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DECEMBER 1, 2017
DECEMBER 1, 2017 1
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ON T H E C O V E R : PHOTOGRAPH BY WINNI WINTERMEYER
2017’s Top People in Business It’s not just about the numbers: The 20 star executives on our list are doing nothing less than defining the future of business.
53 PAGE NO.
Macy’s Makeor-Break Christmas By PHIL WAHBA
FORTUNE GLOBAL FORUM: SPECIAL R E P O R T
Innovation Takes Off in China By CL AY CHANDLER
No. 1
No. 8
Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang
PayPal CEO Dan Schulman
By ANDREW NUSCA
A Q&A with MICHAL LEV-RAM
Huang saw the future of computing over a decade ago. Thanks to that vision, his chipmaker is perhaps the hottest firm in Silicon Valley.
Under Schulman, PayPal has evolved to become a dominant player in payments. He thinks its Venmo app can follow the same arc.
54
66
Is It Time for P&G to Break Up? By GEOFF COLVIN and SHAWN TULLY
Macy’s has a new CEO and a new strategy to reverse its epic sales slump. The holiday shopping surge will be the department store’s first chance to prove the plan can work.
Led by Internet giants such as Alibaba and Tencent and boosted by a surge in venture capital, China is shedding its image as a copycat economy and emerging as a tech superpower.
Under assault by activist Nelson Peltz, the 180-year-old consumer products behemoth is confronting its feeble growth. But only radical change can fix its problems.
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VOLUME 176 ///
FEATURES
NUMBER 7
THE 2017 BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR
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CONTENTS DEPARTMENTS
fore word 8 Betting Long We know that companies that invest in the future do better than short-term thinkers. Here’s more proof. By CLIFTON LEAF
b r ie f in g 11 Fortune’s 2018 Crystal Ball Our predictions for the world of business—and politics, culture, technology, and more—in the year ahead. 22 Richard Branson’s Best Advice The billionaire daredevil has one of the best stories in business—which he tells in his new book, Finding My Virginity. By ANNE VANDERMEY
focus 43
venture
26 Amped and Revamped Fender, an electric instruments company built on its analog prowess, is learning the smartphone can be a great rock and roll companion. By ANDREW NUSCA inves t
31 The Hedge Fund Wannabes A new breed of ETFs promises to imitate the souped-up strategies of hedge funds—at a much lower cost. But how will they fare in a market downturn? By RYAN DEROUSSEAU
tech
35 Alphabet’s Guru of Googley Rigor Ruth Porat, CFO of Google’s parent company, balances Silicon Valley whimsy with hard-nosed reality. By ADAM LASHINSKY
39 All in the Family Relatives of Uber’s new CEO have earned entry to tech’s hall of fame with top jobs at Google, Intel, Allen & Co., and beyond. By ROBERT HACKETT
passions 43 The Post With the Most Subscription boxes make for perfect holiday gifts, spreading the joy well into the new year. By KATE FLAIM with CHLOE LIESKE
11
BACK PAGE
last byte 104 Weight of the World The world is getting much, much heavier. And we can expect a massive increase in obesity-related medical costs. Text by BRIAN O’KEEFE; graphic by NICOLAS RAPP
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FOREWORD
BETTING LONG sleep longer, exercise more. We nod politely, and then many of us go back to our double cheeseburgers, late nights, and long stretches behind a desk. There is the wisdom of the ages, after all, and there is the reality of the day. On most days, the day wins. That, inevitably, is how many corporate executives respond when they are reminded—as they so often are—of the advantages of “thinking long term” about their businesses: They nod politely and then go back to planning feverishly for the next quarter. The evidence supporting the notion that future-minded companies—those that invest substantially in R&D and focus on developing and growing businesses far into the future—outperform the short-term thinkers is overwhelming, just as it is, of course, for the benefits of healthy diets and exercise. A February report from the McKinsey Global Institute lays out the business case with the kind of power data analysis you’d expect from the number crunchers there: Studying a universe of 615 large and midsize companies over the years 2001 to 2014, McKinsey researchers found that “long-term firms,” as they define them, had significantly higher revenue growth and profit than the short-termers. Their market value grew faster, and they fared better during the financial crisis too. (Feel free to nod politely.) The problem is, studies and white papers can be easy to ignore. Much harder to ignore is someone like Jensen Huang, Fortune’s 2017 Businessperson of the Year. The 54-year-old CEO of Nvidia, who cofounded the Silicon Valley chipmaker in 1993, has built it into a 21st-century phenom that now rivals IBM in market capitalization. As Fortune digital editor Andrew Nusca writes in this issue (please see his wonderfully lively profile of Huang on page 54), Nvidia makes the “muscular mystery stuff ”—the graphics processing units, or GPUs—that enable the “visual fireworks” in new video games and movies. In the past four quarters, it has racked up profits of $2.6 billion on $9 billion in sales, Photo illustration of drones in the capping a three-year growth rate that is sky over Guangzhou, China, where nothing short of astonishing. our 2017 Global Forum and inaugural The company’s latest chips, imporBrainstorm Tech International are being held this month. tantly, support the deep neural networks WE’VE ALL BEEN TOLD TO EAT RIGHT,
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that are powering the modern revolution in artificial intelligence. But that didn’t happen by accident. Huang never took his aim off the future, even when the stock was floundering a decade ago. “The world didn’t quite realize what we were building,” an Nvidia exec tells Fortune. But the CEO knew his sophisticated chips were foundational. Says Huang, “I’ve been talking about the same story for 15 years. I’ve barely had to change my slides.” You’ll see the same far-horizon gaze—and the courage to believe in it—in the other 19 CEOs who made our “Businessperson of the Year” list (see our package beginning on page 53). You’ll see it in Bezos and Benioff and Dimon. It’s embedded in the careers of Ulta Beauty’s Mary Dillon and Progressive’s Susan Griffith. It’s there in François van Houten’s ongoing transformation of the 126-yearold Royal Philips. Perhaps most tellingly, you’ll see that same invest-in-what’s-next mindset in the Chinese government, which is helping to power the coming decades of innovation in that country—particularly in critical areas such as advanced semiconductors and robotics that are redefining industry (see our report on page 86). That’s a big reason we’re convening the 2017 Fortune Global Forum in Guangzhou this month—and why hundreds of CEOs and entrepreneurs from around the world will join us. They’ll be looking for wisdom that will help them lead their companies into the future. And you can bet they’d like that to mean the next decade or two— not the next quarter.
CLIFTON LEAF Editor-in-Chief, Fortune @CliftonLeaf
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1 THE WORLD IN
8 PAGES
2018 Fortune Crystal Ball GOOD BUSINESSES KEEP UP WITH THE HOTTEST TRENDS. Great
ones anticipate them. To help you discern what’s coming next, we’ve mined the forecasts, predictions, and projections from countless sources and polled Fortune’s in-house experts to bring you this look at the coming year. Our best bets? India will grow, cars will fly, and Bitcoin will crash—before it rebounds to new highs. Billionaires will blast off into space, and you’ll be eating meat with no animal in it (and you might even like it). Herewith, our predictions for the world of business in 2018, in our fifth annual edition of Fortune’s Crystal Ball.
ILLUSTRATIONS BY SAM PEET
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PAGE
2 Amazon Keeps Eating theWorld Hot on the heels of its acquisition of Whole Foods Market, Amazon will keep bolstering its physical presence to speed up delivery. That could mean buying more retail chains with big footprints like Kohl’s or Office Depot.
TELL US HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT THE MARKET, AND WE’LL TELL YOU WHICH BIG BANK IS YOUR SOUL MATE AS OF NOV. 10, THE S&P 500 WAS AT 2,582.
Do you think we’re overdue for a decline and that the phrase “‘tormented bulls’ best describes investor mentality”? You’re a match for Goldman Sachs, projecting the S&P will end 2018 at
Do you think 2017’s global rally will be “restrained by ongoing global headwinds from high debt [and] slow labor recoveries”? You’re besties with Wells Fargo, projecting a 2018 finale as high as
Do you see a “supportive economic backdrop, with benign recessionary risks”? You should get to know Credit Suisse. It projects the S&P 500 will close out 2018 at
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terms to know
“Pine Island” & “Thwaites”
The two (relatively) fastmoving Antarctic glaciers are big enough that if melted, sea levels would rise roughly four feet over time, inundating many coastal cities. Both are shedding ice at accelerating rates.
Trump’s Triumph, and the EU’s Crisis In the year ahead, India’s economy will climb, Britain’s delicate Brexit negotiations are likely to derail, and the U.S. will see a pivotal election.
DEMS WIN THE POPULAR VOTE, BUT STILL CAN’T RETAKE CONGRESS Democrats will have the numbers in the 2018 midterm election, but we predict it won’t be enough for them to take the House. Urban clustering (and gerrymandering) favors Republicans so heavily that not even a presidential approval rating below 40% will be enough to put Nancy Pelosi back in the House Speaker’s seat. The Senate, meanwhile, is an even longer bet.
BREXIT CHAOS BRINGS DOWN THERESA MAY A snowballing sexual harassment scandal in Parliament and divisions over Brexit will coalesce into a force strong enough to bring down Theresa May’s government. The Labour
Party’s Jeremy Corbyn will become U.K. Prime Minister and will try to complete Brexit negotiations with the EU (hoping to create a socialist paradise outside the “neoliberal” EU’s Single Market). The foreign exchange and bond markets will push back, hard.
PUERTO RICO MAKES AN ENERGY COMEBACK The devastation wrought by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico leaves the field wide open for entrepreneurial experiments. Although the first bid to rebuild the island’s power grid was a debacle, Gov. Ricardo Rosselló has said the old system could eventually be replaced with localized microgrids powered by solar and wind. A similar idea involves small modu-
lar nuclear reactors. By this time next year, Puerto Rico will be jump-starting a global renewable (or nuclear)
THREE THINGS WE’LL BAN 1. Texting while walking: Pedestrians absorbed in their Fruit Ninja games aren’t just annoying, they’re dangerous. Next year, more states will copy Honolulu’s “Distracted Walking” law. 2. Electric bikes: Beloved of deliverymen, the zippy cycles have become a regulator target in New York City and elsewhere. 3. Vaping: Safer alternative to cigarettes, or gateway to addiction? The latter, say states like New York, which are increasingly banning e-cigs in regular nonsmoking zones.
SIGN: L AURENTIU GAROFE ANU—BARCROF T USA/BARCOF T M E D I A V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S ; VA P E : C A G K A N S AY I N — A L A M Y
Fortune Crystal Ball
PAGE
3 Home Prices (Barely) Rise Zillow asked more than 100 economists and real estate experts where they thought home prices would wind up next year. The average answer? Up—but not by as much as in 2017.
PROJECTED MEAN HOME PRICE, U.S. ($ THOUSAND)
$240 220 200
2017
2020
2022
These Three Companies Will Make Your City Beg to Host Them Amazon got plenty of positive press (and offers of tax breaks) when it said it was looking for another HQ. More companies will follow its lead in 2018. Looking at you, Facebook, Nvidia, and Alibaba.
SOURCE: ZILLOW
Puigdemont will be convicted of rebellion by Spanish courts.
INDIASURGES The world economy should grow modestly in 2018, but India will boom. After 7.1% growth in 2016 and a projected 6.7% uptick in 2017, the Indian economy is expected to balloon 7.4% next year, thanks in part to its demonetization reforms starting to bear fruit. (China, by contrast, is expected to grow 6.5%.) While economic risks linger and more reforms are needed, India will be the fastest-growing major economy the IMF tracks.
TAX REFORM PASSES …BUT GDP DOESN’T HIT 3%
revolution, with all the investment that entails.
EU ANTITRUST SUITS KEEP ROLLING The European Union will levy another heavy fine on Google for abuse of its dominance of the Android system. It will also reject the tech giant’s proposed fixes in its other ongoing case over rigging shopping results. Look for Bing to make inroads.
THE EU WEATHERS MORE ATTACKS FROM WITHIN The most likely outcome of Italy’s early 2018 election is a coalition between the centrist Democratic Party and Forza Italia. But the Eurosceptic Five Star Movement is also polling well. Its populist leader, 31-year-old Luigi Di Maio, wants to ditch many EU rules (or pull out entirely). Meanwhile, Catalonian separatist leader Carles
President Trump and the GOP-led Congress are able to enact some corporate tax reforms, but find that tax cuts alone can’t quickly compensate for an aging population and an underskilled middle class. GDP grows by 2.5% for the year.
THE ODDS LONG SHOT: Mark
Zuckerberg will personally fact-check Facebook posts related to the 2018 election and learn Russian to sniff out any interference. SLAM DUNK: Russian President Vladimir Putin wins reelection in March.
HOW THE SUPREME COURT S WILL RULE Back to a full bench of nine, the Supreme Court justices are ready to rule on what Ruth Bader Ginsburg described as a “momentous” series of cases. Here, three predictions: ON UNIONS:
The justices will strike another blow to the power of unions by ruling, in a case known as Janus, that government workers may opt out of mandatory dues. ON PARTISAN GERRYMANDERING:
The court’s key swing vote, Anthony Kennedy, has a flair for the dramatic. He will cast the deciding vote in a 5–4 ruling in Gill v. Whitford that will declare the serpentine redrawing of election districts for political purposes to be unconstitutional. ON PRIVACY: Famously
tech-resistant, the court has gradually come to recognize the privacy hazards of constant cell phone use. In Carpenter v. United States, it will require cops to get a warrant if they wish to determine a suspect’s location using phone records.
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Fortune Crystal Ball
4 The U.S. IPO market jumps to life again. Last year
$60 B
was particularly weak for domestic IPO proceeds, at just $16.2 billion. That ticked up to a projected $39.7 billion this year, and—according to global law firm Baker McKenzie— will hit $70.9 billion in 2018. Investors will thank a robust stock market and tech companies for the boost.
40
SIZE OF U.S. IPOs
20 0 2014
2016
2018
2020
ECONOMIC FORECASTING
2.25%
The federal funds rate at the end of 2018. Yuge economic growth remains elusive, but continued low unemployment puts enough upward pressure on wages and prices to prompt more rate hikes from the Federal Reserve, led by new chairman Jerome Powell. The Fed’s benchmark rate rises above 2% for the first time since the 2008 financial crisis.
$60
What a barrel of oil will cost next Christmas. Saudi political turmoil and the occasional disruptive summer storm will make the price of crude fluctuate plenty in 2018. But U.S. shale oil will keep the domestic supply flowing, putting an expiration date on any price spikes. No need to pawn the SUV just yet.
Planes, Trains, and Cars That Fly Next year will see breakthroughs in zero-emissions vehicles that could help save the planet—and rockets that may one day help us escape it.
AUTONOMOUS CARS START KILLING A LOT OF DEER So far, driverless cars have a (mostly) clean record cruising the orderly streets of Singapore, Arizona, and Ann Arbor. But as hundreds more hit the road next year, accidents are inevitable. Blind spots? Kangaroos, deer, and bicyclists.
GEOPOLITICAL INTRIGUE STYMIES THE HYPERLOOP As more companies set their sights on a Hyperloop
transit system, they’re finding that several of the most promising spots— with the most space to build and the deepest pockets for budgeting—are in politically fraught sections of the Middle East. Engineering is easy compared with the complexities of regional geopolitics.
TESLA TAKES OFF Uber is building a flyingtaxi pilot program in L.A. , and the hovercraft-maker
CELEBRITIES GO TO SPACE Both Elon Musk and Richard Branson say they’ll send tourists to space next year. (Jeff Bezos is targeting 2019.) A few of the A-listers dreaming of a better life on Mars (or wherever):
Kitty Hawk, backed by Alphabet CEO Larry Page, is working on consumer transports. Our bet: In 2018, Tesla CEO and mobility futurist Elon Musk joins the sky-race with an aeronautic venture of his own.
ALL-ELECTRIC CAR SALES NEAR 1 MILLION NEXT YEAR Even if Washington is resistant to paving the way, global sales of allelectric cars will surge 70% in 2018, up from 580,000 this year, according to LMC Automotive.
THE ODDS LONG SHOT: The Trump
STEPHEN HAWKING
PETER THIEL
ANGELINA JOLIE
KATY PERRY*
administration, at Detroit’s urging, sinks $10 billion into zero-emissions car research. SLAM DUNK: Next year will be the warmest La Niña year on record. *MAY BE A RETURN TRIP.
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H A W K I N G : D AV E J H O G A N — G E T T Y I M A G E S ; J O L I E : J O N K O P A L O F F — F I L M M A G I C / G E T T Y I M A G E S ; T H I E L : K I M K U L I S H — C O R B I S V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S ; P E R R Y : K E V I N W I N T E R — G E T T Y I M A G E S
SOURCE: BAKER MCKENZIE
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5 term to know
Thehot new show:My Brilliant Friend
“Carfentanil”
HBO and Italian state broadcaster RAI are teaming up to produce the first installment of Elena Ferrante’s “Neapolitan Novels,” the international bestselling series, for an as-yet-undisclosed release date in 2018.
An elephant tranquilizer and synthetic opioid, often manufactured in labs in Asia, that has become an especially scary and deadly force in America’s opioid crisis.
soy—have grown 45% by volume over the past five years to constitute 7% of the U.S. market. Expect meat aisles to transform next, as food and tech collide to produce alternatives that taste more, well, meaty. Right now, substitutes make up less than 1% of the processed-meat and seafood market—but their rate of growth should outpace the real stuff’s.
E-SPORTS GET HUGE
Who to Watch, Who to Root for, What to Eat Sports, media, food, and culture are changing almost as fast as the ways we consume them.
THE NUMBER OF CORD-CUTTERS WILL HIT 27 MILLION The ranks of cordcutters will keep ballooning in 2018. By the end of this year about 22.2million Americans will have ditched their cable TV providers, a 33.2% increase from 2016. Those losses will rise next year— and the next, and the next. But don’t shed a tear for the cable industry’s bottom line. As traditional TV subscriptions plummet, companies like Comcast and Verizon are seeing big growth in broadband.
MEATLESS MEAT IS THE NEXT DAIRY-FREE MILK We’ll say it: Plants are hot. Milk alternatives—think almond and
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Competitive gaming is going mainstream. Research firm Newzoo says e-sports, a $660 million industry, will soar 40% next year thanks to sponsorships, media rights, and, yes, ticket sales. Gamemaker Blizzard opened its first U.S. arena this fall.
STARS WILL BE BORN
GIANNIS ANTETOKOUNMPO A.K.A. “THE GREEK FREAK” Born in Athens to Nigerian immigrants, the Milwaukee Bucks’ 22-year-old hoops prodigy is joining the NBA’s elite. Proof? His forthcoming Nike signature shoe.
CHLOE KIM OLYMPIC SNOWBOARDER The halfpipe champion, just 17 years old, will be the 2018 Olympics’ breakout sensation.
THE FAVORITES Super Bowl:The Patriots meet the Vikings in Super Bowl LII. Despite complaints from Papa John’s, the TV audience falls below 105million, down 5%. World Series:The Dodgers square off against the Cleveland Indians, as L.A.’s investor-owners pray that their payroll—the highest in baseball, at $240million—finally yields a trophy. NBA: The Cleveland Cavaliers face a surprise contender, the Houston Rockets, owned by steak-house and casino magnate Tilman Fertitta.
DOMHNALL GLEESON ACTOR The 34-year-old Irishman (and Star Wars villain) will be the stry st ry s next next darling. darli da rli industry’s
KHALID MUSICIAN Big-data firm Affinio says the newest huge musician will be this 19-year-old singer (who already has a Billboard top 10 hit.)
A N T E T O K O U N M P O : R O C K Y W I D N E R — N B A E V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S ; K I M : D O U G P E N S I G N E R — G E T T Y I M A G E S ; G L E E S O N : A N T H O N Y H A R V E Y— G E T T Y I M A G E S ; K H A L I D : C F L A N I G A N — F I L M M A G I C / G E T T Y I M A G E S
Fortune Crystal Ball
Cancer is smart…and relentless. At Dana-Farber, we are too. Each year, we conduct over 800 clinical trials
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has recognized us as a national leader in cancer for 17 years straight. It’s also why, here, cancer is quickly losing ground.
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Fortune Crystal Ball
6 term to know
“RNA” Companies are
testing new tech to silence gene expression and combat deadly genetic diseases by manipulating RNA, DNA’s biological partner, with new treatments due out as soon as 2018.
Tech’s Peril and Promise in 2018 Next year, incredible innovations, intrepid hackers, and executive infighting will leave their mark on Silicon Valley and beyond.
FACEBOOK FINALLY ADMITS IT’S A MEDIA COMPANY If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it’s probably a tech company. Right? Facebook insists it’s not a media business, despite evidence proving otherwise: fake news frustrations, editors as employees, $27billion in annual advertising revenue. Next year, look for it to drop its resistance to the moniker, even though that could open it up to more regulation.
APPLE BREAKS RECORDS In November, supplies of the Apple’s $999 iPhone X sold out in hours (only to turn up on eBay for up to $8,000). In 2018, expect the X to help Apple finally beat its 2015 phone sales record.
Walmart snaps up more trendy companies. As Walmart revamps its website to counter Amazon, its acquisitions of small but hot online brands will continue. Expect to see deals for stalwarts like eyeglass maker Warby Parker and clothiers Everlane and Untuckit. The bids will help Walmart reach the higher-income customer it so covets.
THE SHEER NUMBER OF HEALTH APPS WILL CAUSE YOU TRAUMA There’s a health app for just about everything these days. Robo-therapy? Diabetes assistance? Rare disease support groups? Check, check, check. Global mobile health venture funding reached a record $1.3 billion last year, according to Mercom. The field will continue to boom in 2018 (the total global market could exceed $100 billion by 2022), especially as the FDA moves to make it easier for mobile health apps to reach the market.
TRAVIS KALANICK RESURFACES Americans love second acts. Kalanick, the epitome for good and ill of the American entrepreneur, will get his this year. He’s still on the Uber board of directors, and IPO preparations will include Kalanick, a master fundraiser and spinner of the Uber narrative.
around $5,000. And then, after the fall, watch the price rebound to above $20,000 by the end of 2018. That’s our bet, but we wouldn’t put all our tokens on it. We’ll leave that to the institutional investors, like mutual funds and banks, who are taking cryptocurrency increasingly seriously.
ONLINE DATING PIVOTS TO VIDEO As more media companies make the leap into video, dating apps are doing the same. In 2017, Hinge began allowing users to upload 30-second films, Bumble launched a video-chat feature, and even good old Match.com is adding a new “Story” option, with minute-long, live-action compilations. Millennials, already primed by Instagram and Snapchat to share their lives with strangers, will embrace the features as their new normal.
THE ODDS LONG SHOT: Bullying
BITCOIN CRASHES! BITCOIN HITS ALL-TIME HIGHS! It’s been a banner year for the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, but mark our words: A crash is coming. Expect the price of one Bitcoin to tumble from its current heights above $6,500, to
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concerns plague a hot new Postmates/Sarahah-hybrid app, where gig economy workers hand-deliver anonymous notes. SLAM DUNK: Another company with a staggering amount of your private information gets hacked.
COMPLEX AND EXPENSIVE, OR SIMPLER FOR LESS? WHEN IT COMES TO YOUR NETWORK, THAT’S A QUICK MEETING. For businesses looking for network simplicity, centralized management, and consistency across their locations, there’s now a better approach to operating a distributed enterprise. Introducing SD-WAN from Comcast Business, Gig-ready and powered by an advanced IP network. A simplified softwaredriven network that minimizes capital expense by reducing hardware and dependence on T1s. According to industry research, SD-WAN can reduce branch WAN outages and troubleshooting costs by 90%.* It can also reduce labor expense and time to market by providing centralized control with point, click, and deploy scalability, application routing, and bandwidth management across all locations. A secure and scalable network with powerful performance from the first mile to the last. That’s how you outmaneuver. comcastbusiness.com/sdn
Restrictions apply. May not be available in your area. Actual speeds vary. *Savings claim from “Faster, Better and Cheaper? Building the SD-WAN Business Case” (Winter 2016), Nemertes Research. © 2017 Comcast. All rights reserved.
PAGE
Fortune Crystal Ball
7
In business as in all things, there are winners and losers. Here’s what will be hot (or not) in 2018. TRENDING UP
TRENDING DOWN
LYFT. The ride-sharing startup will continue to benefit from Uber’s scandals (and a focus on business travel), with market share speeding from 21% in early 2017 to more than 30% in 2018.
UBER. Despite stabilization efforts at the company (including a huge cash infusion from SoftBank), Uber will keep losing ground to its smaller rivals.
CHINESE BILLIONAIRES. There
Sure, the Oracle of Omaha’s net worth hit a hew high of $81.5 billion this fall, according to Bloomberg, but further growth next year will be thwarted by his tendency to give it away.
WARREN BUFFETT’S NET WORTH.
are already more billionaires in China than there are in the U.S. by some counts. And, like the Chinese economy, those fortunes look set to continue their outsize growth. LAWYERS. Someone has to benefit from the tide of lawsuits coming at opioid manufacturers— particularly if drugmakers pay out a multibillion-dollar settlement. EDIBLES FOR PETS. Pet edibles are the next doggy Prozac. It’s just one market that will get smoking hot when legal recreational weed goes on sale in California in January. $500 YOGA PANTS. Sure, malls are flailing, but the priciest among them (a.k.a. “Class A” malls, featuring racks of designer labels) still have strong growth prospects.
OPIOID DISTRIBUTORS AND MANUFACTURERS. They’ll be
forced to rethink their practices under mounting litigation filed by cities, counties, and states, not to mention growing public pressure. MOM-AND-POP WEED COMPANIES.
Quickening industry consolidation will nip many aspiring cannabiz moguls in the bud. $100 YOGA PANTS. Lululemon and other stalwarts of the “athleisure” craze will lose market share as people who actually exercise realize there’s no point in working out in expensive clothes.
FLOWER FLAVORING. Forget the
pumpkin spice latte, Whole Foods says people will go nuts for flower flavors like rose and lavender in 2018. THE FANNY PACK. Call it normcore, or call it practical. But the fanny pack, already gracing the frames of several Kardashians, will hit more runways in 2018.
FOOD DELIVERY STARTUPS. The day of reckoning is finally nigh for heavily VC-subsidized food delivery startups. (Just ask Blue Apron investors.) PODCASTS. The airwaves have reached the saturation point for three guys and a Patreon account. A shakeout is coming.
CRYSTAL BALL CONTRIBUTORS: Ryan Bradley, Clay Dillow, Erika Fry, Leigh Gallagher, Robert Hackett, Matt Heimer, Tom Huddleston Jr., Beth Kowitt, Adam Lashinsky, Michal Lev-Ram, Sy Mukherjee, Andrew Nusca, Brian O’Keefe, Aaron Pressman, Jeff John Roberts, Geoffrey Smith, Anne VanderMey, Phil Wahba, Valentina Zarya, Claire Zillman
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ON TARGET:
We predicted correctly that President Trump would put his stamp on the business world by rolling back clean power regulations and rescinding rules that let undocumented “dreamers” work legally in the U.S. We foresaw that steady economic growth would prompt the Fed to hike interest rates three times in 12 mon months ths.. And And in entertainment, we predicted an Oscar for a streaming service (Amazon’s Manchester by the Sea a won two) and a decline in Super Bowl TV ratings. IN THE BALLPARK:
We predicted major upgrades for the new iPhone, including its OLED screen, in tandem with a big sales rebound. We also warned that VR technology would struggle to gain traction with consumers. (Our apologies if you’re reading this through an Oculus headset.) OFF THE MARK:
We predicted that Trumpian policy uncertainty and skyhigh share valuations would end the long bull market in stocks. We were right about the uncertainty and valuations, but wrong about investors’ moods: The S&P 500 is up 18% since then. Meanwhile, if you’d like to make a French person laugh, just utter these three words: “President Alain Juppé.” Juppé
I P H O N E : C O U R T E S Y O F LY F T; B U F F E T T: J . K E M P I N / G E T T Y I M A G E S ; O P I O I D S : G R E G O R Y R E C — P O R T L A N D P R E S S H E R A L D V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S ; D O G : A N D R E W J O H N S O N — G E T T Y I M A G E S ; R O S E : R O S E M A R Y C A LV E R T— G E T T Y I M A G E S ; F A N N Y P A C K : G O T H A M / G C I M A G E S
Who’s Going to Have a Good Year
HOW WE DID IN 2017
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8
Richard Branson’s Best Advice As famous for his death-defying stunts as for successfully running hundreds of companies over the past 50 years, Richard Branson has one of the best stories in business—which he tells in his new book, Finding My Virginity. He sat down with Fortune’s Anne VanderMey to talk about his plans to go to space, the airline industry, and whether he’s on a collision course with Elon Musk. Q&A
Branson’s latest book, Finding My Virginity (a follow-up to Losing My Virginity), is part autobiography, part entrepreneurial instruction manual.
not inconsiderable. We’re building cruise ships, we’re building new ventures, there’s the Hyperloop [transportation system]. So it won’t go to waste. Speaking of the Hyperloop—between that and Virgin Galactic, your companies seem to have a lot of overlap with Elon Musk’s. What is he like as a competitor? We haven’t gone completely head to head so far. Elon is interested in sending people to Mars. We are more interested in our earth that we live on. We will overlap, and he will be a formidable competitor. But, you know, like in most businesses there’s room for the two of us. There’s room for Jeff Bezos and in time there will be room for others as well. Is it true you weathered Hurricane Irma on Necker Island in your wine cellar? Yes, so you don’t have to take too much pity on us.
Is there a key lesson that people should draw from your career trajectory? Well, I’ve never pulled in the accountants and said, “If we go into space can we make a lot of money? If we start an airline can we make a lot of money?” Because I know that if you went to two separate accounting firms, you’d get a
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big bill, and one would say, “Great idea,” while the other would say, “Terrible idea.” What I’ve learned is, Screw it, just do it. I don’t have business plans. I mean, I have a back-of-the-envelope idea of what I want to do. Just make sure that your product is better than anyone else’s out there.
Virgin America recently sold to Alaska Air against your wishes [for $2.6billion plus assumed debts and obligations]. Are you done with U.S. air travel? I don’t normally give up. If we see a gap in the market you may well see us back again. As I say, watch this space. But anyway, the money that we got was
What is the best piece of advice that you give entrepreneurs? As a leader you’ve got to praise a lot. You’ve got to be a good listener. You’ve got to write notes and listen and then do something about it. You’ve got to inspire your team to believe in what you’re doing. If you can’t do that, you’re doing the wrong thing, I think.
MARK HARRISON—CAMERA PRESS/REDUX
What is one thing that you hate? Anybody who’s living in the White House.
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Request a prospectus or summary prospectus; each includes investment objectives, risks, fees, expenses, and other information that you should read and consider carefully before investing. *158 of our 332 mutual funds had a 10-year track record as of 9/30/17 (includes all share classes and excludes funds used in insurance products). 133 of these 158 funds (84%) beat their Lipper averages for the 10-year period. 214 of 319 (67%), 186 of 230 (81%), and 155 of 185 (84%) of T. Rowe Price funds outperformed their Lipper average for the 1-, 3-, and 5-year periods ended 9/30/17, respectively. Calculations are based on cumulative total return. Not all funds outperformed for all periods. (Source for data: Lipper Inc.) T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc., Distributor.
60 YEARS OF ADVENTURE AND DISCOVERY
PRACTICAL EXPERTISE
V VENTURE Kevin Parker, of Australian n band Tamee Impala, playing a Fender Jazzmaster.
D REVAMPED
Fender Fend der, an ele lectri ric ic in inst i st struments company p y b l g pr pro i g th bu uililt on its analog ow wess, iis llearrning he ssm d rollll smarrtph phone can n be a g grreat rockk and nd ccom i By Andrew Nusca mpanion. THE FIRST S THINGS GS YOU OU U NOT NO OTICE ICE C A RE
the guitars. Guitars on th t e walls,, g h couches, h guitars b h nd d gllass guit gu itar ars on the behind aan and in n ffront off desks. Acoustiic, ellectric, c in red, c, wh d blue. bl Some have h lk d he s whi hitee, and polk ka dots. Oth ther h l pat l st one is a hand have ha vee paisley a terns. On n at least hand ha nd-p ((It was paain intted, half-na naake ked d woman. wo o as a gif ift. t ) Th Thiiss iis the sle ffi off Fendeer, thee leek ek k new Hollywood o office West Coast b d mus st–based u icall insstruments com om mp d expecct, h gui pany. As you o ’d t, it is bur urst stin st in ing ng wi w th u ta t rs.. B ffice is aallso sur Bu ut the offi ffice u priisingly qu quiet.. F d exe ll not like k th Feender xecu cutivees sa s y it it’s usually his,,
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J I M B E N N E T T— F I L M M A G I C / G E T T Y I M A G E S
VENTUR VENTURE TUREE
VENTURE
1
P H O T O G R A P H B Y M A T H E W S C O T T; C O U R T E S Y O F F E N D E R
2
that many employees love to noodle on their instruments in spare moments the way the rest of us toy with our smartphones. But when Fortune visits on a warm day in October, most people’s fingers are working keyboards, not fretboards. This is the new, more digital Fender: a 71-yearold American icon built on products made of wood and metal but betting its future growth on those made from zeros and ones. With megawatt customers like Eric Clapton, Sheryl Crow, and U2’s the Edge, Fender’s reputation far outpaces its revenue, about halfa-billion dollars last year. The company spent the better part of the past decade struggling with debt and a lack of growth, and in 2012 abandoned an IPO, citing unfavorable market conditions. In 2015 its owners, private equity firms TPG Growth and Servco Pacific, installed Andy Mooney, a veteran of Disney and Nike, as CEO. His marching orders: Turn a trade-facing analog company into a consumer brand with a digital future. “They were looking for someone who would nurture the core business but be excited to take the brand to digital products and services,” Mooney tells me from a glass conference room named Chrissie Hynde, after the Pretenders’
[1] From left:
CEO Andy Mooney, CMO Evan Jones, and digital GM Ethan Kaplan at Fender’s Hollywood headquarters. [2] Chords displayed on Fender’s online guitarlesson app, Fender Play.
front woman. “So I was just excited, period.” Mooney’s early enthusiasm was tempered when he, general manager for digital Ethan Kaplan, and chief marketing officer Evan Jones set out to collect data on the company’s customers. “There was a dearth of data to gather,” Mooney says. “So we conducted what might have been the only comprehensive consumer study in the industry.” The team emerged with several insights that bucked long-held industry beliefs. Among them: Half of new guitar players are women—and they prefer acoustic instruments to electric. Nearly half of Fender guitars are purchased by people new to the instrument—and 90% of them abandon it within the first year. And crucially, new players spend four times as much on lessons as they do on the instrument. “If we reduce the abandonment rate by just 10% and get more of the salmon through the dam, the whole industry will grow,” Mooney says. “So that set us on the path to do digital online lessons.” Fast-forward to 2017 and Fender’s digital strategy has gone, as Spinal Tap’s Nigel Tufnel would say, to 11. Fender Tune is a free mobile application that enables you to tune your guitar using your smartphone’s microphone. Riffstation, which Fender acquired in 2015, listens to your favorite songs and spits out musical notation. And Fender Play, which Mooney calls the company’s “keystone” digital product, is a $20 per month video-lesson service. “We sell guitars and amps, that’s the physical part of it. But there’s a tool belt you need to become a player: a tuner, tabs, tuition, and tracks—stuff to play along to,” Kaplan says. “Why would you enter into an online space as a guitar company? It’s to know more about players: understand who they are, talk to them, and guide them along the way.” It’s still too early to tell whether the digital investments are reinforcing Fender’s bottom line, Mooney says, but they’re already transforming the way Fender thinks and works. “Two years ago it was me in a conference room provisioning the first server of what is now three dozen,” Kaplan says, gesturing to the office around him. “Everything we’ve done since has been for the first time: every line of code, every video we’ve shot, every image, every design, every hire. You find the holes by falling into them. It’s a new thing for the company to do.”
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8,%8 (-22)6
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Auto • Home • Rent • Cycle • Boat geico.com | 1-800-947-AUTO (2886) | local office Some discounts, coverages, payment plans and features are not available in all states or all GEICO companies. Homeowners and renters coverages are written through non-affiliated insurance companies and are secured through the GEICO Insurance Agency, Inc. Boat and PWC coverages are underwritten by GEICO Marine Insurance Company. Motorcycle and ATV coverages are underwritten by GEICO Indemnity Company. GEICO is a registered service mark of Government Employees Insurance Company, Washington, D.C. 20076; a Berkshire Hathaway Inc. subsidiary. © 2017 GEICO
FOCUS SOME INVESTING PITCHES target your inner optimist, with a promise of “outperformance” or a hot stock tip. But others address the pessimist in your soul: Something’s bound to go wrong, they whisper, and we can keep you safe. You can expect the latter message to grow louder in the months ahead; the longer the stock market’s bull run continues, the more skeptics suspect a correction is due. And the loudest voices in the pessimist choir may belong to managers of hedge funds. Those funds, which rely on sometimes sophisticated strategies to protect clients’ portfolios, lost significantly less than stocks and mutual funds did in the last two U.S. bear markets. That, plus impressive short-term returns from a few celebrity managers, has helped them attract truckloads of cash; hedge fund assets now top $3 trillion. The typical hedge fund charges annual fees that can top 1.5% of customers’ assets, plus up to 20% of profits. That hefty premium has created an opening for new exchange-
INVEST
THE HEDGE FUND WANNABES
A new breed of ETFs promises to imitate the souped-up strategies of hedge funds—at a much lower cost. But how will they fare when the rubber hits the road in a market downturn? By Ryan Derousseau
ILLUSTRATION BY JOSH MCKENNA
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INVEST
FOCUS traded funds that offer similar ritzy strategies, but at cheapskate prices. These me-too funds use a grab bag of investments to emulate hedge fund tactics. They’re unusually complicated for ETFs—and with about $3 billion in assets, they’re a tiny segment of the market. But in an era when the performance of low-fee funds is luring growing numbers of price-conscious investors, they could attract a lot of new money in a downturn. There are now 36 hedge fund ETFs in the
A look inside QAI’s portfolio, however, is instructive: It gets much of its downside protection from products investors could buy themselves, at notably lower prices. As of its most recent filings, 52% of QAI’s assets were in short-term Treasury or U.S. corporate bonds. Its largest holding was the Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF, which has an expense ratio of .07%, or $7 per $10,000 invested. QAI itself charges $76 per $10,000. Indeed, the “fund-of-funds” approach is a common hedge ETF strategy, which strikes some strategists as needlessly complex. “Why not just hold the underlying ETFs?” asks Mariana Bush, who heads ETF research at Wells Fargo Advisors.
are a small price to pay for access to assets that hold their value when stocks fall. Still, the funds could struggle to prove their value to potential clients, because most haven’t been around long enough to weather a recession. A Vanguard study found that from November Many ETFs that “clone” hedge fund strategies—including IQ 2007 to February 2009, during the last bear marHedge Multi-Strategy, the biggest fund in the category—do so ket, a “fund-of-funds” index that tracked hedge primarily by investing in other, less expensive ETFs. fund performance fell 18%, while an unhedged COST PER $10,000 portfolio split 60%/40% between stocks and $76 IQ HEDGE MULTI-STRATEGY TRACKER bonds fell 25%, and the S&P 500 fell more than 40%. But since then, hedge funds as a group have SHARE OF PORTFOLIO TOP HOLDINGS consistently lagged the broader market. Hedge ETFs have followed a similar arc: QAI, for exVANGUARD 27.0% $15 SHORT-TERM BOND ample, has returned 3.1% on an annualized basis ISHARES IBOXX $ INVESTMENT since its 2009 inception, compared with 16% for 14.7% $15 GRADE CORPORATE BOND the S&P 500. ISHARES SHORT The takeaway: Because hedge ETFs (like hedge 7.1% $15 TREASURY BOND funds themselves) are designed to do better in down POWERSHARES SENIOR markets—to hedge the risks to your other invest4.9% $66 LOAN PORTFOLIO ments—they’re best used sparingly. Bush advises ISHARES MSCI EAFE investors to choose only ETFs with $100 million 4.7% $40 SMALL-CAP ETF in assets or more; anything smaller may struggle AS OF 9/30/17 SOURCE: FUND FILINGS to ride out a rough patch. That’s a threshold that only six hedge fund clones, including QAI, currently meet. Grant Engelbart, a portfolio manager at CLS Investments, favors JPMorgan Diversified Alternative (JPHF), which manages $154 million; it launched late last year. JPHF invests mostly in individual stocks, U.S., according to FactSet, and their annual futures, short positions, and derivatives. Since its inception, it has fees typically run between 0.5% and 1%, on par produced a “beta” of just .32, a metric that indicates there’s little corwith actively managed mutual funds. Capital relation between its performance and the stock market’s. Engelbart management firms ranging from boutique adtypically invests around 5% of a client’s diversified portfolio in JPHF, visories to giants like JPMorgan have rolled out enough to manage risk and cushion the blow of a downturn without such ETFs over the past three years. But the hurting returns in good times. industry’s granddaddy is IndexIQ, which esOf course, if you want a shield against stocks’ volatility, there sentially invented the category in 2009 with its are more straightforward options. The iShares Core U.S. Aggregate flagship fund, IQ Hedge Multi-Strategy Tracker Bond (AGG) fund is a proven traditional ETF whose performance (QAI). It’s the largest hedge ETF, with $1.1 billion in assets; it melds numerous strategies that doesn’t correlate with stocks, with an expense ratio of just .05%. As include taking both long and short positions on its name suggests, it invests solely in U.S. Treasury and corporate U.S. stocks and bonds and emerging markets. bonds—and that simplicity is its own kind of security blanket. ETF SELLERS ARGUE THAT THEIR FEES
WHAT’SUNDERTHEHOOD
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Mobile security made for the way people really work. TǼƝÿƣǢ șŲƎƎ ĝķ ŧǼƝÿƣǢʸ }ÿǯǼǓÿƎƎȡ ǯŧķȡˢƎƎ Ǣķƣī ƎÿǢǯ ƝŲƣǼǯķ ķƝÿŲƎǢ ŕǓưƝ ǼƣǢķĢǼǓķ ÿŲǓǍưǓǯ șŲȳ ʸ Ǽǯ īưƣˢǯ șưǓǓȡʸ ÞķˢȖķ ĝǼŲƎǯ ƝưĝŲƎķ ǢķĢǼǓŲǯȡ ŕǓưƝ ǯŧķ ĢŧŲǍ ǼǍʮ ǯư ƝÿƉķ ǯŧŲƣŗǢ ķÿǢŲķǓ ŕưǓ ȡưǼʸ ķĢÿǼǢķ șŧȡ ÿǯǯķƝǍǯ ǯư Ģŧÿƣŗķ ȡưǼǓ ķƝǍƎưȡķķǢˢ ĝķŧÿȖŲưǓʮ șŧķƣ ȡưǼ Ģÿƣ ǢŲƝǍƎȡ Ģŧÿƣŗķ ǯŧķŲǓ ƝưĝŲƎķ ǢķĢǼǓŲǯȡʹ Defense-grade security for an open world.
Û£} Ģưƣȳ ŗǼǓÿǯŲưƣ ǓķǑǼŲǓķīʸ ¯ÿƝǢǼƣŗ nƣưȠ ǢưƎǼǯŲưƣǢ ǼǯŲƎŲȬŲƣŗ Û£} Ģưƣȳ ŗǼǓÿǯŲưƣ ǢưƎī ǢķǍÿǓÿǯķƎȡʸ
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FOCUS
ALPHABET’S GURU OF GOOGLEY RIGOR
Ruth Porat, chief financial officer of Google’s parent company, balances Silicon Valley whimsy with hardnosed reality. By Adam Lashinsky
WEINBERG-CL ARK PHOTOGR APHY
TECH
MY CONVERSATION WITH RUTH PORAT,
chief financial officer of Alphabet and its money-gushing subsidiary Google, begins, as chats so often do, at the company’s Mountain View, Calif., “Googleplex” headquarters, with food. I have food on my brain because some fine Indian fare from Charlie’s Café, the main eatery there, is in my stomach, having just come from lunch. It is the first day of November, the week after Alphabet reported a third-quarter profit of $6.7 billion on revenues of $27.8 billion that grew at a
Ruth Porat has instilled financial discipline at Alphabet while keeping oodles of perks.
blistering 24% pace, and I’m keen to find out from Porat if the company ever will stop giving its employees so much free food. Porat, known inside Alphabet for her fierce attention to controlling costs, doesn’t flinch in her defense of the company’s touchy-feely legacy. The all-free micro kitchens and food trucks and cafeterias, she says, are “a core part of the work experience. We’ve looked at it, and we think it’s a really smart way to run the business. Our view is if we have people staying on site, hanging out together, the return on that is terrific.” This all-together-now spirit blended with financial and analytical rigor is all rather Googley, a quality Porat, who joined the company two years ago, earnestly embraces. A longtime investment banker with Morgan Stanley and ultimately the firm’s CFO, Porat is the current steward of the unique culture that cofounders Larry Page and Sergey Brin established for their grad-school-like enterprise that now employs more than 78,000 globally. (They eat 178,000 meals daily, by the way.) Not merely the finance chief, Porat also oversees the company’s “real estate and workplace services” group, which means she’s in charge of the buildings and all those famous perks. The company’s facilities around the world have a high standard, she says. They need to be “fun” and “whimsical” and to enable collaboration. As a new Googler, Porat spent some time learning the words that describe the Googley people who work in those buildings. “It’s inquisitive, risk taker, curiosity, excitement, fun, collaborative, teamwork,” she says. “We want people who are really bright, really inquisitive, really passionate, who want to make a big difference.” Yet the signal contribution of Porat, a Silicon Valley native who turned 60 this year, has nothing to do with whimsy. Months after joining Google, she led the initiative that seemed like a joke when it was announced. Alphabet would be a holding company to house its wackier or noncore efforts—like its Verily life sciences, Waymo self-driving cars, and Loon Internet balloon projects—while Google’s advertising-oriented business would stand apart and continue to drive the company’s finances. The financial engineering had the immediate effect of demonstrating two things to investors: Google was minting even more money than they thought, and the “other bets” weren’t losing as much as they feared. Before the split, Porat
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TECH
FOCUS
ALPHABET’S FINANCIAL ACE
recalls, “research analysts were coming out with their range of estimates as to how big the operating loss would be in ‘other bets.’ At the high end it was $10, $11 billion. The reality was that the operating loss was around $3.5 billion that first year. And I think that what that said is we have a portfolio of businesses we’re investing in, and it’s a really reasonably sized portfolio.” Those losses have continued apace, totaling $812 million in the most recent quarter. Porat has overseen some painful cuts. “One of the key elements is being granular about resources required to support any particular area,” she says, including making decisions to “invest, disinvest, or slow things down.” The company is tempering its investment in the costly Fiber high-speed Internet and TV service, for example. And earlier this year, Google shed its Terra Bella satellite imaging business. “Our conclusion was that we don’t need to own this asset,” says Porat. “We’d rather have our resources put into other areas. Somebody else can own it; we can be a customer.” Porat has enforced new discipline on what remains too. One radical change involved accounting: Leaders were required to factor in the cost of employee stock options and other equity compensation for their routine budgeting. It’s a break from Internet-industry norms that is intended to provide managers with a more realistic picture of their spending. Another shift was to require clear financial planning companywide. “I want milestones,” Porat says, like the expected number of users of individual products. “I want to know in six months when we’re sitting down with the midyear plan, what would you like to have
achieved?” Her philosophy, she says emphatically, is that “everybody has to have a plan against which they’re executing.” To say that Alphabet’s finances are secure is an understatement. The company is worth more than $700 billion, and its cash reserves are a cool $100 billion. And the core Google operation has two legitimate high-growth areas: YouTube and a nascent cloud-computing business, which competes with Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. Porat is among a handful of top people who work for both Alphabet and Google. As such, there’s a regular cadence to her week. Monday is Google day, she says, spent in meetings with Google CEO Sundar Pichai and other top leaders. Tuesday is devoted to other bets, meaning extensive face time with Page and Brin as well as former Google CEO Eric Schmidt, now Alphabet’s executive chairman. Friday she spends with her finance team. “But the way we operate is, you sort of live in a Chromebook, and you just pop down in a huddle,” Google lingo for a small conference room. And no matter what, a good meal is just around the corner.
RUTH PORAT ALPHABET, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AGE: 60 BORN: England (raised in Palo Alto) EXPERIENCE: Spent 28 years as an investment banker, mostly at Morgan Stanley, where she was chief financial officer. Porat backed technology companies, making her well-positioned when Google recruited her as CFO. DUTIES: She oversees finance plus “real estate and workplace services,” which includes human resources. She also runs Google’s in-house strategy group called Business Operations. UNDER PRESSURE: She led the Morgan Stanley team that advised the U.S. Treasury Department during the 2008–2009 financial crash.
ALPHABET’S QUARTERLY PROFITS
CHANGE IN STOCK PRICE
$8 billion
100%
6
Porat joins Google.
Google announces plans to create a public holding company called Alphabet.
$6.7 B
99.9% GOOGLE/ALPHABET STOCK
80
Oct. 2, 2015 Google becomes Alphabet.
60 4
43.6%
40 2
20 NASDAQ INDEX
0
0 2015
2016
2017
2015
2016
2017
SOURCE: S&P GLOBAL
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TECH
FOCUS
ALL IN THE FAMILY
Relatives of Uber’s new CEO have earned entry to tech’s hall of fame with top jobs at Google, Intel, Allen & Co., and beyond. By Robert Hackett
AVID LARIZADEH DUGGAN
D U G G A N : A N T H O N Y H A R V E Y— G E T T Y I M A G E S; K H O S R O W S H A H I : J O H N K E AT L E Y— R E D U X ; S H I R A Z I : PAT R I C K T. FA L L O N — B L O O M B E R G V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S; H A D I PA R T O V I : C O U R T E S Y O F C O D E . O R G; A L I PA R T O V I : C O U R T E S Y O F T E D X M A N H AT TA N
WHEN DARA KHOSROWSHAHI took
the wheel as Uber’s CEO in August, few knew his name. The ex–Expedia chief outmaneuvered favorites like Meg Whitman of Hewlett Packard Enterprise and Jeff Immelt of General Electric, legendary executives with more recognizable public faces. His upset stunned onlookers and insiders alike, despite a formidable résumé and pedigree. Business runs in Khosrowshahi’s blood. Uber’s new leader descends from a line of successful magnates who built their fortunes through a Tehran-based conglomerate (what’s left has been renamed Alborz Investment Group) that was torn from them during Iran’s revolution. The Shah fell; the family fled. Offshoots of the Khosrowshahi diaspora gathered in Westchester County, near New York City, in the late ’70s and ’80s to start life anew. And so,
DARIAN SHIRAZI
ALI PARTOVI
HADI PARTOVI
DARA KHOSROWSHAHI
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long before Khosrowshahi became boss of the embattled ride-hailing phenom, he ferried his uprooted relatives in a used car to Hackley, a private prep school in Tarrytown, N.Y., from their nearby homes. That family carpool would become a who’s who of influencers in the tech industry. Khosrowshahi’s brother, Kaveh, once captain of the school soccer team, now works for Allen & Co., the prestigious investment firm that hosts the elite Sun Valley media and tech conference every year. Another brother, Mehrad, is president at the consulting firm Confida. Cousin Farzad, or “Fuzzy,” a soccer team cocaptain with Kaveh, would go on to create Google’s online spreadsheet service, Sheets, and lead engineering at G Suite, Google’s productivity app unit. Cousin Amir, once valedictorian, went on to found artificial intelligence startup Nervana, which last year sold for $400 million to Intel, where he now serves as tech chief of A.I. products. The caliber of the crew left an impression even then. Ali and Hadi Partovi, twin brothers who left Iran five years after the revolution ended and joined their relatives in prep school, recall admiring their cousins’ popularity, athleticism, and academic rigor. “I always remember growing up and looking up to them and wishing I could be like them,” says Ali. Both he and his brother would sell respective companies to Microsoft for hundreds of millions of dollars in years to come. Later, they would also be early investors in Facebook, Dropbox, Airbnb, and Uber, and cofounders of Code.org, a nonprofit that teaches computer programming skills. The Midas touch of the Khosrowshahis seems to know no bounds. Younger relatives include Avid Larizadeh Duggan, a venture capitalist at GV (formerly Google Ventures); Nima Badiey, head of business development at Pivotal, a spin-out of business tech giant EMC; Darian Shirazi, CEO and founder of marketing software startup Radius; along with more relatives at startups ClassPass and Zendesk. (Listing every family member’s career accomplishments here would be impossible because of space constraints.) “The network of our family has grown stronger now with so many younger cousins,” says Hadi, who organizes the family’s reunions. Activities at these 100-person affairs include
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TECH
A TECH MOGUL FAMILY TREE Relatives of Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi hold prominent positions throughout the tech industry, making tech more or less the family business. Meet some of his family members: AVID LARIZADEH DUGGAN
AMIR KHOSROWSHAHI
FARZAD “FUZZY” KHOSROWSHAHI
General partner, GV Dara’s second cousin
Chief technology officer of A.I. products, Intel Dara’s cousin
Director of engineering, Google G Suite Dara’s cousin once removed
Avid, who studied at Stanford and Harvard universities, worked at eBay and Skype before becoming a venture capitalist at Accel Partners. She then cofounded her own startup, Boticca, a fashion marketplace, which Wolf & Badger acquired in 2015. She’s now a venture capitalist for GV in London.
Amir studied physics and math at Harvard before becoming a trader at Goldman Sachs. He then mountaineered for several years until a near-death experience in Yosemite convinced him to return to school and study neuroscience. His cousins helped back his A.I. startup, Nervana, which he sold to Intel.
“ISAWMY FAMILYLOSING EVERYTHING, ANDYOU KNOWWHAT? WE REBUILT ALIFE.” —DARA KHOSROWSHAHI* * During an all-hands meeting at Uber, according to Uber
Farzad studied history at Columbia, opened a Subway sandwich franchise with his wife, and worked with computers on Wall Street. Eventually, he created a startup whose webbased software would become Google Sheets. As for his nickname? It’s a garbling by his high school soccer coach.
water balloon tosses and talent shows for attendees ranging in age from newborns to 90-year-olds. Haleh Partovi, a second cousin of Dara’s who is now a high school math teacher (Amir says Haleh has “the most important job in the family” because of her work educating children), cherishes these gatherings. “The elders model such tremendous love, appreciation, and loyalty to one another,” she says. “It fosters it in the younger generations.” As for Dara, his next big challenge will be bringing those same family values to scandalridden Uber. As the change agent recently told the New York Times, “The magic is when you’re playing on a winning team and have a great culture.”
D U G G A N : A N T H O N Y H A R V E Y— G E T T Y I M A G E S ; A M I R K H O S R O W S H A H I : C O U R T E S Y O F I N T E L C O R P O R A T I O N ; F A R Z A D K H O S R O W S H A H I : C O U R T E S Y O F G O O G L E
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PASSIONS
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PASSIONS
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BANGA BEZOS N O S . 0 1- 2 0
businessperson of the year
LETTERING BY MARIUS ROOSENDAAL
BENIOFF dillon
zuckerberg
hewson
narayen
ma
It starts with results. Each December, when we choose Fortune’s Businessperson of the Year, we focus first on CEOs who are delivering the goods. Through an exhaustive screening process, we rank companies by 12- and 36-month increases in profits, revenues, and stock performance, then go deeper to include factors like return on capital. (We give more weight to the 12-month results to identify who’s on top today, but also include the 36-month figures to weed out those who may have just had a lucky year.) But it’s not only about the numbers. We lean toward CEOs with vision— those impacting the world beyond their companies. The 20 star executives featured on the pages that follow are doing nothing less than defining the future of business.
N O VA KO V I C
PU R I
GR IFFITH
BET TI NGER
53
DEC.01.17
BY ANDREW NUSCA
LEADING A TECTONIC SHIFT IN TECH THE COFOUNDER AND CEO OF SEMICONDUCTOR AND SOF T WARE MAKER NVIDIA SAW THE FUTURE OF COMPUTING MORE THAN A DECADE AGO, AND BEGAN DEVELOPING PRODUC T S T H AT COUL D PO W ER T HE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ERA. THANKS T O T H AT V ISION, A ND REL EN T L ESS E XECUT ION , HIS C HIP M A K E R T OD AY IS P E RH A P S T H E H O T T E S T C O M P A N Y I N S I L I C O N VA L L E Y. A ND I T M AY JUS T BE GE T T ING S TA R T E D.
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CEO
NVIDIA
JEN-HSUN “JENSEN” HUANG Photographed at Nvidia headquarters on Nov. 3, 2017.
PHOTOGRAPH BY WINNI WINTERMEYER
NVIDIA NO. 01
H
HALF WAY THROUGH DINNER AT EV VIA , A BUSTLING GREEK RESTAU-
rant in downtown Palo Alto that Apple cofounder Steve Jobs used to frequent, Jen-Hsun “Jensen” Huang rolls up his shirtsleeve to show me his tattoo. It’s tribal in style, with thick curves extending across his shoulder cap. The black ink gleams in the warm glow of the restaurant’s low lights. “So, I really want to extend it,” he says with a glint in his eye, gesturing along the length of his arm. “I actually kinda do. I would love to. But getting it really, really hurt. I was crying like a baby. My kids were with me, and they’re like, ‘Dad, you’ve gotta control yourself.’ ” Huang’s two adult children, speakeasy proprietor Spencer and hospitality professional Madison, also have tattoos. But at 54, their father, cofounder and CEO of the red-hot Silicon Valley semiconductor and software company Nvidia, so far has only this one, an abstract version of the company’s logo. He got it about a decade ago. “Every six months we have an off-site,” Huang says, leaning back in his chair to tell the story. “And at one, someone said, ‘What are we gonna do when the stock price hits $100?’ That was two splits ago. One person said they’d shave their head, or paint their hair blue, or get a mohawk, or something. And another said they’d get a nipple ring. And then by the time they come around to me, it was already at tattoo level. So I said, ‘Yeah all right, I’ll get a tattoo.’ And then the stock price hit $100.” He pauses and grimaces a little, remembering. “And it hurt so bad.” Most Fortune 500 CEOs over 50 don’t have tattoos, let alone of the logos of the companies they run. But Huang, who was born in Taiwan, isn’t most Fortune 500 CEOs. For starters, he’s the rare cofounder still running his company 24 years later. He is both a trained electrical engineer (Oregon State; Stanford), and a formidable executive who leads employees with encouragement, inquiry, and often flurries
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JENSEN HUANG
of vacation emails. (Sent during his, not theirs.) And he is, according to many people in the industry, a visionary who foresaw a blossoming market for a new kind of computing early enough to reposition his company years in advance. That vision and his company’s incredible financial performance make Huang the clear choice as Fortune’s Businessperson of the Year for 2017. “Jensen is one of those rare individuals who combines incredible vision with ruthless focus on execution,” says Adobe CEO Shantanu Narayen. “Now with Nvidia’s focus on artificial intelligence, the opportunities for leadership are endless.” “Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk—I put Jensen in that group,” says Todd Mostak, CEO of MapD, a San Francisco database company in which Nvidia has thrice invested. If you haven’t heard of Nvidia, you can be forgiven. It doesn’t make a chat app or a search service or another kind of technology meant to appeal to the average smartphonetoting consumer. No, Nvidia makes the muscular mystery stuff that powers all of it. Its GPUs, or “graphics processing units,” crunch the complex calculations necessary for cryptocurrency markets, so-called deep neural networks, and the visual fireworks you see on the big screen. The
THE BR AINS OF A.I.
Pegasus
NVIDIA’S BAG A supe supercomputer co pu e that a promises p o ses t enable Level 5 autonomy—as to y in n no human intervention required— — for self-driving cars. It arrives in the second half of 2018..
CHIP PHOTOS COURTESY OF NVIDIA
PROFILE
FOR: SELF-DRIVING CARS
BUSINESSPERSON
OF THE YEAR
MARKE T LE ADER
STANDING TALL IN SEMICONDUCTORS
Exploding demand for Nvidia’s advanced chips, inside everything from video game systems to A.I.-powered cars, has boosted the company’s market value to some $130 billion. 1,271%
1,200% 1,000
CHANGE IN STOCK PRICE
NVIDIA
AUTO $487 million CHIP ROYALTIES $698 million
$7 billion
BREAKDOWN OF NVIDIA REVENUES
6
SOURCE: S&P GLOBAL
DATA CENTER $830 million
5
800
4 600
PRO VISUALIZATION $835 million
3 AMD
400
2
200
GAMING $4.06 billion
1 INTEL
0
0 2015
same technology that makes brutally realistic shooter games come alive helps self-driving cars take an “S” curve without assistance—enabling computers to see, hear, understand, and learn. Booming demand for its products has supercharged growth at Nvidia. Over the past three full fiscal years, it has increased sales by an average of 19% and profits by an astonishing 56% annually. In early November the company reported results that once again blew past Wall Street’s estimates, with earnings per share 24% higher than expected. In its past four
OF CHIPS
2017
quarters, it has generated total sales of $9 billion and profits of $2.6 billion. Such results have made Huang’s company a darling of investors. Nvidia’s share price, just two years ago hovering around $30, was recently over $200. Its market capitalization, at about $130 billion, is approaching that of IBM and McDonald’s. Nvidia meanwhile has so far managed to retain its roughly 70% market share in GPUs despite competition from formidable rivals—among them Intel and AMD—who want their share of the billions in chip sales to come from
2014
2015
2016
this new tech revolution. “IBM dominated in the 1950s with the mainframe computer, Digital Equipment Corp. in the mid-1960s with the transition to mini-computers, Microsoft and Intel as PCs ramped, and finally Apple and Google as cellphones became ubiquitous,” wrote Jefferies equity analyst Mark Lipacis in a July note to clients. “We believe the next tectonic shift is happening now and Nvidia stands to benefit.” Or as Jim Cramer, host of CNBC’s Mad Money, put it on air in November: “Nvidia is one of the great companies of our time.”
2017
BAT TLING WITH THE WORLD’S
biggest tech companies for A.I. supremacy was far from Jensen Huang’s mind when he cofounded Nvidia with friends Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem in 1993. At the time, Malachowsky and Priem were engineers at Sun Microsystems, and Huang was a director at San Jose chipmaker LSI Logic. Malachowsky and Priem had lost a political battle within Sun over the direction of its technological development and were itching to leave. Huang, just 29 years old, was on firmer ground. The three men met at a Denny’s
THREE PRODUC TS HELPING NVIDIA PUT THE CRUNCH ON ITS COMPE TITORS.
GeForce GTX 1080 Ti
FOR: GAMING
2016
Nvidia’s $700 flag gship p gaming card, billed ed as the world’s fastesst for video gaming, allowss for screenshots in 360 0 degrees and ultra a-highhigh definition game play. pl y.
DGX-1
A dense cluster of interconnected chips (call it a brain) that powers deep-learning systems—an area of A.I. that requires massive data sets.
FOR: DEEP LE ARNING
2014
SOURCE: NVIDIA
HUANG NO. 01
Above: Nvidia is developing artificial intelligence systems that can take advantage of the more than 1 billion video cameras in cities to help manage everything from traffic congestion to parking. Right: Nvidia demonstrated its A.I. for self-driving cars at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2017.
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restaurant near Huang’s home to discuss what they believed was the proper direction for the next wave of computing: accelerated, or graphics-based, computing. Huang walked away from the meal with enough conviction to leave his position at LSI. “We believed this model of computing could solve problems that generalpurpose computing fundamentally couldn’t,” Huang says. “We also observed that video games were simultaneously one of the most computationally challenging problems and would have incredibly high sales volume. Those two conditions
don’t happen very often. Video games was our killer app—a flywheel to reach large markets funding huge R&D to solve massive computational problems.” With $40,000 in the bank, Nvidia was born. The company initially had no name. “We couldn’t think of one, so we named all of our files NV, as in ‘next version,’ ” Huang says. A need to incorporate the company prompted the cofounders to review all words with those two letters, leading them to “invidia,” the Latin word for “envy.” It stuck. Nvidia’s early employees moved into an office in Sunnyvale, Calif., by the
Lawrence Expressway. “It was a small office. We had lunch around a PingPong table. We shared a bathroom with another company,” recalls Jeff Fisher, the company’s first salesman and currently an executive vice president. “The Wells Fargo bank that shared our parking lot got robbed two or three times.” Nvidia’s first product, a multimedia card for personal computers called NV1, arrived in 1995 at a time when three-dimensional games began to gain traction. The card didn’t sell well, but the company kept tinkering with its technology over four more releases, gaining sales— and traction vs. rivals 3dfx, ATi, and S3—each time. “We knew that in order for us to scale as a company, we had to provide more value than just a replaceable component in a PC,” says Fisher. “We had so much more value to add than just a commodity.” A successful IPO on the Nasdaq in 1999 set in motion a flurry of milestones for Nvidia. That year it released the GeForce 256, billed as the world’s first GPU. In 2006 it introduced CUDA, a parallel computing architecture that allowed researchers to run extremely complex exercises on thousands of GPUs, taking the chips out of the sole realm of video games and making them accessible for all types of computing. In 2014, the company revived a failing
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COURTESY OF NVIDIA (2)
BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR
BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR
bid for the smartphone business by repositioning those chips, called Tegra, for automotive use. Over time, these moves proved prescient, unlocking new revenue streams for Nvidia in industries such as defense, energy, finance, health care, manufacturing, and security. “There were some rough years there,” says Rev Lebaredian, a Hollywood veteran who serves as vice president of Nvidia’s GameWorks and LightSpeed Studios units. “Look at our stock price, say, 10 years ago. The world didn’t quite realize what we were building. What we’re doing is foundational to humanity. This form of computing is too important for it not to be valuable.” Key to Nvidia’s ability to endure years of market doubt, Lebaredian adds, is Huang—a leader with deep conviction in the potential of graphics technology and an ability to think in 10-year time horizons. While Huang says he didn’t anticipate how selfdriving cars would evolve or when A.I. would arrive, he had utter conviction in the superiority of graphical computing. So he invested
to make sure his company was ready to capitalize on the opportunities created by a major shift in tech. “I’ve been talking about the same story for 15 years,” Huang tells me. “I’ve barely had to change my slides.” DOZENS OF PEOPLE PATIENTLY
stand outside awaiting the grand opening of Endeavor, Nvidia’s massive new headquarters in Santa Clara, Calif. The 500,000-squarefoot structure is nothing less than imposing. A triangular foil to Apple’s circular new headquarters six miles away—its shape is drawn from the building block of computer graphics, the triangle—Endeavor’s glassy facade rises up over the San Tomas Expressway like the bow of a starship coming into port. Unofficially, Endeavor has been open for a month, allowing more than 2,000 employees to acclimate to its tree-house-like structure. (Staffers enter from an underground parking garage and ascend at its center.) Today some 8,000 people are expected to stream through the doors for an open house for employees and their families.
There are stations prepped with lines of finger food and beverages. Face painters await an inevitable onslaught of children. The smell of sawdust and paint lingers in the halls. Inside, triangles abound. Floor tiles, privacy screens, lobby couches, window decals, skylights, cafeteria counters, even cross braces for the structure itself—all in shapes with three points. In a continuation of the theme set by Endeavor’s name, the building is bursting with rooms nodding to science fiction: Altair IV, Skaro, Skynet, Vogsphere, Hoth, Mordor. Huang doesn’t keep an office, preferring to move around the building nomad-like, setting up shop in a variety of conference rooms. When Fortune visits, he’s taken up temporary residence in one called Metropolis, after the 1927 silent film— but the CEO is not present. A container stuffed with Clif Bars rests at the center of the table. Rolls of blueprints lie across a chair to the side. When I finally locate Huang, he is wearing his signature leather moto
jacket and nibbling on breaded chicken strips from a cup as he strides across the sprawling cafeteria with at least two dozen employees and their families in tow. At Huang’s side are his wife, Lori, as well as his son and daughter, who flew in from Taipei and Paris, respectively, to surprise their father. The CEO is apparently in a bind. He is trying, but failing, to complete a design review of Endeavor that was scheduled before the doors opened. But he’s already inundated with guests seeking handshakes and selfies, and he can’t resist a single one. Daughter Madison plays photographer as Huang moves to take a photo with a family of four. He takes one knee to get on the same level as their two kids. “You built this,” he says to the parents after the photo is taken, gesturing to the space around them. “Have a good time today.” Huang will repeat a version of this exchange hundreds of times during the open house, sometimes with handshakes, sometimes with hugs. Indeed, over the course of four hours, the CEO sits only once, for a photo with a young girl who resists her mother’s calls for a smile. (In a fatherly feat, Huang manages to wring one out of her.) The line to greet him never subsides. The spectacle is a vivid example of what many former and current
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BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR
Nvidia employees say is the company’s secret sauce: its culture. For a publicly traded technology company with more than 11,000 employees, Nvidia is surprisingly tight-knit. It’s a credit to the many long-serving staffers who remain at the company (badge numbers are issued in serial; the lower the number, the longer the tenure) and the business battles they’ve endured together. It’s also the product of a founder CEO who embraces community, strategic alignment, and a core value system that promotes the pursuit of excellence through intellectual honesty. Rene Haas, a senior executive at British semiconductor design company ARM, recalls six-hour meetings where Nvidia’s general managers would offer the CEO status updates for their lines of business. If Huang didn’t like what he heard—a roadblock, a missed goal—he would move to solve the problem then and there. “A head
“nobodyistheboss,” says huang, explaining hisegalitarian approachtoproblemsolving.“theproject istheboss.” 60
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of software, a mid-level engineer, it didn’t matter—he would call those people and bring them to the conference room and determine the root cause of the issue,” Haas says. “If something had to be reprioritized and rescheduled to get it back on track, he would do it in real time, and the rest of the meeting was aborted. It was incredibly liberating. And he would never do it in a way that was diminishing. It might feel like that at the beginning, but then you’d realize that he’s trying to expedite the process by getting the right people in the room.” The scientific pursuit of truth resonates at all levels of the company, employees say, helping tamp down on the organizational politics that obstruct other companies’ progress. Or as Huang explains it: “Nobody is the boss. The project is the boss.” NVIDIA’S CEO TAKES OFF HIS
wire-rimmed glasses and rubs his bloodshot eyes, fatigued after hours of slapping backs and pumping palms. He plops down at a wooden table where his wife and two kids are seated as the last of the open house attendees exit the building. Staffers working the event begin to sweep up the area around him, picking up plastic cups, wiping surfaces, arranging chairs. His security guards stand alert. Huang leans toward me
and asks me to pose the questions I had intended to get to earlier, when he was still busy working the rope line. I ask him what he believes is the next major application of artificial intelligence technology— the next billion-dollar opportunity for Nvidia, category competitors like Intel and Qualcomm, and players like Google, Facebook, and Baidu. “The thing that I believe is going to be really incredible that’s going to happen next is the ability for artificial intelligence to write artificial intelligence by itself,” he replies. My eyes widen at the prospect as Huang continues. “In the future, companies will have an A.I. that is watching every single transaction—every business process—that is happening, all day long,” he says. “Certain transactions or patterns that are being repeated. The process could be very complicated. It could go through sales to engineering, supply chain, logistics, business operations, finance, customer service. And it could be observed that this pattern is happening all the time. As a result of this observation, the artificial intelligence software writes an artificial intelligence software to automate that business process. Because we won’t be able to do it. It’s too complicated.” By now my head is spinning, lost in a bizarre
vision that somehow combines the films Office Space, The Matrix, and Inception. But Huang is still rolling. “We’re seeing early indications of it now,” he adds. “Generative adversarial networks, or GAN. I think over the next several years we’re going to see a lot of neural networks that develop neural networks. For the next couple of decades, the greatest contribution of A.I. is writing software that humans simply can’t write. Solving the unsolvable problems.” Suddenly, a massive thud rips through the room, followed by the clatter of plastic cups. The space falls to a hush and Huang pauses, losing his train of thought. In one corner, two employees with overfilled arms had been precariously juggling the remnants of the wine and beer station. Gravity won. “Lots and lots of perfectly good beer,” Huang says, breaking the silence. If only the humans in the room had detected the pattern; if only we were intelligent enough. “I felt that he was in an awkward position,” Huang says, hamming it up to giggles from the rest of his family. “My intelligence … I saw it coming. That’s why I was watching him. My eyes were getting bigger. It happened, exactly as I thought.” It’s merely more evidence of Huang’s ability to see into the future.
PURE AEROSPACE
The state that revolutionized the automotive industry has taken to the skies to become one of the top places in the country for aerospace business. Michigan. Home to more than 600 aerospace-related companies, Michigan is ranked among the top 10 states for major new and expanded facilities. When it comes to aerospace success, the skyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the limit in Michigan.
michiganbusiness.org/pure-aerospace
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PHOTOGRAPH BY BEN BAKER
BUSINESSPERSON
THE LIST
OF THE YEAR
NOS. 02- 0 4
MARC BENIOFF CEO
JPMORGAN
3. SPENCER LOWELL; 4. WESLE Y MANN
CEO
CHASE
the 61-year-old new yorker guided his bank through the financial crisis with an unscathed balance sheet and an undamaged brand. Now, as Dimon finishes his 12th year as CEO, his influence has never been greater. JPMorgan Chase’s $2.6 trillion in assets make it by far the nation’s biggest bank, and the stock’s 45% return over the past 12 months shows how attractive to investors a well-managed financial institution can be amid relaxing regulations and rising growth. But surging profits have hardly made Dimon complacent. As chairman of the Business Roundtable, he has used his bully pulpit to stump for smarter investments in infrastructure and education. And he has led the company to commit more than $200 million to investments in small businesses and vocational training in inner-city neighborhoods—reimagining philanthropy as an engine of economic growth. —Matt Heimer
SALESFORCE
the uninitiated observer of online software purveyor Salesforce would be forgiven for not knowing that Benioff is a businessman. He tends to speak foremost about causes like health care and education and oceans and equality. It’s such a long list, really, that it often takes Benioff a while to get around to discussing revenues and products and business strategy. But make no mistake: Business is one of Benioff ’s passions, and by creating a new model for selling software he’s been able to build Salesforce into a fast-growing enterprise with nearly $10 billion in revenue—which helps the CEO focus on all those areas that need his attention. —Adam Lashinsky
JEFF BEZOS C O CEO
AMA ZON.COM
in the 23 years since he founded Amazon.com, Jeff Bezos has become the whirling dervish of corporate titans, a maestro of a voracious conglomerate with enough side hustles to impress the most ambitious entrepreneur. His widely admired but toughto-imitate approach is now a mantra for both MBAs and would-be disrupters: Build scale by lowering prices, and defer profits until later. Meanwhile, the rise of online computing provider Amazon Web Services—which is both a market leader and highly profitable—has given Bezos an unexpected win. Next up is international expansion, where ferocious competition lies in wait. —A.L.
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BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR THE LIST NOS. 05-0 7
MARY DILLON CEO
ULTA BE AUT Y
since mary dillon stepped into the corner office in 2013, Ulta’s stock has doubled— buoyed by sales and profits that have risen at a competitor-taunting 20% annual clip. Though shares have fallen sharply since hitting an alltime high of $314 in June, dragged down by Wall Street doubts about whether Ulta can maintain its torrid growth, Dillon is moving ahead with Ulta’s next chapter. After landing a deal to sell higher-end products such as Estée Lauder’s MAC, Ulta recently opened its first Manhattan store. The message? Ulta has no intention of remaining solely a strip-mall retailer selling mid-tier products. Dillon is now taking the fight even more directly to the department stores, whose business Ulta has been poaching for years. —Phil Wahba
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PHOTOGRAPH BY REBECCA GREENFIELD
BUSINESSPERSON
THE LIST
OF THE YEAR
NOS. 05- 0 7
AJAYPAL “AJAY” BANGA
6 : M A C K E N Z I E S T R O H ; 7 : YA N YA N — I M A G I N E C H I N A
CEO
MASTERCARD
when banga ascended to the top job at Mastercard, it was 2010, the company had just gone public, and new disrupters like Square and PayPal had just come on the mobile payments scene. Banga’s strategy: double down on tech. The consumer products lifer, who had clocked stints at Nestlé, Pepsico, and Citibank, rolled out a slew of innovations from biometric cards to payment technology embedded in devices like fitness bands and even dressing room mirrors. Such steps, and an increase in consumer spending, have helped drive up sales and profits by double-digit percentages in the past year. —Leigh Gallagher
HUATENG (“PONY”) MA CEO
TENCENT HOLDINGS
it’s hard to overstate how deeply embedded Tencent’s products—like its flagship social media app WeChat—are in the lives of its nearly 1 billion users in China. In gaming, messaging, banking, and more, Tencent has made itself indispensable. That has quite literally boosted the fortunes of “Pony” Ma (his surname translates to “horse” in English), who holds almost 9% of the stock in the company he cofounded in 1998 and who briefly snatched the title of China’s richest man away from Alibaba’s Jack Ma. Recently, Tencent spent $2 billion on a 10%-plus stake in Snap, despite the newly public firm’s growth struggles. —Robert Hackett
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BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR THE LIST
PROFITING FROM T H E PAY M E N T P I P E L I N E
ON S C HUL M A N ’S WAT C H , PAY PA L H A S E V OLV E D F R OM NIC HE P L AY E R T O M A I N S T R E A M P AY M E N T S G I A N T. H E TELLS FORTUNE WHY HE THINKS THE VENMO APP CAN FOLLOW THE SAME A R C , A ND W H Y PAY PA L C A N “ DEMOCR AT IZE ” FIN A NCI A L SER V ICES.
PHOTOGRAPH BY ROBYN TWOMEY
NO. 08
DAN SCHULMAN CEO
PAYPAL
UNTIL RECENTLY, PAYPAL CEO DAN SCHULMAN WAS BEST KNOWN IN SILICON
Valley as the New Jersey newcomer who liked to wear cowboy boots. These days he’s more renowned for his leadership of the iconic payments company—one of few dotcom-era darlings that not only survived but flourished. (Shortly after going public in 2002, PayPal became a subsidiary of eBay; in 2015 it was spun back out.) Since coming on board to run the newly independent company, after stints at American Express, Sprint, and Virgin Mobile—where he was the founding CEO—Schulman has made some shrewd bets. Opening up PayPal’s platform so that other big players, like Facebook, can build upon its payments software has proved to be
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BUSINESSPERSON
PROFILE
OF THE YEAR
NO. 08
a savvy move, enabling more consumers to make PayPal their default payment option. And acquisitions that predate Schulman’s arrival are also showing impressive growth under his guidance. In particular, Venmo, a peer-topeer payments app popular with millennials, is starting to deliver on its promise. Schulman recently announced plans to roll it out to millions of merchants. That’s important because most of Venmo’s estimated 10 million regular users don’t pay transaction fees— but merchants will, so PayPal can convert its popularity into more revenue. Schulman says all of these factors will help PayPal build on its already impressive growth: Last fiscal year, the company’s revenue came in at $10.8 billion, up 17% from the year before. That’s especially remarkable when you consider the crowd of new fintech players competing with this incumbent. Fortune’s Michal LevRam caught up with Schul-
“There’s aspecial magictovenmo.We doprettymuchno advertisingaround it.iwanttobevery carefulwiththe experience.” 68
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DAN SCHULMAN
man (yes, he was wearing the boots) to find out more about what’s driving PayPal’s performance and what his plans are for the payments icon. An edited transcript follows:
Let’s start with Venmo. I think a lot of people still wonder, “How does it make money?” I’ll give you the simplest analog: PayPal in its early days was a peer-to-peer service. Then it was bought by eBay, and it became a payment method for eBay. And then it started moving off eBay, and now 87% of our volume is merchant services outside of eBay. Venmo [also] started as a peer-to-peer service, or really more of a social payments “experience,” because everyone tags their stuff and puts in little notes and emojis—90% of [transactions] are shared [on Venmo’s news feed].
Wow, did you just say 90% of Venmo transactions are public? Yes, it’s really a social experience. People open the app to see what their friends are doing, where they’re going, who they’re hanging out with. Most of the comments are pretty amusing and fun. I open the feed to do that myself. The next step logically is to open up the application to more functionality. So if you use it today, you
know that you can split things easily, you can pay your rent. But wouldn’t it be nice to be able to use your Venmo to buy things, too, and then to split that purchase or to tell your friends about it? So we have now opened the ability for 2 million merchants in the U.S. to accept Venmo. That’s exactly how we monetized PayPal, and that’s exactly what we’re going to do with Venmo. And by the way, the merchants are so excited about it because the purchase gets to go into your feed, and you can say, “Hey, I bought this cool thing.” They love that.
Does the social aspect of Venmo open the door to other revenue streams, like advertising? Possibly. There’s a special magic to Venmo. We do pretty much no advertising around it. Its growth is all viral. There’s a network effect right now because it’s so big that you just want people to be a part of it so you can send them money. I want to be very careful with the experience. I think the experience needs to be in keeping with the Venmo philosophy, and it’s got to be fully delightful for those who are using it. Monetizing by creating more value for a Venmo user makes a ton of sense to me. But other forms of monetization that are
more intrusive, like in advertising or something like that, the jury is really still out for me.
Does the fact that so many of the transactions are shared surprise you? What does it say about Venmo’s user base? If you think about the millennial generation, they grew up in a very different era than I did. [Schulman is 59.] The boundaries between private and public are much more blurred. And it’s not surprising to me that they want to share with all of their friends. It is the secret sauce of Venmo that it isn’t [just] a payment; it’s more of an experience. A lot of people say, “Oh, there are a lot of peer-to-peer services out there.” There are, and it’s an exploding market. But Venmo is much more social in its nature. The app is opened more times to look at feeds than it is to do an actual payment.
How do you maintain your position, both with Venmo and PayPal, now that there are so many other players in payments? I think there are three important things. One is that we’re in the infancy of digital payments. Peer-topeer is between $35 billion and $40 billion today, and in five or 10 years it’s supposed to go to $350 bil-
PAYPAL’S KILLER APP
SHAREHOLDERS SAY: ‘JUST VENMO ME’ $120 billion 100
Venmo, PayPal’s peer-to-peer payment app, has become a hit without generating much revenue. Investors are betting that will follow, now that the platform is opening up to merchants.
$114 B TOTAL PAYMENT VOLUME FOR PAYPAL
7.9%
8%
$80
$73.39 70 6
80
PAYPAL STOCK PRICE
60 4
60
50
40 20
V MO SHA VENMO VEN SHARE RE E
$9.0 B
0 Q3 2015
Q3 2017
40
VENMO PAYMENTS AS A SHARE OF TOTAL PAYPAL PAYMENT VOLUME
2
30
0
20 Q3 2015
Q3 2017
JUL. 20, 2015
NOV. 3, 2017
SOURCES: S&P GLOBAL; COMPANY FILINGS
lion. So this isn’t going to be a winner-take-all market. Second, we’ve opened up our platform to give both branded and unbranded services. And people who everyone thought would compete with us are now very close partners. Like Facebook— many of their payment initiatives are done through our platform, and 50% of Apple Pay comes through our platform. The big banks are marketing PayPal to their subscribers. So over time the competitive environment has become more benign for us than aggressive. Third, payments are just really hard. First of all, you magically [need to] make a two-sided network to appear at scale, because no merchant’s going to take the time to do integration and coding when there’s only a couple million users, if that, on a service. And no consumer is going to learn a new payment methodol-
FEEDBACK LETTERS@FORTUNE.COM
ogy if only a million or so merchants are using that payment. So you need to have scale. And once you have scale, like Venmo and PayPal do, you get a network effect. We have 17 million merchants. We have 218 million consumers. Our net new accounts are growing by nearly 90% year over year.
Another piece of your business is Xoom, which enables people to send payments back home to other countries. How big of a market is that, and do you worry it could be impacted by the political climate? It’s a very large market: $600 billion. And it’s an incredibly important part of the GDP of many developing countries. On average today, between 8% and 10% of the remittance is taken by various middlemen. If you can do it all electronically, you can do that at maybe 3% to 4%. And you could still make a
great profit on it, but save $30 billion, which could lift tens of millions of people out of poverty. So the reason we bought Xoom [in 2015] is, one, it’s a very large market. But, two, we can do things much more efficiently, more secure, faster, less expensive. That’s a great value proposition to a consumer. And we feel it’s a market that’s ripe for disruption.
And on the political part of the question, is there any reason for concern that there will be some kind of regulatory hurdles put in place for money flowing out to other countries? It’s so hard to predict the political environment. I think that business can’t sit on the sidelines and just watch. I think we need to be a force for the values that we believe in. We need to partner with government and regulators. But we need to bring our resources to bear against
issues and problems that the public sector won’t be able to do by itself. A lot of people say that I’m an activist CEO. I just think I’m a responsible leader of a business. When HB2 [a law that prevents transgender people from using bathrooms corresponding to the gender with which they identify] was introduced in North Carolina, we were the first business to pull out. I received a lot of personal threats as a result of it. So I think it’s not easy to stand up, and the environment is very politically charged. But I don’t think we can abdicate our responsibility. Our mission is a very inclusive one. It’s to democratize financial services. Managing and moving money should be a right for all citizens, not a privilege for the affluent. It’s all citizens, all types. Which means that there should be no room in the world for discrimination against anybody for any reason.
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BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR THE LIST N O S . 0 9 -1 2
MARILLYN HEWSON CEO
LOCKHEED MARTIN
if there was one executive determined not to let politics get in the way of business this year, it was Lockheed Martin CEO Marillyn Hewson. She deftly deflected a string of tweet attacks from President Trump—the Commander-in-Chief of Lockheed’s largest customer—by vowing to cut the cost of the company’s new F-35 fighter jets and to create 1,800 U.S. jobs. Hewson then reaped the benefits of Trump’s $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia, securing contracts worth a quarter of that total. The company’s sales are on track to grow 7% in 2017. (Hewson also remained on Trump’s now-disbanded manufacturing council when many of her peers resigned this summer.) Lockheed stockholders, meanwhile, have been well rewarded, earning an 81% total return over the past three years and 28% so far in 2017. —Jen Wieczner
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9 : F R A N C O V O G T—T H E F O R B E S C O L L E C T I O N / G E T T Y I M A G E S ; 1 0 : M A T T H E W E I S M A N — G E T T Y I M A G E S ; 1 1 . C O U R T E S Y O F P R O G R E S S I V E ; 1 2 : J E S S I C A H R O M A S — B L O O M B E R G V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S
BUSINESSPERSON
THE LIST
OF THE YEAR
N O S . 0 9 -1 2
FRANCISCO D’SOUZA CEO
COGNIZ ANT
the $14.4 billion it consulting and outsourcing shop D’Souza cofounded in 1994 is on a roll, averaging 15.1% annual sales growth over the past three years. That strong performance has been across multiple sectors and geographies— and has come in the middle of Cognizant’s own transformation. A year ago, D’Souza rejiggered the company to prioritize services that help clients adapt and keep pace with the digital revolution (all the buzzwords—A.I., data analytics, etc.—apply). Those offerings now account for a quarter of Cognizant’s revenue and help explain the stock’s blistering 49% total return over the past 12 months. —Erika Fry
SUSAN GRIFFITH CEO
PROGRESSIVE
a onetime progressive claims rep, Griffith took the helm of the insurer in 2016 with an eye toward convincing consumers to buy a wider range of policies from the company. Her strategy appears to be working: The number of premiums sold was up nearly 15% in 2016, with the company’s new property insurance lines accounting for a growing share of sales. Not even one of the worst hurricane seasons in history has thrown the stock off course: Total revenue has grown more than 13%—and net income nearly 43%—over the past 12 months. As for Progressive shares, they have surged more than 60% over the same period. —Kristen Bellstrom
SHENG YUE GUI CEO
GEELY AUTOMOBILE HOLDINGS
there were plenty of skeptics when Geely, a modest Hangzhou, China–based brand and the majority owner of Geely Automotive, bought Volvo, the Swedish carmaker, in 2010. Harvard Business Review ticked off a few reasons for doubt back then, but all amounted to this: The Chinese company lacked the “management skills” to pull off such a large integration. Today, both brands are undeniably better off: Geely Automotive, under the leadership of Gui (in partnership with Geely CEO An Cong Hui), has masterfully adapted Volvo’s technology and style. And over the past three years, shareholders have been rewarded with a total return of 691%. —E.F.
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BUSINESSPERSON
THE LIST
OF THE YEAR
N O S . 1 3 -1 6
MARK ZUCKERBERG FACEBOOK
running an epochdefining global company is tough work, as Mark Zuckerberg is finding out the hard way. Facebook didn’t have a grip on its own publishing platform, allowing Russians and plain-old commercial scammers to take advantage of Facebook’s users. Though initially dismissive, the CEO has promised to address the crisis. The reason this all matters is that the business he founded—now valued at more than a halftrillion dollars—continues to mint profits (a record $4.7 billion in the third quarter). It also continues to expand through its portfolio approach to virtual reality and all manner of digital advertising. —A.L.
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1 3: C OUR T E S Y OF FA CEB OOK ; 14: C OUR T E S Y OF A DOBE; 1 5: PA UL MORIGI—GE T T Y IM A GE S; 1 6 : E L I J A H NOU V E L A GE—REU T ERS
CEO
BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR THE LIST
PHEBE NOVAKOVIC CEO
N O S . 1 3 -1 6
SHANTANU NARAYEN CEO
ADOBE SYSTEMS
adobe has long had a knack for churning out household-name products: It created the PDF, Photoshop, Adobe Flash, and Acrobat. But Shantanu Narayen has accomplished the rare feat of propelling an already successful tech company into the stratosphere. The India-born exec took the top job the year before the financial crisis and quickly shifted the company away from selling CDs in boxes toward a subscription model integrated with the cloud—a then-controversial move now considered to be one of the most successful cloud transformations to date. Adobe has also fashioned itself as a digital marketing powerhouse, doubling down on data analytics. The result? Revenue was up 25% through the first three quarters of 2017, and the stock is up 74% this year alone. —Anne VanderMey
GENER AL DYNAMICS
though her company is best known for making tanks and submarines, Novakovic has positioned General Dynamics to help the government beyond just the Pentagon modernize its technology. A case in point: GD just scored a massive $455 million contract to provide cloud computing and call-center services to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to help it run Obamacare and Medicare programs. An acquisition this year also bolstered the defense company’s cybersecurity capabilities, helping it win new IT business with the military. Investors seem to like the direction: GD’s stock has returned 18% year to date. —J.W.
WALT BETTINGER CEO
CHARLES SCHWAB
walt bettinger’s timing is either terrible or stupendous. Having taken over as CEO of Charles Schwab in late 2008, he guided the brokerage through the financial crisis by trimming Schwab’s costs and keeping clients focused on the long term. Today Schwab boasts the least expensive mutual funds in the industry and a strong relationship with independent advisers (who keep their clients’ money with Schwab). The combo is apparently working: As of September, customers have opened more than 100,000 new Schwab brokerage accounts a month for a record 10 straight months. And profits are up 28% over the trailing 12 months. —A.L.
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THE LIST N O S . 1 7- 2 0
MICHAEL NEIDORFF CEO
CENTENE
under neidorff’s surefooted command, St. Louis–based insurer Centene has forged its own path, and prospered, in America’s uncertain health care markets. Once a modest-size Medicaid provider, the managed-care company has expanded quickly— vaulting from No. 453 to 66 on the Fortune 500 in five years’ time—and it has done so, in part, by entering markets that rivals have fled (Medicare Advantage, prison health care, the precarious Obamacare exchanges). Profits at Centene are up 109% for the past 12 months, and Centene’s investors have prospered big-time. The company’s total return for the past year: 69%. —E.F.
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ADITYA PURI CEO
BARBARA RENTLER
HDFC BANK LIMITED
earlier this year, the Reserve Bank of India labeled HDFC Bank, India’s largest private bank by market capitalization, a “domestic systematically important bank”—in other words, “too big to fail.” Remarkably, HDFC has gotten that big (amassing more than 40 million customers) in just 23 years of existence. CEO Aditya Puri, now 66, has been in charge for all of those years, and it’s he who gets credit for turning HDFC into India’s most reliably profitable retail banking powerhouse. While many of the bank’s competitors have struggled, profits at HDFC have grown at a 20% annualized rate over the past three years. —E.F.
CEO
ROSS STORES
ross stores ceo Barbara Rentler may be press-averse (to the point, even, that she won’t pose for a photo), but it’s easy to see why she prefers to let the off-price retailer’s numbers speak for themselves. In the face of intense competition from its upmarket rival T.J. Maxx and the expansion of off-price locations by Nordstrom Rack and Macy’s Backstage, Ross Stores continues to report quarter after quarter of sales growth and new store openings. Rentler, with the company since 1986 (and CEO since June 2014), has focused on what brings shoppers in day after day: megadeals on big-namebrand items. In the three years since Rentler has been the chief executive, Ross Stores has hit annual records on revenue and profit each year—and the stock has delivered a 95% return to shareholders. And Ross has built that success staying clear of e-commerce too. It’s now worth $25 billion—or four times Macy’s. —P.W.
FRANÇOIS VAN HOUTEN CEO
ROYAL PHILIPS
not many ceos have engineered the kind of transformation that van Houten has executed at Philips, steering the 126-year-old Dutch firm through a “radical pivot,” as he calls it—transforming an Old World maker of electronics and lighting into a leader in health care technology. Under his stewardship, Philips has shed slowergrowth businesses (it sold its television unit and spun off the lighting business) and invested heavily in R&D to focus on meeting the “world’s unmet needs.” Over the past 12 months, Philips has grown revenues by 30% and profits by 83%. Shareholders, for their part, have gotten a three-year total return of 67%. —L.G.
1 7 : D I L I P V I S H W A N A T— S T. L O U I S B U S I N E S S J O U R N A L ; 1 8 : D H I R A J S I N G H — B L O O M B E R G V I A G E T T Y I M A G E S ; 2 0 : P E T E R D E J O N G — A P / R E X / S H U T T E R S T O C K
BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR
AN INSTANT WALL STREET JOURNAL BESTSELLER
TREAT YOUR BUSINESS LIKE A STARTUP AND TURN IT INTO A MODERN COMPANY
“A remarkably useful playbook that every business, government, and nonprofit needs to ignite the spark of innovation and fuel the fire of change.” –ADAM GRANT, New York Times bestselling author of Give and Take thestartupway.com
CURRENCY
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Macy’s flagship store in New York City.
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MACY’S MAKE-OR-BREAK CHRISTMAS MACY’S HAS A NEW CEO AND A NEW STRATEGY TO REVERSE ITS EPIC SALES SLUMP. THE HOLIDAY SHOPPING SURGE WILL BE THE DEPARTMENT STORE GIANT’S FIRST—AND MOST IMPORTANT— CHANCE TO PROVE THE PLAN CAN WORK.
BY PHIL WAHBA
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MACY ’S
MAKE-OR-BREAK CHRISTMAS
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY MACY’S NEEDS TO REINVENT ITSELF
—why the department store giant wants to change, and why doing so will be so challenging—you could start by comparing two of the most recent circulars that the chain sent to shoppers. One brochure is a snappy mini-catalog for the all-important holiday season, a centerpiece of a new marketing campaign. Called “Gifts We Love,” it features 125 items—a tiny, strategically chosen slice of the tens of thousands of products Macy’s sells. It uses lush, high-quality photography and elegant fonts to showcase offerings like a cozy Ugg robe and a $180 Star Wars drone. And there’s not a single mention of a discount, not one “Extra 40% Off ” or “30%– 75% Off Storewide” bubble to be found. If anything, the brochure looks like something a higher-end retailer, a Nordstrom or a Saks, might produce. It also looks almost nothing like Macy’s previous circular, which came out just days earlier. That one touts canyon-deep discounts pegged to the end of daylight saving time—a flimsy excuse for a shopping event if ever there was one. (One such deal: 65% off Tommy Hilfiger sport coats.) The brochure looks cluttered, almost like a supermarket coupon mailer. It gives off a whiff of desperation. “Gifts We Love” represents the future to which Macy’s aspires. It’s part of a far-reaching effort by the nation’s largest department store chain to regain its former mantle as a tastemaker among better brands at its 664 stores nationwide. The daylight saving discountorama, meanwhile, represents the reality Macy’s is struggling to transcend—a circular firing squad where big retailers that offer very similar products can lure shoppers only by slashing their prices. The Tale of Two Brochures epitomizes Macy’s long-standing identity crisis, and it’s one that the company needs to resolve soon. In November, the company, which also owns the 38-store Bloomingdale’s chain, posted its 11th consecutive quarter of declines in comparable or “same-store” sales, a metric that strips out results from recently opened or closed stores. Its stock is down more than 70% from its 2015 peak. The task of reversing this slide falls to Jeff Gennette, Macy’s CEO since March and a 34-year veteran of the company. This holiday season—during the gift-buying rush that generates about 30% of annual sales, and is the one and only time all year that some shoppers will visit a Macy’s store—the initiatives Gennette and his team are rolling out will face their first major test. Gennette’s plan, dubbed “North Star” in a nod to Macy’s logo, leans heavily on the “Gifts We Love” approach, stressing the idea of Macy’s as not just a store but a retail “authority”—a favorite word of
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the imposing 56-year-old CEO. “Our customers really look to us for fashion curation and guidance, more so than to other retail brands,” Gennette tells Fortune. He wants to capitalize more fully on that clout with customers, in fashion, beauty, home goods, and even tech. That means de-emphasizing discounts and cutting clutter in stores, so that Macy’s can build a selective aura around hotter brand names that can draw more customers and sell at bigger profits. There’s a catch, though: If Macy’s eliminates too many discounts, it risks chasing away the deal-hunting shoppers who account for much of its $25 billion in annual sales. In short, Gennette wants to burnish Macy’s tasteful patina while remaining what retailers call a “promotional store.” And threading that needle may prove to be as difficult as shimmying down a chimney flue with a sack full of toys. IT WOULD BE POLLYANNAISH to believe that Macy’s will easily win its way back into shoppers’ good graces. The chain has been bleeding market share, losing ground to established retailers, including the almighty Amazon, and to ascendant digital-first companies like Stitch Fix and Revolve. Younger customers are staying away in droves. And in an ominous turn of events, big brands like Coach, Michael Kors, and Ralph Lauren have reduced the amount they sell through department stores, complaining that the industry’s culture of discounting has contaminated their brands. Even Nike, without naming names, recently said it had had enough of “mediocre” retailers and would rely more on its own stores and e-commerce site. These are the fires that Gennette is racing to douse. Since taking the reins from longtime CEO and current executive chairman Terry Lundgren, he has won kudos from investors for his frankness about store clutter and shopper defections. “It’s been nice to hear Macy’s talk about reality rather than tell the Street what it wants to hear,” says Stacey Widlitz, president of consulting firm SW Retail Advisors. Gennette has led a reorganization of top management (the third in three years) that included poaching a top eBay executive, Hal Lawton, to be his second-in-command, and consolidated the retailer’s sprawling merchandising bureaucracy. This holiday season, customers will start seeing North Star’s influence on the sales floor. Macy’s will set up displays at key spots in stores
ALE X ANDER SCHEUBER-GE T T Y IMAGES
Holiday shoppers at the New York City flagship store on Black Friday in 2016. New CEO Jeff Gennette faces a tough balancing act: He hopes to reduce Macy’s dependence on deep discounts, without chasing away the customers who love them.
to highlight the “Gifts We Love”—supported and promoted by Macy’s small but increasingly important army of “My Stylist” personal shoppers. (After the holidays, Macy’s will continue to “curate” must-have items under a new “It List” rubric.) The chain is wooing higher-spending customers, meanwhile, with a revamped loyalty program that lavishes the top 10% of its customers, people who spend an average of $1,200 a year, with more goodies like exclusive sales and beauty-salon pampering. Close observers will spot other changes, too, as moves initiated years ago bear fruit. More Macy’s are selling beauty products in ways that borrow ideas from nimbler, fast-growing competitors like Ulta Beauty and Sephora. There are now 20 stores with a kiosk from Bluemercury, the luxury beauty chain the company bought in 2015. And in more locations, on-sale and clearance merchandise now dwells in segregated areas, called “Last Act,” intended
“ittakesa longtimeto turnaround abattleship,” saysone retailexpert. Butifmacy’s reinvents itself,it’llbe “incredibly dangerous.”
to keep their deep discounts from sharing space with, or dimming the luster of, trendy brands that sell at full price. Conventional wisdom holds that department stores can’t survive in the 21st century—and the woes of retailers from J.C. Penney to Sears to Dillard’s to the upscale Neiman Marcus reinforce that argument. But of its cohort, Macy’s arguably is the best equipped to pull through the current slump. It’s one of the few chains offering a mix of higher-end and mass-market merchandise, and it wields a formidable marketing and supply-chain apparatus. The company is also an e-commerce powerhouse, with $4.3 billion in annual sales, ranking it sixth nationwide. These strengths have helped Macy’s buy more time from investors and analysts, even as it struggles to figure out what comes next. “It takes a long time to turn around a battleship, but they’re incredibly dangerous,” says Mortimer Singer, CEO of retail consultancy
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MACY ’S
MAKE-OR-BREAK CHRISTMAS
seller of apparel in the country this year, and that Amazon’s market share will be three times as big as Macy’s by 2021. Gennette’s star rose just as Macy’s momentum began to run out. After five years as chief merchant—the executive in charge of deciding what Macy’s sells—he became president, and Lundgren’s heir apparent, in 2014. Gennette has been involved with multiple efforts to get the retailer back on track, efforts that underscore how much spaghetti Macy’s has thrown at the wall, and how little has stuck. A case in point: Beauty products, which generate about 15% of department store visits, became a chronically weak spot for Macy’s about five years ago, as it ceded market share to the likes of Ulta and Sephora. One edge those boutiques brought to the battle was “open sell,” where customers can try out products without intervention from clerks. But Macy’s stayed wedded to the 1940s, products-behind-thecounter method of selling; only now, after years of sales erosion, is Macy’s testing “open sell” at 200 or so stores. Macy’s also waffled in handling Backstage— its separate brand for selling discounted fashion. Originally conceived as a chain of outlet stores, its development was slow; as Lundgren admitted in 2015, “I didn’t really want this business.” Only after it became clear that shoppers were choosing discounters like T.J. Maxx and Marshalls over Macy’s did the company relent. It has now decided to bring the concept into its main stores, giving Backstage 25,000 square feet, or about 20% of the space of a typical store, at 45 locations, with hundreds more stores potentially getting one. Stores with a Backstage section are seeing a seven-percentage-point improvement in sales year over year, according to Gennette. But valuable time and opportunities have been lost. “In the past they’ve talked about a lot of good initiatives,” says Neil Saunders, a managing director at GlobalData Retail. “Do they have the stamina and confidence to see them through?”
Marvin Traub Associates. Now the pressure is on Gennette to retrofit the U.S.S. Macy’s before changing consumer tastes capsize it. FEW RETAILERS ENJOY as prized a place
in U.S. history as Macy’s. The retailer, opened in 1858 by Rowland H. Macy in New York City as a dry-goods store, became a cornerstone in many major American cities by the early 20th century, and its primacy in popular culture was cemented by the 1947 holiday movie classic, Miracle on 34th Street. The million-square-foot Macy’s flagship is among the five most visited tourist spots in New York, and its annual Fourth of July fireworks and Thanksgiving Day parade attract millions of TV viewers. Today, 41 million Americans shop at Macy’s at least once a year. The company reached true retail-behemoth status under Terry Lundgren. Sales roughly doubled in the decade after Lundgren became CEO, hitting a peak of about $28 billion in 2014. Macy’s fueled that growth by getting ahead of its rivals in e-commerce, and by undertaking several major acquisitions, most notably its 2005 purchase of May Department Stores. But the deals that made Macy’s the industry leader also sowed the seeds of its current problems. Macy’s management swelled to become a lumbering bureaucracy, slow to react to change. And as more buying decisions flowed from national headquarters rather than local management, its product offerings, particularly in clothing, converged with those of other department stores. That drew the company deeper into the lethal spiral of discounting: Macy’s and its rivals created a “sea of sameness” that left shoppers bored and forced the retailers to resort to discounts to lure them back. “They really took their eye off the ball in terms of how to be special for the customer,” says Steve Dennis, president of SageBerry Consulting and a former Sears and Neiman Marcus executive. Today clothing is one of the categories where Macy’s is hurting most. Discounters like T.J. Maxx have been juggernauts, and the threat from Amazon.com, which is launching its own fashion brands as well as a subscription service called Amazon Prime Wardrobe, is only growing. Already, 47% of Macy’s clothes customers also shop for clothes on Amazon, according to Magid Retail Pulse. And Cowen & Co. is forecasting a new indignity: The Wall Street firm says Amazon will eclipse Macy’s as the top
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amazonis poised to passmacy’s as the biggest u.S. seller ofapparel.
TALL AND IMMACULATELY DRESSED,
Gennette doesn’t seem to lack for confidence. And in conversations with Fortune this summer and fall, he reiterated that he was directing his energy toward smart, strategic cutting. Some of the cuts focus on the supply chain. Gennette wants to use far fewer suppliers
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Looking for a Sales Floor Macy’s has closed more than 100 of its weakest stores in the past two years, but sales at the ones that remain keep falling—dragging the share price down with it. 215.1% S&P 500 RETAILING INDEX
200% 150 100 50
MACY’S STOCK PRICE
0
–27.4%
–50
2011
2013
2015
NOV. 2017 SOURCE: S&P GLOBAL
4%
4.0% 2.8%
2
1.4%
0
ANNUAL CHANGE IN MACY’S SAME-STORE SALES
-2 -4
2012
2013
2014
–2.5%
–2.9%
–2.5%
2015
2016
2017 (est.)
SOURCE: COMPANY FILINGS
for Macy’s exclusive products. Those house brands, including INC apparel, now generate 29% of the company’s sales. As part of an effort to boost that to 40%, Gennette is cutting out two-fifths of those suppliers and requiring the remaining ones to set aside much of their capacity exclusively for Macy’s so it can speed up the time it takes to bring merchandise to market—essential to competing with “fast fashion” brands like Zara and H&M. For some items, Macy’s has shrunk the time from order to shelves from several months to eight weeks. But the more important cutting is happening on sales floors, where Gennette is chipping away at Macy’s image as a bazaar that overflows with stuff people can find anywhere. “We know that we have too much clutter in our stores,” the CEO says. To fix that prestige-destroying problem, Macy’s is testing what Gennette calls “extreme editing” at a store in Woodbridge Township, N.J.
new ceojeff gennette istesting “extreme editing“ ofmacy’s product offerings: “We know we have toomuch clutterin ourstores.”
Shoppers in that area skew “fashion forward” compared with Macy’s national average. So the store cut about 40% of the selection, rapidly eliminating items that were too similar, or that didn’t catch on, and replacing them with trendier fare. The average revenue generated by some key items is up 10% at the store, and Gennette tells Fortune he thinks he can replicate those results throughout the chain. The Woodbridge test exemplifies the benefits Gennette wants to reap from a leaner inventory. In theory, it’ll lead to fewer items being sold on clearance, while creating a more visually pleasing store that looks more upscale. A smaller, easier-to-track inventory will enable faster, smoother e-commerce deliveries, transactions in which stores now play key roles. Above all, Gennette sees smaller selections paying off in improved customer service. Rather than continually running between store floor and stockroom, clerks could build expertise in products like those on the “It List” and develop more of a rapport with customers. Right now Macy’s employs just 250 personal shoppers across 150 of its stores; in a leaner future, more of the rank-and-file could play a comparable role. Macy’s gets just under half its revenue from the top 10% of its customers, who have been visiting less often. Creating a sense of exclusivity and service could swell the ranks of those bigger spenders—and make them less likely to hold out for discounts. Gennette knows he has to tread carefully. Unless you have products that other retailers don’t carry and that shoppers genuinely want, pulling back on discounts can be suicidal. (A similar move by J.C. Penney in 2012 led to plummeting sales and an enduring crisis.) “We’re going to remain a promotional department store” has become a mantra for Gennette in talks with investors. But he’s striving to draw a clear boundary between the sharply discounted deals and the products from the big, distinctive vendors he hopes to emphasize. Early signs suggest that Macy’s has convinced some big names in fashion that its discounts no longer taint them. Stalwart brands like Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein, both owned by apparel giant PVH, are enjoying a sales rebound at Macy’s, thanks in part to better presentation. Gennette says Macy’s could deliver similar results for Michael Kors and Ralph Lauren. More such wins could soothe vendors’ anxiety and even help Macy’s line up
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MACY ’S
MAKE-OR-BREAK CHRISTMAS
hot new brands. As consultant Singer puts it, “Macy’s needs to remember that they can be kingmakers.” FOR ONE DAY THIS FALL, Macy’s investors felt like kings. The stock jumped more than 10% on Nov. 9 on news that net income was up 54% year over year through the first three quarters of 2017. Macy’s reported that it was selling fewer items at clearance and seeing booming sales of fragrances, women’s footwear, and jewelry. Still, the bump in profit coincided with continuing declines in revenues. And that isn’t the only metric that’s shrinking: Macy’s is also inexorably trimming its physical footprint. By the end of 2018, the chain will have closed 20% of the stores that it operated in 2014. The chain has shrunk space at some stores and sold others back to mall developers like General Growth. In a near-perfect metaphor for retail’s upheaval, Macy’s sold the top floors of its downtown Seattle location in October—and Amazon is moving in. Macy’s will likely face pressure to close even more stores. According to a January tally by Green Street Advisors, only 40% of Macy’s stores are in “strong” malls as measured by sales per square foot; the other 60% are in the sorts of uninviting shopping centers where foot traffic is dwindling and department stores can feel especially vacant and gloomy. And as the company’s latest results underscore, shutting underperforming locations can boost profits. Still, Gennette tells Fortune Macy’s is now at “about the right number of doors.” It’s easy to see why he’d resist culling the fleet further. Closing stores can create a vicious cycle in which reduced brand visibility hurts sales in nearby stores, and vendors stop giving that retailer priority. And while Macy’s e-commerce is strong, it doesn’t generally pick up the slack: The company says that in areas where it has closed a physical store, it holds on to an average of only 12% of its sales, either online or at another store. “That [percentage] says, ‘We don’t need Macy’s,’ ” says Widlitz, the retail consultant. The store conundrum is a metaphor for the challenges Gennette faces. “Less is more” may be a leitmotif in his efforts to restore luster to the products on Macy’s sales floor. But too much “less” is just, well, less—shrinking too drastically risks driving away customers, brands, and investors alike.
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Strong Legacy, High Hurdles Macy’s hugely recognizable brand and its national scale give it a competitive edge. Will that be enough to reverse its recent slide?
Bright Spots
Dark Clouds
E-COMMERCE
Macy’s is the sixth-biggest e-commerce retailer, with $4.3 billion in sales this year, according to research firm eMarketer, up from $1 billion a decade ago.
Poaching by a bigger web rival is a constant problem: 47% of Macy’s apparel shoppers also buy clothes on Amazon, according to Magid Retail Pulse.
N AT ION A L RE ACH
Macy’s has 664 stores, making it the largest department store chain in the U.S. That reach gives the company enormous clout with top brands.
Green Street Advisors, a commercial real-estate research firm, says that 60% of Macy’s stores are in malls that rank as “average” or “poor” based on sales.
A HUGE CUS T OMER BASE
Half of American households shop at Macy’s at least once a year, which helps explain the company’s $25 billion in annual revenue.
Macy’s is highly dependent on a thin tier of its most frequent shoppers: The company says that 9% of customers drive 46% of sales .
A PAT IN A OF CL ASS
Macy’s is the top seller of mid-to-upscale clothing brands like Ralph Lauren and high-end fragrances.
by theend of 2018, macy’s will haveclosed 20%of the stores it operated in2014.
Competition from the likes of T.J. Maxx, Ulta, and of course Amazon is loosening Macy’s hold on many of these brands.
Gennette himself avoids language that suggests that Macy’s would be better off as a smaller, more focused retailer. Instead, he’s betting that with fewer products in stores, a combination of higher prices and continued growth in e-commerce will create a revenue rebound. The way Gennette sees it, the big retail shakeout underway will have winners and losers. “We intend for Macy’s to be one of the winners,” he says. But trying to be all things to all people is a hard battle to win—and a tough holiday season in 2017 could force Macy’s to fight on fewer fronts.
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INNOVATION TAKES Led by Internet giants such as Alibaba and Tencent and boosted by a surge in venture capital investment, China is
In this photo illustration, drones ï¬&#x201A;y over the skyline of Guangzhou, China, where Fortune is holding its 2017 Global Forum conference.
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OFF IN CHINA
BY CL AY CHANDLER
shedding its image as a copycat economy and emerging as a technology superpower to rival the United States.
PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY JUSTIN METZ
F O R T UNE G L O B A L F O R UM SPECIAL REPORT INNO VAT ION TA K E S OF F IN C HIN A
DOGFIGHT IN THE WORLD of drones was about to begin. It was November 2016, and Da-Jiang Innovations Science and Technology, better known as DJI, was preparing to launch its killer new product: the Mavic Pro. Weighing just 1.6 pounds, the Mavic was compact enough to fit into a book bag and featured a four-mile flight range and a built-in camera capable of shooting pin-sharp 4K video from hundreds of feet up. Though priced below $1,000, the Mavic sported sophisticated gimbals to stabilize the camera and cutting-edge software enabling it to lock on subjects and follow them around, detect and avoid midair obstacles, and automatically return to its launch point before running out of power. The executives at DJI knew they had a great product. But would it sell? DJI had little brand recognition even in China, and Mavic was its first product for mainstream consumers. Moreover, DJI was up against a formidable roster of U.S. and European competitors flocking to market with similar devices—including Parrot, a
P RE V IOUS SP RE A D: IM A GINE C HIN A ; JOH A NNE S E ISE L E—A F P/ GE T T Y IM A GE S
A
22-year-old French electronics manufacturer; Lily Robotics, a Silicon Valley startup that raised $15 million on Kickstarter; and GoPro, the maker of portable action cameras. How would DJI’s technology fare vs. the best in the West? It wasn’t even a close contest. DJI president Roger Luo says he knew immediately they had a winner—and a huge production challenge. Within three days of release, DJI had received three times more orders for the Mavic than it had expected to sell the entire month. Meanwhile, the drone contenders from the West fell back to earth one by one. Parrot was the first to surrender, announcing in January it was axing workers from its drone division. Then Lily revealed that, despite collecting more than $34 million in preorders, it had burned through all its cash and would close without shipping a single unit. The real surprise was GoPro. The San Mateo, Calif., company had established its brand by selling more than 20 million “wearable” cameras. And CEO Nick Woodman had vowed GoPro would return to profitability with the reImpounded bicylease of a heavily marketed drone called Karma. cles in Shanghai belonging to But the Karma, it turns out, was bad—heavier fast-growing and slower than its Chinese rival, and lacking its bike-sharing tracking or detect-and-avoid capabilities. Worse, startups like the first Karmas had an alarming tendency to Mobike and Ofo.
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Venturing Into China The amount of venture capital invested in Chinese startups has soared in recent years. The country’s “unicorns” benefit from its huge and growing market of tech-friendly consumers. VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN CHINA BY QUARTER $15 billion
Q2 2017 $10.7 B 10
5
0 2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
’17
SOURCE: KPMG
NUMBER OF UNICORNS PER COUNTRY Private companies valued at $1 billion or more. U.S.
108 COMPANIES
CHINA
58
U.K.
12
INDIA GERMANY OTHER
10 3 25
SOURCE: CB INSIGHTS
lose power and drop from the sky. After an embarrassing recall, GoPro relaunched in February. By then, DJI had taken off. Fast-forward to today, and DJI controls more than 70% of the commercial drone market, a category that could soar to $15 billion by 2022, according to global research firm Interact Analysis, up from $1.3 billion last year. With venture funding from Accel Partners and Sequoia Capital, DJI has a valuation of $10 billion. The company doesn’t disclose financial results, but it has been widely estimated by analysts that sales this year will exceed $1.5 billion, with earnings approaching $500 million. DJI has been hailed by many electronics industry analysts as the “Apple of consumer drones.” But the comparison is misleading. Unlike Apple, which proudly proclaims its products are “Designed in California, Assembled in China,” DJI products are designed and manufactured in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen, which today has no equal for sourcing the rotors, transmitters, batteries, and other components in DJI products.
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F O R T UNE G L O B A L F O R UM SPECIAL REPORT INNO VAT ION TA K E S OF F IN C HIN A
one of the global economy’s most momentous transformations: China, after a century of subordination to foreign nations, three decades of isolation under Mao Zedong, and three decades of “opening and reform” measures initiated by Deng Xiaoping, is returning to its historical position as one of the world’s great centers of innovation and technological development. Until only a few years ago, talk of China as an innovator would have elicited scorn from most Western business and government leaders. The country was widely derided as a haven for copycats and pirates, or grudgingly acknowledged as an efficient manufacturing platform whose factories depended on the uneasy union of cheap Chinese labor and foreign technology. Business in China today, however, is being led by innovationobsessed execs like Ren Zhengfei, founder of Huawei Technologies, which last year filed more patent applications than any other company in the world. And Allen Zhang, who led the team that developed Tencent’s WeChat, the smartphone app that allows its 900 million users to chat, shop, pay, play, and do just about anything else. And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu, the Beijing-based search company, who has vowed to have autonomous vehicles ready for sale in China by next year. Their success is fueling a virtuous cycle of innovative activity. The country’s two largest Internet companies, Alibaba Group and Tencent Holdings, lead the world in e-commerce, mobile payments, social media, and online gaming. They and other Chinese tech giants are investing aggressively in new businesses, helping to transform China into a massive market for venture capital investments. Those ventures, in turn, are nourished by China’s huge and growing market and its unique ecosystem of suppliers, logistics specialists, and manufacturers. The result: China has spawned a new generation of homegrown entrepreneurs who are creating world-class products, developing their own technologies, and rolling out new business models on a scale and with a speed the global economy has never seen. “The copycat era is behind us,” says Kai-Fu Lee, CEO of Sinovation Ventures and the former head of Google China. “We are way beyond that.” Consider that between 2014 and 2016, China attracted $77 billion in venture capital investment, compared with just $12 billion in the preceding two years. China is now among the world’s top three markets globally for venture capital in digital technologies including virtual reality, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, drones, and artificial intelligence. And about a third of the world’s 262 “unicorns” (startups valued at more than a billion dollars) hail from China, according to McKinsey & Co., and account for 43% of the global value of such companies. To explore the implications of this high-speed economic evolution, Fortune will be convening business leaders from around the globe in Guangzhou, China, in early December at a pair of events: the Fortune Global Forum and the Brainstorm Tech International conference. “China and the U.S. are the world’s only true technology superpowers,” says Richard Ji, managing director of Asia All-Stars Investment, a Hong Kong–based venture capital fund that has invested in some of China’s most successful tech companies. “No other economies come even close.” JI’S SUCCESS HIGHLIGHTS
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2017 Fortune Global Forum to be held in Guangzhou from December 6-8.
The 2017 Convention on Exchange of Overseas Talents and the 19th session of the Guangzhou Convention of Overseas Chinese Scholars in Science and Technology (OCS) will be held in the city in December. The convention opened for registration in September to all the willing returned overseas talents and expats hoping to start businesses in China. As one of Guangzhouâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major platforms for inducting high-caliber talents, the convention has attracted more than 36,000 attendees and brought in 18,000 projects, of which some 6,100 high-end projects have found investors. Robin Li, founder of Baidu, caught the eye of IDG Capital during one of the previous conventions; the rendezvous sent Liâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s business into the fast lane of expansion with the invested venture capital. Latest statistics show that Guangzhou is home to 3.26 million college graduates, six Nobel laureates, 77 academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, 281 national â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thousand Talents Planâ&#x20AC;? scheme and 95 Guangdong provincial â&#x20AC;&#x153;10 Thousand Talents Planâ&#x20AC;? scheme experts. Another 754 candidates are eligible for the provincial special subsidies and 62 startup teams included in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Pearl River Talents Plan.â&#x20AC;? 7KH LQĂ&#x20AC;X[ RI KLJK OHYHO DQG LQQRYDWLYH WDOHQWV FRQWLQXRXVO\ fuels the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth. According to a recent report released by Globalization and World Cities, an academic think tank that focuses on cities in the global economy, Guangzhou was rated at Alpha-level and came only after Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai and Taipei among Chinese cities in 2016. Over the years, Guangzhou has put forward one directive and four auxiliary measures, called â&#x20AC;&#x153;One Plus Four Policyâ&#x20AC;? to encourage talents with the potential to become industry leaders to settle in the city. The policy calls for the city to subsidize 500 innovative leaders, 1,000 high-
HQG WDOHQWV DQG LQ GHPDQG WDOHQWV LQ NH\ LQGXVWULHV ZLWKLQ ÂżYH years. This talent induction initiative will enjoy a total subsidy of RMB ELOOLRQ 86 P RYHU D ÂżYH \HDU SHULRG In 2016, more than 13,000 people applied for the subsidy. Eight Chinese and three expat of national-level academicians, as well as 23 of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thousand Talents Planâ&#x20AC;? experts applied for subsidies given to leading innovative startup teams. Some 87 percent of the applicants work in strategic new industries such as nextgeneration information technology, intelligent equipment and robotics, biomedicine, new energy, energy-saving and environmental protection. One of the adopted measures is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;talent green cardâ&#x20AC;? policy, which allows cardholders to be treated equally as its local citizens in real HVWDWH DQG YHKLFOH SXUFKDVLQJ FKLOGUHQÂśV HGXFDWLRQ DQG RWKHU EHQHÂżWV Li Wancheng, leader of a research team with Sun Yat-sen Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2SKWKDOPLF &HQWHU ZDV DPRQJ WKH ÂżUVW EDWFK ZKR VXFFHVVIXOO\ applied for the â&#x20AC;&#x153;talent green card.â&#x20AC;? A lead scientist on several research programs that received U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants, /L DOVR EHFDPH WKH ÂżUVW &KLQHVH WR UHFHLYH WKH RXWVWDQGLQJ FDWDUDFW research award from the National Foundation for Eye Research. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The green card allows me to enjoy the amenities of living in *XDQJ]KRX MXVW OLNH LWV FLWL]HQV ´ /L VDLG Âł7KLV SROLF\ ZLOO GHÂżQLWHO\ attract more overseas talents to work and settle down here.â&#x20AC;? According to the 2016 blue book on employment of returned overseas talent published by the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou ranked as the second most preferred destination in China for returning overseas Chinese to start their careers. Statistics from the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bureau RI IRUHLJQ H[SHUWV Dă&#x2018;&#x2026;DLUV UHYHDOHG WKDW UHWXUQHG RYHUVHDV students chose to come to Guangzhou through the end of July 2017.
FORTUNE, FORTUNE GLOBAL FORUM, FORTUNE GLOBAL 500 and á&#x2026;Ľá&#x153;&#x2DC; are trademarks of Time Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries, and are used by permission.
F O R T UNE G L O B A L F O R UM SPECIAL REPORT INNO VAT ION TA K E S OF F IN C HIN A
HINA’S RISING CLASS of innovators benefits from several built-in advantages. One is the vast scale of China’s market, which drives powerful efficiencies as new products and services are rolled out to hundreds of millions of people. Another is that Chinese consumers are enthusiastic adapters of new technologies, and that entrepreneurs operate in a developing market unencumbered by legacy infrastructure. China’s shoppers have taken quickly to online shopping and digital payments in part because they didn’t have to unlearn habits of shopping at traditional brick-and-mortar stores. China overtook the U.S. as the world’s largest market for e-commerce in 2015. This year online sales are expected to top $1.1 trillion, according to eMarketer, a data research firm. McKinsey says China alone now accounts for nearly half of worldwide e-commerce—up from less than 1% only a decade ago. Goldman Sachs expects online retail sales in China to grow at an annual average of 23% over the next four years, topping $1.7 trillion by 2020. While government meddling in the private sector may be a negative for China’s overall growth, in many cases regulatory flexibility, or nonchalance, has encouraged innovation. China’s banking officials turned a blind eye as Tencent, an online gaming company, experimented with an app that used QR codes to facilitate digital payments—and as Alibaba, an e-commerce company, developed Alipay, its own online payment system, and then Yu’e Bao, an online investment fund for Alipay users. The result is that China, the land where paper money was invented, is now rapidly going cashless. And Yu’e Bao, in little more than a year, has become the largest mutual fund in the world. A final advantage is China’s indifferent attitude toward privacy and antitrust rules. It enables Chinese tech giants to collect and analyze data not only from a huge number of consumers, but also in a way that allows the companies to know the minute details of their customers’ lives: where they live, where they travel, where they shop, what they buy, what music they like, who they socialize with, what kind of health care they’re receiving. Well before the rollout of Apple’s iPhone X, which features Face ID technology, Alibaba’s financial services affiliate, Ant Financial, began
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allowing its 450 million users to log in to their online wallets by taking a selfie. Internet giant Baidu, China Construction Bank, and ride-hailing company Didi Chuxing use the technology to identify employees as well as customers. Ant is steadily extending the use of its “Sesame Credit” system, which assigns customers a “financial reliability” score according to criteria such as their online spending records and how regularly they pay their utility bills or credit cards. The ranking even factors in the scores of acquaintances. So far, however, Chinese customers don’t seem worried about the loss of privacy, as long as such personalized technologies make their lives far more convenient. HILE VENTURE CAPITAL continues
to pour into China, it is beginning to flow the other way too. The country’s technology behemoths have global ambitions. And increasingly they are taking their battles with each other overseas—in the form of VC investments outside China. Alibaba’s U.S. investments, for example, include Snap, Lyft, and the Florida augmented-reality startup Magic Leap. Alibaba spent $1 billion last year to secure a major stake in Singapore-based Lazada, the largest e-commerce company in Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, Ant Financial holds shares in PayTM, the largest ride-sharing venture in India, and has snapped up stakes in fintech companies in Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Last month, Alibaba announced that in addition to those strategic investments, it plans to spend $15 billion over the next three years to strengthen its global research and development capabilities and will establish laboratories for deep research in seven locations including San Mateo; Bellevue, Wash.; Moscow; Tel Aviv; and Singapore. Rival Tencent, for its part, has snared stakes in Snap, Tesla, and an Indian message app called Hike Messenger. Last year, Tencent paid $8.6 billion to gain control of Finland’s Supercell, bolstering Tencent’s position as the world’s leading provider of online games. In Southeast Asia, the company has invested in Sea, an online gaming, shopping, and mobile payment portal that is the region’s most valuable startup, and Go-Jek, the biggest ride-sharing service in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Alibaba and Tencent are bankrolling competing dockless bike-sharing companies that launched this year in scores of overseas cities including Washington, D.C.; San Francisco; Nagoya, Japan; Singapore; and Sydney. (In Shanghai, meanwhile, abandoned bicycles from Tencent-backed bike-sharing startup Mobike and Alibaba-backed Ofo have become so numerous that authorities impounded thousands of them earlier this year. Chalk it up to growing pains.) But the two have joined forces in ride sharing. Both are inves-
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“the copycat era is behind us,” says venture capitalist kai-fu lee, former head of Google China. “We are way beyond that.”
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and 2015.* That means while there is some risk of principal loss, investing in rated investment-grade municipal bonds can be an important part of your portfolio. Potential Regular Predictable Income Municipal bonds typically pay interest every six months unless they get called or default. That means that you can count on a regular, predictable income stream. Because most bonds have call options, which means you get your principal back before the maturity date, subsequent municipal bonds you purchase can earn more or less interest than the called bond. According to Moody’s 2016 research,* default rates are historically low for the rated investment-grade bonds favored by Hennion & Walsh. Potential Tax-Free Income Income from municipal bonds is not subject to federal income tax
and, depending on where you live, may also be exempt from state and local taxes. Tax-free can be a big attraction for many investors in this time of looming tax increases. About Hennion & Walsh Since 1990 Hennion & Walsh has specialized in investment-grade tax-free municipal bonds.The company supervises over $3 billion in assets in over 16,000 accounts, providing individual investors with institutional quality service and personal attention. Our FREE Gift To You We’re sure you’ll want to know more about the benefits of tax-free Municipal Bonds. So our specialists have written a helpful Bond Guide for investors. It’s free and comes with no obligation whatsoever.
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Call (800) 316-2804 © 2017 Hennion and Walsh. Securities offered through Hennion & Walsh Inc. Member of FINRA, SIPC. Investing in bonds involves risk including possible loss of principal. Income may be subject to state, local or federal alternative minimum tax. When interest rates rise, bond prices fall, and when interest rates fall, bond prices rise. *Source: Moody’s Investor Service, May 31, 2016 “US Municipal Bond Defaults and Recoveries, 1970–2015. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.
Great Leap Forward in Tech President Xi Jinping has called for a “robot revolution” in China, and the country is investing vast sums, both public and private, in R&D to develop everything from advanced semiconductors to artificial intelligence. Chinese companies, meanwhile, already lead the world in digital payments. ANNUAL GROSS DOMESTIC SPENDING ON R&D $500 billion $463
$377 CHINA 300
200 JAPAN GERMANY
100
KOREA
0 2000
2005
2010
2015 SOURCE: OECD
OPERATIONAL STOCK OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS 1.0 million
950,000 FORECAST
0.8
CHINA
0.6 0.4
N. AMERICA
0.2 JAPAN
0 2015
2017
2020
SOURCE: INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ROBOTICS
ANNUAL VALUE OF MOBILE DIGITAL PURCHASES
$1.08
$1.0 trillion
FORECAST
0.8
$0.89
0.6
CHINA 0.4 0.2
USA
0 2013
2017
2021
SOURCE: EUROMONITOR INTERNATIONAL
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S SPECTACULAR AS China’s progress in innovation may be, skeptics cite a long list of shortcomings. China, the world’s most voracious consumer of semiconductors, has been trying to build a domestic chip industry since the 1970s, and yet the country still imports 10 times more microchips than it can produce. The nation’s drugmakers lag far behind Western counterparts. And executives at Boeing and Airbus are hardly losing sleep over the prospect of competition from China’s state-owned Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC), which unveiled in May the C919, the nation’s third attempt to build a commercial passenger jet. In a detailed 2015 assessment of Chinese innovation, the McKinsey Global Institute identified four categories of innovation: consumer-led (such as e-commerce, mobile payments, or online financial services), manufacturing-led (the production of consumer electronics or automobiles), engineering-led (such as the construction of high-speed railways), and research-led (for example, breakthroughs in the manufacture of semiconductors or the development of pharmaceuticals). The report’s conclusion: China is already a global innovation leader in the first two categories and “has the potential” to become a world leader in the latter two. That mixed review remains broadly accurate. In the most daunting segments of the economy—semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, commercial aircraft, or high-speed railways—Beijing has held fast to a heavy-handed, statist approach to development that has done more to stymie innovation than stimulate it. Consider semiconductors. Beijing has spent billions over the past four decades to promote development of an indigenous chip industry, which it sees as vital to national security and the success of China’s technology industry. China’s share of worldwide wafer fabrication capacity rose to 14% last year, up from virtually nothing in 2000. But China’s chipmaking capabilities remain concentrated in the low- and mid-range of the industry. Last year China spent about $200 billion to import chips, which remains China’s second-largest import category after crude oil. Chinese President Xi Jinping, the country’s most powerful leader in decades, is leading an ambitious effort to jump-start development of China’s semiconductor industry. Under a plan announced in 2014, the government set a goal of raising the share of domestic production of China’s chip consumption to 50% by 2020 and vowed Chinese firms would compete successfully with global industry leaders by 2030. To that end, Beijing is channeling $150 billion in public and private funds to domestic chipmakers through 2025. In Washington, Republicans and Democrats have sounded the alarm. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross calls China’s chip program
A
U.S.
400
tors in Didi Chuxing, which owns stakes in ride-sharing ventures in Europe, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. “China’s tech companies are determined to expand globally, and that determination will only grow,” says Connie Chan, partner at California venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. In years to come, she argues, “every company will need a China strategy,” whether they do business in the Middle Kingdom or not.
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“scary.” And a presidential council on science and technology recently found that the U.S. must “respond forcefully” to China’s lavish subsidies. But Dieter Ernst, a senior fellow at Hawaii’s East-West Center, doesn’t buy it. “Industrial policy may gradually enhance China’s standing in the global semiconductor industry, but the U.S. in particular has little to fear,” he argued in a recent issue of the China Quarterly. The U.S. semiconductor industry “remains by far the world’s market and technology leader.” ILL CHINA DOMINATE the technologies of the future? Beijing has moved forcefully to promote development of artificial intelligence and encourage the use of industrial robots. For now China remains a laggard in “robot density.” In 2016, it had only 68 robots per 10,000 manufacturing workers, according to the International Federation of Robotics, compared with 631 in South Korea, 309 in Germany, 303 in Japan, and 189 in the U.S. China has been the world’s largest buyer of robots since 2013. Last year it bought about 87,000 robots—or about one in three of 294,000 robots sold in the entire global economy. China’s planners have set a goal of raising the ratio of industrial robots to 100 per 10,000 workers by 2020. Xi Jinping, meanwhile, has called for a “robot revolution” in China. A.I. is also a priority. In July the Chinese government laid out a plan to be the global leader in artificial intelligence by 2030 and to
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develop an industry worth some $150 billion. Billions in VC funding are already flowing into Chinese A.I. startups. One of these promising young companies is Toutiao, a news aggregator launched in 2012 by 34-year-old former Microsoft employee Zhang Yiming. Toutiao’s parent company, Beijing ByteDance Technology, already has raised over $1 billion from Sequoia Capital and others, and is seeking an additional $2 billion that would value it at $20 billion. (And in November it agreed to buy U.S. lip-syncing video app Musical.ly for a reported $800 million.) Toutiao uses A.I. to create personalized news feeds of short articles and videos from content generated by its network of 4,000 outside media companies. Analysts say its content-recommendation tech is among the most sophisticated in the world. It’s quite possible that Toutiao will soon be going head-to-head in the market with rivals from Silicon Valley. If so, remember DJI—and think twice before betting against the Chinese company.
IS IT TIME FOR
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TO BREAK UP? Under assault by activist Nelson Peltz, the 180-year-old consumer products giant is confronting its feeble growth. But only radical change can ďŹ x its problems. By GeoďŹ&#x20AC; Colvin and Shawn Tully Illustration by Sean Freeman
PROCTER & GAMBLE
At the end of Procter & Gamble’s historic annual shareholders’ meeting in October, the climax of the biggest, most expensive proxy fight in corporate history, the two antagonists shook hands. “We’ll talk,” said CEO David Taylor, who had apparently won, though by such a slim margin that final results must await the counting of paper ballots. To which activist investor Nelson Peltz replied, “We’ll talk, but we don’t listen!” (the “we” referring to P&G’s top leaders and directors). Taylor responded, “No, no, no, that’s not true.” And there we have in microcosm the surprisingly inconclusive outcome of a bitter battle ostensibly over a single board seat, but in reality over the future of one of America’s greatest companies. Nothing has been resolved. Even assuming the apparent outcome stands, and Peltz fails in his attempt to join the board, he isn’t going away or ending his campaign for major change at P&G. Owning $3.5 billion of company stock, Trian Fund Management’s Peltz can’t be ignored, as Taylor’s “We’ll talk” indicates. But their brief conversation suggests they can’t exchange even a few words without disagreeing fundamentally—reflecting the larger conflict between their sharply different views of P&G’s future. Peltz spent at least $25 million trying to get himself elected to the board, and P&G spent at least $35 million trying to keep him off. Now they’ll resume the mostly unseen ground war they were engaged in before the proxy contest. Truth be told, Taylor and Peltz agree on one big thing: P&G needs fixing. They spin it differently. Peltz rails about “P&G’s decade-long history of underperformance.” Taylor sells the upside—that “we’re in a major transformation.” But the underlying reality is that this company has been sputtering for years. P&G isn’t just a business in the doldrums. It’s in a troubling situation we’ve seen before—an aristocrat of American enterprise seemingly past its prime, now facing the profound question of whether it can regain lost glory or continue into a long, slow decline. IBM, General Motors, Sears, and Kodak were at that same turning point about 25 years ago; some would put General Electric in that category today. A comeback isn’t impossible—IBM did it, for a while at least—but history says the odds are heavily
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against it. David Taylor, 59, and Nelson Peltz, 75, both think they know what needs doing, though their strategies are radically different. All evidence suggests they’ll both remain on this project for a long time to come, maybe several years. So who, if either, can save this company?
Consider the magnitude
of the challenge. Since the U.S. economy’s pre-recession peak, P&G stock (including dividends) has badly underperformed the S&P 500. As the whole consumer packaged goods business slows down, P&G, the industry’s biggest player, has been falling behind major competitors—Unilever, Colgate-Palmolive, Henkel, and others. Dozens of major P&G brands, including Gillette, Crest, and Pantene, have been losing market share; all five of its product categories lost significant share in the past fiscal year (ended June 30). Organic growth, a company-calculated measure that strips out the effects of acquisitions, divestitures, and foreign currency translation, was just 2% last fiscal year, and the company forecasts 2% to 3% this year. Those numbers are below most competitors’, and since they aren’t adjusted for inflation, they mean P&G’s actual organic growth is around zero. The numbers are damning, and nonfinancial indicators are even more ominous. Today’s best young people might never imagine that P&G was once as glamorous an employer as any company in the world. An alumnus, one of many distressed by its slide, recalls, “When I joined, it was the Google, the Amazon, the Goldman of its day. Its message was, ‘We’re the best company in the world. We create the best products, we improve people’s lives, we export great leaders to the whole world.’ It was hard to get into. They crushed you in the interviews. It was just great. They don’t have that edge anymore.” Data supports the assertion. Back in 1996, P&G was America’s second-most-admired company (after Coca-Cola) in Fortune’s annual survey of corporate leaders, board members, and stock analysts. As recently as 2009, it was the sixth-most-admired company in the world. It has been falling steadily since, today ranking 19th based on a survey conducted before Peltz launched his proxy fight. Of course most companies would be thrilled to rank 19th among the world’s most admired, to boast a market cap of $220 billion, to be a Dow component. These are the marks of a champion—and that’s a big problem, which can be summarized as follows: P&G is not in crisis. It can, if it succumbs to the temptation, console itself the way declining organizations have always consoled themselves, by focusing on its current state rather than on the trends.
“wheni joined,it wasthe google,the amazon,the goldman ofitsday,” saysoneP&G alum.“They don’thave thatedge anymore.”
P&G’s ebbing tide In recent years, P&G has shrunk by selling off many of its smaller, less profitable brands. While profits are up, P&G continues to lose market share in all major categories.
P&G REVENUES
FISCAL YEARS
$80 B CORPORATE
$8.3
TOTAL: $65.1 billion
GROO
$7.2
MING
60
HEALT
H CAR
$6.6
E
$20.3
$7.5 BEAUTY $11.4
40 $19.7
BABY, FEMININE & FAMILY CARE
$18.3
$25.6
FABRIC & HOME CARE
$20.7
20
0 2012
NET INCOME
2013
2014
2015
2016
FISCAL YEARS
$20 B $15.3 billion $10.8 0 2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
R A Z O R : J A S O N — A L A M Y; T I D E & P A N T E N E : C O U R T E S Y O F P & G ; C R E S T T U B E : G E T T Y I M A G E S ; C R E S T: C A R O LY N J E N K I N S — A L A M Y S T O C K ; B O U N T Y : E R I C A N T H O N Y J O H N S O N — G E T T Y I M A G E S
SOURCE: S&P GLOBAL
It can point to a hundred ways in which it’s doing well with various products in various countries. The fact remains, however, that the company missed most of the targets the board set for top executives in the just-ended three-year performance period. For the next threeyear bonus period, the board declared an organic growth target of 2.8% a year, though Taylor has said he expects market growth of 3% to 3.5% a year. That’s barely treading water. As one former P&G executive sums up, “They set a goal to lose market share.” Rescuing a big, old incumbent is never easy, but if it’s to be done, the best place to start is with the culture. Inevitably it is first a blessing and eventually a curse. P&G’s titanium-strong culture— rigorous, process-heavy, proud, favoring dedicated lifers—was essential to the company’s success but doesn’t adapt well when the environment changes. It becomes a brake, not an accelerator, in a world of digital disruption and broadly shifting consumer tastes. P&G claims it recognized the challenge four years ago and has been transforming its culture since then. Taylor vows to turbocharge the change, in part by bringing in more outsiders at high levels. Makes sense, except for a perfect catch-22: The culture has a long history of rejecting outsiders brought in much above entry level—because they don’t understand the culture. P&G has brought in hordes of outsiders over the years through acquisitions, especially its biggest one, Gillette, but few executives remain. “The Proctoids rejected them,” recalls a former exec, using the term for thoroughly acculturated employees.
In fact, Peltz says Taylor told him at a meeting last spring that “we cannot bring in outside people at too senior a level or they will fail.” P&G doesn’t deny the quote but says it was taken out of context. A spokesman points to several senior staff executives who have been brought in from outside, though few high-level line managers are outsiders. Overall, P&G says it brought in 200 outsiders above entry level last year, up from 50 a few years ago. Yet bringing them in below senior levels achieves little. “You don’t change the culture by hiring salespeople,” says Clayton Daley, the company’s CFO from 1998 through 2008, who is now working with Peltz. “The company must hire senior line management from the outside. If your beauty line has been suffering for a decade, why wouldn’t you want to get someone from L’Oréal or Unilever?” Closely related, and just as important, is the organizational structure, which at P&G has long been impossibly Byzantine, a sprawling matrix of dotted lines that would look like a map of the Tokyo subway if anyone charted the whole
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thing. For decades, virtually no one below the CEO held full control and responsibility for any profit-and-loss result. And without accountability, performance became less important than blame-shifting. Peltz says it’s still that way, but Taylor says he is thinning “the thicket,” as the near-impenetrable structure is known internally. He has given business unit heads “end-to-end” responsibility for profit and loss, though they still lack full control over spending and marketing decisions. In small markets, teams have “freedom within a framework” to control spending and pricing. Accordingly, Taylor is extending performance bonuses further down into the organization to enforce accountability. That’s progress. Whether it’s enough remains to be seen. If Taylor can fix the culture and structure, he has a shot at reversing one of P&G’s most vexing problems: the decline of its vaunted innovation machine. The company was long the world’s greatest at the twin skills of creating new consumer products, often after years of scientific research, and then building superpowerful brands under which to market them. The outstanding example is Tide, the first synthetic detergent and the global bestselling detergent by a mile with estimated 2017 sales of over $6 billion. But breakthrough innovations and new blockbuster brands have been getting rarer. P&G’s last two major hits were the Swiffer line of mops, sweepers, dusters, and related products, and the Febreze brand of household odor eliminators, both introduced in 1998. (Tide Pods, introduced in 2012, have been a highly successful brand extension.) Taylor is responding in part by introducing the “lean innovation” system, which many companies are using enthusiastically. It’s another good idea—if the culture doesn’t reject it. More broadly, Taylor acknowledges P&G’s problems and says the company is fixing them. Exhibit A in his argument is the stock price. In the two years since he became CEO, P&G stock including dividends has returned 20.4%, not quite matching the S&P 500’s 23%. Middling performance may not seem like much to crow about, but it’s a great deal better than the stock had been doing over the previous two years. The trouble with this argument is that at least some of the stock’s recent vim is a response to Peltz’s involvement and his reputation as an activist who spurs better performance. The stock price jumped in February when Peltz disclosed his stake, and it jumped even more in June when word leaked that Peltz
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had nominated himself for the P&G board. The company seems to be getting help from Peltz whether it wants it or not, then citing the stock’s rise in its own defense. In addition, P&G has been performing financial acrobatics to buoy the stock. The company reported proudly in its latest earnings release that earnings per share from continuing operations had risen a respectable 5.8% in the most recent quarter. But a bit of digging shows that actual earnings from continuing operations hadn’t risen at all. P&G simply bought back a large number of shares, so the per-share number increased. It’s a similar story over the past four quarters: Earnings per share from continuing operations rose 6%, but virtually all of that increase merely reflects a shrunken share count; actual earnings from continuing operations rose just 0.6%. Increasing EPS in this way does not make the company more valuable. It returns billions of dollars, much of it borrowed, to the shareholders, and the company’s capital structure changes, but that
Procter & Gamble CEO David Taylor (top) says the company is fixing its problems. Activist investor Nelson Peltz (bottom) disagrees and wants a seat on the board.
K A R E E M E L G A Z Z A R —T H E C I N C I N N A T I E N Q U I R E R V I A A P ( 2 )
PROCTER & GAMBLE
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5 Glorious 2016 Bordeaux 4 Mature Spanish Gran Reserva 3 Gold-Medal Super Tuscan 2 Rich Argentine Malbec 1 Iconic-Estate California Cab
PROCTER & GAMBLE
change has no effect on operating performance. There’s nothing improper about any of this. P&G has been buying back stock for many years. But a decade or two ago, when actual annual earnings growth reached 10% or more, buybacks added just a smidgen of extra EPS. Now they’re virtually the only source of increased EPS from continuing operations. That practice isn’t sustainable, and the company plans to scale it back, saying it expects “core operating profit growth”—not share buybacks—“to be the primary driver of core EPS” this fiscal year. At the same time, it has promised to send even more cash back to shareholders in the form of dividends, to which it is almost religiously devoted. The dividend has been paid annually for 127 years and increased annually for 61 years. “Our first discretionary use of cash is dividend payments,” P&G states in an SEC filing. That’s fine unless it interferes with more productive uses of money, such as the acquisition of innovative new brands, a move that competitors are making and that Peltz advocates. Over the past four quarters, P&G has sent more than 100% of its free cash flow back to shareholders via share buybacks and dividends. The truth is that Taylor’s transformation plan is incremental, despite the bold language about creating “a profoundly different company.” Like most insider CEOs of great, old companies in need of renovation, he seems concerned about breaking the organization by pushing too hard. That’s understandable, but cultures like P&G’s are astoundingly effective at repelling fundamental change. Peltz’s plan certainly pushes harder, yet it’s restrained, even by comparison with his own proposals at other companies, which have typically been more long-term-oriented than other activists’. He is not suggesting that Taylor be replaced or R&D be cut or debt be taken on.
“ifonedoes themath,” saysawall street analystwho advocates abreakup, “P&Gisnot morelean. it’s more complex.”
Some investors argue that neither Taylor nor Peltz understands how troubled P&G really is. They say the only solution is a remedy that activists (including Peltz) have often demanded elsewhere: breaking up the company. Ali Dibadj, a star analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein who was recently named to Institutional Investor’s All-America Research Team, has been advocating a breakup for over two years. “I think David Taylor is doing his best to change the company,” he says. “Unfortunately, he’s been given a company that should have been changed 10 years ago. I believe breaking up is still the best option for shareholders.” Big companies argue that they achieve valuable synergies and economies of scale by combining many businesses, but Dibadj says those advantages “appear to be illusory.” Brands that giant companies divest, such as the beauty brands (Clairol, Wella, Covergirl, and others) that P&G sold to Coty last year, do just as well in smaller organizations, he says. “If one does the math on their margins and costs, and compares with smaller competitors, P&G is not more lean. It’s more complex. There are dissynergies of scale for P&G at this point.” P&G insiders suspect that while Peltz hasn’t called for a breakup, he may secretly favor one. He wants P&G reorganized from 10
102
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global business units into just three “standalone” businesses within “a lean holding company.” From that structure to a breakup would be only a small step. A P&G competitor, U.K.-based Reckitt Benckiser, marketer of Lysol, Woolite, and other brands, recently announced it will adopt just such a structure (with two parts rather than three) as of Jan. 1, and analysts speculate the move was a prelude to full separation. A breakup might well unleash waves of innovation and productivity. But for now, it looks unlikely to happen unless performance gets much worse. That’s a problem regardless of what the best solution for P&G may be, because it supports the slow-decline scenario. Big, successful incumbents rarely flame out when they fail to adapt. More often they stagnate. They change, but not enough. They usually have a strategy for addressing their issues, but it isn’t sufficient, or they can’t execute it. “My biggest fear is that they’ll get organic sales growth back to 3% and will declare victory,” says one alum. P&G insists its ambitions are far greater than that. At the annual shareholders’ meeting two years ago, a few weeks before Taylor took over as CEO, a shareholder named Karen Meyer asked outgoing P&G chief A.G. Lafley, “What assurance can you give me, the shareholder, that the officers and directors who drove the company bus into the ditch are the ones to get us out?” At this year’s meeting, her husband, Peter, reminded Taylor of that question and then gave his own response to it: “I think the answer has been made abundantly clear by the current data. They can’t.” That answer may not be correct. Taylor, repeatedly acknowledging the company’s travails of the past several years, assured Meyer that the leaders and directors are utterly committed to outstanding results. And Taylor can succeed even without returning P&G to its full former glory. “I don’t think it can be the Google or Amazon of tomorrow,” says Dibadj. “But it owes it to shareholders to get better.” Nonetheless, Karen Meyer’s question is undoubtedly the right one, and the answer will become clear in just the next couple of years. Now, when P&G is treading water but not sinking— when the need for change is powerful but not desperate—is when this great institution’s fate is being determined. Procter & Gamble is not in a crisis. We’ll know soon whether it requires one in order to make the needed changes. If it does, it will be too late.
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LAST BYTE
KUWAIT
23%
CHANGE IN YOUTH OBESITY PREVALENCE*
2016
U.S.
*AGES 5–19 30 MILLION YOUTHS
20 M
AFRICA MIDDLE EAST AMERICAS EUROPE ASIA
10 M 5M 1M
SAUDI ARABIA
ARGENTINA
U.A.E.
EGYPT
BAHRAIN
OBESITY PREVALENCE 16%
NEW ZEALAND CHILE
KUWAIT
1996
15
OMAN
MEXICO
14
U.S.
VENEZUELA GREECE
CHINA
13
ITALY MALAYSIA
AUSTRALIA
12 TURKEY
ARGENTINA
CHILE
11
GERMANY
S. AFRICA
10 9
CANADA SPAIN U.K.
VENEZUELA
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THAILAND SAUDI ARABIA
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7
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5
GERMANY FRANCE
4 KOREA
JAPAN
3 JAPAN 2 1 CHINA
INDIA
0 INDIA
0
$25,000 $50,000 GDP PER CAPITA
WEIGHT OF THE WORLD
$75,000
0
$25,000 $50,000 GDP PER CAPITA
$75,000
THE WORLD IS GETTING much, much heavier. And we can expect a massive increase in obesity-related medical costs as a result. Obesity rates are at new highs in the U.S., according to the most recent data from the CDC, with 40% of adults qualifying as obese. But as the graphic above shows, obesity is increasingly a global problem—and one that affects a growing number of children. A new study by Imperial College London and the World Health Organization found that child and teen obesity has increased 10-fold worldwide over the past 40 years. The World Obesity Federation estimates that the global cost of treating obesity-related health problems will reach $1.2 trillion annually by 2025. —BRIAN O’KEEFE
NOTES: GDP PER CAPITA IN 2011 INTERNATIONAL DOLLARS (ADJUSTED FOR PURCHASING POWER PARITY). POPULATION AND GDP VALUES IN 2016 CHART ARE MOST RECENT AVAILABLE. SOURCES: WHO; U.N. POPULATION DIVISION; WORLD BANK
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