7 m2 Bedroom : 15 m2

1 : Terrace : 10,1 sqm

2 : Living : 20,2 sqm Cluster A & Working Area 1:200 3 : Bedroom : 15,1 sqm Plan 4 : Bedroom 2nd :floor 17,9 sqm

5 : Double High Area : 17,5 sqm

------------------------------------------Apartment A3: 153 m2 6 : Kitchen & Dining Area : 40,3 sqm 2 Apartment A4:7 : Entrance 115 m : 1,3 sqm 8 : Bathroom : 6,8 sqm 9 : Bedroom : 15,0 sqm

30

Cluster A, 3rd floor

1

2

3

6

4

5

Ill. 26: Plan of cluster A - 3rd floor

01 02 03 04 05 06

Terrace : 10 m2 Roof terrace : 65 m2 Living & working area : 21 m2 Bedroom : 7 m2 Bedroom : 13 m2 Double high area : 22 m2

Cluster A Plan

1:200

3rd: floor 1 : Terrace 10,1 sqm ------------------------------------------2 : Roof Apartment A4: Terrace 115: 64,7 m2 sqm 3 : Living & Working Area : 21,0 sqm 4 : Bedroom : 7,0 sqm 5 : Double High Area : 13,0 sqm 6 : Double High Area : 22,3 sqm 31

Cluster A, The urban side

Ill. 27: East elevation of Cluster A

Cluster A 1:200 Elevation East

32

Cluster A, The landscape side

Ill. 28: West elevation of Cluster A

Cluster A Elevation

1:200 West

33

Cluster A, Section

Ill. 29: Section A-A of Cluster A

A

A

Cluster A 1:200 Section A-A

34

Cluster A, Section

Ill. 30: Section B-B of Cluster A

A

A

Cluster A 1:200 Section B-B

35

Detail A-a Detail A-A, High window towards the urban side 1:20

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

01 B

B

A

A

A

A

02

08 09 10 11 12 13 05 13 14

2%

23 24 25 07 05 26

E

D

D

E

27 15

07 28

16

17 18 19 20 21 22 10 10

Version

29 05 14 30 28

20 Ill. 31: Detail A-A

36

Legend: 01 Parapet, Zinc 02 Wooden board with 2% inclination 03 Brick 228/108/54 mm 04 Wooden battens 100/50 mm 05 OSB board 18 mm 06 Wooden battens 30/50 mm 07 Waterproof membrane 08 Wooden cladding 175/25 mm 09 Wall tie 10 Thermal insulation 200+180 mm 11 Brick 228/143/54 mm-soldier course 12 Lintel reinforcement 13 Wooden battens100/100 mm 14 Vapor barrier 15 Steel angle 16 Motorized window opener 17 Glass balustrade 18 Stainless steel bracket

Detail b-b and c-c Detail C-C, Window with vertical shading 1:20

03 10 09 04 05 07 31 32 33

35 34 Ill. 32: Detail B-B

Detail B-B, Window with vertical shading 1:20 33 31 07 05 04 34

35 C

C

34 37

37 34 20 22

Ill. 33: Detail C-C

Legend: 19 Window ledge, zinc flashing 20 Brick 228/143/54 mm string course 21 Wooden batten 100/80 mm 22 Brick 228/108/54 mm string/soldier course 23 Wood floor boards 25 mm 24 Sub floor construction 30/45 mm 25 Adjustable pedestal 26 EPS thermal insulation 200-100 mm, 2% slope 27 EPS thermal insulation 300 mm 28 Reinforced concrete slab 100 mm 29 Wooden flooring 20 mm 30 EPS thermal insulation 70 mm 31 Wooden sub construction/ventilation cavity 60 mm 32 Wooden batten 30/80 mm 33 Wooden battens-facade 30/20 mm 34 Metal frame construction enveloped in metal sheet 35 Vertical solar shading 36 Stainless steel bolt to fasten frame to the building 37

GSEducationalVersion

Detail d-d Detail D-D, Terrace parapet with greenery and bench 1:20

01 02 07 05 05 05 09 33

35

39 40 41

42 43 44

23 24 25 07 05 26

GSEducationalVersion

34

27 07 28

Ill. 34: Detail D-D

38

Detail e-e Detail E-E, Material change on the facade 1:20 33 31 04 07 05 10 09 37 13 20

29 05 14 30 28

22 10

20 03 Ill. 35: Detail E-E

Legend: 01 Parapet, Zinc 02 Wooden board with 2% inclination 03 Brick 228/108/54 mm 04 Wooden battens 100/50 mm 05 OBS board 18 mm GSEducationalVersion 06 Wooden battens 30/50 mm 07 Waterproof membrane 08 Wooden cladding 175/25 mm 09 Wall tie 10 Thermal insulation 200+180 mm 11 Brick 228/143/54 mm-soldier course 12 Lintel reinforcement 13 Wooden battens100/100 mm 14 Vapor barrier 15 Steel angle 16 Motorized window opener 17 Glass balustrade 18 Stainless steel bracket 19 Window ledge, zinc flashing 20 Brick 228/143/54 mm string course 21 Wooden batten 100/80 mm 22 Brick 228/108/54 mm string/soldier course

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Wood floor boards 25 mm Sub floor construction 30/45 mm Adjustable pedestal EPS thermal insulation 200-100 mm, 2% slope EPS thermal insulation 300 mm Reinforced concrete slab 100 mm Wooden flooring 20 mm EPS thermal insulation 70 mm Wooden sub construction/ventilation cavity 60 mm Wooden batten 30/80 mm Wooden battens-facade 30/20 mm Metal frame construction enveloped in metal sheet Vertical solar shading Stainless steel bolt to fasten frame to the building Zinc flashing Metal angle Wooden batten with rounded edges125/20 mm Wooden battens with rounded edges 20/50 mm Stainless steel, UPN profile 40/20 mm Plant pot, reinforced concrete Substrate Filtration for excess rain water 39

The gate towards the landscape

Ill. 36: Gate between the urban and landscape

The portals in the social units mark the transition between the character of the city and the character of the landscape.

From the portal you peak into the untouched natural element that serves as the main recreational element of the design proposal. These natural oases are formed by the placement of the shifting row houses that together share this common green area. The wooden material guides you towards the greenery and the detailing enhances the perspective experience of a portal to the untouched nature.

40

Community Center, Ground floor Kindergarten

6

9 5

4 7 5

1

2

3

8

2

Ill. 37: Plan of Kindergarten, Ground Floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Entrance & lockers : 6 m2 Toilets : 12 m2 Bounding room : 40 m2 Dining area : 15 m2 Entrance : 4 m2 Common staircase : 14 m2 Group work area : 17 m2 Play area : 40 m2 Common staircase & elevator : 19 m2

1 : Entrance & Lockers : 51,6 sqm 2 : Toilets : 11,7 sqm 3 : Bounding Room : 40,0 sqm 4 : Dining Area : 15,0 sqm Community Center 1:200 5 : Entrance : 3,8 sqm Plan Ground 6 : Common Staircase :Floor 13,8 sqm 7 : Group Work Area : 17,0 sqm 8 : Play Area Kindergarten: 190 m2 : 40,0 sqm 9 : Common Staircase & Elevator : 19,3 sqm

41

Community Center, 2nd floor

7

4 1

6

2

3

5

Ill. 38: Plan of Community Center - 2nd floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 42

Theatre room : 45 m2 Multipurpose room : 51 m2 Multipurpose room : 33 m2 Common staircase & elevator : 19 m2 Toilets & kitchenette : 11 m2 Lounge area : 23 m2 Common staircase : 14 m2

1 : Theatre Room : 44,6 sqm 2 : Multipurpose Room : 51,0 sqm 3 : Multiporpose Room : 32,9 sqm Community Center 1:200 4 : Common Staircase & Elevator : 19,3 sqm Plan 2nd 5 : Toilets & Kitchenette : floor 11,1 sqm 6 : Lounge Area : 22,6 sqm 2 sqm 7 : Common Staircase 13,8 Community Center: 257: m

Community Center, 3rd floor

2

5

6

3

4 1

7

Ill. 39: Plan of Community Center - 3rd floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Rooftop terrace : 15 m2 Common staircase : 14 m2 Kitchen, bar & lounge area : 66 m2 Leisure area : 95 m2 Technical room : 16 m2 Common staircase & elevator : 19 m2 Toilets & kitchenette : 11 m2

1 : Rooftop Terrace : 14,8 sqm 2 : Common Staircase : 13,8 sqm 3 : Kitchen &1:200 Bar : 66,0 sqm Community Center 4 : Leisure Area : 95,3 sqm Plan 3rd Floor 5 : Technical room : 15,8 sqm 6 : Common Staircase & Elevator : 19,3 sqm 2 sqm : Toilets & Kitchenette 11,1 Community 7Center: 257: m

43

Office Building, Ground floor

3

5

6

4

1

8

7 2

1 : Entrance & Staircase : 20,3 sqm 2 : Toilets : 22,1 sqm 3 : Auditorium : 40,0 sqm 4 : Lunch Area & Kitchen : 52,6 sqm 5 : Common Staircase : 19,3 sqm 6 : Lockers : 6,6 sqm 44

Ill. 40: Plan of office - Ground floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Entrance & Staircase : 20 m2 Toilets : 22 m2 Auditorium : 40 m2 Lunch Area & Kitchen : 53 m2 Common Staircase : 19 m2 Lockers : 7 m2 Toilets : 12 m2 Entranceway to the Common Green

Office 1:200 Plan Ground Floor Office:

184 m2

1 : Common Staircase & Elevator : 20,3 sqm 2 : Closed Office : 14,3 sqm 3 : Toilets : 8,6 sqm 4 : Kitchenette : 23,7 sqm 5 : Meeting Room : 14,9 sqm 6 : Open plan Office : 104,7 sqm 7 : Depot : 5,6 sqm 8 : Reception : 19,6 sqm

Office Building, 2nd and 3rd floor

10

1

5

7 6

8

2

9 4

3

3

Ill. 41: Plan of office - 2nd/3rd floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Common Staircase & Elevator : 20 m2 Closed Off Office : 14 m2 Toilets : 9 m2 Kitchenette : 24 m2 Meeting Room : 15 m2 Open plan Office : 105 m2 Depot : 6 m2 Reception : 20 m2 Rooftop Terrace : 14 m2 Common Staircase : 14 m2

Office Plan

1:200 2nd/3rd Floor

Office:

257 m2

45

tower

Ill. 42: Meeting the tower

The urban plaza forms the main plateau for the tower structure.

The modern tower implements shading devises into the facade which will work as a dynamic element changed by the occupants of the tower apartments. On the ground level the supermarket serves the occupants of the city. The brick pattern on the lower part of the facade adapts the characters of the existing hospital building. The area of Ladeg책rdsgade and the urban plaza are reserved for pedestrians and bikes.

Cars are relegated to the perimeter of the site.

46

Tower, Ground floor Supermarket

2

3

8 1

4 9

6

5 6 10 7

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Delivery area : 44 m2 Fire escape : 16 m2 Office : 7 m2 Freezer down area : 13 m2 Employee entrance & space : 16 m2 Entrance for tower : 25 m2 Entrance to market : 9 m2 Market area : 276 m2 Cash register area : 36 m2 Small cafĂŠ area : 62 m2 Office : 9 m2 Dinning : 25 m2 Toilet : 4 m2 Changing : 6 m2

11

12

Supermarket 1:200 Plan Ground Floor Supermarket Groundfl.: 566 m Supermarket 1st floor: 55 m2 2

13 14 Ill. 43: Plan of the supermarket Ground floor

47

Tower, 5th floor apartment 18

22 18 13 20

1

8 17

14

6

T4 T3 8 12

9

15

16

T2 T1

7

19

2

5

10

11

9

12

4

3

7

20 10

11

19

21 Ill. 44: Plan of tower, Apartment - 5th floor

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 48

Kitchen, living & dining area : 41 m2 Bathroom : 8 m2 Bedroom : 14 m2 Bedroom : 10 m2 Entrance : 9 m2 Fire escape : 13 m2 Common staircase & elevator : 20 m2 Kitchen, living & dining area : 47 m2 Entrance : 9 m2 Master bedroom : 17 m2 Bedroom : 15 m2

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Bathroom : 7 m2 Kitchen, living & dining area : 42 m2 Entrance : 12 m2 Bedroom : 11 m2 Bedroom : 14 m2 Bathroom : 8 m2 Balcony : 21 m2 Balcony : 10 m2 Balcony : 12 m2 Balcony : 4 m2 Balcony : 15 m2

Tower Plan

1:200 5th floor

Apartment T1: Apartment T2: Apartment T3: Apartment T4:

88 m2 97 m2 103 m2 89 m2

Tower, 17th floor penthouse

12 1

8

7 2

3

4

P1

11 10

5

6 9

13

1 : Bedroom : 14.6 sqm 2 : Bedroom : 14.2 sqm 3 : Guest Toilet : 3.0 sqm 4 : Bathroom : 11.4 sqm 5 : Walk-in Closet : 7.9 sqm 6 : Master Bedroom : 17,1 sqm 7 : Working Area : 12,8 sqm 8 : Fire Escape : 8,3 sqm

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

14

Bedroom : 15 m2 Bedroom : 14 m2 Guest toilet : 3 m2 Bathroom : 11 m2 Walk-in closet : 8 m2 Master bedroom : 17 m2 Working area : 13 m2 Fire escape : 8 m2 Common staircase & elevator : 20 m2 Entrance & storage : 8 m2 Kitchen, living & dining area : 91 m2 Balcony : 33 m2 Balcony : 9 m2 Balcony : 5 m2

Ill. 45: Plan of tower, Penthouse - 17th floor

Tower Plan

1:200 17 th floor

Apartment P1:

196 m2

49

Tower, Section apartment

Ill. 46: Tower section A-A

Tower 1:500 Section A-A

50

Ill. 47: Tower section B-B

Tower 1:500 Section B-B

Tower, Section apartment

Ill. 48: Close up of the tower, section A-A

Tower 1:200 Section A-A

Ill. 49: Close up of the tower, section B-B

Tower 1:200 Section B-B

51

Tower, Emergency plan

Emergency Platform Emergency Exits Fire Section Border

Emergency Platform Emergency Exits

Fire Section Border

Emergency Escape Route

In case of emergency the tower plan will function as illustrated above. Each apartment in the tower structure will function as an independent fire section. The fire sections are separate by heavy concrete construction, to make the fire spread slower.

Both the common staircase and the fire escape staircase function as separate fire sections as well. These serves as emergency escape routes and must be passable at any given time. From all rooms in the apartments you will go to the closest 52

Emergency Escape Route Ill. 50: Plan of tower, Apartment - 5th floor

Tower Penthouse Emergency plan

1:200 17th floor

fire escape and then down to ground level. On the lower floors up to 23 meters above ground level the balconies facing the urban plaza can be used as emergency platforms from which the fire truck could help you down. On the higher levels the fire trucks cannot reach and one of the two emergency escape routes must be used. If the tower structure was less than 23 meters to the highest level from the ground, the second emergency escape route could have been left out of the design.

Tower, CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLE CONCRETE CORE CONTAINING COMMON STAIRCASE, LIFT AND TECHNICAL INSTALATIONS

LOADBEARING COLUMNS PLACED IN THE BUILDING MEMBRANE

SLABS CARRIED BY THE CONCRETE CORE ON ON SIDE AND STRUCTURAL COLUMNS ON THE OTHER

BALCONIES STRUCTURALLY DISCONNECTED FROM SLABS LOADBEARING COLUMNS TO CARRY THE BALCONIES OF EACH APARTMENT

GROUND FLOOR CONSTRUCTION BASED PRIMARY ON LOADBEARING COLUMNS

CONCRETE CORES FUNCTIONS AS ENTRANCES TO THE APARTMENTS ON THE GROUND FLOOR

Due to the height of the towers the same brick construction as in clusters and community building cannot be used. Therefore, concrete columns were implemented along the outer edge.

To provide shear strength for the tower, a concrete core with

Ill. 51: Construction principle

staircase and elevator is designed in the middle of each tower.

The maximum distance between columns and the core is 7 meters therefore there is no need for any additional loadbearing walls.

53

site analysis

54

Ill. 52: The site in Aalborg, Denmark

The following chapter will present the site analysis of the project. Aspects of the location of the site, history, characters, preservation, typology, vegetation, terrain, functions, infrastructures, public transport and weather conditions will be included. The chapter is initiated by making a general informative study and description of the existing area, mapped by using quantitative and qualitative methods. The chapter forms a conclusion where the main potentials of the analysis are summed up. These potentials will be used actively in the following design process.

55

Sa

Ur ba n

sg a

de

Vester bro

POSITION OF THE SITE

t nk

ns r ge Jø

L ad e gårds g

Ga

ade

Algade

de La de

gå rds ga

de

Sa

Vin gå rd

t nk

Stengade

ns r ge Jø

sg

ad e

Ga de

G a de

Jer n

Sankt Jørgen s

ba n ega de

Ve ste rb

ro

Sankt J ørgens

Gade

de

Grøn nega n

San

gen

de

Ill. 53: The site in Aalborg, Denmark

The project site is situated in the northern part of Jutland, Denmark in the city of Aalborg. The site is situated on the edge of the old city center, the area of Vestbyen and the suburban areas to the south of the site. The building site has a triangular shape and is surrounded by the railway on the southwest, Ladegårdsgade and the hospital on the north and a multi-story building along the street Vesterbro.

Despite the close proximity of the railway, which is usually considered as being unappealing, the site is situated quite well in the city. The main reason this is that most of the functions of the city is situated within walking distance from the site. Further description will follow on page 20.

56

aneg ade

Jern b

ga ns

isgad e

e ins Pr

Hasser

Ve st er

br o

Hasseris ga

kelm

arks

g

Park

vegetation

Park

Park

Park

Cemetery

Park

Semi private green area

Forest / park

Public green area Site area 0m

250m

Ill. 54: Vegetation in Aalborg, Denmark

The site is situated on the outskirts of Aalborg city center, which is an area with a limited amount of green areas. The only green area north of the railway is situated on the harbor front.

South of the site a series of green public spaces are situated, forming a green corridor through the landscape. From the city this starts with the cemetery and develops further to be a forest and park corridor. West of the site a large green area consisting of private gardens is situated. If looking on the green spaces of Aalborg, it seems like the railway is creating a kind of barrier for the vegetation to enter the city center.

This site actually holds the potential of connecting the central inner city with the surrounding landscape and it might be interesting to make the vegetation grow its way into the city center through this site.

57

Terrain

B

A

A

B Ill. 55: Terrain

Looking at the hypsometric map of the site and its surroundings, it is visible that regardless of the dynamic landscape, the site is rather flat with maximum height difference of 1 meter. Generally the landscape is going down to the north and northeast.

However on the south border of the plot a steep a slope creates atrench of 1 to 3 meters drop. This is artificially made for railway lines. This small trench helps as a natural blockage for noise pollution. On the east border the opposite situation is present. The terrain rises up for 2 meters to make an overpass above the railway lines.

58

Terrain section

-

1.50m

SITE AREA

0 5 10

20

30

40

50[m]

Ill. 56: Section A-A

-

1.50m

SITE AREA

SITE AREA

SITE AREA

0 5 10

20

30

40

50[m]

0 5 10

20

30

40

50[m]

0 5 10

20

30

40

50[m]

Ill. 57: Section B-B

The average high of neighboring buildings differs from 10 meters up to 25 meters. The exception is the building of existing hospital, which stands out, from the homogeneous line created from rooftops in section AA, with height of around 50 meters. The skyline is created mostly of pitched roofs with inclination between 14 and 60 degrees and flat roofs on the east from our plot. Interestingly the site is relatively flat however, the buildings on the east creates a barrier for the rising terrain which finally reach a viaduct over the railways on the height of 2 meter above our plot.

6 stories on the east, through 3 stories in the middle to finally end up with 4 stories on the west would create a structure that melts within the local urban context.

As a part of respecting urban context, designing a building should use similar a language in order to melt within surrounding environment. One possible way how it could be achieved is by following heights of neighbor buildings. Starting from height of 59

TO

ST

UR

VE

BA NS

G OR LB AA

GA DE

DS AR W

Infrastructure

BY .

ST

ALGA

DE

SA TJ NK

LA

DE

GÅ

SG

AD

E

NS

GE

ØR

RD

DE

GA

VIN

GÅ

RD

SG

AD

E

VE

ST

ER

BR

GADE

O

GÅSE PIGEN

STEN

EXISTING PARKING APPROX 210 CARS

DS

R WA

TO AA OR

LB

Main Roads Secondary Roads

GS T.

Tertiary Roads

PR

Rail ways Entrances to the site Special Point of Interest

DE

GA

NS

VEJ

SE

ERIS

IN

HASS

Ill. 58: Infrastructure diagram

Vesterbro runs directly on the edge of the site and is a primary road of Aalborg, which distribute the traffic from the south to the different parts of Aalborg and further on past the LimfjordsBridge. The outline of the site is defined by Ladegårdsgade to the North. The velocity of Ladegårdsgade is slow compared to the lively street of Versterbro and it handles less traffic. Towards south the site is outlined by the railway on a lower level. The edge created by the railway forms a barrier through Aalborg.

60

The site can be entranced primarily from the GåsepigenSquare, but also from Vesterbro through a gate in the large apartment building. From the north you arrive from Urbansgade. There might be a potential in dividing these entrances actively so that cars in the future will have either a more direct access to the site or a less direct access. In the last situation the more direct access will be reserved for bikes and pedestrians.

Public transport Living within the city means forming a life around the possibilities and limitations of the city. Both the possibilities and limitations of the city relates to the density of the city. A basic quality of life of modern man is the ability to freely move fast over rather large distances. For this purpose as a rule of thumb we use our personal cars but in a future focusing on sustainable solutions, other forms of transportation must claim a greater part of personal transportation.

Pedestrians, bikes and other passive transportations must be used more, but these solutions seem to lack the ability to make us move quickly for greater distances. As a part of the solution the public transportation offer the transportation normally being carried out in cars. For this reason the existing means of public transportation close to the site has been examined to estimate the need of a personal car when living here.

The means of public transportation has been examined within a radius of a ten-minute walking distance from the site. This is estimated to be a manageable distance for people to move on their own before going further with public transportation.

Within a radius of a five minute walk it is primarily buses which is available these buses will take you around most of the local area of Aalborg, but also regional travels as to Frederikshavn, Sæby or Hjørring as well. If the radius is expanded to cover a walking distance of ten minutes it is also possible to reach national destinations as Aarhus, Odense and Copenhagen through the railways. Within this ten minute walking radius it is therefore more or less possible to go anywhere within Denmark, primarily from Aalborg station and Aalborg Bus terminal.

If this will change the behavior of the transportation for modern man is another matter. However, the possibilities of traveling local, regional and national is present within a short range of the site and could serve as an alternative to everybody having their own personal car. The public transportation available within a 10-minute walking distance is presented on the next page (nordjyllandstrafikselskab, 2014).

AALBORG VESTBY STATION

BADEHUS VEJ

VESTER BRO

SYGEHUS NORD

THE SITE

SANKT JØRGENS GADE

PRINSENS GADE

AALBORG STATION

AALBORG BUS TERMINAL

Ill. 59: Map of train and bus stations near our site Nordjyllandstrafikselskab, 2014

61

Sa

Ur ba

ns ga

de

Vester bro

typology

t nk

ns r ge Jø

L ad e gårds g

Ga

ade

Algade

de

La de

gå rds ga

de

Sa

Vin gå rd

t nk

Stengade

ns r ge Jø

sg

ad e

Ga de

G a de

Jer n

Sankt Jørge ns Gade

ba n ega de

Ve ste rb

ro

Sankt J ørgens

Pitched roof, Funkis Flat roof, Funkis

Hasseri sgade

Pitched roof, High San kelm arks Flat roof, High gad e

Grøn nega ng

de

The typology in the area is a cluttered block like structure in a non-structured road network with a few point buildings on the site and to the west of the site. This makes it difficult to define an actual typology. This mapping classifies the buildings in another way do to this fact.

Themapping basically distinguishes two types of buildings “Pitched roof” and “Flat roof” put in to three categories high, low and Funkis. The high and low categories refer to the number of stories of the building. One or two is considered as low and three or more is considered as high. The last category Funkis is five or six stories and can be categorized as high but is considered to be so characteristic for the area to have its own category.

62

aneg ade Jern b

ga ns

e

e ins Pr

Hasse risgad

Ve st er

br o

en

Pitched roof, Low Pitched roof, Low

Ill. 60: Typology around the site

Distance profile ox. 10 minutes of w m = appr alking 1000

Community

rox. 5 minutes of wal = app kin 0m g 50

CULTURE

City Hall

Kunsten

Hospital

Utzon Center

Police station

Music House

Bank

Nordkraft

Shopping Center

Entertainment

sport

education University

Havnebad

School

Swimming pool

Kindergarten

Football stadium

Library

transport

City areas

Aalborg station

Shopping street

Bus station

Waterfront

Vestby station

City center Park

0m

250m

Ill. 61: Distance from the site by walking for 5 minutes and 10 minutes

The location of the building site is very suitable for daily life with close proximity to almost all city functions. It is especially favorable for a family life, since there are three schools and a kindergarten in a radius of 500 meters. Green areas are also located nearby the site. However, these functions are on the other side of the railway; thus the way to these functions is unpleasant.

These analyses are showing that there is no need for educational facilities, such as kindergarten within our site. However, the site would benefit a lot from a local daily grocery store or a coffee shop, which would bring people together. Moreover, the site needs a better connection to the suburban part of the city, which is now isolated by the railways.

Furthermore, the city center with the old Town Hall, is less than 500 meters away. Not far from the city center shopping centers and a pedestrian street is situated.

A bit more than 500 meters away is waterfront, which is very desirable place, especially in the summer. This place offers various outdoor activities.

63

climate Designing a zero energy building requires a precise analysis of the macroclimate. Aalborg is a typical Danish city and has a temperate climate, characterized by moderate average temperatures and no extreme temperature differences.

Temperature Looking at average temperatures’ graph it is visible that the value various from 22˚C to -1˚C. However, it is important to remember that 24 hours average temperature does not respond to the highest temperature during the day, which might vary up to several degrees creating an uncomfortable indoor environment. Therefore one of the elements that we must implement in our design is the adequate climate screen that would minimize heat losses in the cold season and prevent to high solar heat gains in warm season. This is one of the passive strategies that we will embrace in our project (worldweatheronline, 2014).

Rainfall Danish weather is usually associated with high rainfall and on average it is raining 121 days per year. As one of the sustainable solutions we are considering harvesting rainwater to use it for the benefit of future occupants. This would make use of a natural resource that could help to maintain most of the needs regarding water supply. It could easily be used for toilet flushing and washing of clothes reducing the need for external water supply. Moreover rainwater could easily be used for supporting landscape irrigation with clean water (worldweatheronline, 2014).

Sun The average hours of sunshine in Denmark is 1445 hours per year. It means that it is of great importance to maximize its benefits. The latitude location of Aalborg creates almost horizontal (14,44˚) sunlight in wither time. Thus, any kind of solar shading as a passive strategy for cooling must be designed in a way to be effective during both summer- and wintertime. Furthermore, dealing with such low number of sunny days obligate us as architects to provide spaces for users where they could spend time and fully experience its benefits. In a situation as such, it is also important to carefully place solar energy solutions. Not only their inclination but also long shadows created by low position of sun could affect their effectiveness. All analysis regarding shadow position in various seasons and different day hours is presented on page 28. (worldweatheronline, 2014)

64

Wind Undoubtedly, wind occurrence and velocity in Denmark is something that distinguishes this country among other European countries. Aalborg is no exception with average wind velocity of 5,3 m/s often from southwest direction. There are many benefits of such situation and we are planning to exploit this natural driving force to naturally ventilate some parts of our building. Moreover we will consider using this force for power wind turbines possibly installed on the building roof.

However, further investigation has to be done to realistically estimate its value comparing with noise pollution which is still an inseparable part of this solution (Danish meteorological institute,1999).

Average Temperature (°c) Graph for Aalborg 22 19

17

16

15 11

10

7

5

4

4

0

-1

-1

12

10

12

12 9

6

5

3

7

5

2

0

Average Rainfall Days

40

20

-1

-5

0

50°

30

60

10

December

November

October

September

August

30

5%

5%

24

120

12 08:57

15:39

24

0

10% 10%

0

12

15%

12

0

15%

20%

0 21

25% 20%

> 11.0 m/s 5.0 - 11.0 m/s

0

150

S

0.2 - 5.0 m/s

61,45° SUMMER SEASON Wind table

37,95° SPRING/AUTUMN SEASON

14,45° WITER SEASON

Ill. 64: Sun angle throughout the season in Aalborg, Denmark

25%

21 %

%

N 4.1

30 4.6

60 6.1

E 8.6

120 8.1

150

S

5.7

S 7.5

% 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.7 3.5 3.0 4.1 0.2-5.0 m/s % 0.7 0.7 2.0 3.8 4.4 2.7 3.3 5.0-11.0 m/s % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 > 11.0 m/s Mean 3.2 3.2 4.1 4.8 5.6 4.9 5.0 wind speed N 30 60 E 120 150 Max 10.3 10.3 11.8 14.5 16.5 14.4 15.9 wind speed Number of observations = 29202 4.1 4.6 6.1 8.6 8.1 5.7 Calm defined as wind speed <= 0.2m/s Number of observations with calm/varying wind direction: 1204 = 4.1%

% 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.7 3.5 3.0 0.2-5.0 m/s % 0.7 0.7 2.0 3.8 4.4 2.7 5.0-11.0 m/s % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 > 11.0 m/s Mean 3.2 3.2 4.1 4.8 5.6 4.9 wind speed Max 10.3 10.3 11.8 14.5 16.5 14.4 wind speed Number of observations = 29202 Calm defined as wind speed <= 0.2m/s Number of observations with calm/varying wind direction: 1204 = 4.1%

Ill. 66: Average Windrose in Aalborg, Denmark

0

Wind table

Procent:

15

0

S

Ill. 63: Sun path diagram of Aalborg, Denmark

0

Procent:

15

12

July

June

Ø Ø

12

15

15 210

60

V

E

09

240

0

V

80° 08:27

15

May

04:25

60° 70°

18

60

N

40°

W

Ill. 65: Average Rainfall in Aalborg, Denmark

0

30

30°

300

Average Rainfall Days

33

10° 20°

N

Precipitation (mm)

0

30

N 22:19

April

33

Ill. 62: Average Temperature in Aalborg, Denmark

330

March

February

January

December

November

October

September

August

Average Low Temp (°c)

30

Average High Temp (°c)

July

June

May

April

February

March

0

January

Temperature (°c)

20

Average Rainfall (mm Graph for Aalborg)

60

21

Precipitation (mm)

25

210

240

W

300

330

16.4

14.7

6.4

3.2

95.9

4.8

4.4

5.3

3.5

2.6

47.2

5.6

10.3

8.6

2.8

0.6

45.3

0.4

1.6

0.8

0.1

0.0

5.6

6.9

6.3

4.9

3.4

18.0

21.1

15.4

11.8

S

210

20.1

240

7.5

10.7

4.1

4.8

4.4

3.3

5.6

0.1

0.2 - 5.0 m/s

Total

10.7

> 11.0 m/s 5.0 - 11.0 m/s

3.4

W

5.3

21.1

DMI 16.4 Source:14.7

300

330

Total

6.4

3.2

95.9

5.3

3.5

2.6

47.2

10.3

8.6

2.8

0.6

45.3

0.4

1.6

0.8

0.1

0.0

3.4

5.0

5.6

6.9

6.3

4.9

3.4

5.3

15.9

18.0

21.1

20.1

15.4

11.8

21.1

Source: DMI

Table 67: Detailed table of Windspeed and directions in Aalborg, Denmark

65

Materials, Pavement and Characters A city and a part of it have its unique characters, articulation of the human scale, materials and pavements. When you as an architect add to a cityscape you should be aware of the fact that you never start from a tabula rasa, but existing structures and characters willinfluence your design.

This might lead to the idea of adding to a cityscape in a way that the addition will both mark itself as a new element but at the same time become a logic continuation of the existing building mass. Projects, which possess this quality, often seem to become a natural part of the existing city within a short period of time. The ability of a project to grow into an equal part of the city is important if we are to perceive the city as a homogeneous unit in the future. Otherwise the cities will risk becoming a composition of isolated architectural icon projects, which do not make up a common whole.

This approach to architecture demands for a registration of the site and its surrounding characters, materials and pavements.

The following illustrations will serve as a rather subjective registration of the site for this project.

Ill. 69: The bronze statue of GĂĽsepigen is a landmark in the cityscape of Aalborg. She forms the centerspot of the GĂĽsepigen square and serves as an entrance to the site from Vesterbro.

Ill. 68: The elongated and intense character of Vesterbro flows just on the edge of the site. This main road connects different parts of the city to the Limfjordsbridge and Nørresundby.

66

Ill. 70: This cornice pops out of the building facade and creates a contrast in scale, material, colors and the level of detail. This element brings the quality of workmanship to mind.

Ill. 71: Detailed yellow brick facade of the old hospital building. Some building in the area has characteristic details in their brick facade. Here the element of window blends with the facade.

Ill. 73: Yellow brick facade of the old hospital building. The stone foundations meets the yellow brick facade and create a material quality of the surroundings.

Ill. 72: Cobblestone pavement of the G책sepigen square put in a unique pattern formed from arcs of a circle. A character of workmanship comes to mind in this solution.

Ill. 74: Traditional Danish sidewalk pavement. Cobblestones are mixed with concrete tiles and a larger cobblestone act as the joint between the asphalt in the roads and tiles of the sidewalks.

67

Conclusion on site analysis The site analysis starts up the process of the project and forms a basis for the further design process. A lot of different aspects are considered in the site analysis; some is left out in this report. This conclusion lists some main ideas, formed during the process of the site analysis.

The building site is situated in a unique spot in the city, just on the border between the high dense city and low dense areas around it. This situation makes up the possibility for the project to adapt the characters of some of the surroundings, but also to form its own identity as this new junction on the border of the city. The connectivity of the different areas of the city is insufficient, which creates the possibility of making a project which forms a new pedestrian and bike connection in the city. This connection also holds the possibility to let in the greenery to the city. At the moment the greenery is cut off from the city mainly by the railways. A new connection would form the physical link for the greenery to grow into the city and at some moment maybe connect to the new developments at the harbor front of Aalborg. The built in this design could be seen as a joint between the two different characters of the landscape and the cityscape. The two holds quite different possibilities and qualities and the right combination of the two might form the surroundings around a new way of living on the border of the high dense city. The following list serves as key points from the preformed site analysis. These points are potential qualities of the site and some are further investigated in the design process.

- Bringing the garden back into the city.

- Adapting the material qualities of the surroundings.

- A possible pedestrian connection over the railway.

- Preservation of the G책sepigen and its character.

- No clear typology to identify and thereby to continue.

- Prolonging the green belt of Aalborg from the south/west.

- The plot as a plateau in the surrounding city.

- Adapting the scale of the surrounding buildings, 3 to 5 stories.

- The functions of the city is situated within walking distance - The potential for a grocery store, for the local area.

- The noise pollution is mainly from Vesterbro, but also from the railway (Appendix 02).

- The possibility for high exposure to the sun, due to the level of the railways.

- The site is exposed to the main wind direction. Will create better possibilities for natural ventilation, but could pose problems in the outdoor spaces on the ground.

A TRIANGULAR SITE On the border of the city Ill. 75: The outline of the site

The design proposal as a joint between the Cityscape and the Landscape Ill. 76: The joint between the city and landscape

68

URBAN AREA A LOT OF PEOPLE ACTIVITIES OPEN 24 HOURS SHOPS HIGH DENSITY

VESTBYEN THE CITY BLOCK

CITY CENTER MEDIEVAL STRUCTURE

Suburban area Single family Houses

SUBURBAN AREA KINDER GARDENS GREEN AREAS SCHOOLS CULTURAL CENTRES LOW DENSITY

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SUBURBAN AREA AND THE DENSE CITY Ill. 77: Suburban meets the dense city

A JUNCTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS AND TYPOLOGIES Ill. 79: The typologies

THE CITY

Subur

ban LIFE

THE GREEN BELT

A CONTINUATION OF THE “GREEN BELT”

A JOINT OF THE SUBURBAN, THE CITY, AND THE GREEN BELT OF AALBORG Ill. 78: Meeting between suburban, The city and the green belt

Ill. 80: The green belt

69

Theme analysis

70

Ill. 81: Facade on Sygehus north on the site in Aalborg, Denmark

This Theme analysis consist of studies and discussions on the themes of this project. Within this analysis three subjects are developed: dwelling by analyzing the user profile, suburban qualities to attract families to the city and qualities of the urban life.

Moreover our approach towards sustainability is discussed.

The Theme analysis is an investigation of the aspects that could inform the process of designing a dwelling complex in a urban context.

71

USERS One of the most important aspects of this assignments the users. Therefore, analysis regarding current living conditions, types of buildings and demographic structure are made. The goal is, to attract families with children who often prefer to live in the suburban areas; therefore, it is needed to know the qualities of living in single-family houses. By moving families from the suburban areas to the city the number of commuters could be reduced and consequently the number of cars and consumption of fossil fuels could be reduced. Furthermore, single-family houses are less economic since their plot ratio is very low and they demand more infrastructures.

The characteristics of Danish climate are low temperatures with high amount of precipitation during the winter, which force Danes to spent most of their wintertime indoor. Hence they are encrypted trying to create spacious indoor environment that will suit them best. Thus the average housing unit in Denmark is 109 m2 and is occupied by 2,1 people. This means that there is 51 m2 per resident, which makes Denmark the country with most square meters per resident in Europe.

Furthermore, owning a house or dwelling is very well entrenched in Danish culture, since 63% of the population does own their own home. Moreover, almost 60% of young people in the age between 18-24, move from their parents, which is twice as highest as European average (Kristensen, 2007).

Short history After World War II the situation was much different than it is now. Denmark suffered from a shortage of housing units.

Therefore, it was very hard for young people to find an apartment. Thus, two or three people lived in one room, which created overcrowded flats. In the 1960’s the standard of living improved. New suburban areas with single-family houses were built. Also large multi-story apartment complexes were erected by non-profit housing organizations. This was the time when the number of homeowners increased dramatically. This trend continued until the middle of 1970’s, when an oil crisis contributed to the stagnation since it was too expensive to build or buy your own home.

In the 1980s most of the dwellings were outdated and the inhabitants were often people with a low income, single people, single parents, immigrants or refugees, while the working middle class families moved the suburban singlefamily houses. Therefore, the old and damaged buildings were renewed to an improved standard. The housing sector

72

5% 7%

Single-family house

8%

Social housing

42%

Private rental flats Freehold flats

17%

Cooperative housing Housing for elderly 21% Ill. 82: Percent of dwelling types, Denmark

[m²]

[DKK/year]

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0

Single-family house

Rented dweling

139

87

79

Cost per year [DKK/year]

190000

71000

185000

Cost per m² [DKK/m²]

1366,91

816,09

2341,77

Average size [m²]

Owned dweling

Ill. 83: Comparison of different dwelling types according to the price and area, Denmark

regenerated in the 1990s, when interest rates were lowered and it became easier to get a loan (Kristensen, 2007).

Single family housing and their users Almost 50% of the Danes lived in rural areas during the postwar era, mostly in single-family houses. During this time around 40.000 new single-family houses were build each year.

This lasted until the middle of the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Now there are build around 8.000 new houses per year. However, the area of an average single-family house has moved from 100 m2 in the early twentieth century to the current size, which is around 139 m2 and is still growing.

Currently, there is around 1,1 million single-family houses among 2,6 million dwellings in Denmark. This makes the single-family house the most common housing type. Around 2,5 million Danes live in those houses, with an average of 2,5 people per household. Furthermore, 36% of the households include children, thus every 0,6 person out of 2,5 person per household is a child, which is surprisingly low. From this data it is possible to conclude that the most typical household consists of a married, working couple whose children have moved out of the home (Kristensen, 2007).

Transition form single-family house to apartments Since most of the people are married couples in their fifties and sixties, it is hard for them to move into an apartment. The reason for this is the experience of crowded and poor housing conditions in their youth. Furthermore, people who now live in single-family houses are used to live in a bigger indoor space, which also include private outdoor space. Therefore, moving to an apartment with the size of 70 m2 could affect their daily habits, such as working in the garden. However, most of the young people, in the age between 20 and 30 years, move from single-family houses to apartments, either owner-occupied or rented. When those young people start to form families they want to move into the suburban areas again. The reason for this is more space in a relation to the price per m2, which is significantly lower in these areas (Ill. 83). The reason for the difference is that most apartments are located in the city center, while single-family houses are located in the suburbs and more desirable places for raising kids (Kristensen, 2007).

User profile Our aim is to bring people from the suburbs into the city, which could be achieved by offering them similar living conditions as in the suburbs but combined with the benefits of the city.

However, peoples situation change during their life time, and thus needing different facilities. Therefore, we decided to create different units for people to choose among and also change according to their need without changing the surrounding.

Furthermore, different profiles of people will make area lively since they do their errands in different time of a day. Thus we looked at different user profiles and their needs.

Young couples and singles often students does not need a lot of indoor space. But the one they have should be a quality space. Furthermore, they like close proximity to the city.

Young/smaller families need a bit more space and access to a green area. Which does not have to mean their own private garden since a lot of them does not have time to tend it.

They also prefer a more calm area and close proximity to the kindergarten and other city functions.

Bigger families prefer more spacious apartments with several bedrooms and the access to outdoor areas. They also want a parking space. They prefer living close to a school and other facilities that provide activities for the kids.

Older couples prefer smaller apartment with easy access.

They also like space for hobbies or garden. Furthermore, to be independent they like city functions such as a store in close proximity.

However, not all the people have the same wishes. As mentioned older people have troubles with moving from the suburbs to the small city apartment. Therefore, they can choose a bit bigger apartment and after a while they can switch to the apartment with same qualities in the same environment but smaller.

73

Overall Urban Strategies This chapter attempts to categorize the concept of “Benefitting from the city” and assess which approach could be relevant to our project. The concept of “Benefitting from the city” is about creating environments that both benefit the inhabitants but also the citizens of the city as a whole.

Different approaches of benefitting from the city: Creating a break in the city.

The creation of a place where people can stay for recreational purposes.This gives the possibility of people to take a break in the area or people coming from a distance to stay. This could create the possibility for a café, bar and some small shops.

Creating a connection in the city.

Making a new connection in the city structure. This gives the possibility of a shorter distance, safer path or a better condition for pedestrians or bicycles crossing the city. This could create the possibility for: grocery shops and kindergartens.

Housing people for the surrounding city.

Making a place for people to live their daily life. This gives the possibility of facilitating the city center with “life” and creating more quiet private spaces for the occupants of the area. This could create the possibility for: housing.

Ill. 84: 1 - Creating a break in the city, Gammeltorv, Aalborg, Denmark

The location and functions of the site could fit well as “Housing people for the city” because it is hidden form the traffic and noise of the city but still with a short distance to most of the city center functions. “Creating a connection in the city” is favorable as it could provide a safer and more pleasant path for the pedestrians going from Hasseris to the city center or the opposite direction. There is potential for “Creating a break in the city” as many new occupants are going to live here. However most of these qualities are found within a short range from the plot and perhaps it would be more appropriate to support the urban life in the city center, which is further developing around the harbor front in Aalborg.

Ill. 85: 1 - Creating a break in the city, Jomfrue Ane Park, Aalborg, Denmark

74

Ill. 86: 2 - Creating a connection in the city, Park

Ill. 88: 3 - Housing people for the city, Suburban road, Aalborg, Denmark

Ill. 87: 2 - Creating a connection in the city, Connection, Aalborg, Denmark

Ill. 89: 3 - Housing people for the city, KartoffelrĂŚkkerne, Copenhagen, Denmark

75

sustainability The topic of sustainability has become more and more relevant in the last decades. Many approaches and definitions towards a sustainable development can be merged into one more general definition which is described as: “the development that meet the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs” (Seminal report, The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).

This can be achieved in many different ways, however, as a group we wanted to define our own approach for this particular project. Pointing out specific aspects and problems that are of special interest for us, a common list of sustainable aspects was created as a guiding element for the whole project.

First of all, most noticeable changes should be done on an architectural level since the costs at this stage are low. The inclusion of passive strategies, that do not require an addition energy input in order to provide benefits, is the key element to design energy efficient structures. Passive cooling and heating together with daylight and natural ventilation, can assure optimal interior environment with no need for artificial systems.

Furthermore, discussing modern trends in architecture we noticed rising notion of adding sustainable elements to the buildings’ envelope without any architectural consideration.

Especially PV’s which can be easily installed on almost every surface became a plague in modern architecture. We believe that everything have its own natural surroundings and enforcing for example energy producing elements to the buildings without creating any kind of architectural quality, should not take place.

Moreover, it is the architects’ obligation to think about the integration of technical aspects during the building design.

There is typically a specific distinction between the role of an engineer and an architect during the design process. In order to achieve the right qualities all technical installations and elements should be either exposed to become part of the architecture or hidden on purpose. Taking this conscious decision should always reflect the architects’ intentions.

Evaluating sustainable qualities of the design will be done by fulfilling energy frame building BR2020 and thereafter reaching the zero energy building definition which will be defined by the group in the chapter Zero Energy Building on page XXX. Apart from energy consumption aspects, all materials should be evaluated using LCA methods. As a part of economic aspects

76

of sustainability, we are planning to use only local materials as long as their choice is justified by architectural expression and quality.

Sustainability 1. Focus on passive strategies 2. Sustainability reflecting architectural quality 3. Architectural integration of technical aspect 4. Evaluation (BR2020, ZEB, LCA) 5. Local materials as long as architectural or sustainable aspects are not compromised

Conclusion on the theme analysis The theme analysis examined some of the most relevant topics set forward on the semester and general aspects which have to be investigated when creating a sustainable dwelling complex.

These aspects are critical in a design process when creating a proposal that is relevant to the themes of the semester. The quality of living in a suburban setting was a central investigation to identify which elements could be implemented in a dense city setting. Exactly the theme of attracting people situated in the suburban areas is set forward from the assignment description of the semester.

A lot of the qualities in the suburban areas are directly linked to building low structures and having the feeling of a private building sitting on its own piece of land. This setting is preferred by a lot of both families and older people that does not need much connection to the pulsating city. The project assignment set up conditions that are not comparable to the wanted qualities of the suburban areas. The plot ratio of at least 100% on a triangular building site within a existing urban setting sets up some challenges for creating a design solution that brings architectural quality to each dwelling and the nearby outdoor areas.

PROJECT ASSIGNMENT 100 TO 200 PERCENT OF PLOT RATIO MINIMUM AVERAGE OF 3 STORIES

SUBURBAN QUALITIES

LOW PERSONAL BUILDINGS PRIVATE OUTDOOR SPACES SEPARATE PRIVATE ENTRANCE SPACIOUS EXPERIENCE OF LIVING AREA Ill. 90: Project assignment vs. Suburban qualities

TOWER

The main idea created from this theme analysis is trying to separate the design into two main built elements. One of these elements will posses the suburban living. The other element will focus more on the quality of living in the vertical city. This strategy forms into making a design solution that consists of; one high dense tower and dense-low row houses. The tower forms the possibility to make the row houses which will posses the suburban qualities of a low feeling buildings structure and outdoor areas closely connected to the dwellings.

The following list serves as key points of the different aspects investigated in the theme analysis. Some of these were already discussed in this chapter.

- Suburban qualities must be implemented in the design.

- The attractiveness of the city should compete with the low suburban square meter prices.

- If the suburban qualities can be implemented, a unique situation of proximity to the city could be established.

- Densifying life in the city.

- The process of implementing sustainable solutions cannot compromise overall architectural ideas, but must be coexisting.

- The BR-2020 regulations must be met by passive strategies.

- The Zero Energy Standard must be met by active strategies.

ROWHOUSES

STRATEGY OF MAKING SOMETHING HIGH DENSE AND SOMETHING LOW DENSE Ill. 91: Project assignment vs. Suburban qualities

77

Concept development

78

Ill. 92: Sygehus Nord on the site in Aalborg, Denmark

The following chapter contains development of the concept, where all the analysis are summarized, thus defining parameters of a design. Furthermore, analyses expand our main focus which at the beginning was only sustainability.

79

main idea

SCAPE BETWEEN THE URBAN- AND THE LANDSCAPE CONTEXT U-SHAPE EMBRACE THE LANDSCAPE Ill. 93: The u-shape

The concept arrived from the idea of interweaving between green landscape and cityscape. Furthermore, being inspired

by Jørn Utzonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fredensborghusene helped us to explore the possibilities of snake-like shapes. This shape also corresponds to our initial idea of prospect and refuge, where the form is 80

creating intimate semi-private spaces. However, there is a need of high dens building complex. Therefore different possibilities of implementing bigger built area are taken into account.

THE URBAN PROSPECT / REFUGE & THE APARTMENT PROSPECT / REFUGE Ill. 94: The concept of the prospect and refuge

Moreover, while investigating snake-like forms, we become aware of various problems that occur from a form like this, e.g. shadowy areas, wind tunnels and apartments to close to each other. Thus the concept of prospect and refuge was translated from urban scale to apartment scale, with the attempt to create

area where tenants can get private and comfortable space or enjoy in a view and open, spacious ambient.

Furthermore, our focus was to connect Syghus Nord area with the area across the railway to create the site as a junction where various people meet.

81

Character of the scape The project further investigates the different character of the two scapes which join in the design proposal, the landscape and the cityscape. These characteristic will inform the project of which elements to implement in different situations. Also this serves as an inspiration to implement elements of one scape into the other and vice versa. To start giving character and distinguish the two scapes from each other collages of reference situations have served as an element in the design process. They quickly separate the rigidity of the city to the organic and raw feeling of nature. This distinction between the two scapes is after all very basic, being about the distinction between culture and nature. The balance between these elements can be what attracts people and families with children to live in this unique situation on the border of the high dense city. Creating a situation where you are on the one hand close to everything going on in the city center, but still have the calm and recreational areas in direct access from your dwelling.

These two situations are found on each side of a dwelling.

BAN SCAPE

aces

gy around the day

ic reated c

d ght ecreational n

The collages further inform to make diagrams of different architectural materials and their sense of belonging to either one scape or the other. This diagram also takes into account the patina of materials. Copper as an example, is placed in between the two scapes mainly due to its transformation over time. The work with characterizing the scapes has make it clear that the project need a strong and quite clear separation THE LAND SCAPE between the two, to form a successful plan and feeling of the project.

Horizontality Soft Surfaces Calmness Nature Changing around the year Recreational Colorfull Grown Organic Structural Warm Quiet Not processed Daylight Nature Recreational Effective

THE URBAN SCAPE

THE LAND SCAPE

Verticality Hard Surfaces Pulse Technology Changing around the day Dynamic Achromatic Artificial created Geometric Mass Cold Noisy Processed Artificail light Human Recreational Immersion

Horizontality Soft Surfaces Calmness Nature Changing around the year Recreational Colorfull Grown Organic Structural Warm Quiet Not processed Daylight Nature Recreational Effective Ill. 95: Urban scape vs. land scape

THE LAND SCAPE

Grass

Vegetation

Sand Wood

Copper

Brick

Zinc Plaster Concrete

Glass

THE URBAN SCAPE Ill. 96: Materials

82

Ill. 97: Superkilen, the red plaza in Nørrebro, Copenhagen

Ill. 98: Greenery in the dense city

Ill. 101: Brook

Ill. 102: Lake

Ill. 99: Highline, New York

Ill. 103: Birch forest

Ill. 100: Jomfrue Ane Parken in Aalborg, Denmark

Ill. 104: Terrace garden

83

Design process

84

Ill. 105: Sketches and models

The design process presented in this chapter guides the reader through the developing of final design. It includes sketches, model studies and technical analysis such as sun, wind, daylight, energy and indoor environment.

The design process has been developed with an integrated design process as an iterative process where loops works throughout the different phases and informs each other.

85

Sketches The initial sketching phase is where free sketching, brainstorming of ideas and visions occurs for the project by always having in mind the intention of the concept of the prospect and refuge and the scape between the urban- and landscape context. The strategy is to sketch something that is low dense from the suburban qualities and high dense from the city qualities.

Following this strategy we worked with principles such as the repeated elements, shifting elements, own entrance, views, orientation of the outdoor spaces and the connection over the railway.

Ill. 106: Sketch of row houses

Ill. 107: Sketch of repetitions

86

SECTION

Ill. 108: Sketch of the super block

1 : 100 Ill. 110: Sketch of the urban space between buildings

Ill. 109: Sketch of apartment arrangement

Ill. 111: Sketch of the snake

87

Model studies The workshop of physical model studies let us play with different designs approaches and explores the relationship between building forms, orientation, movement of people and experienced qualities of the urban spaces.

Different models were made to investigate the possibilities regarding volumes of the new building, in a relation to the existing buildings with different types of typology.

Furthermore, models were made regarding the urban scale to see the different arrangement of the buildings, orientations of the apartments and the climate conditions for the urban spaces. Meanwhile, the models on the apartment scale were made. Volumes of different apartments are showing different possibilities and compositions on how to stack apartments together in a way that initial parameters are fulfilled.

Ill. 112: Row houses

The models that are presented show different approaches to the development of the typology, orientation and forms on the site. The following aspects serve as some of the considerations, which the physical model investigates.

- Is the new design to consist of one element or a combination of different elements?

- Can the character of the new area be something unique, or will it have to follow the existing grammar of the city?

- Will the overall typology be of lines, city blocks, a composition of a multiplied unit, one superstructure or something else?

- How will the new design fit into the surrounding city?

- Will the new design adopt the scale of the city or deviate from it?

- How much mass has to be added to make up a plot ratio of minimum 100% which the semester assignment demand?

- Will the new design be connected to the existing city or will it stand on its own?

Ill. 113: Row houses

Ill. 114: Block

88

Ill. 115: Point houses

Ill. 118: Super block

Ill. 121: Snake

Ill. 116: Row houses

Ill. 119: Row houses

Ill. 122: U-shape

Ill. 117: Point houses

Ill. 120: Block/row houses

Ill. 123: U-shape

89

Developing the master plan The master plan has been developed throughout the whole design process by having in mind the results from the site and theme analysis, weather conditions and the concept.

The presented drawings illustrate some of the initial sketches of different building shapes, where some creates its own character on the site and other joint and connect to the surrounding buildings.

The master plan has also developed and optimized through sun and wind analysis, to create the best indoor and outdoor conditions. The analysis can be found on page 94-99.

Ill. 124: Block

Ill. 125: Block

Ill. 126: Block

90

Ill. 128: U-shape

Ill. 131: V-shape

Ill. 134: Blocks and connection over the railway

Ill. 129: U-shape

Ill. 132: Row houses

Ill. 135: Snake shape

Ill. 133: Snake shape

Ill. 136: Snake shape

Ill. 130: Row houses and connection over the railway

91

CHARACTER OF THE SPACE Based on the previously described studies, the sketches of different spaces and moods are created to guide us in the further development. Sketching is used as a tool to quickly identify common qualities of the architectural experience.

Ill. 137: Character of the landscape side

Ill. 138: Character of the connection over the railway

92

Ill. 139: Character of the prospect and refuge from the apartment

Ill. 140: Character of the view from an apartment toward the urban side

Ill. 141: Character of the urban side

Ill. 142: Character of the urban side

93

sun analysis These sun analyses are performed to show an instant momentary situation of the direct solar radiation on different design solutions. The analyses have been performed with use of Google Sketchup and used the integrated shadow generator by adding a location to the model (Aalborg, Denmark). The analyses, displayed in this chapter, are primarily situations where the occupants of the apartments are expected to be at home, mainly in the afternoon. When working in the software dynamic simulations can be performed quickly, letting time pass on a model. This is more difficult to show in a report like this, because the best way would be to illustrate it as an animation.

The different analysis investigates what distances is needed between buildings, what would create problems with providing direct solar radiation to each apartment and the outdoor areas directly connected to the apartments.

Ill. 143: Sun analysis 01

The analysis also shows the shadows created from the buildings of the surrounding area. These turn out to be significant shadow casters on the building site. Therefore, this fact must affect the design solution.

The analysis also very briefly starts to investigate the environmental effect of adding a tower to the urban fabric of Aalborg. An element like this could cast significant shadows onto both the building site as well as the surrounding city.

The pattern of shifting between each clusters of the design are also investigated to establish a overall plan which brings beneficial situations to each apartments, both inside and on the directly connected outdoor areas.

Ill. 144: Sun analysis 02

Ill. 145: Sun analysis 03

94

Ill. 146: Sun analysis 04

Ill. 149: Sun analysis 07

Ill. 147: Sun analysis 05

Ill. 150: Sun analysis 08

Ill. 148: Sun analysis 06

Ill. 151: Sun analysis 09

95

sun analysis

Afternoon analysis

The sun analyses have been performed on different urban design solutions to investigate the exposure of different areas to the sun at different times of the day and different times of the year. The sun analyses are preformed with the use of Gecco for Rhinoseros 5.0 and Autodesk Ecotect Analysis. The analyses map the time of exposure to direct sunlight. These analyses separates from the sun analysis in Google Sketchup by not showing the sun light exposure at one instant moment, but summing up a lot of moments. The analyses do not take into account the difference in effect of sunlight in different periods of the year. Three main analyses have been performed on different design solutions.

- Afternoon Analysis; from 15:00 to 20:00 all year The analysis is performed to show which area of the design is exposed to sunlight in the time when people come home from work and are situated inside and around their apartments.

- Winter Analysis; from 8:00 to 20:00 from November to March Ill. 152: Direct sun exposure 01

The analysis is performed to show which areas of the building envelope is exposed to solar radiation in the winter time, and where the design could benefit from passive solar gain to avoid a big heating demand.

- All Year analysis; from 8:00 to 20:00 all year This analysis is performed to investigate which areas of the design are most exposed to direct sunlight during the year and thereby also which are the areas that are always in the shadow.

The different analyses are focused on making a design solution, which benefit both in the overall form but also in the shifting of each unit. Afterwards the analyses have served as a map for discussing which activities are most appropriate in different areas of the design.

The effect of adding a tower has also been investigated in these analyses. Placing a tower in the city of Aalborg will have a significant effect on both the design and the surroundings. The tower has been placed so that it mainly affects the surrounding areas of the city.

The analyses also give a good indication of where to place photovoltaic in a way to maximize the solar radiation to the panels.

Ill. 153: Direct sun exposure 02

96

Afternoon analysis

all year analysis

Ill. 154: Direct sun exposure 03

Ill. 156: Direct sun exposure 05

Ill. 155: Direct sun exposure 04

Ill. 157: Direct sun exposure 06

97

wind analysis The wind analyses have been performed primarily to investigate the effects on the wind situation when adding a built environment to the building site. For simulating the wind conditions the Autodesk Simulation CFD tool has been used.

The wind has been simulated for one situation of wind from the west. This wind direction is dominant for the Danish environment. The most open area surrounding the site is also situated to the west of the site. This means that the site will be most affected by wind coming from the west. In the simulation situation the wind is set up with a start velocity of 10 meters per second coming from a distance.

Mainly the goal of the wind analyses are not to determine the actual wind speeds of the site, but to show where the flows of wind are slowed down and in which areas the wind is accelerated.

The analyses illustrated in this paragraph are performed in a height of 1,5 meters above ground level. This level is chosen because people primarily will be situated in this level.

The analyses primarily show problems of acceleration of wind in situations where the overall volume for the wind is decreased.

And the simulations show that longer corridors can also create problems of accelerating the wind speeds. These situations can be reduced by adding vegetation in front of a situation of decreased volume. The velocity of the air is then decreased and will not create problematic situations of accelerating wind speeds.

Ill. 158: Windflow, Model C

Adding a tower to the building site forms an entirely different problem. On the ground level, around the tower the wind direction is different, actually directly opposite, from the main wind direction. This is due to the fact that the tower forces the wind down and back to the area with lower pressure. The acceleration of wind on the ground floor level of a tower is difficult to reduce, and mainly the problem can be reduced, by reducing the mass of the tower, to let wind pass it. A strategy for shielding off the wind on the ground level could also be implemented near the foot of a tower, if situations of low wind pressure and wind speeds are preferable.

Ill. 159: Windflow, Model C

98

Ill. 160: Model A

Ill. 162: Model C

Ill. 161: Model B

Ill. 163: Model D

99

Developing the plan The sketches that are presented show some different plan solutions of apartment layouts and arrangements, exploring different qualities, functions and interior designs.

The plans have been developed regarding to the project description of having an apartment of maximum 115 m2 including access areas. The apartments must contain at least three bedrooms and directly connected with an outdoor space of at least 20 m2 [Semester description of Architecture MSc2, 2014].

Different shapes such as squares and narrow rectangles have been explored in relation to the functions, arrangements and the need of daylight. The function of living room and kitchen has been combined in an open plan solution and the quality such as a double height space has been explored.

Ill. 164: Sketch

Ill. 165: Sketch

Ill. 166: Sketch

100

Ill. 167: Sketch

Ill. 170: Sketch

Ill. 168: Sketch

Ill. 171: Sketch

Ill. 169: Sketch

Ill. 172: Sketch

101

Daylight analysis The Daylight analyses are performed for different apartment designs to ensure that the requested lighting levels are located in the places where it is most needed in an apartment layout.

The daylight analysis is performed in the Velux Daylight Visualizer software. The Daylight analyses do not take into account the direct sunlight, but maps a diffuse lightning condition and how it will spread into the spaces of the different apartment layouts.

The goal of the daylight analysis is to provide an average of 2% in all spaces and preferably a condition of above 5% in the living areas of the apartment. Special attention is carried out to put the workstations as the kitchen and the inserted tables in the bedrooms in a lightning condition that exceed the specification described above. The idea of an area in the apartment which is mainly centered around screens, is also established. These zones can have a rather low lightning condition; because the area has less need for daylight when using the screens.

Our daylight analyses primarily investigate the following conditions: - Placement of the windows.

- Area of windows, each and in total.

- Depth of spaces, compared to the area of window.

- Placement of windows in the double high area.

- Exterior balconies to shade from solar radiation.

Ill. 173: A - Daylight 1 m above floor level in Tower apartment

A special attention has been put into investigating the lightning condition of the double high area, and the gallery situated on the higher level of the apartment layout. Windows situated high in the double high area of the apartment layout have the potential of bringing light deep into the apartment without exposing the people inside. These windows also have the potential of bringing light into both the main living area and the balcony of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;screen areaâ&#x20AC;?. These windows make up the possibility to work with deeper apartments, and then have less area of building envelope towards the outdoor.

Attention has also been put into investigating the lighting conditions when applying exterior balconies to shade from solar radiation. This strategy proved to pose problems when placing the exterior balconies towards west and east. In this situation the shading from solar radiation is minimal due to the low angle of the sun and the daylight conditions changes significantly. In such a situation the window does not fulfill its full potential of bringing light into the apartment.

Ill. 174: B - Daylight 1 m above floor level in Tower apartment

102

Ill. 175: A - Daylight 1 m above ground floor in Cluster A

Ill. 177: A - Daylight 1 m above ground floor in Cluster A

Ill. 176: B - Daylight 1 m above 1st floor in Cluster A

Ill. 178: B - Daylight 1 m above 1st floor in Cluster A

103

Developing the facade The development of the facade is experimenting with different materials, window shapes and sizes. Different materials, also the ones that are found on the facades of the surrounding buildings, have been tested. For example, brick, concrete, metal and wood.

The presented sketches show how the materials on the facade can be used in different ways and how to join them with other materials. We have worked with different concepts of how the materials could be used.

The first concept of the brick shows where the load bearing structure is located and where the non-load bearing structure is in a lighter wooden construction. It also shows the shifting and indicates the repetition of the clusters. The other concept shows a heavier brick construction to indicate a base for the lighter wood construction on top. Another concept is to have a heavier brick facade towards the urban city, which speaks with the same language as the surrounding buildings while having a lighter facade toward the landscape.

Different sketches exploring the arrangement of the windows, their sizes and shapes have been made. The windows has been developed according the functions of the rooms and then been optimized due to the Energy consumption and daylight conditions in each rooms.

Ill. 179: Sketch

Ill. 180: Sketch

Ill. 181: Sketch

104

Ill. 182: Sketch

Ill. 186: Sketch

Ill. 183: Sketch

Ill. 187: Sketch

Ill. 184: Sketch

Ill. 188: Sketch

105

Energy Use of each element forming the Design

Heating Req (DHW and Room)

Primary Energy Factors of BR-2020 [kWh/m2y]

Electricity for Building Op.

Transmission

Electricity User Appliances

Transmis

Lightning

40

60 20

50 40

0 25 20 10 0

The Be10 software has been used primarily to verify that the proposed building design reach the goal of the building regulations of BR-2020. This sets a limit of 20 kWh/m2 per year for residential buildings and 25 kWh/m2 per year for non-residential buildings. The Be10 software has served as a checkpoint through the design process, to indicate whether the design solution were on the right direction of fulfilling the demands of BR-2020.

The building envelope serves as a key element in the design of a building with a low energy demand. This element is also a central part of the Be10 software. For defining the external constructions and their u-values the Rockwool Energy Design Energy Use of each element forming the Design Heating Req (DHW and Room) has been used. And for defining the windows the Velfac Energy Primary Energy Factors of BR-2020 [kWh/m2y] Electricity for Building Op. has been used. The building envelope, consisting of external Electricity User Appliances structures, windows andLightning doors, defines the boundary between the outdoor environment and the artificially controlled indoor 60environment. Thereby the envelope becomes the modulator 50between the two environments. Here the internal solar gains 40and the transmission losses are to be balanced. The following illustration (Ill. 189) shows how the transmission losses are 25 20divided between the External constructions and the window 10openings in the design of a Cluster A. In this situation the 0 two are more or less equal. The openings hold the potential Community Tower Super Clusters Apartments

46,4

Tower Apartments

Super Market

Community & Office

46,4

43,2

34,6

35,6

Total Usage: [kWh/sqm year]

be10 analysis

Total Usage: [kWh/sqm year]

Clusters

Market

Losses and Gains for the Cluster A design around the year Energy use and gains [MWh] - 40

Solar gains Trans. & Vent. Losses Solar Gains Internal Gains

0

20 40 10

20

0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

0

Dec

Transmission losses of the Building Envelope

Ill. 190: Losses and gains around the year

Energy Gains & Transmission losses [

building40because it will cause both high transmission losses and high gains at different periods of time. This energy could 20 pose problems for either the heat consumption or the thermal 40 comfort within the dwellings. For further investigation the Be10 20 0 model has been rotated to be oriented mainly towards south 0 External Constructions and north instead of the east and west direction. The illustration -20 Windows 191 shows that changing the orientation of the design actually -40 optimizes the energy use. The solar gains become higher in the wintertime and lower in the summertime. The heating demand Jan Feb decreased from 65 MWh to 45 MWh and the energy frame for - VH2Layers 2020 changed from 12,5 kWh/m2y toGains 10,3 kWh/m2y.

Gains and Losses from Different Windows - VH2Layers This analysis has even been performedEnvelope on a Loss building optimized Energy Gains & Transmission losses [MWh] - VH3LayersNorth for the East/West conditions. If smallerGains changes were made to

& Office

Transmission Losses for Cluster A [kW] 40

Mar

Env. Loss - VH3LayersN. Gains - CH3LayersC.

Losses and Gains for the Cluster A design around the year Energy use and gains [MWh] 20

Evn. Loss - VH3LayersC. 40

- 40

20

0

Trans. & Vent. Losses

External Constructions

Solar Gains

Windows

Internal Gains Gains from Pipes etc.

Solar gains of different orientations of the Cluster A Design Energy Gains [MWh]

0

South/North Orient.

East/West Orient.

-20 -40

30

Ill. 189: Transmission losses Heating Demand

Jan

40 20

0

to balance out these transmission losses by their solar gains.

20 This potential is illustrated in the graph (Ill. 190), where the solar gains are high in the summertime, when the transmission 10 losses are low. The graph illustrate that the internal gains from people and equipment are constant over a year in this type of 0 dwelling, which means that the main changing elements are Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec gains and losses affected by the building envelope. The two gains of different orientations of the Cluster A Design illustrations also Solar show that the windows holds the main potential South/North Orient.

Energy Gains [MWh]the energy use of the changing Trans. & Vent.within Losses the building envelope of East/West Orient.

Feb

Jan

Mar

Feb

Apr

Mar

May

Apr

Jun

Jul

Gains from Pipes etc.

106

200 20

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ill. 191: Solar Gains around the year

30

Heating Demand

Sep

Energy Gains & Transmission losses [MWh]

300

Internal Gains

Aug

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Gains and Losses from Different Windows on Yearly basis

Solar Gains

Jan

Gains and Losses from Different W

Transmission Losses for Cluster A [kW]

43,2 34,6 35,6 Transmission losses of the Building Envelope

0

30

Gains from Pipes etc.

Heating Demand

Apr

May

fit a South/North condition the results could probably be even lower concerning energy use. The orientation of the design has not been changed due to this investigation. The overall orientation of apartments is based on other considerations that could suffer if changing the overall orientation of the dwellings.

Furthermore the resultsGains from Be10 are already fulfilling the BR- VH2Layers so the reason for further optimization of the ns and Losses from 2020 Different regulations, Windows Envelope Loss - VH2Layers ergy Gains & Transmission losses [MWh] solution is less relevant.

Gains - VH3LayersNorth Specific window type that is -put into the design has also been Env. Loss VH3LayersN. - CH3LayersC. investigated within the Gains Be10 software. Three different solutions Evn. Loss - VH3LayersC. of different characteristics have been implemented into the design to further investigate the energy use of the design solution:

Jan

Feb

- Velfac Helo 200i, 2 layers, 24mm, Energy Clear: u-value: 1,31 m/m2K , g-value: 0,62 , LT: 0,8 Velfac 3 layers, 48mm, Energy Clear: u-value: 0,81 Mar - Apr MayHelo Jun 200i, Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec m/m2K , g-value: 0,5 , LT: 0,72 - Velfac Helo 200i, 3 layers, 48mm, Energy North: u-value: 0,77 m/m2K , g-value: 0,36 , LT: 0,68

Gains and Losses from Different Windows on Yearly basis Energy Gains & Transmission losses [MWh]

Orient.

is different from the three solutions and this is quite readable from the results that the most light-transmitting window will also cause the largest transmission losses and solar gains. In the shown example the models has not been adjusted to let in the same amount of light, which actually means that the results are not fully comparable. In another situation the area of the windows could be regulated to be a multiplication of the light transmittance number as well.

In Be10 different models has been built to implement all of the design solution into the calculations. This is done due to the fact that functions of residential character cannot be mixed with buildings that do not have a residential use. It was the goal that each element of the design should meet the regulation of the BR-2020, not just the average of the whole design.

The illustration 193 shows the energy use of each element within the design. All four elements are fulfilling the BR-2020 regulations and to the numbers are added the user appliances also set in BE-10. This will be the basis for fulfilling the zero energy standard defined in the following chapter.

Energy Use of each element forming the Design Primary Energy Factors of BR-2020 [kWh/m2y]

ent.

Dec

Heating Req (DHW and Room) Electricity for Building Op. Electricity User Appliances Lightning

300 60 200

50 40

100 25 20 0 Heating Demand

Total Transmission Loss

10

Solar Gains

0

Velux Helo 200i - 2 Layers Clear

Total Usage: [kWh/sqm year]

Velux Helo 200i - 3 Layers North

Clusters

Tower Apartments

Super Market

Community & Office

46,4

43,2

34,6

35,6

Velux Helo 200i - 3 Layers Clear Ill. 193: Energyuse of each element of the design

Ill. 192: Different window types

The characteristic values of the windows are taken from a window design of 100x250 cm. The Illustration 192 shows different characteristics of the different proposals. The different solutions have been tested on a model with other external constructions, which means that the total transmission loss is caused both by openings and envelope. The light transmission

Losses and Gains for the Cluster A design around the year Energy use and gains [MWh] - 40

Trans. & Vent. Losse Solar Gains Internal Gains 0

Gains from Pipes etc Heating Demand 107

40

ZERO ENERGY BUILDING To make a Zero Energy Building complex one must first make a definition of the term, which is not yet well defined. The time span, the actual border of the calculation and what to be covered within the calculations has to be defined. We define the Zero Energy Standard to be met on an annual basis by connecting to the grid. This will define a NET-ZEB building complex where the energy used in the building while running will be equaled by active energy solutions. This means that the production of materials, production of the building, the demolition of the building and reuse of materials will not be taken into account in this calculation. To make an estimate of this a life cycle analysis calculation should have been used, but this has been let out due to the short timespan of the project.

We will also demand our Zero Energy Building to have a documented good thermal indoor environment, good daylight conditions, a good interior atmospheric comfort and a building with a greatly decreased energy demand. Other chapters of this report will document the comfort of the building design.

We define the Zero Energy Standard to cover the following uses in the building design:

like this does not make that much sense to implement when calculating on a basis of primary energy factors, which is also 3 from BR-2020 (electricity 1,8 to heat 0,6).

- Wind Mills, which are noisy within the city and leave a visually impact. Otherwise the energy production of windmills is more stable around the year, due to the more constant wind speeds.

-Photovoltaic, are chosen to be implemented in this project as the only energy producing strategy. They produce electricity, which are easily transported onto the NET and can be implemented into the buildings as an architectural element.

- The Energy demand for heating - The Energy demand for Domestic Hot Water - The Energy demand for building operation - The energy demand for cooling - The energy demand for user related appliances - The energy demand for lightning in non-residential buildings

When producing electricity this correspond to a production in actual energy of:

We will calculate the Zero Energy Standard on the basis of primary energy factors of BR-2020. The Standard will only be calculated for primary energy. Other aspects such as money or CO2 emissions will not be covered. We will calculate the Zero Energy Standard based on a plot-defined calculation, where active solutions placed outside of the building site cannot be taken into account.

The active solutions to implement in a building design could be one or more of the following. In this design we have chosen only to implement photovoltaic. This has been done in the evaluation of which active strategies that makes most sense in a situation like this. The following list has a small description to why it was not implemented in the design.

- Thermal Solar panels could produce heating, which is cheaply available from the district heating in Aalborg and will take up the same spots as the photovoltaic in a design solution.

- Heat pumps, with a COP factor of around 3, an active solution

108

From illustration 193 in last chapter we are informed of which demands we are to cover to reach the Zero Energy Standard.

For calculating the energy production demand for reaching the zero energy standard the square meters of each element are multiplied to the energy use defined by Illustration 193.

E = 5746m 2 ⋅ 46, 4 kWh + 5663m 2 ⋅ 43, 2 kWh + 555m 2 ⋅ 34, 62 kWh + 1684m 2 ⋅ 35, 64 kWh m2 y m2 y m2 y m2 y E = 266, 04 MWh + 201, 44 MWh + 19, 21MWh + 60, 02 MWh = 546, 71MWh

= E

546, 71MWh = 303, 73MWh 1,8

We propose to put photovoltaic on the rooftops of the high parts of the Cluster A, on the rooftop of the community center, on the rooftop of the high part of the tower and on the southern facade of the tower. The following example serves as a reference for the calculations of the energy production of each area of photovoltaic. The calculations are different because the photovoltaic is set in different situations, some are flat on the rooftop, and some are vertical towards south. The calculation example is made for the photovoltaic placed on the rooftops of the Cluster A, with mono crystalline photovoltaic and a high effective system.

P = A ⋅α ⋅ S ⋅ E P= 559m 2 ⋅ 0,18 ⋅ 0,85 ⋅ 999 mkWh 34, 4 MWh 2 = ⋅y In total the energy production of the photovoltaic adds up to 179,5 MWh. This is not enough to fulfill the zero energy standard defined in the paragraph above. Another way of defining the zero energy standard could be to exclude the user related appliances from the calculation. The calculation for such a situation has been made and the energy to be produced by active strategies are 197,1 MWh corresponding to 109,5 MWh of electricity production. That goal is fulfilled actually with a lot to spare. In this situation, aspects like construction, demolition and materials could be added into the equation. Another strategy could add more photovoltaic to the design solution. The exposed surfaces of the buildings, on which it makes sense to put photovoltaic, are already covered, so the strategy could be to add photovoltaic on the ground.

A suitable place for this on the site would be the south facing area towards the railways on the south/west border of the site.

In this situation the photovoltaic could be placed with a optimal angle of 30 to 45 degrees and the following calculation will show how much area this solution should take up to reach the Zero Energy Standard defined in this chapter.

Electricity to be produced: 124,26 MWh

P α ⋅S ⋅E 124, 26 MWh A= 0,18 ⋅ 0,85 ⋅1100 mkWh 2 ⋅y A=

A = 738, 2m 2 This amount of photovoltaic could be placed to reach the standard defined before, but it has not been placed on the design proposal in this report. When architects are to place photovoltaic within the city it has to be done in a way that this not affect the city too much and it is our opinion that that implementing 740 square meters on the ground would leave too big impact in a design solution like this.

109

BSIM analysis Total Mean kWh Cluster A - Apartment 01 - Case 1 4000

Masterplan of BSim simulations The location of selected apartments

3000

2000

1000

qHeating qSunRad

Cluster A - Apartment 01 Case 1 / Case 3

qPeople

0

qEquipment

Cluster A - Apartment 01 Case 2 Tower - Apartment T2

qInfiltration

-1000

qVenting qTransmission qVentilation

-2000

-3000

-4000

-5000

Ill. 194: Masterplan of BSim simulation

To enhance and document the atmospheric and thermal comfort the BSim software has been used. A two story dwelling in the Cluster A design and a one story apartment in the upper part of the tower design have been selected for evaluation as these are the most common types. A simplified 3D model for each of the two dwellings has been built as shown on illustration 195 and illustration 203.

BSim Model Tower - Apartment T2

TZ - LivingRoom TZ - BedRoom 01 TZ - BedRoom 02

Ill. 196: BSim outcome 01

Comparison of the heat demand Cluster A - Apartment 01

BSim Be10

qHeating Area kWh/y m2 1781 -

Heat demand kWh/m2 y 115 15.49 15.60 Ill. 197: BSim outcome 02

TZ - Entrance/BathRoom

Z Y

X

Cluster A – Apartment A1 Ill. 195: BSim model In table 196 the balance between the thermal gains and losses of the whole apartment is illustrated. The gains and losses are divided into categories and can be used to evaluate if the systems in the BSim model is set up in a reasonable manner.

Another way of evaluating the BSim model is to compare the results with the results from Be10. In illustration 197 the required heating per square meter with a set point of 20 110

degrees for both programs is shown.

Illustration 198 shows the hours above comfort temperature meaning the number of hours with a temperature above 26 °C and of those above 27 °C. The number of hours above 26 °C can be no higher than 100 and only 25 of these can be above 27 °C. For the dwelling A1 in Cluster A the Living room fulfills this requirement. But the two bedrooms are exposed to problems of overheating.

To be able to solve these problems of overheating in the bedrooms we further examined BedRoom 01. First we take a look on the heat balance of the room illustration 199 to identify the problems and find a suitable solution. If taking a look on the gains one can see loads caused by the occupants (People and Equipment) form a major part. As the behavior of occupants is difficult to change, and the heating is only activated in the winter season, a reduction of gains from sun radiation seems most evident. When looking at losses, the infiltration and transmission losses are related to construction and would

Wednesday 10.7.2002 Cluster A - Apartment 01 - Case 1

Hours above comfort temperature Cluster A - Apartment 01 - Case 1 30

340 320 300

25

280 260 240

20

220 Hours > 26

200

Hours > 27

180

Hours > 26

160

Hours > 27

140

Hours > 26 Hours > 27

120

10 * qSunRad LivingRoom01 kW

15

Ti TZ LivingRoom01 째C 10 * qSunRad BedRoom01 kW Ti TZ BedRoom01 째C

10

100 80

5

60 40 20

0 2

0

LivingRoom

BedRoom 01

BedRoom 02

Total Mean kWh Cluster A - Apartment 01 - Case 1 - BedRoom 01 600

400

200 qHeating qSunRad qPeople qEquipment -200

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Hour

Ill. 198: BSim outcome 03

0

4

qInfiltration

qVenting qTransmission qVentilation

-400

-600

-800

Ill. 199: BSim outcome 04

not be beneficial to increase due to energy consumption. The mechanical ventilation is only turned on in the heating season to save the power for the fan of the ventilation system. For increasing the losses to avoid overheating venting would be most beneficial.

Looking closer on the relation between the sun radiation and the temperature, illustration 200 is showing that the sun radiation has an instantaneous influence on the temperature.

It can also be seen that the east/west orientation of the apartment is coursing a sun radiation peak in the morning

Ill. 200: BSim outcome 05

in the bedroom and in the living room in the afternoon. The problem of overheating in the bedroom seems to be caused by a convergence of internal loads in the morning, solar gains in the early part of the day and not being able to vent during the day.

The strategy for reducing the overheating in the bedroom is to limit the sun radiation in the morning. The tested apartment in Cluster A is estimated to be the worst case. To investigate if the problem is present in all apartments the best case is simulated as well. To find a suitable solution of problem a simulation was performed with a reduced area of window in BedRoom 01.

So instead of a floor to ceiling window the windows in the bedrooms start one meter above the floor level. Illustration 202 shows that the overheating decreases a lot in the case 2, but still exceeds the maximum permitted hours above 26 째C. This implies that the majority of the Cluster A apartments suffers from overheating and thus the reduction of solar radiation must be implemented in all the Cluster A dwellings. Looking further the simulation of case 3 suggests that the reduction of the windows could be an effective strategy.

In illustration 201 the relation between sun radiation and temperature after the window area has been reduced is shown.

The graph indicates that when the peak of the solar radiation is lowered the temperature is still rising in the morning but to a more acceptable level and consequently the temperature drops to below 26 째C shortly after the peak.

This study of the thermal indoor environment in Cluster A was done late in the process and for that reason its findings is 111

Wednesday 10.7.2002 Cluster A - Apartment 01 - Case 3

BSim Model Tower - Apartment T2

TZ - LivingRoom TZ - BedRoom 01

30

TZ - Entrance/BathRoom

25

20

10 * qSunRad LivingRoom01 kW

15

Ti TZ LivingRoom01 °C 10 * qSunRad BedRoom01 kW Ti TZ BedRoom01 °C

10

5

0 2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ill. 203: BSim outcome 08

Hour

Ill. 201: BSim outcome 06 Hours above comfort temperature Cluster A - Apartment 01 - BedRoom 01 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 Hours > 26

200

Hours > 27

180

Hours > 26

160

Hours > 27

140

Hours > 26

120

Hours > 27

100 80

Tower – Apartment T2 The balance between the thermal gains and losses of the tower apartment is shown in illustration 205. As the systems are similar to the Cluster A apartments the Total Mean kWh are comparable.

Looking on the hours above comfort temperature, it is evidential that the apartment only suffers from minor overheating and within the requirements. It is partially due to this apartment type is in possession of manual controlled solar shading to deal with the former described issue. Other initiative was also taken to improve the thermal comfort in the living room of the tower apartment. An issue of overheating was detected to peak in the afternoon. But in contrast to the overheating in the bedrooms of the Cluster A apartment the living room of the

60 40 20

Hours above comfort temperature Tower - Apartment T2

0

Case 01

Case 02

Case 03

34 32

Ill. 202: BSim outcome 07

30 28 26 24 22 20 Hours > 26

18

Hours > 27

16

Hours > 26

14

Hours > 27

12 10

not implemented in the final design. We are aware that the presented design has some issues in terms of thermal comfort.

These issues can be solved by implementing solar shading or reducing the size of the windows.

08 06 04 02 00

LivingRoom

BedRoom

Ill. 204: BSim outcome 09

112

tower apartment are able to cool down in the following period of time. This gives the opportunity of solving this problem by implementing thermal mass to store the heat while the internal loads are peaking and release it during the night. Different strategies were tested like implementing PCM in the internal walls and exposed concrete on the floor. Both solutions showed good results but the exposed concrete floor is more reasonable in terms of price and for that reason is the chosen strategy.

Total Mean kWh Tower - Apartment T2 4000

3000

2000 qHeating 1000

qSunRad qPeople

0

qEquipment qInfiltration

qVenting -1000

qTransmission qVentilation

-2000

-3000

-4000

Ill. 205: BSim outcome 10

113

Ventilation and Venting The strategy for ventilating the apartments is to use a CAV (constant air volume) ventilation system in the heating season and manual controlled natural ventilation in the summer time.

This is done to ensure an efficient heat recovery in the cold season and safe power for the fan in the summer. To ensure a good indoor environment in the apartments the required fresh air supply is calculated for each room. This is used to dimension the piping and the central aggregate of the mechanical ventilation. The formula for calculating the required air supply is showed below. For the calculation the DP is set to a value of 20% corresponding to a decipol value of 1.4 and the supply air quality is set to the 0.05 decipol. The internal loads are different from room to room but in general the apartments is calculated as low-olf buildings equaling 0.1 olf/m2 and in full use of the occupants with a metabolic rate set to 1 and thereof 1 olf.

The strategy for the natural ventilation is more low-tech as it is manually controlled by each resident opening and closing the windows as they feel discomfort. The possible air change created by opening the windows is calculated to ensure that the occupant is able to get the above calculated airflow.

The atmospheric comfort is simulated in the BSim software with the systems setup to emulate the condition above mentioned.

In the winter a ventilation system is used and in the summer a venting system with a set point of 23 °C or 600 ppm CO2. In illustration 208 the average CO2 level and air change for the two simulated apartments is shown.

Persons olf Living room 4 Persons 2 BedRoom01 olf BedRoom02 1 Living room 4 Entrance/bathroom 1 BedRoom01 2 BedRoom02 1 Entrance/bathroom 1

Building olf 0,1 Building0,1 olf 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Floor area m2 94 Floor area 14 m2 13 94 6 14 13 6

Internal loads sum Internal pollution olf dp 13,4 1,4 Internal loads sum 3,4 Internal pollution 1,4 olf 2,3 dp 1,4 13,4 1,6 1,4 3,4 1,4 2,3 1,4 1,6 1,4

Ill. 206: Polution loads 01

Persons Olf Living room 3 Persons 2 BedRoom01 Olf BedRoom02 1 Living room 3 Entrance/bathroom 1 BedRoom01 2 BedRoom02 1 Entrance/bathroom 1

Building Olf 0,1 Building0,1 Olf 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Floor area Internal loads sum Internal pollution m2 Olf dp 47 7,7 1,4 Floor area 17 Internal loads sum 3,7 Internal pollution 1,4 m2 15 Olf 2,5 dp 1,4 47 7,7 1,4 16 2,6 17 3,7 1,4 15 2,5 1,4 16 2,6 1,4

Relation between CO2 level and air change Relation between level and Cluster ACO2 - Apartment 01air change Cluster A - Apartment 01

600 600 400 400

200 200

0 0

Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

Jun Jun

Jul Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Vl q c ci

Air Supply [l/s] Pollution [olf] Air Quality [decipol] Supply Air Quality [decipol]

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

CO2 ppm CO2 ppm 100*AirChange /h 100*AirChange /h

Tower - Apartment T2

10 â&#x2039;&#x2026; q c + ci

External pollution Airflow dp l/s 0,05 53,10 External pollution 0,05 Airflow25,52 dp 0,05 l/s 17,24 0,05 53,10 17,93 0,05 25,52 Ill. 207: Polution loads 02 0,05 17,24 0,05 17,93

CO2 ppm CO2 ppm 100*AirChange /h 100*AirChange /h

Relation between CO2 level and air change Relation between CO2 levelT2 and air change Tower - Apartment

Vl =

External pollution Airflow dp l/s 0,05 92,41 External pollution 0,05 Airflow23,45 dp 0,05 l/s 15,86 92,41 0,05 11,03 0,05 23,45 0,05 15,86 0,05 11,03

600 600 400 400 200 200

0 0

Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

Jun Jun

Jul Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

Ill. 208: Relation between CO2 level and air change 02

114

Anødv ,i =

qv ,i Cd ,i ⋅ | 2 ⋅ ∆pi / ρ |1/2 3

Anødv ,i = The strategy for venting the apartments is to use a CAV (constant air volume) ventilation system in the heating season and manual controlled natural ventilation in the summer time. This is done to ensure an efficient heat recovery in the cold season and safe the power for the fan in the summer. To ensure a good indoor environment in the apartments the required fresh air For supply is calculated for each room. This is used to dimension the piping and the central aggregate of the mechanical ventilation. The formula for calculating the required air supply is showed below. For the calculation the DP is set to a value of 20% corresponding to a decipol value of 1.4 and the supply air quality is set to the 0.05 decipol. The internal loads is different for each room but in general the apartments is calculated as low-olf buildings equaling 0.1 olf/m2 and in full use of the occupants with a metabolic rate set to 1 and thereof 1 olf.

0, 022 ms = 0, 092m 2 0, 23⋅ | 2 ⋅ 0, 67 Pa /1, 25 mkg3 |1/2

the standard window opening in the tower the lenght which should be openable:

Natural ventilation in the tower situation To investigate the conditions for natural ventilation in the tower 0, 092m 2 a calculation of the venting condition for a summer situation = 10,8cm The strategy for the natural ventilation is more low-tech as it is manually controlled by each resident opening and closing the iswindows performed on the apartment situated 60 meters above the as they feel discomfort. The possibleair change created by opening the windows is calculated to ensure that the 0,85m occupant is able to get the ground level.

Atabove thecalculated end airflow. this will be compared to a situation of 12 meters above the ground level to evaluate if the same This will be possible with smaller elements in the floor to ceiling strategy for ventilation will suitable forsetup the whole tower The atmospheric comfort is simulated in the BSim be software with the systems to emulate the condition above windows of the tower apartment design. In the situation of 12 mentioned. In the The winter a calculation ventilation system is used and in the summer system with 24 a set point of 23 C or 600 structure. is made for aa venting maximum hours This will be possible smaller floor elements the floor tomust ceilingbe windows the tower apartmen meters above thewith ground theinopening 13,5 of cm. ppm CO2. In table xx the averageCO2 level and air change for the two simulated apartments is shown. in August and is following the example of SBi 202, page 112.

This number is comparable and could be solved in the same 12 stories above the ground floor the opening must be 13,5 cm. This number is comparable an The ventilation is based on a combination of wind pressure and manner as sugested in the apartment situated on a higher level.

Natural ventilation in the tower situation same manner as sugested in the apartment situated on a higher level. thermal buoyancy. The Illustration 209 shows the situation of a v : 1,3 cross sided ventilation, which requires an open door between To investigate conditions for natural in the tower a The calculation of the venting condition for a summer the livingtheroom and theventilation bedrooms. inside temperature is situationWindis direction performed on the apartment situated 60 meters above the ground level. At the end this will be compared to a situation of 12 set to 26 degrees and the outside temperature is set to be C : -0,2 meters above the ground level to evaluate if the same strategy for ventilation will be suitable. The calculation is made for a maximumdegrees.

24 hours in August and is following the example of SBi 202 page from 112. The ventilation is based on a combination 20,5 The pressure difference the openings of wind pressure and thermal buyancy. The Illustration XXX shows the situation of a cross sided ventilation, which requires 2m isan open calculated forlivingaroom wind from west.is setThe pressure door between the and the direction bedrooms. The inside temperature to 26 degrees and the outside temperature is set to be 20,5 degrees. The pressure difference from the openings is calculated for a wind direction from coeffientcies are used from a situation of a low building with a west. The pressure coeffientcies are used from a situation of a low building with a 1:1 ratio of width to length.

C : 0,7 h: 60m 1:1 ratio of width to length. o

ref

p2

p1

t : 20,5 C u

t : 26 C i

0,9 , Cd ,i = 0, 23 tu 20,5°C , t= 26°C , ∆C p = v10 = 1,3 ms , = i vh = v10 ⋅ k ⋅ hα ⇔ v60 = 1,3 ms ⋅ 0,35 ⋅ 600,25 = 1, 26 ms , k = 0,35 , α = 0, 25

∆p1 =∆p2 = 12 ⋅ (± 12 ⋅ pu ⋅ (C p1 − C p 2 ) ⋅ vref 2 + pu ⋅ g ⋅ ( H 2 − H1 ) ⋅

∆p1 = 12 ⋅ ( 12 ⋅1.25 mkg3 ⋅ (0,9) ⋅ (1, 26 ms ) 2 + 1, 25 mkg3 ⋅ 9,82 sm2 ⋅ (2m) ⋅

Ill. 209: The natural ventilation situation in the tower for an suburban area.

∆T ) Ti

5,5 K ) =0, 67 Pa 299 K

From thepressure wind pressure difference the area ofis calculated. opening to From the wind difference the area of opening to provide the needed airchange provide the needed airchange is calculated.

Anødv ,i =

qv ,i Cd ,i ⋅ | 2 ⋅ ∆pi / ρ |1/2 3

Anødv ,i =

0, 022 ms = 0, 092m 2 0, 23⋅ | 2 ⋅ 0, 67 Pa /1, 25 mkg3 |1/2

For the window opening in the tower thetower lenght which should which be openable: For thestandard standard window opening in the the lenght should be openable:

0, 092m 2 = 10,8cm 0,85m

115

This will be possible with smaller elements in the floor to ceiling windows of the tower apartment design. In the situation of

final considerations

116

Ill. 210: Coating from G책sepigen plaza

This chapter constitutes the final conclusions and reflections of the project. Conclusions on how the final design fulfills our aims for this project and reflections on how the final design aimed towards the sustainable approached by using The Integrated Designing Process as a design methodology.

117

Conclusion While creating a mixed-use zero energy housing complex we faced many challenges in achieving the Zero Energy Building standard. The difficulty of reaching ZEB depends on its definition. Applying passive and active solutions allowed us to come closer to the objectives of the assignment. However, reaching zero energy building, while considering all of the aspects that are usually excluded, was not possible without interfering into the architectural quality. Therefore it was our conscious decision to almost reach a zero energy building which meant that active solutions are not implemented at all costs.

As the strategy of â&#x20AC;&#x153;giving something back to the cityâ&#x20AC;?, we believe that the element that city needs the most in this area is a connection over the railroad, since it presents a major obstacle in a daily life of the citizens. Thereafter, the bridge is introduced to create a connection not only for people but also as a symbolic continuation of Aalborgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s green belt.

The effort to bring people from the suburban areas to the city was taken into account, while fulfilling the assignment statements. Since the suburban lifestyle contradicts with living in the city, they had to be merged together an innovative way.

Concept idea of prospect and refuge allowed us to create needed intimacy and protection from the city. At the same time it gave us the opportunity for an open space with views associated to the suburban areas.

The Sygehus Nord area features no distinctive building arrangement. Therefore, designing within this specific urban context does not require following the existing grammar of the city. We decided to create unique layout of the project that dost not connect to any existing grid, but it is still keeping and improving the connectivity of the area. However, the boundaries of the site are designed in a way to create a fluent transition between existing and new.

118

reflection Through the development of this project different consideration on energy consumption has been treated. Mainly the goal of creating a Zero Energy Building complex has been further investigated. In the chapter Zero energy building some of the issues related to this subject have been treated. Among these the question of how to define ZEB comprising what to include in the calculation and what to discard. This raises some questions about what the Zero Energy Building Standard is and what it can be used for. As there are a lot of definitions of ZEB floating around and making it hard to talk about and compare one project to another. This could be due to complexity of calculating it and what to include under this definition. This also makes it more complex to validate. From an architectural point of view it might be more preferable to talk about the process of optimizing both the passive and active solutions instead of having a specific goal in mind. This specific goal might hold the potential of pushing architects further though. But setting up this goal could push architects to implement active solutions in projects in an unintelligent way. In the case of this project the goal of reaching the defined standard of Zero Energy Building would cause us to either place photovoltaic in unfavourable positions or to implement other heat producing strategies that does not make that much sense in a situation where connected to the district heating. Thereby it must always be the overall goal to push the active strategies as far as possible but setting an absolute number might not be a favourable solution.

The integrated design process proposed by Mary Ann Knudstrup at Aalborg University actively puts considerations of architectural environments into a part of the early design process. The need for architects to operate more technical aspects former handled by the engineer becomes an important aspect when the requirements for building are more tightly controlled by governmental regulations. But then the problem becomes the ability of the architect to handle these methods. Often these methods are connected to simulations and evaluation of numbers, and for the architect to participate in these aspects he must read the numbers as well as he draw with his pencil. This ability to read and afterwards to transform a design according to these results will be of great importance.

This brings up the idea of environmental aesthetics, a description of the optimum for an architectural environment.

Architecture might have the possibility to work very carefully with optimizing the architectural environmental aesthetics in the future. This transformation holds the possibility for the common visual focus within architecture to change for a more

careful consideration of what is actually felt by the human being.

When constructing new buildings with a highly reduced energy demand the external constructions of the building envelope often become a rather thick elements compared to what is common for the built environment. This is mainly caused by the Nordic climate and the technology available at the moment. In environmental sustainable architecture it is often seen that this thickness is reduced to an absolute minimum by lightweight constructions. Maybe the thickness of the building envelope holds the potential of thinking about this in a new way. Architecture in the Nordic climate could further investigate the potential of inhabiting the building envelope and explore the spacious quality of this unique spot on the border between interior and exterior.

The access strategies of the row house part of the design proposal pose some problems regarding disabled people. The two apartments sitting on the higher levels of the cluster can only be accessed by the stairway in between the dwellings.

Three out of the four dwellings do not offer a level free floor plan as well. The problem is not easy to solve and probably some main ideas of the design solutions should be changed for a fully accessible solution. The design proposal contains one dwelling in the cluster design which is fully accessible for walking disabled. Also the apartments situated in the tower structure are accessible for walking disabled. It has been estimated that the overall layout of the cluster design holds a great potential and the problem of accessibility has not been solved.

119

Reference Books DS-CEN-CR 1752, (2001) Dansk Standard, 1. Edition Isover, (2010) Komforthusene, 1. Edition

Bygningsreglement.dk, available online at: <http:// bygningsreglementet.dk/> accessed 2014.03.14 Miljøministeriet Miljøstyrelsen (2012), available online at: <http:// miljoegis.mim.dk/?profile=noise> accessed 2014.02.27

Knudstrup, M. A. (2005) The Integrated Design Process (IDP) – a more holistic approach to sustainable architecture

Nordjyllandstrafikselskab, available online at: <http://www. nordjyllandstrafikselskab.dk/> accessed 2014.03.17

Kristensen, H. (2007) Housing in Denmark. Centre for Housing and Welfare - Realdania Research

Passiv.de, available online at: <http://www.passiv.de/en/index. php> accessed 2014.03.14

Rockwool, (2012) Den lille lune, 25.Edition, published by Rockwool A/S

Sun path diagram, available online at: <http://www.gaisma. com/> accessed 2014.03.17

Van Eyck, A. (1999) Aldo Van Eyck Works, page 47.

Vesterbro-gadeforening, available online at: <http://www. vesterbro-gadeforening.dk/8865/Sev%C3%A6rdigheder> accessed 2014.03.14

Article Aalborg Kommune, Lokalplan 08-055 Hotel, Vesterbro / Urbansgade, 2003, Teknisk forvaltning Aalborg Kommune, Lokalplan 09-041 Vesterbro Aalborg midtby, 2006, Teknisk forvaltning Aalborg Kommune, Lokalplan 1-3-105 Aalborg Katedralskole og Huset m.fl., 2013 Danish meteorological institute, Technical report 99-13, Copenhagen 1999 School of architecture, Design and Planing (2014) Semester description of Architecture MSc2 study programme, Aalborg, Denmark Homepages Aalborg Monthly Climate Average, Denmark, available online at: <http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Aalborg-weatheraverages/Nordjylland/DK.aspx> accessed 2014.03.17 Aalkat-gym, available online at: <http://www.aalkat-gym.dk/ om-skolen/skolens-historie/> accessed 2014.03.14 Baner-omkring-aalborg, available online at: <http://www. baner-omkring-aalborg.dk/?Jernbanerne%26nbsp%3Bi_ Nordjylland_%E5r_for_%E5r> accessed 2014.03.14

120

Illustration list Ill. 01: Knudstrup, M. A. (2005) The Integrated Design Process (IDP) – a more holistic

approach to sustainable architecture Ill. 02: Own illustration Ill. 03: Own visualization Ill. 04-05: Own illustration Ill. 06-07: Own visualization Ill. 08-09: Own illustration Ill. 10-11: Own visualization Ill. 12-20: Own illustration Ill. 21-22: Own visualization Ill. 23-35: Own illustration Ill. 36: Own visualization Ill. 37-41: Own illustration Ill. 42: Own visualization Ill. 43-51: Own illustration Ill. 52: Own photo Ill. 53-61: Own illustration Ill. 62: Aalborg Monthly Climate Average, Denmark, available online at: <http:// www.worldweatheronline.com/Aalborg- weather-averages/Nordjylland/DK.aspx> accessed 2014.03.17 Ill. 63: Sun path diagram, available online at:

<http://www.gaisma.com/> accessed Ill. 98: Available online at: <http://www.pinterest.

2014.03.17

com/pin/4353714889 47625512/> Ill. 64: Own illustration accessed 2014.04.17 Ill. 65: Aalborg Monthly Climate Average, Ill. 99: Available online at: <http://www.floornature Denmark, available online at: <http:// .com/media/photos/34/8288/10_highline_ www.worldweatheronline.com/Aalborg- doppia.jpg> accessed 2014.04.17 weather-averages/Nordjylland/DK.aspx> Ill. 100: Available online at: <http://www.morfae. accessed 2014.03.17

com/data/1257/09.jpg> accessed Ill. 66-67: Danish meteorological institute, Technical 2014.04.17

report 99-13, Copenhagen 1999 Ill. 101: Available online at: <http://luckylooke.devi antart.com/art/wild-nature-108717384> Ill. 68-74: Own photo accessed 2014.04.17 Ill. 75-80: Own illustration Ill. 102: Available online at: <http://images.landsca Ill. 81: Own photo pingnetwork.com/pictures/images/500x50 Ill. 82-83: Kristensen, H. (2007) Housing in Denmark.

0Max/site_8/jinny-blom-s-corrour-lodge- Centre for Housing and Welfare - Realdania

north-field-editions_2585.jpg> accessed Research 2014.04.17 Ill. 84: Gammeltorv, available online at: <http:// Ill. 103: Available online at: <http://pierrestachursk www.visitaalborg.dk/aalborg/c-w-obels a.com/images/nature/101.jpg> accessed

plads-i-aalborg> accessed 2014.03.17 2014.04.17 Ill. 85: Jomfrue Ane Park, available online at: Ill. 104: Available online at: < http://img12.nnm.me/ <http://www.visitaalborg.dk/aalborg/foraar-

b/9/f/c/c/f243df5a620148d0d39ac0d3720.

i-aalborg-0> accessed 2014.03.17

jpg> accessed 2014.04.17 Ill. 86: Park, available online at: <http://www.

Ill. 105: Own photo marksmayo.com/2011/06/05/europes best-hostel-and-the-wieliczka-mines/> Ill. 106-111: Own illustration Ill. 112-123: Own photo accessed 2014.03.17 Ill. 124-209: Own illustration Ill. 87: Connection, available online at: <https:// Ill. 210-211: Own photo www.google.dk/maps/@57.049928,9.91 Ill. 212-213: Own illustration 001,3a,75y,188.41h,86.14t/ Ill. 214: Local Plan, Aalborg City Center 04-041 data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s0ZhB--0rXN_e4mYIll. 215-220: Own illustration

xzeyQQ!2e0> accessed 2014.03.17 Ill. 221: SBi, 2011, SBi-anvisning 213, Bygningers Ill. 88: Park, available online at: <http://www.

Energibehov, 2. edition, Statens marksmayo.com/2011/06/05/europesbyggeforskningsinstitut, ISBN 978-87-563- best-hostel-and-the-wieliczka-mines/> 1553-1 accessed 2014.03.17 Ill. 222: Rockwool, (2012) Den lille lune, 25.Edition, Ill. 89: Connection, available online at: <https://

published by Rockwool A/S www.google.dk/maps/@57.049928,9.91 Ill. 223: DS-CEN-CR 1752, (2001) Dansk 001,3a,75y,188.41h,86.14t/ Standard, 1. Edition data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s0ZhB--0rXN_e4mYIll. 224: DS-CEN-CR 1752, (2001) Dansk

xzeyQQ!2e0> accessed 2014.03.17 Standard, 1. Edition Ill. 90-91: Own illustration Ill. 225: Bygningsreglement.dk, available online at: Ill. 92: Own photo <http://bygningsreglementet.dk/> Ill. 93-96: Own illustration accessed 2014.03.14 Ill. 97: Available online at: <http://red-dot.de/pd/ wp-content/uploads/onex_2013/big/12- Ill. 226: Own visualization Ill. 227-231: Own illustration

7871-2013-2.jpg> accessed 2014.04.17

121

Appendix

122

Ill. 211: Existing facade on the site

The appendix contains further details of the analyses and other aspects of the project.

123

P

P

Sa

Ur ba

ns ga

de

P

Vester bro

Function

t nk ns r ge Jø Ga

P

L ad e gårds g

B

H

P

ade

Algade

de

B La de

P Sa

t nk

Stengade

gå rds ga

de

B

B

R

Gåsepigen square

ns r ge Jø

Vin gå rd

sg

ad e

Ga de

B ro

P

G a de

H

de

The site is a parking area for the large hospital area next to the site and is placed behind an apartment complex, on the other side of the busy Vesterbro street. The lower floor consists of shops and within 350 meters north from the site you can find the closest Supermarket. Two high schools, a primary school and a kindergarten is placed on the other side of the railway which is attractive for families with children.

The site have a central location and Aalborg Train and Bus Station is by walking distance around 7 minutes from the site, Southeast through Prinsensgade (Public transport page 24).

This mapping of the functions around the site shows the locations of the different functions near the site. The site has potential to be attractive for family dwellings, because of the 124

Hotel Parking

B

Bank

R

Restaurant

SanShops kelm arks Hospital gade

en aneg ade

br o

ga ns

e

e ins Pr

Hasse risgad

Grøn nega ng

Ve st er

Cinema

Cemetery

H P

Jer n

Hasseri sgade

Theater

Culture School

Jern b

Cemetery

Sankt Jørg ens Gade

Culture house

ba n ega de

Ve ste rb

Sankt J ørgens

Ill. 212: Functions diagram, Aalborg, Denmark

central location close to shops, schools, hospital, banks and public transport.

The mapping of the distance profile shows that the closest park is 5 minutes by walking distance from the site. But to attract families with children and a place for the city, a recreational area would be beneficial for the site.

A potential for a supermarket may be considered, to the benefit for the citizens that lives on the southern part of Vesterbro.

Sa

Ur ba

ns ga

de

Vester bro

Noise t nk

ns r ge Jø

L ad e gårds g

de Ga

ade

Algade

La de

gå rds ga

de

Sa

Vin gå rd

t nk

Stengade

ns r ge Jø

sg

ad e

de Ga

G a de

Jer n

Sankt Jørge ns Gade

ba n ega de

Ve ste rb

ro

Sankt J ørgens

over 75 dB

Hasseri sgade

70-75 dB San kelm arks gad 65-70 dB e

Grøn nega ng

aneg ade

60-65 dB 55-60 dB

de

Jern b

ga ns

e

e ins Pr

Hasse risgad

Ve st er

br o

en

Ill. 213: Total Noise from roads and railway, measured at 1,5 m height, Aalborg, Denmark

The noise around the site is being analyzed because it is placed next to a railway and close to a busy main road, Vesterbro.

Looking at the Local plan for Vesterbro, Aalborg City Center, 09-041, there is a guidance limit for noise from the road traffic in midtown and for railway.

This mapping shows that the noise on the site is at the limit and around the entrance from Vesterbro the noise is 65-70 dB, which means that there is more noise in the area close to the road, Vesterbro. (Miljøministeriet Miljøstyrelsen, 2012)

This means that the noise from the roads and railway will not be a problem, when designing dwellings, other functions and recreational areas.

The table underneath shows the guidance limit for noise, from the Local plan, Aalborg City Center, 09-041: Road traffic in Midtown Use

Recreational area/near residential: 65 dB (A)

The noise from the railway is limited because the railway is in a lower level then the site, and the noise from the train is not a constant sound, because the train only past by once in a while, whereas traffic noise from Vesterbro is more or less constant.

Railway

Outdoor noise level Indoor noise level Outdoor noise level Indoor noise level 60 dB (A)

Residential: - Housing

65 dB (A)

30 dB (A)

60 dB (A)

30 dB (A)

- Day care etc.

65 db (A)

35 dB (A)

60 db (A)

35 dB (A)

70 dB (A)

35 dB (A)

65 dB (A)

35 dB (A)

Profession etc.: - Offices etc.

Ill. 214: Guidance limit for noise, from the Local plan, Aalborg City Center, 09-041

125

shadow The analysis of casting shadows by surrounding building was done in order to define direct and reflected sun possibilities on our site. By measuring their coverage and range in the morning and afternoon hours throughout all four season it was possible to define areas with best sun exposure. It was not of big importance to define shadows in the noon since at this time most residences will not be home and moreover sun angle cast shortest shadows. Thus, our analysis was concentrated on morning and afternoon hours.

Looking at the range and angles of shadows we can clearly notice visible difference between different times in year. In winter, 21st of December almost the whole plot is covered with shadow therefor moving apartments to higher level would benefit the occupants. Furthermore the angle of sun will penetrate interior space deeply and different functions inside apartments could be placed in a way to maximize daylight factor inside.

Contrasting, there are no shadows on our plot in summer time, especially in the afternoon. This means that any outdoor activities that are associated with this time of the year will not be compromised by the shadows.

Ill. 215: December at 10 oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock

Ill. 216: December at 14 oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock

126

Ill. 217: March at 09 o’clock

Ill. 219: June at 07 o’clock

Ill. 218: March at 17 o’clock

Ill. 220: June at 17 o’clock

127

Technical requirement To establish an overview of the technical requirements to be met for this project all elements are gathered in this text. This will serve as guidelines later in the iterative design process and will be a starting point for the technical supervision.

Energy Consumption: The project will meet the energy regulation of BR-2020 by use of passive strategies. This means having an energy consumption of maximum 20 kWh/m2 year covering demands for heating, ventilation, domestic hot water and user related appliances.

Afterwards the zero energy building standard will be fulfilled by adding active solutions to balance out the energy used for production of materials for the construction, the transport of material, construction of the built, the use of maximum 20 kWh/m2, the demolition or the taking apart of the structure, the transport of materials and the reuse of materials.

The zero energy standard will be calculated with relation to use primary energy sources. The primary energy factors for BR-2020, will be used for the calculation of the zero energy building standard: Energy source

1,8

District Heating

0,6

Oil/Gas

1 Ill. 221: Energy factor

The zero energy uilding standard will be met at an annual basis, and the future problem of storing of energy over a 24 hour period and over seasons will not be actively treated.

The boundary of the site for evaluating the zero energy building standard will not be defined yet, because further design might change the character of this parameter.

The guidelines given in “Den lille lune” developed by the insulation producer Rockwool will serves as guidelines for the project (Rockwool, 2012): Construction

Maximum u-value

Exterior roof (Recommended for low energy class 2015)

0,06 W/m2K

Exterior walls

0,08 W/m2K 0,08 W/m2K Ill. 222: Maximum u-value

128

The maximum infiltration will not exceed the requirement of BR-202 of 0,5 l/s pr. m2 (Isover, 2010).

Furthermore the requirement of the Passive House standard of installing energy efficient windows, glazing and frames of a u-value of a maximum 0,8 W/m2K and a g-value of around 0,5 will serve as a guideline. As well the requirement of compact form and good insulation will serve as a guideline (passiv.de, 2014).

Atmospheric Comfort: The topic of atmospheric comfort will deal with pollution of CO2 and OLF. The pollution of atmospheric character will serve to dimension the mechanical ventilation in the dwellings. The pollutions of both CO2 and OLF will be shown in the chart shown below.

Energy Factor

Electricity

Ground deck

Line losses will be reduced to have a value comparable to the values archived in the “komforthusene” and descriped

by Isover. Here the linelosses around windows and doors are reduced to a value span from 0,00 W/mK to 0,01 W/mK.

Source of pollution

CO2 pollution load [ppm]

OLF pollution load

1 person

17 l/h m

1 OLF

Low pollution buildings

-

0,1 OLF/m2 floor area

Non-low pollution buildings

-

0,2 OLF/m2 floor area

Outdoor concentration

C0 = 350 ppm

In towns of good air quality: < 0,1 dp Ill. 223: Pollution

The concentration of CO2 will be based on the requirement of the category B buildings of a maximum concentration of 660 ppm above outdoors and the perceived indoor air quality (DSCEN-CR 1752, 2001): Category B

Maximum of 20% dissatisfied users

dp value = 1,4

Maximum concentration

660 ppm Ill. 224: Category B

Thermal Comfort: The requirement of the thermal comfort will be regulated of the BR-2010 stating that there can be a maximum of 100 hours above 26 Ë&#x161;C and 25 hours above 27 Ë&#x161;C. In the wintertime there will be a requirement of dimensioning the heating to being able to warm up the space to a temperature of a minimum of 21-22 Ë&#x161;C. (bygningreglement.dk, 2014)

Acoustic Environment: The acoustic environment of the living areas of the apartments are to be well functioning and special attention will be given to double height areas where sound can move more freely between different spaces. An actual evaluation and method of evaluation is not decided and we would like supervision on creating a meaningful way of evaluating an acoustic environment of a home.

Mechanical Ventilation: The ventilation strategy of the project will consist of a combination of mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation.

The natural ventilation will primarily be used in the summer and will be controlled by the inhabitants of the dwellings. The natural ventilation will be based on a combination of thermal buoyancy and wind pressure, primarily using the potential of height difference in double height spaces.

The mechanical ventilation strategy will be based on more central units serving a reasonable amount of dwellings based on the project design. The central units will be constant volume ventilation units and they will all make use of a heat exchanger to reuse the heat of dirty air leaving the system.

The mechanical ventilation system will be dimensioned on a basis of the atmospheric comfort described above. Further problems of thermal character have to be handled by the users themselves by making use of the natural ventilation. The ventilations requirements of the BR-2010 will be regulating the mechanical ventilation if this air change is higher than the one based on the pollution of atmospheric character (bygningsreglement.dk, 2014):

Ventilation General minimum

0,3 l/s m2

Kitchen

20 l/s

Bath

15 l/s

Scullery and basement

10 l/s

Ill. 225: Ventilation requriment

Renewable Solutions: At this given moment no decisions of the choice of renewable energy sources has not been considered. This will serve as an overview of different solutions of adding and maybe integrating renewable solutions into architecture. Further choices of renewable solutions may be developed through supervision or as the design of the project develops.

Thermal Solar Panels: Producing heating for DHW from solar radiation.

Heat pump: Producing heat for heating and DHW from electricity.

PVS: Producing electricity for household appliances from solar radiation.

- Monocrystalline

- Polycrystalline

- Thin Film.

Wind mills: Producing electricity for household appliances from wind power.

Daylight Conditions: The requirement of the daylight conditions are described by the daylight factor which must be of at least 2% on average and preferably a daylight factor of 5% on average in living and working areas. The need for artificial lightning will be minimized by the architectural development of the project.

129

Apt01

Volume flow rate Number of supply air diffusers airflow per supply air diffusers Line loss l/s m3/h m3/s l/s m3/h m3/s 82,8 298,08 0,0828 4 20,7 74,52 0,0207 Section Airflow Pipe diameter Airflow velocity Pressure gradient Length dP 22 79,2 0,022 1 22 79,2 0,022 m3/s mm m/s Pa/m m Pa 13,1 47,16 0,0131 1 13,1 47,16 0,0131 A-a 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,2 Apt01 49,32 Volume flow rate Number of1supply air diffusers49,32 airflow0,0137 per supply B-b air diffusers 0,0207 Line loss 13,7 0,0137 13,7 100 2,5 1,2 0,2 m3/s l/s 0,0124m3/h a-c m3/s 12,4 44,64 l/s 0,0124m3/h 1 12,4 44,64 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,9 1 Living room 82,8 298,08 0,0828 4 20,7 74,52 0,0207 0,0207 Section Airflow Pipe diameter gradie b-c 100 2,5 Airflow velocity 1,2 Pressure0,9 2 Room1 22 79,2 0,022 1 22 79,2 0,022 0,0414 m3/s mm c-d 125 3,5 m/s 1,5 Pa/m 2,5 3 Room2 13,1 47,16 0,0131 1 13,1 47,16 0,0131 A-a 0,0207 100 2,5 d-e 0,0414 125 3,5 1,5 0,6 1 4 Room3 13,7 Number 49,32of supply 0,0137 13,7 49,32 0,0137 0,022 B-b 0,0207 100 2,5 Apt02 Volume flow rate air diffusers airflow per supply1air diffusers C-e 100 2,5 1,2 1,6 1 0,0124 12,4 44,64 0,0124 a-c 0,0207 100 2,5 1 l/s 5 Ent m3/h m3/s12,4 - 44,64 l/s m3/h 1 m3/s b-c 0,0207 100 2,5 1 Living room 55 198 0,055 2 27,5 99 0,0275 D-f 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,4 1 c-d 0,0414 125 3,5 1 2 Room1 22 79,2 0,022 1 22 79,2 0,022 E-f 0,0131 100 1,5 0,45 1,8 d-e 0,0414 125 3,5 1 f-g 0,0338 100 4 2,8 2,3 Apt02 Volume flow rate Number of supply air diffusers airflow per supply air diffusers C-e 0,022 100 2,5 1 4 Room3 13,7 49,32 0,0137 1 13,7 49,32 0,0137 F-g 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,4 l/s m3/h m3/s l/s m3/h m3/s 5 Ent 12,4 44,64 0,0124 1 12,4 44,64 0,0124 G-g 0,0137 100 1,5 0,45 1,8 1 Living room 55 198 0,055 2 27,5 99 0,0275 D-f 0,0207 100 2,5 1 g-h 0,0682 125 5 3 1 2 Room1 22 79,2 0,022 1 22 79,2 0,022 E-f 0,0131 100 1,5 0, 100 3,5 2 2 H-i 0,027 f-g 0,0338 100 4 2 I-i 0,027 100 3,5 2 2 4 Room3 13,7 49,32 0,0137 1 13,7 49,32 0,0137 F-g 0,0207 100 2,5 1 Apt01 Volume flow Volume rate supply air diffusers per supply airper diffusers Line loss Apt01 flow rate Number of Apt03 Number of supply airairflow diffusers airflow supply air of diffusers Volume flow rate Number supply air diffusers Line lossairflow per supply air diffusers i-k 0,054 125 Single losses4Single losses 2 1,2 5 Ent 12,4 44,64 0,0124 1 12,4 44,64 0,0124 G-g 0,0137 100 1,5 0, l/s m3/h m3/s l/s m3/h m3/h l/s m3/h - m3/s l/sm3/s m3/s m3/h m3/s l/s l/s m3/h m3/s J-j 0,022 100 2,5 1,2 2 g-h 0,0682 125 5 1 Living room1 Living room 82,8 298,08 4 87 20,7 74,52 diameter Airflow velocity Pressure Length 82,8 0,0828 298,08 0,0828 4 20,7 0,0207 74,52 Section 0,0207 Airflow 1 Living room 313,2 0,087 4 Pipe 21,75 Pipe 78,3 0,02175 Airflow velocity pressu Section Airflow diameter Airflow velocity Pressure gradientdPLength 80 dPSection K-j gradient 0,013 2Section 1dynamic 2 d Airflow velocity 100 3,5 H-i 0,027 2 Room1 2 Room1 22 79,222 0,022 1 25 22190 79,2 m/s 90 Pam 79,2 0,022 22 0,022 79,2 0,022 m3/s 1 mm 2 Room1 0,025 0,025 m3/s 25 mm m/sPa/mj-k Pa/mm 0,035 Pa 125 2,8 1Pa 5,2 P m/s I-i 0,027 100 m/s 3,5 3 Room2 3 Room213,1 47,16 1 18 13,1 47,16 0,0131 0,0207 100 64,8 2,5supply k-l 0,21,2 0,24 13,1 0,0131 47,16 0,0131 1 Volume 13,1 47,16 A-a 0,0131 Number 3 Room2 64,8 0,018 18 a 2,5 3 A-a 0,0207 1000,018 2,5 1,2 0,089 0,2 0,24 160 4,5 2 2,3 a 2,5 Apt03 flow rate of1supply air diffusers airflow per air diffusers i-k 0,054 125 4 4 Room3 4 Room313,7 49,32 1 15 13,7154 l/s49,32 0,0137 B-b 0,0207 2,5 m3/h L-m2,5 0,24 13,7 0,0137 49,32 0,0137 13,7 m3/h 49,32 m3/s 0,0137 - B-b 4 Room3 0,015 1 15100 54 2,5 0,0207 0,2 100 1,2 0,2 b 2,5 31 l/s 1000,015 m3/s1,2 0,021 J-j0,21,2 0,022b 0,24 2,5 100 2,5 5 Ent 12,4 44,64 1 12,4 44,64 0,0124 a-c 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,9 1,08 5 Ent 12,4 0,0124 44,64 0,0124 1 12,4 44,64 0,0124 5 Room4 15 54 0,015 1 15 54 0,015 c a-c 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,9 1,08 m-n 0,021 100 2,5 1,2 0,8 c 1 Living room 87 313,2 0,087 4 21,75 78,3 0,02175 K-j 0,013 80 2 0,0207 2,5 1,2 0,015 0,91,2 1,08 5 Ent 12 43,2 0,012 1 12100 143,2 1000,012 3,5 b-c 0,0207 0,9 M-(m) 100 1,2 0,2 d 3,5 7 2 Room1 25 90 b-c0,025 25 902,5 0,025 j-k 0,035d 1,08 2,5 125 2,8 0,0414 125 1 1,5 0,021 2,51,5 3,75 c-d 0,0414 125 3,5 3,5 0,018 2,5 (m)-n 100 1,2 0,8 3 Room2 18 64,8 c-d0,018 18 64,8 k-l 0,089 3,75 2,5 160 4,5 d-e 0,0414 125 3,5 1,5 0,6 0,9 f d-e 0,0414 125 3,5 1,5 0,6 0,9 n-p 0,042 125 3,2 1,5 0,2 f 4 Room3 15 54 0,015 1 15 54 0,015 L-m 0,021 100 2,5 1 Apt02 Volume flow Volume rate supply air diffusers airflow per supply airper diffusers C-e0,015 1,2 0,015 1,61,2 1,92 Apt02 flow rate Number of Apt04 Number of supply diffusers airflow air diffusers Volume flow rate Number supply air diffusers per100 supply1air diffusers C-e0,022 airflow 0,022 100 2,5 1,6 N-o 100 0,6 2,3 1 g.f 5airRoom4 15 supply 54of 15 542,5 0,015 m-n 0,021g.f 1,92 1,7 100 2,5 l/s m3/h m3/s l/s m3/h m3/h l/s m3/h - m3/s l/sm3/s 12m3/s m3/h l/s 5 Ent l/s m3/h 1 m3/s12 5 O-o 100 1,7 0,6 2,35 1 g.F 43,2 m3/s0,012 43,2 0,012 0,015 M-(m) 0,015g.F 100 2,5 1 Living room1 Living room 55 19855 0,055 282,8 27,5 99 0,0207 2,5 0,41,2 0,48 198 0,055 2 27,5 0,0275 99 D-f 0,0275 1 Living room 298,08 0,0828 4 20,7100 74,52 100 0,0207 5 D-f 0,0207 0,4 o-p 2,5 1,2 0,03 125 0,9 5,45 1 g.G (m)-n 0,021g.G 0,48 2,5 100 2,5 2 Room1 2 Room1 22 79,222 0,022 1 22 22 79,2 0,0131 1,5 1,8 0,81 79,2 0,022 1 22 0,022 79,2 E-f0,022 2 Room1 79,2 0,022 1 22100 79,2 1000,022 E-f 0,0131 0,45 1,8 p-q 1,5 0,45 0,072 160 1,1 2,3 1 i n-p 0,042i 0,81 3,5 125 3,2 f-g 0,0338 100 47,16 2,32,8 6,44 3 Room2 13,1 0,0131 13,1 0,0131 f-g 0,0338 100 4 2,8 0,025 2,3 100 3j 1,8 2 0 Apt04 47,16 Volume flow rate Number of1supply air diffusers airflow per4supply P-r air diffusers N-o 0,015j 6,44 100 1,7 4 Room3 4 Room313,7 49,32 113,7 13,7 0,0137 13,7 0,0137 49,32 0,0137 1 l/s49,32 13,7 m3/h 49,32 m3/s F-g 0,0207 2,5 m3/h Q-r 2,5 0,41,2 0,48 0,0137 - F-g 4 Room3 49,32 0,0137 1 13,7100 49,32 0,0137 0,0207 0,4 l/s 100 m3/s1,2 0,018 100 2 0 k O-o 0,015k 0,48 2,3 100 1,71 5 Ent 12,4 44,64 12,4 44,64 0,0137 1,5 0,45 0,043 1,8 0,81 5 Ent 12,4 0,0124 44,64 0,0124 1 12,4 44,64 G-g 0,0124 5 Ent 44,64 0,0124 1 12,4100 44,64 0,0124 2,5 112,4 Living room 82,8 0,0124 298,08 0,0828 4 20,7 74,52 G-g 0,0137 100 0,45 1,80,03m 0,81 3,5 r-s 1,5 0,0207 125 1,6 3,8 o-p 125 2,5 m 2,5 30 0,0682 125 1 3 0,021 30,072 2 Room1 22 79,2 g-h0,022 79,2 g-h 0,0682 125 225 1 n 3 2,5 p-q1 3 160 3,5 R-s 5 0,022 100 1,2 1,4 1 n Ill. 227: Air flow rate 13,1 47,16 H-i 0,0131 13,1 47,16 100 1 3,5 2 0,021 40,025 P-r2 2 100 3 100 2 o 4 2,5 H-i0,027 0,027 S-s 3,5 0,0131 100 1,2 1,4 1 Section Airflow dP 3 Room2 o 13,7 49,32 I-i0,0137 13,7 49,32 100 1 3,5 2 0,085 40,018 Q-r2 2 2,3 I-i 0,027 0,027 100 2 p 4 100 s-t 3,5 0,0137 160 4p 1,5 1,5 m3/s Pa 4 Room3 44,64 12,44 44,64 Apt03 Volume flow Volume rate air diffusers airflow air12,4 diffusers r-s 0,043r 3,5 i-k0,0124 125 1 2 0,085 1,2 2 2,4 Apt03 flow rate Number Number of supply5airEnt diffusers airflow per supply air diffusers i-k0,054 0,054 125 1,2 2,4 125 t-u 4 0,0124 160 4r 1,5 2,3 1 Single losses A of supply 0,0207 25 per supply R-s21,2 0,021 100 2,5 l/s m3/h m3/s l/s 25 m3/h m3/s J-j 100 2,4 l/s m3/h - m3/s l/s m3/h m3/s J-j 0,022 0,022 100 2,5 2 s.r 2,4 2,5 T-v 2,5 1,2 0,02 100 1,2 0,2 1 B 0,0207 s.r S-s2 1 100 2,5 Airflow 1 Living room 87 313,2 4 21,754 dP 78,3 1 20,021 1 Living room 87 0,087 313,2 loss 21,75 0,02175 78,3 K-j 0,02175 Section Airflow velocity dynamic pressure pressure factor dP 0,022 Section 4 K-j0,013 0,01380 80 2 2 s.R 2 2,5 v-x 2 0,02 100 1,2 0,84 1 C 0,087 20 s.R s-t 0,085t 160 m3/s 2 Room1m/s2 Room1 25 9025 0,025 1 Pa 125 1 5,2 1 5,2 90 D 0,025 Pa 0,0207 44 j-k0,035 0,035 125 2,8 5,2 5,2 2,5 U-w2,8 0,02 100 1,2 0,24 1 25 251 Pa 9025 0,025 90 j-k0,025 t t-u 0,085v 160 4 3 Room2 3 Room22,518 64,818 181 64,818 25 0,018 a 3,75 0,018 0,36 1,35 A 1 160 2 2,3 2 4,6 64,8 E 0,018 64,8 k-l0,018 2,5 k-l0,089 0,089 160 4,5 2,3 4,6 2,5 w-x 4,5 0,02 100 1,2 0,8 0,0131 150,0207 v 2,5 31 T-v 100 2,5 b 3,75 0,01554 F 0,015 0,36 1,35 B 1 4 Room3 4 Room32,515 5415 151 5415 25 0,015 54 L-m 0,021 100 0,21,2 0,24 0,015 L-m 0,021 100 2,5 0,20,02x 0,24 3,2 x-z 2,5 1,2 0,04 125 1,5 2,7 1 0,0207 250,0207 x v-x 0,02 100 2,5 C 0,022 20 c 9 5 Room4 5 Room4 15 5415 0,01554 G 0,015 1 5415 0,015 54 m-n 0,021 100 0,96 0,015 2,5 m-n 0,021 100 2,5 0,8 y 0,96 2,5y V-y 2,5 1,2 0,0220,81,2 100 1,2 1,7 0,0137 15 151 2,5 31 U-w 100 2,5 d 7,35 0,012 0,36 2,646 5 Ent 43,212 121 43,212 25 0,012 0,015 100 0,21,2 0,24 5 Ent 3,512 43,2 H 0,012 43,2 M-(m) 0,012 5 M-(m) 0,015 100 2,5 0,20,02z.x 0,24 2,5 y-z 2,5 1,2 0,022 100 1,2 1,25 1 0,027 D 1 200,0207 z.x w-x 2,53 15 (m)-n 0,021 100 0,81,2 0,96 (m)-n 0,021 100 2,5 0,80,02z.y 0,96 100 z-aa2,5 1,2 0,062 125 5z.y 2,1 1 I 0,027 E 200,0131 x-z 125 3,2 25 f 10 F n-p 125 0,21,5 0,3 n-p0,042 0,042 125 3,2 3,2 1,5 0,20,04ab 0,3 2,5 W-ab 0,02 100 1,2 1,8 1 J 0,022 150,0207 ab V-y 0,022ac.y1,38 2,2 100 2,5 G 15 air diffusers g.f 0,8 Apt04 Volume flow Volume rate air diffusers per supply airper diffusers N-o 0,015 100 2,30,6 1,382,3 Apt04 flow rate Number Number of supply airairflow diffusers airflow supply 5 N-o 0,015 100 1,7 X-ab1,7 0,6 0,013 80 1,3 1,85 1 K of supply 0,013 150,0137 ac.y y-z 0,022ac.ab 100 2,5 20 g.F 5 m3/h 15 3,755,5 H l/s m3/s l/s 30 0,027 m3/h m3/s O-o 0,015 100 2,30,6 1,38 l/s m3/h - m3/s l/s m3/h m3/s O-o 0,015 100 1,7 1,7 0,6 0,033 2,3 1,38 3,7 ab-ac 100 2,3 2,3 1 L 0,021 ac.ab z-aa 0,062ad 4,86 125 0,027 74,52 20 74,52 o-p g.G 1 Living room1 Living room 5 75 I 82,8 298,08 4 125 4,86 82,8 150,0828 298,08 M0,08285 20,7 0,0207 0,0207 55 o-p 0,03 0,03 125 2,5 5,4 Y-ac2,5 0,9 0,025,40,9 100 2,5ad 1,2 1,85 0,021 3020,74 W-ab 0,02 100 2,5 1 0,022 i 12 J 2 Room1 2 Room1 22 79,222 0,022 1 79,222 15 0,022 160 2,532,3 79,2 N 0,022 79,2 p-q0,022 6 p-q0,072 0,072 160 3,5 Z-ac3,5 1,1 0,0132,31,1 80 aa.z2,53 2,2aa.z 1,3 1,86 2 0,015 20 221 X-ab 0,013 80 2,2 1 0,013 47,16 15 47,16 P-r j 7 K 1 3 Room2 3 Room213,1 47,16 100 3,6 13,1 0,0131 47,16 O0,0131 13,1 0,0131 0,0131 P-r0,025 0,025 100 3 ac-ad3 1,8 0,066 21,8 1252 aa.ad3,6 5aa.ad 3 0,8 0,015 2013,11 ab-ac 0,033 100 3,7 2 L 0,021 30 k 15 4 Room3 4 Room313,7 49,32 1 49,32 100 1 0,066 2 1 2 2 h.g 2 13,7 0,0137 49,32 P 0,0137 13,7 0,0137 49,32 Q-r 0,0137 6,13 22,3 Q-r0,018 0,018 100 2,3 2,3 ad-aa 125 5h.g 2,8 0,025 2013,71 6,1 Y-ac 0,02 100 2,5 1 0,021 30 m 5 Ent 3,750,0124 0,36 1,35 M 1 12,4 44,64 44,64 125 6,08 5 Ent 2,5 12,4 44,64 Q0,0124 12,4 0,0124 44,64 r-s 0,0124 r-s0,043 0,043 125 3,5 3,8 h.aa6,08 aa-h3,5 1,6 0,1283,81,6 160 6h.aa 3 2,8 0,018 1512,41 Z-ac 0,013 80 2,2 1 0,015 20 n 8 N R-s 100 1,68 5 R-s0,021 0,021 100 2,5 1,4 e 1,68 6,1e h-ae2,5 1,2 0,19621,41,2 200 2,6 2,45 R 0,021 20 ac-ad 0,066 125 5 0,015 20 o 1 O S-s 100 1,68 Section Airflow S-s0,021 0,021 100 2,5 1,4 ae 1,68 Section dPAirflow dP e-ae2,5 1,2 0,06341,41,2 125 5ae 3 0,4 S 0,021 20 ad-aa 0,066 125 5 0,025 20 p 9 P s-t 160 2,25 m3/s Pam3/s 84 s-t0,085 0,085 160 4 1,5 ag 2,25 Pa ae-ag4 1,5 0,25961,51,5 200 8ag 1,48 3 T 0,02 25 aa-h 0,128 160 6 0,018 15 r 9 Q t-u 160 3,45 A 44 t-u0,085 0,085 160 4 2,3 u 3,45 A0,0207 0,020725 25 ag-ai 4 1,5 0,25962,31,5 200 8u 1,34 U 0,02 25 h-ae 0,1962 200 6,1 2 0,021 20 s.r 0,1 R T-v 100 0,21,2 0,24 B 4,5 T-v 0,02 0,02 100 2,5 0,2 q.p 0,24 B0,0207 0,020725 25 u-q 2,5 1,2 0,085 160 4q.p 1,5 2,6 V 0,022 S 20 0,021 4,512 e-ae 0,0634 125 5 20 s.R 4 9,6 3 28,8 v-x 100 0,81,2 0,96 C v-x 0,02 0,02 100 2,5 0,8 q.u 0,96 4,5 C 0,022 0,02220 20 q-af2,5 1,2 0,157 200 1,5 2,5 W 0,02 20 0,02 q.u ae-ag 0,2596 200 8 25 t 4 9,6 0,36 3,456 T U-w 100 0,21,2 0,24 D 4,582 U-w0,02 0,02 100 2,5 0,2 l 0,24 4,5 D0,0207 0,020725 25 l-af 2,5 1,2 0,089 160 0,4 X 0,013 U 15 0,02 l 4,512 ag-ai 0,2596 200 25 v 2,5 3,75 0,36 1,35 w-x 100 0,81,2 0,96 E w-x0,02 0,02 100 2,5 2,5 1,2 0,246 0,8 E0,0131 0,013115 15 af-ah 200 8af 2 1 Y 0,02 V 20 0,022 u-q 0,085af 0,96 160 44 20 x 3 x-z 0,04 125 3,2 1,5 2,7 4,05 F ah 8 x-z 0,04 125 3,2 1,5 2,7 4,05 F0,0207 0,020725 25 ah-ai 0,246 200 8ah 0,48 31 Z 0,013 15 0,02 q-af 0,157 200 4,54 20 y 2,5 3,75 0,36 1,35 W V-y 0,022 100 2,5 1,2 1,7 2,04 G 0,0137 15 ai V-y 0,022 100 2,5 1,2 1,7 2,04 G 0,0137 15 ai-end 0,5056 250 10 5 0,4 ai l-af 0,089 160 4,5 0,013 15 z.x 5 15 2 30 X y-z 100 1,21,2 1,441,2 H y-z0,022 0,022 100 2,5 2,5 1,2 H 0,027 0,02720 20 af-ah 0,246 1,44 200 8 0,02 20 z.y 3 Y z-aa 0,062 125 3 2,1 3 6,32,1 I z-aa 0,062 125 5 5 6,3 200 highest --> G I 0,027 0,02720 20 Resultresistance highest --> ah-ai 0,246Result 8 resistance 0,013 15 ab 11 Z W-ab 0,02 100 2,5 1,2 1,8 2,16 Jac.y 15 W-ab 0,02 100 2,5 1,2 1,8 2,16 G 25 J 0,022 0,022 15 G ai-end 0,5056 250 10 5 15 5 75 X-ab 0,013 1,81,3 2,341,8 G-g2,34 K X-ab 0,01380 80 2,2 2,2 1,3 0,48 K 0,013 0,01315 15 G-g ac.ab 1 ab-ac 0,033 100 2,32,3 5,292,3 g-h 5,29 L ab-ac 0,033 100 3,7 3,7 2,3 3 L 0,021 g-h ad 50,02130 1530 0,36 5,4 Y-ac 100 1,81,2 2,161,8 h-ae2,16 M Y-ac0,02 0,02 100 2,5 2,5 1,2 6,24 M 0,021 h-ae aa.z 60,02130 21,630 1,8 38,88 Z-ac 0,013 1,81,3 2,341,8 ae-ag N Z-ac 0,01380 80 2,2 2,2 1,3 2,34 5,6 N 0,015 0,01520 20 ae-ag aa.ad 1,5 ac-ad 0,066 125 3 0,8 3 2,40,8 ag-ai2,4 O ac-ad 0,066 125 5 5 5,2 O 0,015 ag-ai h.g 6,10,01520 22,32620 1,8 40,1868 ad-aa 0,066 125 3 2,8 3 8,42,8 g 8,4 P 75 ad-aa 0,066 125 5 5 P 0,025 0,02520 20 g h.aa 1,2 aa-h 0,128 160 3 2,8 3 8,42,8 h-ae 8,4 aa-h 0,128 160 6 6 40,1868 Q 0,018 h-ae eQ 50,01815 1515 0,36 5,4 h-ae 0,1962 200 6,1 2,6 2,4 6,24 R 0,021 20 h-ae 0,1962 200 6,1 2,6 2,4 ae 6,24 40 R 0,021 20 ae ae 40 e-ae 0,0634 125 3 0,4 3 1,20,4 ag 1,2 S e-ae 0,0634 125 5 5 13,824 S 0,021 ag ag 80,02120 38,420 0,36 13,824 ae-ag 0,2596 200 4 1,4 4 5,61,4 ai 5,6 ae-ag 0,2596 200 8 8 70 T 0,02 uT 4 0,0225 9,625 0,36 3,456 ai ag-ai 0,2596 200 4 1,3 4 5,21,3 Total5,2 U ag-ai 0,2596 200 8 8 284,5308 U 0,02 q.p 4,5 0,0225 12,1525 2 24,3 Total u-q 160 2,61,5 3,92,6 V q.u 0,2 u-q0,085 0,085 160 4 4 1,5 3,9 V 0,022 0,02220 20 q-af 0,157 200 2,51,5 3,752,5 lW 4,5 0,0220 12,1520 0,36 4,374 q-af 0,157 200 4,5 4,5 1,5 3,75 W 0,02 af 55 l-af 160 2 0,4 2 0,80,4 X l-af0,089 0,089 160 4,5 4,5 0,8 X 0,013 0,01315 15 ah 8 0,0220 38,420 0,36 13,824 af-ah 0,246 200 4 24 82 Y af-ah 0,246 200 8 8 8 Y 0,02 ai 70 ah-ai 0,246 200 4 0,4 4 1,60,4 Z ah-ai 0,246 200 8 8 1,6 Z 0,013 0,01315 15 ai-end 0,5056 250 10 5 0,4 2 ai-end 0,5056 250 10 5 0,4 2 Result highest resistance --> G G 25 Ill. 228: Single loss Ill. 229: Line loss G-g 0,48 g-h 3 h-ae 6,24 ae-ag 5,6 ag-ai 5,2 g 75 h-ae 40,1868 ae 40 ag 13,824 ai 70 Total 284,5308 1 2 3 4 5

Living room Room1 Room2 Room3 Ent

Dimensioning of the mechanical ventilation system

Length m

dP Pa 0,2 0,2 0,9 0,9 2,5 0,6 1,6

0,24 0,24 1,08 1,08 3,75 0,9 1,92

0,4 1,8 2,3 0,4 1,8 1 2 2 1,2 2 2 5,2 2,3 0,2 0,8 0,2 0,8 0,2 2,3 2,3 5,4 2,3 2 2 3,8 1,4 1,4 1,5 2,3 0,2 0,8 0,2 0,8 2,7 1,7 1,2 2,1 1,8 1,8 2,3 1,8 1,8 0,8 2,8 2,8 2,4 0,4 1,4 1,3 2,6 2,5

0,48 0,81 6,44 0,48 0,81 3 4 4 2,4 2,4 2 5,2 4,6 0,24 0,96 0,24 0,96 0,3 1,38 1,38 4,86 2,53 3,6 2 6,08 1,68 1,68 2,25 3,45 0,24 0,96 0,24 0,96 4,05 2,04 1,44 6,3 2,16 2,34 5,29 2,16 2,34 2,4 8,4 8,4 6,24 1,2 130 5,6 5,2 3,9 3,75

Ventilation shaft

ate Number of supply air diffusers h m3/s 298,08 0,0828 79,2 0,022 47,16 0,0131 49,32 0,0137 44,64 0,0124

4 1 1 1 1

airflow per supply air diffusers l/s m3/h m3/s 20,7 74,52 0,0207 W 22 79,2 0,022 13,1 47,16 0,0131 13,7 49,32 0,0137 12,4 44,64 0,0124 T

Line loss Section

ab x

ate Number of supply air diffusers airflow per supply air diffusers /h m3/s l/s m3/h m3/s 198 0,055 2 27,5 99 0,0275 79,2 0,022 1 22 79,2 0,022 49,32 44,64

0,0137 0,0124

1 1

13,7 12,4

49,32 44,64

0,0137 0,0124

y

D f

ate Number of supply air diffusers /h m3/s 313,2 0,087 90 0,025 64,8 0,018 54 0,015 54 0,015 43,2 0,012

4 1 1 1 1 1

airflow per supply air diffusers l/s m3/h m3/s 21,75 78,3 0,02175 25 90 0,025 18 64,8 0,018 15 54 0,015 15 54 0,015 12 43,2 0,012

ate Number of supply air diffusers h m3/s 298,08 0,0828 79,2 0,022 47,16 0,0131 49,32 0,0137 44,64 0,0124

4 1 1 1 1

airflow per supply air diffusers l/s m3/h m3/s 20,7 74,52 0,0207 22 79,2 0,022 13,1 47,16 0,0131 13,7 49,32 0,0137 12,4 44,64 0,0124

A-a B-b a-cU b-c c-d d-e C-e

X

Single losses

Y

Airflow Pipe diameter Airflow velocity Pressure gradient Length dP m3/s mm m/s Pa/m m Pa ad ac 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,2 Z 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,2 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,9t 0,0207 100 2,5 1,2 0,9 0,0414 125 3,5 1,5 2,5 R u s 0,0414 aa 125 3,5 1,5 0,6 0,022 100 2,5 1,2 1,6 z

Section 0,24 0,24 1,08 1,08 3,75 0,9 1,92

M

V D-f E-f f-g F-g G-g g-h c A H-i a I-i E i-k J-j K-j j-k k-l L-m m-n M-(m) (m)-n n-p N-o O-o o-p p-q P-r Q-r r-s R-s S-s s-t t-u T-v v-x U-w w-x x-z V-y y-z z-aa W-ab X-ab ab-ac Y-ac Z-ac ac-ad ad-aa aa-h h-ae e-ae ae-ag ag-ai u-q q-af l-af af-ah ah-ai ai-end

0,0207 0,0131 0,0338 F 0,0207 0,0137 g B0,0682 0,027 0,027 0,054 0,022 d 0,013 0,035 0,089 0,021 0,021 0,015 0,021 0,042 0,015 0,015 0,03 0,072 0,025 0,018 0,043 0,021 0,021 0,085 0,085 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,04 0,022 0,022 0,062 0,02 0,013 0,033 0,02 0,013 0,066 0,066 0,128 0,1962 0,0634 0,2596 0,2596 0,085 0,157 0,089 0,246 0,246 0,5056

h G

ae e

100 100 100 100 100 125 100 100 125 100 C 80 125 160 100 100 100 100 125 100 100 125 160 100 100 125 100 100 160 160 100 100 100 100 125 100 100 125 100 80 100 100 80 125 125 160 200 125 200 200 160 200 160 200 200 250

ag ai ah

2,5 1,5 4 2,5 1,5 5 3,5 3,5 4 2,5 2 2,8 4,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 3,2 1,7 1,7 2,5 3,5 3 2,3 3,5 2,5 2,5 4 4 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 3,2 2,5 2,5 5 2,5 2,2 3,7 2,5 2,2 5 5 6 6,1 5 8 8 4 4,5 4,5 8 8 10

The dimensioning of the ventilation system is a fast estimate of the piping and single losses with a “pressure drop chart” and subsequently the pressure drop was summed up from which the greatest drop was determined. The arrangement of the piping is shown in the diagram above. It is fitted in to two ventilation shafts along the ceilings. The central aggregate is below the stairs between the apartments.

q

af l

1,2L m 0,45 2,8 1,2 0,45 3 2 2 2 1,2 1 1 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,5 0,6 0,6 0,9 1,1 1,8 1 1,6 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,2 1,2 3 1,2 1,3 2,3 1,2 1,3 3 3 3 2,6 3 4 4 1,5 1,5 2 4 4 5

n

i

0,4p 1,8 2,3 0,4 1,8 1 2k 2 1,2 2 2 5,2 2,3 0,2 0,8 0,2 0,8 0,2 2,3 2,3 5,4 2,3 2 2 3,8 1,4 1,4 1,5 2,3 0,2 0,8 0,2 0,8 2,7 1,7 1,2 2,1 1,8 1,8 2,3 1,8 1,8 0,8 2,8 2,8 2,4 0,4 1,4 1,3 2,6 2,5 0,4 2 0,4 0,4

0,48 0,81 6,44 0,48 I 0,81 3 4 4 N 2,4 2,4 2 5,2 4,6 J 0,24 0,96 0,24 0,96 0,3 1,38 1,38 4,86 2,53 3,6 2 6,08 1,68 1,68 2,25 3,45 0,24 0,96 0,24 0,96 4,05 2,04 1,44 6,3 2,16 2,34 5,29 2,16 2,34 2,4 8,4 8,4 6,24 1,2 5,6 5,2 3,9 3,75 0,8 8 1,6 2 P

S

a b c d f g.f g.F g.G r i j k m n o o p r s.r s.R t v j x y z.x z.y ab ac.y ac.ab ad aa.z aa.ad h.g h.aa e ae ag u q.p q.u l af ah ai Result G G-g g-h h-ae ae-ag ag-ai g h-ae ae ag ai Total

Airflow velocity dynamic pressure pressure loss factor dP m/s Pa Pa 2,5 3,75 0,36 2,5 3,75 0,36 3,5

7,35

5 5

15 15

2,5

3,75

4 4 2,5

9,6 9,6 3,75

2,5 5

3,75 15

5

15

5 6

15 21,6

6,1

22,326

Q

O

K

5

15

8 4 4,5

38,4 9,6 12,15

4,5

12,15

8

38,4

0,36

1,35 1,35 9 2,646

10 0,8 55,5 75 12 7 15 0,36 1,35 8 1 9 9 0,1 3 28,8 0,36 3,456 0,36 1,35 3 0,36 1,35 2 30 3 11 5 75 1 0,36 5,4 1,8 38,88 1,5 1,8 40,1868 1,2 0,36 5,4 40 0,36 13,824 0,36 3,456 Central aggregate 2 24,3 0,2 Ill. 230: Piping diagram 0,36 4,374 55 0,36 13,824 70 3,7 5

highest resistance --> G 25 0,48 3 6,24 5,6 5,2 75 40,1868 40 13,824 70 284,5308 Ill. 231: Heighst presure drop

131

bon voyage

132

Ill. 226: View from a passing train

133