Metro Mart_September 2020

Volume 9 Issue 6 September 2020

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A Festival Beyond Festivities

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EDUCATION & CAREER

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Foreword

Dear Readers, Another festival is coming up in a sad state where corona disease has affected human beings as a whole. Let's forget all the worries. We can return to a happy life with hope.

Metro Mart also joins the Onam festivities by bringing out a special edition which gives a broad sketch as to the origins and story behind Onam, it’s cultural significance and the fascinating variety of events that mark this harvest festival which is the major traditional festival of Malayalees. It is also the official state festival. Malayalees come together in a spirit of togetherness to celebrate Onam in all its gaiety and splendour. It is considered as a cultural festival and celebrated by almost all communities irrespective of religion. Colourful celebrations have now become part and parcel of Onam.

According to legend, Onam is meant to welcome the erstwhile King Mahabali whose reign was considered as the golden era of the state.

This Onam, I would like to wish you and your family a Happy Onam. May this year bring you joy, peace, and prosperity!

Happy reading

SIJI NAIR

Managing Editor & Director

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EDUCATION & CAREER

Volume 9 - Issue 06 - August 2020

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Contents

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A Festival Beyond Festivities

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Grandeur of Rich Culture and Heritage

Published, Edited and Printed by Hari Shanker A.G. and Owned by Haritha Media Pvt Ltd and Printed by him at SB Press Private Limited, Statue, Trivandrum 695 001 and Published from Tharangam, Kodunganoor Post, Trivandrum 695 013 Metro Mart is a monthly journal published from Trivandrum, Views and opinions expressed in the journal are not necessarily those of the Publishers.

Metro Mart reserves the right to use the information published here in any manner whatsoever. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information published in this edition, neither the Publisher nor any of its employees accept any responsibilities for any errors or omissions.

All Rights Reserved

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RNI No: KERENG/2011/40037

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FESTIVAL

A Festival Beyond Festivities

N.Vijayagopalan

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O

nam has the distinction as the most important traditional festival of the Malayalees in and outside Kerala. It is a harvest festival, observed with numerous festivities. Onam is a festival rich in culture and heritage. Onam falls in the first Malayalam calendar month of Chingam, which in Gregorian calendar overlaps with August–September. The festival commemorates the Vamana avatar of Vishnu, the subsequent homecoming of the legendary Emperor Mahabali and mythologies of Hinduism related to Kashyapa and Parashurama.

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Onam is the official state festival of Kerala with public holidays that generally start four days from Onam Eve (Uthradom).It is celebrated by Malayali population 14

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around the world. Though Onam originated as a Hindu festival, it is being considered more as a cultural festival and celebrated by almost all communities irrespective of religion.

The Atham day is marked with the start of festivities at VamanamoorthyThrikkakara temple (Kochi). This Vishnu temple is considered as the focal centre of Onam and the abode of Mahabali, with the raising of the festival flag.

Origin of Onam

The significance of the Onam festival is in Hindu legends, of which Mahabali legend is the widely accepted one. According to the Hindu mythology, Mahabali was the great great grandson of a Brahmin sage named Kashyapa, the great grandson of demonic dictator Hiranyakashipu, and the grandson of Vishnu devotee Prahlada. This links the festival to the Puranic mythology of Prahlada of Holika fame in Hinduism, who is the son of demon dictator Hiranyakashyap.

Prahlada, despite being born to a demonic Asura father who hated Vishnu, rebelled against his father's persecution of people and worshipped Vishnu. Hiranyakashyap tries to kill his son Prahlada, but is slained by Vishnu in his Narasimhaavatar, Prahlada is saved.

Prahlada's grandson Mahabali came to power by defeating the gods (Devas) and taking over the three worlds. According to Vaishnavism mythology, the defeated Devas approached Vishnu

for help in their battle with Mahabali.

Vishnu refused to join the gods in violence against Mahabali, because Mahabali was a good ruler and his own devotee. He, instead, decided to test Mahabali's devotion at an opportune moment. Mahabali, after his victory over the gods, declared that he will perform Yajna (homa sacrifices) and grant anyone any request during the Yajna. Vishnu took the avatar of a dwarf boy called Vamana and approached Mahabali.

The king offered anything to the boy – gold, cows, elephants, villages, food, whatever he wished. The boy said that one must not seek more than one needs, and all he needs is the property right over a piece of land that measures "three paces".

Mahabali agreed to this.

The Vamana grew and covered everything Mahabali ruled over in just two paces. For the third pace, Mahabali offered himself, an act which Vishnu accepted as evidence of Mahabali's devotion. Vishnu granted him a boon, by which Mahabali could visit again, once September 2020

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every year, the lands and people he previously ruled. This revisit marks the festival of Onam, as a reminder of the virtuous rule and his humility in keeping his promise before Vishnu. The last day of Mahabali's stay is remembered with a nine-course vegetarian Onasadya feast.

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Celebrations, rituals and practices

Onam falls in the month of Chingam, which is the first month according to the Malayalam Calendar. The celebrations mark the Malayalam New Year, are

spread over ten days, and conclude with Thiruvonam. The most important day of Onam is Thiru Onam. Rituals pertaining to Onam festival commence ten days before Thiru Onam, on Atham. The actual Onam festival is actually celebrated

on four days, on Uthradam (known as First Onam), Thiru Onam, Avittam (known as Third Onam) and Chathayam (known as Fourth Onam).

The Atham day is marked with the start of festivities at VamanamoorthyThrikkakara temple September 2020

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The traditional ritual of laying pookkalam (floral carpet) starts on Atham day. The pookkalam on this day is called Athappoo, and it is relatively small in size.

(Kochi). This Vishnu temple is considered as the focal centre of Onam and the abode of Mahabali, with the raising of the festival flag.

Parades are held, which are colourful and depict the elements of Kerala culture with floats and tableaux.

Other days have diverse range of celebrations and activities including Vallam Kali (boat race), Pulikali (tiger dance), Pookkalam (flower arrangement), Onathappan (worship), Onam Kali, Tug of War, ThumbiThullal (women's dance), Kummattikali (mask dance), Onathallu (martial arts), Onavillu 18

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(music), Kazhchakkula (plantain offerings), Onapottan (costumes), Aththaachamayam (folk songs and dance), and other celebrations like cultural programs, sports competitions, dance events, martial arts, floral designs (pookkalam) shopping, donating time or food for charity to spending time with family over feasts. Men and women wear traditional dress. The Kerala sari or Kasavu sari is particularly wore on this day.

The Onam celebrations across the state, starts off with a grand procession at

Thrippunithura near Kochi called Atthachamayam, also referred to as ThripunithuraAthachamayam. The parade features elephants marching, drum beats and other music, folk art forms, floats and colorfully dressed people with masks. In Kerala's history, the Kochi king used to head a grand military procession in full ceremonial robes from his palace to the Thrikkakara temple, meeting and greeting his people. In contemporary times, this a state supported event.

The parade floats traditionally feature scenes from epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

Additionally, some floats include themes from the Bible as well as current themes thereby highlighting unity and harmony.

The procession path historically has been from Tripunithura to the Vamanamoorthy Temple in Thrikkakara, Ernakulam district. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu in his Vamana (dwarf) avatar. After arrival at the temple, the marchers offer a prayer.

Floral arrangements during Onam are a very popular tradition.

The floral carpet, known as Onapookkalam or just Pookkalam, is September 2020

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made out of the gathered blossoms with several varieties of flowers of differing tints pinched up into little pieces to design and decorate patterns on floor, particularly at entrances and temple premises like a flower mat. Lamps are arranged in the middle or edges. It is a work of art, typically the team initiative of girls and women, who accomplish it with a delicate touch and a personal artistic sense of tone and blending.

When completed, a miniature pandal (umbrella) hung with little festoons is erected over it. The pookkalam is similar to Rangoli which is made of powders of various colors and is popular in North India.

The traditional ritual of laying pookkalam (floral carpet) starts on Atham day. The pookkalam on

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this day is called Athappoo, and it is relatively small in size. The size of the pookkalam grows in size progressively with each day of the Onam festival. Only yellow flowers will be used on Atham with only one circular layer made and the design is kept simple. All over Kerala, Pookkalam competitions are a common sight on Onam day. Statues or figurines of Mahabali and Vamana are also installed at the entrance of each house on this day in some parts of Kerala.

Traditional dance forms including Thiruvathira, Kummattikali, Pulikali, ThumbiThullal, Onam Kali and others are performed during the Onam festival. Thiruvathira kali is a women's dance performed in a circle around a lamp. Kummattikali is a

colourful-mask dance. In Thrissur, festivities includes a procession consisting of caparisoned elephants surrounded by Kummatikali dancers.

The masked dancers go from house to house performing the colorful Kummattikali. Onam Kali is a form of dance where players arrange themselves in circles around a pole or tree or lamp, then dance and sing songs derived from the Ramayana and other epics.

Kathakalidance is also commonly performed during this time, with dancers enacting famous mythological legends.

A famous venue for this is at Valluvanad(Northern Kerala) which is associated with the growth of Kathakali, and Cheruthuruthy, where Kerala Kalamandalam is located.

The procession path historically has been from Tripunithura to the Vamanamoorthy Temple in Thrikkakara, Ernakulam district. The temple is dedicated to Vishnu in his Vamana (dwarf) avatar. After arrival at the temple, the marchers offer a prayer.

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Pulikali, also known as Kaduvakali is a common sight during Onam season.

This dance showcases performers painted like tigers in bright yellow, red and black, who dance to the beats of instruments like Chenda and thakil.

This folk art is mainly performed in the cultural district of Thrissur and thousands pour into the city to be a part of this art.

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Performances of the ritual worship dance Theyyam are given during the Onam season.In this, Mahabali is played by the Onathar.

Its variations include characters such as Oneswaran and Onapottan.

At the Thrikkakara temple, every day of the festival showcases one or more of these activities including Kathakali, Thiruvathira,

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Chakyarkoothu, Ottamthullal, Patakam, Onam songs and percussion instrument shows.

The Onasadya here is grand in scale, and is attended by over ten thousand people from all religions and faiths. Festivities include Puli Kali (masked leopard dance) and traditional dance forms like Kaikotti Kali which are performed in various functions. The official Government celebrations start on this day with heavy illuminations in Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode along with fireworks.

Major cities in Kerala, such as the political, commercial and cultural capitals namely Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Thrissur respectively, are lit up with lights and fabulous displays of fireworks. Sumptuous Onam Sadya feasts are prepared. In Thrikkakara temple, a mega-feast is conducted 24

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which is open to the public and is attended by more than twenty thousand people.

The Vallamkali (the snake boat race) is another event that is synonymous with Onam.

Well-known races include the AranmulaUthrattadhi Boat Race and the Nehru Trophy Boat Race.

Numerous oarsmen row huge snake-shaped boats. Men and women come from far and near to watch and cheer the snake boats race through the water. This event is particularly featured on the Pampa River, considered sacred and Kerala equivalent of Ganges River. As a tribute to the traditional snake boat race, a similar snake boat race is also held by the Malayali diaspora in Singapore annually during Onam at the Jurong Lake.

The Vallamkali (the snake boat race) is another event that is synonymous with Onam. Well-known races include the AranmulaUthrattadhi Boat Race and the Nehru Trophy Boat Race. Numerous oarsmen row huge snake-shaped boats.

Onam Sadya (Onam Feast)

The Onam sadya (feast) is another very indispensable part of Thiruvonam, and almost every Keralite attempts to either make or attend one. The Onasadya reflects the spirit of the season and is traditionally made with seasonal vegetables. The feast consisting of cooked rice as the main item is served on plantain leaves and comprises of nine courses, but may include over two dozen dishes, including Chips (especially Banana chips), Sharkaraveratti (Fried pieces of banana coated with jaggery),Pappadam, a variety of vegetable dishes, various types of pickles etc.ur, buttermilk, coconut chutney. The feast ends with a series of dessert called Payasam (a sweet dish made of milk, sugar, jaggery and other traditional Indian savories.

Post Onam celebrations

Normally, the largest chunk of Onam celebrations end by Thiruvonam.

However the two days following

Thiruvonam are also celebrated as Third and Fourth Onam. The third Onam, called Avvittom marks the preparations for King Mahabali's return ascension to heavens. The main ritual of the day is to take the Onathappan statue which was placed in the middle of every pookkalam during the past ten days and immerse it in nearby rivers or sea. The pookkalam will be cleaned and removed after this ritual.

Other customs

Onapottan in traditional costume is a custom in northern Kerala. Onapottan visits houses and gives blessings. People buy and wear new clothes for the occasion of Onam, and this tradition is called the Onakkodi.

During the Onam, Keralite Hindus install an image of ThrikkakaraAppan or Onatthappan (Vishnu in the form of Vamana) in their home just as Hindus install images or murtis of Lord Ganesha September 2020

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on the Ganesha Chaturthi festival elsewhere.Many lamps are lit in Hindu temples of Kerala during this celebration.

The swing is another integral part of Onam, especially in the rural areas. Young men and women, decked in their best, sing Onappaattu, or Onam songs, and rock one another on swings slung from high branches.

Onam season is often associated with creativity as weavers and potters go for excess production to cater to increased demands for their products during the season, especially in North Kerala regions of Kannur and Kasargod. Handloom fairs are an integral part of the spirit of Onam festivities these days.

In some parts of Kerala, people indulge in various games and dances during and postThiruvonam. These are known as Onakkalikal.

These include competitions such as Ox races (Maramadimatsaram), Uriyady,

Onam season is often associated with creativity as weavers and potters go for excess production to cater to increased demands for their products during the season, especially in North Kerala regions of Kannur and Kasargod.

food-eating competitions, Pookalam competitions etc.

Onam is the biggest festival of Kerala. But, there is a lot more to Onam than being just a festival.

Onam reflects the faith of the people of Kerala. A belief in their legendary past, and power of worship. It shows the high spirit of the people who go out of the way to celebrate the festival in the prescribed manner and a grand fashion.Onam festival is an integral part of the culture and tradition of Kerala and is considered as the festival of festivals in Kerala with all the hue, pomp and festivities surrounding it. It is sometimes even referred to as a national festival on account of its celebration by the Malayali population spread across all the States of the country.

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EDUCATION & CAREER

The Government of Kerala has sanctioned two loan schemes in a bid to support the State's travel and tourism sector

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he Government of Kerala has sanctioned two loan schemes in a bid to support the State's travel and tourism sector, which is badly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. While entrepreneurs/establishments in the travel and tourism sector can opt for working capital loans to stay afloat, employees engaged in the industry can avail of shortterm personal loans. Through this relief package, which is envisaged

by Kerala Tourism in association with the State Level Bankers' Committee (SLBC) and Kerala Bank, the Government of Kerala intends to help all the stakeholders of the industry to tide over the current crisis and start functioning as soon as the pandemic gets contained.

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Tourism Working Capital Support Scheme Tourism entrepreneurs/establishments can apply for working capital loan upto Rs. 25 lakh at a rate of interest as per the approved policy of respective banks.

• Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala will absorb 50 per cent of the interest, subject to a maximum of 4.5 per cent for the first 12 months.

• The remaining 50 per cent will have to be borne by the borrower concerned.

• Repayment duration will be 42 months, including six months repayment holiday.

• The total loan amount under this scheme is limited to Rs. 355 Crore.

• Resorts and hotels, Ayurveda centres, Tour operators/travel agents, Transport operators, Houseboats, Restaurants, Serviced Villas, Grihasthali Units, Homestays and Tourist motor boat operators that are Licensed/Classified/Approved/ Accredited by State/Union Governments are eligible to apply.

• Applications will be considered on a first-come first-served basis.

Eligibility Criteria Establishments working in Kerala in travel and tourism sector in the following sectors.

• Resorts & Hotels having valid Star classification from the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India/ valid license from the local self Government body (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Ayurveda Centres classified by the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Tour Operators/ Travel Agents Accredited with the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala /

India Tourism with registered office in Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Transport Operators accredited with India Tourism with registered office in Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Tour Operators/ Travel Agents (with registered office in Kerala) who are having valid GST Registration (as tour operator/travel agent) and have filed GST returns for the last two years (Copy of GST returns for the last two years to be enclosed) • House Boats having valid license from the Port Department (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Restaurants classified by the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Serviced Villas- Approved by the Department of Tourism (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Classified Grihasthali Units (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Home Stays-Classified by the Department of Tourism (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) September 2020

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• Tourist Motor Boat Operators having valid license from the Port Department (Copy of license to be enclosed) Tourism Employment Support Scheme Employees engaged in the travel and tourism sector can apply for shortterm personal loans upto Rs. 30,000 from Kerala Bank (Kerala State Co-operative Bank) at an interest rate of 9 per cent.

• The Department of Tourism will absorb 6 per cent of the interest for a total period of 18 months, while the remaining 3 per cent will have to be borne by the borrower concerned.

• The validity period for availing the loan is till September 30, 2020.

Repayment shall be done in 18 months including four months

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moratorium.

• Permanent/Contract/Daily wages employees working in licensed/ accredited/classified/approved Resorts and Hotels, Tour Operators/ Travel Agents, Transport Operators, House Boats, Restaurants, Serviced Villas, Grihasthali Units, Home Stays and Tourist Motor Boat Operators are eligible to apply.

• The employer shall file a formal application along with the details of employees, who wish to avail the loan, to the Deputy Director, Department of Tourism of the respective District.

• The list of employees submitted by the employer for availing credit facility must be certified by the Deputy Director, Tourism Department of the respective district.

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Eligibility Criteria Permanent / Contract / Daily wage employees working in tourism sector in Kerala in the following establishments.

• Resorts & Hotels having valid Star classification from the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India / valid license from the local self Government body (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Ayurveda Centres classified by the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Tour Operators / Travel Agents Accredited with the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala / India Tourism with registered office in Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Transport Operators accredited with India Tourism with registered office in Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Tour Operators / Travel Agents

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(with registered office in Kerala) who are having valid GST Registration (as Tour operator/Travel agent) and have filed GST returns for the last two years (Copy of GST returns for the last two years to be enclosed) • House Boats having valid license from the Port Department (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Restaurants classified by the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Serviced Villas - Approved by the Department of Tourism (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Classified Grihasthali Units (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Home Stays - Classified by the Department of Tourism (Copy of certificate to be enclosed) • Tourist Motor Boat Operators having valid license from the Port Department (Copy of license to be enclosed)

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HERITAGE

Grandeur of Rich

Culture and Heritage

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he sparkling festivals of South India will make everyone get in to a festive mood very easily.

The atmosphere will be filled with so much fun and fervor at the festivals that visitors will be swept off their feet. Across South India, there are plenty of festivals round the year. To pick and choose would be very difficult, since all of them are enriched with the colorful culture and rich heritage of the region.

The vibrant cultural diversity of the region is reflected on the heritage too. And that heritage is seen to be widely treasured and preserved in the region. Multicultural influences also make up a part of this heritage.

When dynasties ruled and foreign interference happened, the basic culture has remained intact with

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Opening the windows of history to Kerala’s past are the majestic temples, magnificent palaces, monuments, and once powerful forts. The State’s culture is found to have synthesized from Aryan and Dravidian cultures.

portrayals changing. Drop in at the heritage sites in the region to get an insight in to the art forms and customs that existed. Whether it is ancient forts, battlefields, monuments, or historic homes and localities, the rich heritage can be witnessed in all its grandeur.

Cultural dimensions range from Architecture, Cuisine, Dance, Communities, Literature, Music, Philosophy, Traditional Clothing, etc. Celebrating the eternal universe via celebration of the beauty of the body and motherhood is at the core of South Indian Culture.

Festivals as a part of culture and as a celebration of heritage give it a historical ambience. One can find a plethora of festivals in the region related to a variety of causes – harvest, religious sections, change of season, remembrances, or even just plain getting together. It gives joy to 36

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everyone and that is the point.

Well, to put in a nutshell, there is strong interrelation between culture, heritage and festivals. It is very evident from the sights that you will come across the region.

Opening the windows of history to Kerala’s past are the majestic temples, magnificent palaces, monuments, and once powerful forts. The State’s culture is found to have synthesized from Aryan and Dravidian cultures. It has evolved over time through migration and due to a lot of movements creating uniqueness.

In the performing arts section, the UNESCO recognition of ‘Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity’ is held by Koodiyattom – a form of Sanskrit drama native to the State. The exceptional acting skills of the performed can be seen at Koothambalams of temples where

this art form is held. Krishnanattam is another temple art form in Kerala that presents the story of Krishna.

Kathakali originated in the 17th century as a distinct performance art in Kerala. One can only wonder at the perfect combination of music, vocal performers, hand and facial gestures to express ideas, and footwork. The costume-rich story play entrance the viewer with its sequences and mudras.

Mohiniyattam, Thullal, and Oppana are some of the other performing arts that is popular in Kerala.

Padayani and Thirayattam reflects the folklore and songs of Kerala. The martial art form of Kalaripayattu has its base in Kerala’s Brahmanical past and Ayurveda.

One of the greatest trading centres of the East in ancient times is Muziris, which is located in the coastline of Kerala. Archaeological

discoveries in Pattanam show it to have had a trade link with Rome that peaked between 1st century BC and 4th century AD. The history and culture in this area present even in this era is a remnant of its past glory. The Kochi-Muziris Biennale highlights the heritage properties and monuments and act as a boost to the traditional forms of art and culture. The city of Kochi has several specimens where the links with foreign countries can be seen. Fort Immanuel, built in 1503, stands as a symbol of the alliance with the Monarch of Portugal. The colonial structure of David Hall was built around 1695 by the Dutch East India Company. The Jewish synagogue of Mattancherry enthralls visitors with its splendid furnishings. The galleries of bronze, epigraphy, numismatics, and sculpture at Sakthan Thampuran Palace in September 2020

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Several palaces such as those in Alwaye, Krishnapuram, Poonjar, and Dutch Palace, and the locations like Pazhassi Raja’s Tomb and the pre-historic site of Marayoor are reminders of the past.

Thrissur mesmerize the tourists with its inspiring displays. Kodungalloor has several monuments that show the religious past of Kerala. These include the Bhagawati Temple of more than 2000 years old, St. Thomas Church showing the advent of Syrian Christians in 52 A.D., and the Cheraman Juma Masjid built in mid 6th century A.D. Edakkal caves located on top of a hillock displays several carvings dated to the Neolithic Age. An excellent place for trekking, the caves are natural rock formations. It is considered as one of earliest centers of human habitation. The St Mary's Forane Church in Kottayam is constructed in 105 A.D. and it is noted that in 1911 three majestic bells were brought from Germany. Anchuthengu Fort is noted as the first settlement of East India Company and is identified to have served as a signaling station for ships that arrived from England.

Several palaces such as those in Alwaye, Krishnapuram, Poonjar, and Dutch Palace, and the locations 38

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like Pazhassi Raja’s Tomb and the pre-historic site of Marayoor are reminders of the past.

The harvest festival of Onam reminisces Kerala’s agrarian past.

Celebration of this festival involves a number of cultural elements.

These include Atthachamayam, Kazhchakkula, Onatthappan, Onavillu, Onapottan, Pulikkali, Pookkalam, Thumbi Thullal, and Vallam Kali. Aranmula Boat Race and Kumarakom Boat Race are held during the festival of Onam.

Palliyodams or the snake boats at Aranmula have structures resembling snakes. The origin of Aranmula Vallamkali is owed to Sri Parthasarathy Temple situated at the banks of the river Pamba.

Floral carpets are prepared with a variety of flowers is the tradition of Athapookkalam. Thiruvathirakali, a women’s dance typical of Onam and Kummattikali – a colorful-mask dance, and Pulikali where performers are painted like tigers are some of the cultural feats that a visitor would

experience during Onam in Kerala.

The beginning of the harvest year is celebrated as Vishu to signify prosperity.

The ancient dynastic land of Karnataka is famous for its heavily ornamented monuments. The rich and varied culture of the State is visible in costumes, traditions, and performing arts. The cultural capital of Karnataka is Mysore. Amba Vilas Palace is the centre of attraction during the 10-day Dussehra festival.

The Jaganmohana Palace, Sand Sculpture Museum, Jayalakshmi Vilas and Lalitha Mahal are other palaces in the city.

The culturally important group of temples at Talakkad is built during the Western Ganga dynastic rule.

High quality Ganga workmanship with late Pallava influences is found at this site. The sand dunes of Talakkad and the Vaidyeshvara and Kirtinarayana temples at this site are protected by ASI. Hoysala architecture is visible in its full elegance at Somanathapura. The

Namdroling Monastery also known as the Golden Temple of Bylakuppe has several Tibetan settlements. The monastery hosts traditional Lama Dances, oversize Thankga hanging from the sides of its buildings, as well as solemn processions throughout the monastery grounds spanning approximately two weeks during Tibetan New Year celebrations.

Hampi, once visited by visited

by Arabs, Orientals, Persians and the Portuguese, was the capital city of Vijayanagara empire. Vijaya Vittala temple here has 56 musical pillars which produce the sounds of 56 different musical instruments.

The Hazararama Palace temple features carvings of intricate stories.

Excellent craftsmanship is evident with the sculptures and monolithic structures at Hampi. The Golden Triangle of Belur, Halebeedu, and Shravanabelagola displays actionpacked history of ancient era. Belur was the capital of Hoysala dynasty and the Chennakesava Temple here September 2020

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Karnataka has achieved prominent place in the world through Hindustani and Carnatic music. Coastal Karnataka gave rise to the theatrical form of Yakshagana.

is known as the ‘jewel in stone.’

Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur. It is constructed with a perfect confluence of Indo-Islamic and Deccan architecture. The stucco figures of Sapta Matrikas, and the Makbara with the grave of Haider Ali's relatives at Kolar are worth a visit. Steeped in legend and myth is the journey from Aihole to Badami to Pattadakal. The area is believed to be the cradle of Dravidian architecture. Sculptures and carvings speak of coronations and dedications. The rock-cut caves and the Agastya Lake add beauty to the place. The legendary warrior king Tipu Sultan’s fortress is at Srirangapatna where one can also see the celebrated Ranganatha Swamy Temple, Tipu's mosque with 40

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its twin minarets, Tipu's Summer Palace, the Wellesley Bridge. The Indo-Saracenic monuments that dot the landscape of Gulbarga melds the past with the present. Considered one of the most formidable forts of the country the Bidar Fort has a history of several ups and downs.

‘Vijay Utsav’ or the Hampi festival is commemorated from the times of Vijayanagar reign. Dance, drama, fireworks, puppet shows, spectacular parades, and use of musical instruments like drums and pipes, et al adds to the attraction of the festival.

It is the King Raja Wodeyar I who introduced Dussehra Festival in 1610. From then on, the Dussehra festivities has attracted tourists from all over the world. Mysore Palace is illuminated with a lakh lightbulbs during this time and a colourful procession is taken out through the city. Colourful tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels form a part of the procession. Rural Karnataka celebrates Kambala wherein the traditional buffalo race is involved, which is popular among the farming community of the State.

Karnataka has achieved prominent place in the world through Hindustani and Carnatic music.

Coastal Karnataka gave rise to the theatrical form of Yakshagana.

Colourful costumes, music, dance, singing, and most importantly dialogs composed on the fly adds to the fun element of the classical folk

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play. It is found that famous painters such as Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya and Alasinrayya were patronized by the king Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. Art, Architecture, Cuisine, Clothing, Language, Literature, and Religion/Philosophy – all of these sections find a place in the cultural history of Andhra Pradesh. The rule of Pallava, Ikshvaku, Kakatiya, Chalukya and Mughal dynasties saw the State deriving a blend of Dravidian, Chalukan, Orissa and Nagara styles of architecture. Historical monuments and religious edifices reflect these styles.

Kuchipudi – a performing art of dance-drama, with its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra originated in Andhra Pradesh. Hari Katha Kalakshepa is prevalent in the State. This is a form of religious discourse in a story format. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja had contributed significantly to the rich artistic traditions of Andhra Pradesh.

The State has one of the richest culinary traditions of the world.

Avakaya, Bandhar Laddu, Gongura, Pulusu, etc. draw on the spices, fruit 42

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and vegetable harvests of the region.

One of the spiciest Indian cuisines, the State’s cuisine has its unique style and tradition.

Palaeolithic rock paintings - which are about 35000 to 40000 years old - at Kurnool is renowned. The Belum Caves show signs that they were occupied by Buddhist and Jain monks. The district of Prakasham shows its journey through the Maurya dynasty, Satavahanas – an era when the Buddhist temples 44

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and stupas were built, Ikshvaku, Vijayanagar, the Qutub Shahi dynasty and lastly the Mughals.

The breathtaking beauty of the Rajahmundry area is located on the banks of river Godavari. The remnants of the fort walls and palaces from the period of Eastern Chalukyan ruler during 1022 A.D. can still be seen here. The city of Vijayawada is said to be where Arjuna performed penance to appease Lord Shiva. multi-hued,

lightweight Kondapalli toys from this area is well known. Visakhapatnam has an enchanting history and cultural heritage from the times of the rulers Ashoka and Krishnadeva Raya. The 18th century also saw the city being a Dutch colony.

Mogalrajapuram Caves are said to be constructed in the 5th century. The intricate craftsmanship and finesse is visible in every sculpture and carving of the cave temples. Araku Valley offers a wonderful opportunity to

get an insight into the lifestyle of the 19 indigenous tribes at this place and get a glimpse of their culture and traditions. Amaravati Stupa is a famous specimen of the Buddhist art and ancient Indian architecture. It was an important settlement during Emperor Ashoka’s reign. The grand carvings and sculptures portray the life of Buddha and his various incarnations.

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temples and monuments built in the Dravidian style of architecture.

Archaeological excavations at Adichanallur have unearthed materials from the Neolithic period of more than 3800 years ago, giving lent to the fact that the history of Tamilnadu extends back to quite a long time.

Ruled by ruled by the Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagara Empire, Rashtrakutas, Carnatic kingdom and the British, the city of Vellore on the banks of Palar river has seen many wars. The prime attraction of Vellore Fort is entirely made of granite stone. The city has an enriching legacy which reflects the early Dravidian culture. Gangaikonda Cholapuram was the capital of Cholas for around 250 years. The shore temples of Mahabalipuram built in the 7th century is a visual treat and a major historical and heritage site in Tamil Nadu. The Open air bas-relief, structured 46

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temples, man-made caves and rathas or chariot temples would serve as a categorization of the art work in Mahabalipuram.

The movement from rock-cut architecture to structural buildings is seen in the construction of these temples. The giant sculptures at this place are monolithic. The Mamallapuram Dance Festival held during December-January annually celebrates various dance forms. Kanchipuram is known for its grandeur and great architecture.

Serving as the capital of Pallava dynasty, this city is also noted for its temples and silk sarees. Madurai and Thanjavur has prominent places in the heritage list of Tamilnadu.

The rock-cut caves and temples at Tenkasi and Tiruchirappalli display architectural wonders prevalent years ago. The British called the Senji Fort as ‘Troy of the East’ due to its impregnability. The Saint Poet Thiruvalluvar’s statue on a rock at

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Kanyakumari signifies that wealth and love can be earned and enjoyed on the foundation of solid virtue.

Vivekananda Rock Memorial honors Swami Vivekananda who is said to have attained enlightenment on this rock. The Mandapa has incorporated different temple architectures from all over India. The Gandhi Memorial Mandapam, Bhagavathy Amman Temple, Kamarajar Mani Mantapam, Ayya Vaikundar Nizhal Thangal, etc. attracts tourists from far and near.

Kuttu Varisaiand and Silambam are two of the Martial traditions of Tamilnadu. Tanjore paintings made of cloth and coated with zinc oxide is quite famous. The temple walls of Kutal Azhakar and Meenakshi temple, and the Brihadeeswarar temple of Tanjore has murals which are painted in a style similar to the Tanjore paintings. Tamil Pannisai is from which carnatic music seems to have evolved. Bharatanatyam, Karakattam, Paraiattam, Kavadiattam – dedicated to the Lord Murugan, Mayillattam and Oyilattam are some of the dance forms of Tamilnadu. The harvest season of Pongal is celebrated with fervor in Tamilnadu. Mattu pongal is worshipping the cows. Natyanjali Dance Festival at Chidambaram is held to celebrate the performing arts such as Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Mohiniyattam, and Kathak. The day of Thaipusam is marked as a day of penance.

Different types of Kavadi are taken by devotees of Lord Murugan.

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Ruled by the Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagara Empire, Rashtrakutas, Carnatic kingdom and the British, the city of Vellore on the banks of Palar river has seen many wars.

The Kumbakonam Mahamaham Festival is world famous and takes place once in 12 years. Thiruvaiyaru Music Festival held every year in January is in honour of the famous music composer and Saint Thyagaraja. Karthigai Deepam at Thiruvannamalai is also known as the Festival of Lights.

With a cultural history of over 5000 years, Telangana has a unique multi-cultural coexistence. During the times of the Hindu Kings of Kakatiya dynasty and the Muslim rulers of Qutb Shahi and Asaf Jahi Dynasty or the Nizams of Hyderabad, the city emerged as a foremost centre of culture.

The spirit of Hyderabad city is brought to life with the Deccan Festival. Ghazals, Mushairas and Qawwalis are performed over a period of five days. Rich craftworks exhibited at the event and the Nawabi cuisine attracts several to this festival. The majestic structure of Charminar was completed in 1591

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CE and stands as a monument as well as a mosque. The four towers of Charminar is located on the banks of the river Musi. Considered the ‘Arc de Triomphe of the East’, displays Islamic architecture at its best – the arches, minarets, and domes are typical. A combination of Mughal and Hindu architecture has executed the floral designs. The third largest museum with its collection of antiques is the Salarjung Museum at the banks of River Musi. 43,000 art objects and 50,000 priceless books and manuscripts are found at the museum. Qutub Shahi Tombs resemble Persian, Pathan and Hindu architectural styles that makes use of grey granite, with stucco ornamentation. The magnificent

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Golconda Fort complex dates back to the early 13th century, when ruled by the Kakatiya dynasty.

Four drawbridges, eight gateways, mounted cannons, magazines, stables etc. are seen at this fort. The ancient Golconda mine is the mother of the numerous legendary gems such as the Koh-i-Noor and Hope Diamond.

Retrace the paths of Nizams at Falaknuma Palace. The choicest architecture at this palace is heavenly and it is located around 2000 feet high above the city. The awe-inspiring marble staircases, brilliantly designed Venetian chandeliers and furniture, the sloshing fountains, enchanting statues, and objects d’art reflects the

grandeur of an erstwhile rule. The Khilwat Clock at Chowmahalla Palace still runs perfectly adding to the other stunning construction aspects of the palace. Telangana has several forts which stand testimony to the great dynasties that ruled. These include Warangal fort, Khammam fort, Gadwal fort, Devarakonda Fort, Bhongir Fort, Rachakonda Fort, Nirmal fort, Domakonda fort, Elgandal fort, Jagtial fort, Nagunur fort, and Medak fort. The culture and art of these areas attract scores of people. Visitors are inspired and excited with the architecture involved in the building of these forts. Excavations at Nelakondapalli have unearthed cisterns, a Mahastupa, terracotta idols, a

bronze idol of Lord Buddha and a miniature stupa carved in limestone, and other historic materials from third and fourth centuries.

Ramanavami is celebrated with pomp and gaiety at Nelakondapalli.

The Navabrahma temples and the Jogulamba Temple are found in a single temple complex at Alampur, which dates back to the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. Nandikonda located close to the Nagarjuna Sagar dam was part of the Ikshvaku Dynasty. Ruins of a fort and Buddhist structures are found at this place.

The Buddhist Mahastupa or the great stupa and vihar in Dhulikatta village is stated to be from more than 2000 years ago. Architectural brilliance and a panoramic view of

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true scenic beauty can be had in one go at the Ramappa Temple, which dates back to 1213 A.D. Karimnagar Silver Filigree Craft is famous for its beautiful works of art. This unique technique and craft is found to have started more than 200 years ago. Perini Sivatandavam is an ancient dance form that originated in the region of Telangana during the Kakatiya dynasty. It is performed as a dance of warriors by the men. The folk festival of Bonalu is celebrated in a colourful manner to praise the village deity Mahankali. The traditional folklore of Oggukatha sings, praises and narrates the stories of Hindu Gods Beerappa, Mallana, and Yellamma.

Andaman & Nicobar Islands has a rich heritage with many of them interlinked to the rule of British India.

Kaala Paani or the Cellular Jail was a colonial prison where several freedom strugglers from India were 52

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imprisoned. The prison construction was completed in 1906. The original building was a puce-colored brick building. The Sound and Light show in the Cellular Jail narrates the saga of the Indian freedom struggle.

Ross Island is home to the ruins of a church, Chief Commissioner's house, the Cathedral and graveyard of the Britishers. Viper Island has the ruins of a gallows atop a hillock and has a jail constructed during 186467. The once haunted Viper Island is now a serene beautiful tourist destination. Port Blair receiving its name from Archibald Blair, is stated to have settlements as early as 1789. Documented archaeological evidence of this Union Territory of India dates back to over 2200 years.

For over 250 years Puducherry was a French colony. The influence of French culture is still seen widely in this Union Territory of India.

Puducherri Bommai is a traditional handmade doll that is widely

appreciated. It is made of terracotta, papier-mache and plaster. Casting of bronze is a craft in Puducherry dating back to the 8th century A.D. Korai mats woven from a grass of local variety is another specialty from Puducherry. Built in 1971 the French War Memorial is dedicated to the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country during World War I. Manakula Vinayagar Temple in Puducherry is over 500 years old and has an illustrious history.

The French section of Puducherry features ornate gateway arches,

garden courtyards with multicolored bougainvilleas and buildings painted in pleasant hues of lime and peach.

Many of the monuments and heritage structures are associated with places of religious significance.

Tourists would get a combination of experiences at these places. Having a rich cultural heritage and history, there are several more destinations that could be visited at leisure. It is certain that takeaways would include a sense of wonder, a longing for the past, and appreciation of a rich culture.

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EDUCATION & CAREER

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