MGCSA Hole Notes June 2016 by Minnesota Golf Course Superintendents Association

The Official Publication of the MGCSA

Got Moss?

Vol. 50, No. 5 June 2016

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CONTENTS

Vol. 50, No. 5 June 2016

Feature Articles: Wild Marsh to Host 2016 The Championship

pages 14 - 19

Trends In Turfgrass: Wear Tolerance Research

pages 20 - 28

by Eric Ritter CGCS

by Ryan Schwab, UMN Extension Research Technician

Trouble Shooting Shorts, Corroded and Damaged Single and Multivalve Wires Circuits

EDITOR DAVE KAZMIERCZAK, CGCS

DAVE@PRESTWICK.COMCASTBIZ.NET

by Andrew Lindquist, Link Systems Inc.

Cole Thompson, Zane Raudenbush and Megan Kennelly KSU Pathology

Managing Moss In Turfgrass

Monthly Columns: Presidential Perspective pages Dave Kazmierczak, CGCS In Bounds Jack MacKenzie, CGCS

pages 30 - 41

6 - 8

pages 10 - 13

Within the Leather pages 62 - 64 This Month’s Guest: Onna O’Conner

On The Cover: Moss can be an invasive pest on turf. Learn how to manage it on your surfaces. pages 42 - 44 Affiliate Spotlight pages 50 - 53

pages 42 - 44

Trouble Shooting Electrical Irrigation Issues pages 30-41

Event Picture Spreads: MGCSA Prairie Land Exposure Golf Event

page

MGCSA Bluffs Exposure Golf Event

page

Time to attest your phosphorous training? link to: MGCSA.org Hole Notes (ISSN 108-27994) is digitally published monthly except bimonthly in November/December and January/February by the Minnesota Golf Course Superintendents’ Association, 10050 204th Street North, Forest Lake, MN 55025. Jack MacKenzie CGCS publisher. Please send any address changes, articles for publication, Page 5 advertising and concerns to jack@mgcsa.org.

Presidential Perspective by Dave Kazmierczak CGCS, Superintendent at Prestwick Golf Club water allowed to us in these times Rain, rain go away, come again to keep greens, tees alive minimally. It has been a long road, but there is some other day. finally light at the end of the tunnel, Like maybe next and it seemingly is getting brighter week late at night and brighter. and only about a third of an inch? Is that too much to Pokegema Golf Club located ask? in Grand Rapids is a surface water user. They draw from a reservoir While this June has rendered irrigation systems stale and useless next to their property. Last year they received notification that that source for the third year in a row we all would not be available to them in know Mother Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spigot will times of drought, and an alternative soon turn off and we golf course water source (drilling a well at great types will have to turn to ground expense) would be needed. This and surface water sources to keep plan would obviously be very taxing our courses alive and viable. to the golf course and with really These sources have been granted no assurances that the groundwater to us in the form of allocations source might not meet the same fate by the DNR, and can and will in the future. be revoked at their discretion in the time of drought. This is what Discussions with the DNR the Environmental Stewardship ensued. In the end, Bob Cahill Committee, spearheaded by the PGA/Pokegema and Rian Reed, MGCSA, has been working very the area DNR hydrologist came to long and hard at overcoming, or at an agreement that a contingency least finding a way to have some

Page 6

plan of water reduction, supported by Permit and Allocation Directors in St. Paul, not the installation of a ground water drawing pump, would take place in the event of drought, with the provision that Pokegema have a meter in place, looked into another water source and have a written drawdown/drought management schedule in place. This is the very thing that the ESC has been working for for the last seven years and it is now in writing and going to be implemented. Fantastic news! However, it is only one golf course. This is the very thing the ESC is striving for all of the courses in Minnesota. It should be noted that the Grand Rapids Area Director was not exactly keen on the idea, but ultimately left the authority up to Reed. The important part is that a precedent has been set, and it can be trumpeted statewide as an example of how an agreement can be accomplished. The key is to get everybody on board, which can and

will be a challenge. It is now doubly important that the ESC and Jack MacKenzie, Executive Director continue to work with the DNR as well as Legislators to try and get a similar agreement or legislation to ensure access to water for every golf course in the state provided they abide by established water use guidelines. That is exactly what we intend to do. The important part here is that something finally happened. After seven years of trying to figure out a way or method to have our voice heard, find somebody to help solve a very critical issue and get the results we are looking for we finally have a tangible, positive outcome to what could have been a dire situation. All the work has paid off, if only for a small crumb of the rather large cake. Rest assured, we are going after a bigger slice. Jack is set to meet with Tom Hovey and Julie Ekman from the DNR on June 28th

PagePage 7 7

for further discussion on the matter. The idea at Pokegema was actually of their suggestion from an earlier meeting in March, so it will be interesting to hear what comes of that meeting.

regarding legislation enactment to help the process of water procurement. On that day, many Legislators were all for crafting a bill to ensure common sense water regulation. Simply put, things are finally moving on this issue, and it The DNR’s willingness to is very gratifying from my personal listen, and in the case of Pokegema, viewpoint, as I am sure it is from act coincides with the positive everybody else who is involved to response those who attended the see real progress being made. Day-On-The-Hill in March received

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In Bounds by Jack MacKenzie, CGCS The cacophony of loud and tremulous cries awoke me from deep slumber last night. A local pair of nesting loons was in celebratory mode as I dreamily imagined their nest finally gave up a loonling or better yet, two. “Please keep the revelry down my feathered friends,” I mumbled, rolling over to grab a couple more ZZZZs.

and a high rate of exchange with groundwater. When my wife and I moved to this Forest Lake property 13 years ago, we had little idea of the diversity our taste of Minnesota, Land of Ten Thousand Lakes, offered. We considered ourselves fortunate to have lucked onto the for-sale-by-owner sign while meandering the back roads during a Sunday drive.

After a fine cup of morning joe, graced by my wife’s company, I totted While some would say it is an the canoe down to the shoreline and insignificant puddle at just 74 acres, headed out for a bout of exercise and the lake adjacent to our home is an investigation into the pervious actually a gem in the Comfort Lake evening’s excitement. Sure enough, on Forest Lake Watershed District. the far edge of the lake there, riding With seike reading (water clarity) of consistently over 18 feet, Sylvan Lake upon a parent’s back, was a small is a pristine pool of clean water. The puff of feathers that could only be a loonling. Keeping my distance, I lake does not drain (it’s landlocked) and it has rich fen floating mats south continued my morning adventure with stealth and was rewarded by another of the lake that have been identified pair local vocalists; two swans. for preservation. The lake likely maintains its high quality through relatively low pollutant concentrations For the first eight years of residence my former job as superintendent entering from its drainage area

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prevented me from appreciating our wet refuge to its potential. Dips to cool myself during hot summer days and perhaps wetting a line in search of bass or northern pike were all too infrequent. Truth be told, most of my “lake use” came in the form of crosscountry ski loops upon the frozen and snow-covered surface in the winter. Thoughts of environmental stewardship never crossed my mind, I hadn’t the time to be bothered, or so I thought. Switching from single to double blade paddle, I began my workout in earnest and propelled my solo craft at a heart healthy pace while watching the shoreline for deer, muskrats, mink and for the otter that made Sylvan its summer home a couple of years ago. Lightly populated with home sites, the waters edge provides

many opportunities for the fauna to gain access to the pristine lake. My new position as Executive Director had kept me very busy learning the ropes and developing a comfortable work pattern from 2012 through 2014. At the conclusion of this three-year period I felt ready to expand my horizon and begin a journey to “give back” to my community while strongly supporting an industry that I love, that of professional golf turf management. Considering the relationships developed though water resource conservation and management topics over the past few years, applying for membership on the Comfort Lake Forest Lake Watershed Citizen Action Committee as well as the Forest Lake Parks, Trails and Lakes Commission made

Page 11

perfect sense. Surely these two endeavors would take a ton of my time and round out my civic urgency while providing another ‘angle’ for MGCSA support. Quietly I paddled up to the now abandoned loon nest. With a bit of sadness I find one whole and undisturbed egg amongst the shell of another, hatched. The odds of a loon fledgling making it to adulthood was already cut in half, this from an already very late hatch. In a typical year, the first loonlings make their appearance in late May. Following the wing beats of a Great Blue Heron, I continue.

have made is the small amount of time I put into the voluntary charges. Thus, the return on investment potential is huge. In retrospect, I wish I had proffered my abilities much earlier in my career. Really, what is three hours a month in the grand scheme of things, especially if the rewards can enhance your livelihood? In the north bay, I am greeted by the deepthroated thrum of the “rubberband” frogs, so named by my wife because of their low and rumbling twang of a mating call. Suddenly they stop, only to resume their chorus after I’m once again well on my way.

Should you have any spare time What I have found curious about (really Jack? Come on!), please pursuing volunteer and civic advocacy consider supporting your local is the keen interest and respect the watershed citizen action committee. industry garners after the “good story” With a likely guarantee of position of golf and environmental stewardship acceptance, you will create and is told. Another BIG observation I educate new friends about the benefits

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of turf, enhance your watershed, consider opportunities for your golf course to pursue regarding water use, reuse and pollution management as well as bring positive notoriety to the golf industry. As I mentioned, it is easy, light in duty and really something I had pursued when I thought I “didn’t have the time.” Through the process I have learned a lot about our watershed and politics in general.

some time…four hours. Hmmm, when I look upon this lake, and any lake, creek, stream, river or grove of trees for that matter, I have a greater appreciation of what a small commitment of mental and physical activity can do for the environment. And, when compounded with the fact that I am doing it on behalf of our industry, the rewards return grander dividends.

Just last night at the CLFLWSD BOD meeting, Just ahead broadcast is the purple on cable loosestrife overgrown peninsula too, “golf” was mentioned in a where, with help from my neighbors, positive light not once, not twice, but the CLFLWSD transplanted purple nine times. All because of a little loosestrife eating beetles and weevils environmental initiative and a sudden earlier this week. The bugs will soon appreciation of how important civic populate the area and manage the advocacy can be for the golf industry invasive plant naturally. With a smile, and me personally. I stroke quietly home. Okay, that project did consume

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Wild Marsh to Host MGCSA 20 By Eric Ritter CGCS, Host Superintendent

On July 18th Wild Marsh will play host to the 2016 MGCSA Championship. The entire staff is eager to share our facility, on a day that proves to be an annual golfing battle of epic proportion.

has been here since 2013 and does a fantastic job in managing the day to day operations on the course. Clarence Asfeld serves as our ace mechanic. Clarence can repair anything from replacing string on a weed whip to overhauling an un I am in my fifth season at Wild dercarriage on a D10 (he is a retired Marsh. As the Course Manager, Caterpillar mechanic). The rest of I oversee the agronomics of the our staff is filled with a rock solid course and the golf shop operations crew of retirees and students, some as well. Wild Marshâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Assistant who have worked here for as many Superintendent, Anthony Oldfather, as 12 years. Jerry Kroc, our PGA Page 14

016 â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Championshipâ&#x20AC;? Professional, even lends a hand to course maintenance from time to time. Jerry is equally suave with a Husqvarna chain saw as he is with a pair of teaching shoes and a sweater vest. Wild Marsh Golf Club was originally built and named Buffalo Run, which opened circa 1994. The original design left a lot to be desired and the original ownership subsequently went out of business.

The course was purchased by Landscapes Unlimited, who completely reconstructed and reopened the course in 1999. Whether the new name was derived from the proximity to all the marsh land integrated within the layout or its architectPGA tour player Graham Marsh, or both, has never been determined. Five years later the facility was sold once again and was slated for development, at which time the City of Buffalo purchased it to preserve it Page 15

Sixth green at Wild Marsh

as a golf course and valuable green space in a growing community. Today, the City continues to operate the golf course and leases the restaurant and banquet space to a private purveyor. Beyond a golf course, the facility serves as a walking park during periods of course closure and cross country ski and snowshoe trails are groomed in winter for free public use. The natural setting provides a unique experience, bordered by two lakes with numerous natural wetlands and wooded areas. Wildlife abounds the property and high emphasis is placed on environmental steward-

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ship. The clubhouse offers a full service restaurant year-round with wedding and banquet space. Wild Marsh was constructed as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;member for a dayâ&#x20AC;? facility, with a modern championship style design including bentgrass tees, greens and fairways, and well bunkered greens with high-flashed faces that were such a popular trend at the time. In recent years, the facility has refocused the business model to fit a more broad scale of golfer to be more in line with a municipal course. While we still pride ourselves as offering one of the best conditioned tracts in the area, we

have implemented several design changes to improve the playability and ease of maintenance of the course.

bunkers that received little (if any) play were removed, including several green side bunkers that were converted into bentgrass chipping/ collection areas. At the end of the Last fall, a two year in-house project, the reduced overall bunker bunker renovation was completed. count went down from 47 to 32. During the bunker renovation, near- The high-flashed bunker faces were ly all of the fairway bunkers were grassed down with fescue, elimirepositioned for the distance of tonating the frequent washouts and dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modern golf equipment. The necessity of maintaining a defined bunkers are now positioned so as edge. not to punish the high handicapper, but provoke thought for the skilled Other improvements included players on shot placement. Other a new tee complex on the courseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

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signature par-5 seventh, moving the tees up along the shoreline of Mink Lake. This design change improved the safety factor of errant shots finding their way onto the first tee, while dramatically improving the aesthetics and views of Mink Lake. The new fairway front on hole six was raised several feet to mitigate flooding issues and also doubles as a tee complex for the white and red tee locations, eliminating the most difficult forced carry for those playing the red or white tees. A new red/white tee complex was also constructed on the 12th, again eliminating another forced carry.

Today, Wild Marsh offers a true test of golf for players of all abilities. While the scorecard yardage of 6,543 may tend to provoke thought that the course is relatively short, there are seven forced carries when playing from the back tees. Natural water hazards come into play on nearly every hole. That being said, with safe tee shots players can find many opportunities to score. The green complexes are rather large and receptive. The multi-tiered greens do place emphasis on proper shot placement for those seeking birdie

Seventeenth green at Wild Marsh

Page 18

Still time to register for this exceptional event at MGCSA.org opportunities. Some advice for those teeing it up on Championship Monday, don’t let the forced carries scare you. Focus on putting a safe shot in the fairway (driver is not always best play) and you’ll have opportunity for par every time. The front nine plays relatively fair and straightforward, until you reach the courses two signature holes that happen to follow each other, the sixth and seventh. The sixth is a 353 yard par four that requires a well placed tee shot across a marsh. For the 616 yard par five seventh, only a wellhit drive favoring the left side of the fairway will put you into position to reach in two. Most will lay up to the hazard and accept par as a good score. The back nine requires even more restraint as you navigate holes eleven through thirteen. Eleven and twelve are both par fours. While

relatively short, they require accurate tee shots to find the fairway. Thirteen is the longest of the par threes at 213 yards to a narrow elongated green. The only safe miss here is short and right in the approach where most players are ecstatic to make par. Even if you miss your opportunities early, the 17th and 18th will offer some late-round salvation as both are very reachable par fives. If you haven’t played in a MGCSA Championship recently, I would encourage everyone to do so. It is always a fun and friendly competition and one of the few golf events I look forward to each and every summer. The staff here at Wild Marsh hopes you can make it out for an enjoyable day with your fellow MGCSA brethren.

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From the U to You

Trends in Turfgrass: Wear Tolerance Characteristics

by Ryan

Schwab- Research Technician, University of Minnesota Extension

Wear stress can be defined as an abiotic stress caused by any tearing, shearing, or smashing of a plant usually from foot or vehicle traffic in concentrated areas (Shearman and Beard, 1975a). These actions remove photosynthetic tissues important for energy accumulation. Deep damage can harm a plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crown where meristematic activity arises, consequently killing the plant. In addition to the aboveground damage, soil compaction frequently occurs under traffic initiating stress on roots. This increases soil bulk density and decreases pore space for water and oxygen flow which is crucial for uptake of nutrients and water, and respiration. Symptoms of wear stress vary, but generally include thinning or dead turfgrass, as well as prolonged spring recovery. To deal with dead or thinned turf caused by wear, golf Page 20

course superintendents regularly purchase replacement sod or seed for problematic areas; a practice that can impact a large portion of their annual budget. Due to problems that arise from wear stress, the search for wear tolerant genotypes are pursued by golf course superintendents, researchers, and breeders. Wear tolerance trials with the use of a variety of traffic-mimicking tools have had a commonplace in turfgrass research since the 1960s. These trials have been used to compare wear severity between species and cultivars within a species and are often ranked qualitatively following wear simulation. A quicker process for selection would be the identification of morphological, anatomical, or physiological features that are key indicators of enhanced wear tolerance.

What makes a turfgrass wear tolerant? Due to variation in traffic simulation, as well as different cultural methods and soil types used in scientific literature, the answer is not simple. Results of tested wear tolerant features of turfgrasses are inconsistent, however the trends of total cell wall content, water content, and leaf angle in research may be influential in wear tolerance.

cells make up a plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fiber content, which tend to surround vascular tissues in grasses. The content of cell walls can differ throughout the plant and fluctuate over time. In the seven cool-season species studied, Shearman and Beard (1975b) found that sheaths contained higher cell wall content than leaf blades. Cell Wall Content They also Cell walls observed are rigid shells of plant cells that are an increased total cell wall content primarily made up of cellulose and (TCW) as seedlings aged, but would hemicellulose that aid in cell prodecrease shortly before winter. tection, resisting maximum turgor pressure, and maintaining the over- Cell wall constituents and all structure of the plant. Through TCW are two of the most studied secondary growth these cell walls characteristics in turfgrass wear may become more rigid with addi- tolerance. They remain a focus in tional hemicellulose and introducresearch because these characteristion of lignin. Lignin is a cell wall tics are often correlated and readconstituent found in sclerenchyma ily measured. The hypothesis that a cells that tightly packs cellulose plant with strong leaves will display and hemicellulose, contributing to less wear symptoms is speculated in wall thickening and rigidity. These much of the literature. If this is true, Page 21

then rigid cells made up of strong bottom ten performers (Brosnan et cell wall constituents will contribal., 2005). Glab et al. (2015) linked ute to leaf strength. It has been ob- the higher number of vascular bunserved that dles within a plants high leafâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crossin sclerensectional area chyma cells to increased and fiber wear tolercounts have ance in comincreased parisons of leaf strength cool-season (Vincent, turfgrasses. 1991; Lulli Velvet bentet al., 2011; grass has a Greenhigher TCW burg et al., Black bear damage on a newly seeded Kentucky than creep1989). bluegrass field gives a whole new meaning to wear ing bentgrass, which acdamage (credit: Sam Bauer) counted for The truth about TCW and cell its increased wear tolerant variation wall constituents is that they have (Dowgiewicz et al., 2011). shown both positive and negative correlations to wear tolerance. Ei Cell walls and its comther TCW or one of its components ponents have also been shown to may take part in increasing a turfnegatively correlate to wear tolergrassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resistance to damage. These ance or have no correlation. Sheartrends are present both at the species man and Beard (1975b) noticed no and variety level. The top ten wear association between lignin content tolerant Kentucky bluegrass variet- and wear tolerance of seven coolies of the 173 evaluated through the season species. As TCW increased 2000 National Turfgrass Evaluation in seashore paspalum varieties, they Program (NTEP) possessed higher displayed decreased traffic tolerance TCW and lignocellulose than the (Trenholm et al., 2000). The authors Page 22

argue that wear tolerance may be enhanced in seashore paspalum with reduced rigidity and increased elasticity. Elasticity refers to the ability of a plant to maintain its structure after bending from outside forces. It has been suggested that along with rigidity and strength, wear tolerant plants must have elasticity, and a balance of each may be needed (Sun and Liddle, 1993). Due to differences in correlations, it may be more important to assess wear tolerant features at the variety level.

therefore cuticle thickness decreases and stomatal conductance increases. As with cell wall content, the relationship of water content and wear tolerance is inconsistent in the literature.

Most research in this area supports the characteristic trend of lower moisture content contributing to wear tolerance. Vincent (1983) noticed an increase in leaf stiffness and strength when moisture became limiting in perennial ryegrass and timothy. Water ConLogically, tent if the posi tive trend of Water conleaf strength tent of a turfand wear grass plants tolerance is can have exhibited in significance a given spein wear tol- Fine fescues do not tolerate golf cart traffic in the heat cies, then erance. As of the summer, especially in an unmowed situation limited wa(credit: Sam Bauer) plant moister content ture content rises, cell turgidity and could be a major factor. Brosnan et symplastic water content increases, al. (2005) found a relationship of making tissues more succulent and lower water content and increasing Page 23

wear tolerance in their evaluation of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars. An instance in which higher plant water content associating with increased wear tolerance was reported by Trenholm et al. (2000), who found this to be the case in both seashore paspalum and bermudagrass.

its osmotic factors are inconsistent among C3 and C4 grasses and further research should remain focusing on intraspecific relations.

Nutrient programs can also alter turfgrass water functions, especially with the incorporation of potassium. Potassium is important for plant osmotic potential, turgor pressure and stomatal action. It has been found to decrease Kentucky bluegrass osmotic potential, thus allowing more water movement into the plant and increasing turgor pressures (Carroll and Petrovic, 1991; Carroll et al., 1994). Water content correlations with wear tolerance and

With lower light intensities, Merion Kentucky bluegrass grew at more upright angles, as it is less shade tolerant than other turfgrass species (Wilkinson and Beard, 1974). Since variability in leaf angle exists as observed by Brosnan et al. (2005) and that leaf angle may be a contributing characteristic of wear tolerance, then this morphological feature should continue to be explored in turfgrass breeding efforts.

Leaf Angle Leaf angle is a morphological characteristic that is influenced by both genetics and envi If water content is playing ronment. For example, Brosnan et an integral part in wear tolerance, al. (2005) measured a difference in then superintendents have the abil- leaf angles of 27.23Ě&#x160; between wear ity to modify environmental factors tolerant and intolerant genotypes through cultural practices to imof Kentucky bluegrass grown in a prove turfgrass wear performance. greenhouse setting. Abiotic factors With a given species, irrigation such as light quality and intensity practices and soil moisture monitor- can change the normal morphology ing are important to improve wear of a plant through shade avoidance tolerance and recovery from wear. or light stress.

Page 24

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Leaf angle has been shown tolerance. Kowalewski et al. (2015) to be positively correlated with used the same scale in categorizing wear tolerance; that is more upright leaf angles of hybrid bermudagrass, genotypes tend to show less wear however they found no correlation symptoms in trials than horizontal- between angle and wear tolerance. leaved genotypes. Glab et al. (2015) This may have been due to very observed this trend in their analysis little variability amongst the berof seven cool-season turfgrass wear mudagrass genotypes evaluated, as tolerance characteristics. Velvet they all fell under the semihorizonbentgrass had more upright leaf an- tal category. gles compared to creeping It has been bentgrass and suggested showed more by Brosnan wear tolerance et al. (2005) (Dowgiewicz that there et al., 2011). may be a Brosnan et al. practical (2005) develreason why oped the 1-4 upright leaf scale to label angles correleaf angle of late with less Kentucky bluewear damgrass varieties age. Plants terming them with horiWear damage from a golfer standing in one spot horizontal, zontal leaf while practice putting (credit: Sam Bauer) semihorizonangles prestal, semivertical, and vertical. They ent more surface area, thus more found that leaf angle accounted biomass on the horizontal plane in for most of the variation and that which it grows. With more biomass larger angles (more vertical than exposed to vertical forces, increased horizontal) were amongst the most wear damage may occur than with highlighted possible feature of wear biomass less exposed. However, this Page 26

is dependent type of wear taking place and should be researched further. Conclusions Wear tolerance is desired by many who deal with turfgrass stress caused by repeated traffic. It is a very complicated attribute that may involve countless turfgrass features morphologically, anatomically, and physiologically. The literature describes cell wall content, water content, and leaf angle amongst many others as showing trends in turfgrass wear tolerance. Cell wall content and water content show both association and dissociations with wear tolerance. Leaf vertical orientation is shown to have a possible relationship with the avoidance of traffic stress. These correlations may interspecific (species level) or intraspecific (variety level). Inconsistencies in evaluations should influence future research into assessing intraspecific characteristics. References

Brosnan, J. T., J. S. Ebdon, and W. M. Dest. 2005. Characteristics in diverse wear tolerant genotypes of Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science

45:1917-1926. Carroll, M. J., and A. M. Petrovic. 1991. Nitrogren, potassium and irrigation effects on the water relations of Kentucky bluegrass leaves. Crop Science 31:449-453. Carroll, M. J., L. H. Slaughter, and J. M. Krouse. 1994. Turgor potential and osmotic constituents of Kentucky bluegrass leaves supplied with four levels of potassium. Agronomy Journal 86:1079-1083. Dowgiewicz, J., J. S. Ebdon, M. DaCosta, W. D. Dest. 2011. Wear tolerance mechanisms in Agrostis species and cultivars. Crop Science 51:1232-1243. Glab, T., W. Szewczyk, E. Dubas, K. Kowalik, and T. Jezierski. 2015. Anatomical and morphological factors affecting wear tolerance of turfgrass. Scientia Horticulturae 185:1- 13. Greenburg, A. R., A. Mehling, M. Lee, and J. H. Bock. 1989. Tensile behavior of grass. Journal of Materials Science 24:2549-2554. Huang, B. R., and H. W. Gao. 1999. Physiological responses of diverse tall fescue cultivars to drought stress. HortScience 34:897-901. Kim, Y. S., and K. S. Kim. 2012. Growth and wear tolerance of creeping bentgrass as influenced Page 27

by silica and potassium fertilization. Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science 26:116-122. Kowalewski, A. R., B. M. Schwartz, A. L. Grimshaw, D. G. Sullivan, and J. B. Peake. 2015. Correlations between hybrid bermudagrass morphology and wear tolerance. HortTechnology 25:725-730. Lulli, F., L. Guglielminetti, N. Grossi, R. Armeni, S. Stefanini, and M. Volterrani. 2011. Physiological and morphological factors influencing leaf, rhizome and stolon tensile strength in C4 turfgrass species. Functional Plant Biology 38:919-926. Park, B. S., T. J. Lawson, H. Samaranayake, and J. A. Murphy. 2009. Tolerance and recovery of Kentucky bluegrass subjected to seasonal wear. Crop Science 50:1526-1536. Shearman, R. C. 1973. Turfgrass wear tolerance. Ph.D. Dissertation: Michigan State University. Shearman, R. C., and J. B. Beard 1975a. Turfgrass wear tolerance mechanisms: I. Wear tolerance of seven turfgrass species and quantitative methods for determining turfgrass wear injury. Agronomy Journal 67:208-211. Shearman, R. C., and J. B. Beard. 1975b. Turfgrass wear tolerance mechanisms: II. Effects of cell Page 28

wall constituents on turfgrass wear tolerance. Agronomy Journal 67:211215. Sun, D. and M. J. Liddle. 1993. Trampling resistance, stem flexibility and leaf strength in nine Australian grasses and herbs. Biological Conservation 65:34-41 Trenholm, L. E., R. N. Carrow, and R. R. Duncan. 2000. Mechanisms of wear tolerance in seashore paspalum and bermudagrass. Crop Science 40:1350-1357. Trenholm, L. E., R. R. Duncan, R. N. Carrow, and G. H. Snyder. 2001. Influence of silica on growth, quality, and wear tolerance of seashore paspalum. Journal of Plant Nutrition 24:245-259. Vincent, J. F. V. 1983. The influence of water content on the stiffness and fracture properties of grass leaves. Grass and Forage Science 38:107-114. Vincent, J. F. V. 1991. Strength and

fracture of grasses. Journal of Materials Science 26:1947- 1950. Wilkinson, J. F., and J. B. Beard. 1974. Morphological responses of Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra to reduced light intensity. Proceedings of the Second International Turfgrass Research Conference 231-240.

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Troubleshooting Shorts, Corroded, and Damaged Single and Multivalve Wire Circuits – Part Two

By Andrew Lindquist, Link Systems Inc. Last month, the first of a two- same five circuit (station) controlpart article was presented, covering ler layout used in the first part of the use of a multimeter to measure this article. That is: of the five cirvarious wire faults. The unhealthy cuits available, we will be analyzing wire connections (faults) reviewed only the first two circuits. As shown were the result of shorts, corrosion, in Figure “A”, Terminal (Circuit) and nicks to the wire’s insulating ** contains one electric valve and housing or the wire itself. This sec- Terminal (Circuit) 2 contains three ond part of the two part article deals electrical valves wired in a parallel with the use of a multimeter to mea- configuration. (Circuit ) Connecting sure wire faults due to shorts in mul- these valves in a parallel configurativalve circuits and concludes with a tion will cause all three valves to enbrainteaser. The brainteaser provides ergize simultaneously when Circuit the opportunity to apply your under- 2 is activated. standing of variations in multimeter measurements in distinguishing be- Shorts within a multivalve circuit: tween the various types of faulted circuits presented in both articles. Referring to Figure “B”, if a short occurs at Point “CC”, a mul We will be referencing the timeter resistance measurement

** Irrigation valves should be wired in a parallel, not in a series configuration. Incorrectly wiring the circuit into a series configuration will increase the resistance of the circuit. Increased circuit resistance can easily create excessive load (amount of amps drawn) when activated and can potentially cause malfunctioning valves, blown fuses, and damage to the controller’s internal components or wiring. Page 30

for the three valve in Circuit 2 is expected to be 10 ohms. However, the short’s location creates a short “least resistance” path that allows the majority of electrons to bypass all solenoids. This shorter (lower resistance) path lowers the measured resistance of Circuit 2 to one ohms or less, thereby indicating a short. However, this may not always occur. As mentioned in the first half of this article, electrons follow paths of least resistance, of which there may

be several paths available, not just one path. As with “forked” lightning bolts, the actual electron path(s) in Circuit 2 depends upon the amount of resistance present in each available electron path. Therefore, in this scenario, you could have a situation where valves 2A, 2B, and 2C work, but your circuit’s ohms resistance measurement is higher than expected - perhaps due to the short actuPage 31

ally having high resistance. That is, measurements may be ‘weird’ and not all shorts have low resistant con- almost ‘unfathomable.’ A situation nections. such as this can really challenge your troubleshooting abilities. Sometimes a short may have a higher resistance than one ohm. The best way to trouble shoot a Additionally, you may have a situa- complicated faulty multivalve circuit tion where only 2A operates but not is to isolate the circuit’s components valves 2B or 2C. Basically, there as best you can and troubleshoot can be quite a few variations of what each of these isolated components can happen with shorts in multivalve separately. circuits. So, overall, the circuit may operate entirely, partially, or not For example: as shown in Figat all. The circuit ohms resistance ure “C”, you could isolate the vari

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ous components of Circuit 2 as indicated by the various colored wire paths. The process would be to disconnect the field wires at the terminal strip, Point 1, and Point 2. Disconnecting at these locations will provide you with three isolated wire lengths: 2A (in green), 2B (in blue), and 2C (in gold). Once isolated, you can check the resistance of each isolated circuit, looking for incorrect resistance measurements. In this situation, the green-colored 2A wire circuit would expect to measure at 30 ohms resistance from the terminal strip through valve 2A and back Page 34

to the common. In checking this circuit with your multimeter, it does measure 30 ohms, and therefore ok. The blue-colored 2B wire circuit, when measured from Point 1 back to the common, expects to measure at 30 ohms resistance. However, this wire circuit actually measures a very low resistance of less than 1 ohm, thereby indicating a short circuit. To verify the integrity of the remaining gold-colored 2C wire circuit, when measured from Point 2 back to the common, you expect it to measure

at 30 ohms. You check this and it does measure at 30 ohms, therefore a good circuit. The result of your circuit isolation process is that you have identified that the short’s location is in the blue-colored wire circuit 2B. Part of good troubleshooting and repair goes beyond just fixing the issue. Akin to the process of using sod to “solve” a dead spot in a lawn, unless us you do something to prevent the instigating factor, the issue will reoccur. For exam-

ple, chewed wires can be reduced by protecting exposed wires with conduit (PVC or metal), and/or reducing rodent/gopher populations. Confirm that there is no exposed wire at any connection that the waterproof wire connect completely encapsulates the wire nut and wire housing. At the controller, only strip off enough wire to adequately attach to the terminal strip. Always emphasize to the installation/maintenance crew to carefully excavate when near control wires and, if they ‘bump’ (nick) a wire, carefully in-

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spect the wire for nicks or cuts. The following is a brainteaser applying to the troubleshooting concepts covered in this two-part article and ignores issues caused by shorts going to ground (ground faults). The brainteaser does review back to the very first article covering cut wires. The answers to this brainteaser can be found on Page 50.

“commonly” attached to all valves. This malfunctioning system has seven distinct damaged (shorted, corroded, poorly connected, nicked, or cut) circuit situations at point AA thru point GG. Each of the situations are unique. That is, each situation (AA through GG) represents only one damaged location with that damaged location indicated by that situation’s arrow. For example: The Brainteaser Scenario: damage at Situation “AA” is located at Circuit 1’s terminal strip with all Background information: Fig- other troublesome points (BB thru ure “D” illustrates an electrically GG) not present during the “AA” troubled irrigation system. The sys- situation. A properly operating tem has one common wire that is valve (valve’s solenoid) creates 30 Page 36

ohms of resistance and creates a 0.9 (ground faults). Ground faults will amp load when energized. be covered separately in a later article and other brainteaser. The short length of the control (field) wires for this system does Site Story: There has been renot increase ohms resistance to any cent digging, gopher, and lightning appreciable degree unless there are activity in and about the customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poor connections due to corrosion or irrigation landscape. Also, last year nicked wires existing in the circuit. they repaired a cut wire to the comAdditionally, for this scenario, any mon wire, with its location at Point shorts that exist are shorts between FF. Also, they recently planted a wires, not shorts going to ground tree near point GG, where the crew

Page 37

exposed the irrigation wire while digging but can’t remember if they hit (nicked) any wire or had to repair any inadvertently cut wire. The customer states that some irrigation zones are not working or working erratically. You have not been to the site before, but the customer has provided you with an accurate diagram (as-built) that is visually accurate but not drawn to scale. Prior to testing any irrigation circuits, you have correctly taken the first troubleshooting steps and dis-

cussed the history of the site with the customer and then reviewed the irrigation system as a whole, verifying that any non-electronic controller issues (power, damage, programming, sensors, etc.) are not causing any of the malfunctions. Additionally, you verified the accuracy of the as-built (didn’t assume it was correct) and used your multimeter to verify that 24 volts AC is available at all controller terminals (which meet manufacture’s specifications).

Using the information provided and Figure D, answer the following fourteen questions. Answers can be found on page 50. (1) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if there is a poorly connected/loose control wire located only at Point AA? (2) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if there is a poorly connected/loose control wire located only at Point AA? (3) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if there is a short in the common wire located only at Point BB? (4) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if there is a short in the common wire located only at Point BB? Page 38

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(5) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if there is a short in the control (field) wire located only at Point CC? (6) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if there is a short in the control (field) wire located only at Point CC? (7) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if there is a cut to the common wire located only at Point DD? (8) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if there is a cut to the common wire located only at Point DD? (9) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if Valve 2C solenoid’s internal wire’s coating was melted (most likely due to a lightning strike) at Point EE? (10) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if Valve 2C solenoid’s internal wire’s coating was melted (most likely due to a lightning strike) at Point EE? (11) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if an earlier repair to the common used non-waterproof wire connects at Point FF? (12) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if an earlier repair to the common used non-waterproof wire connects at Point FF?

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(13) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 1 terminal if, during an earlier digging activity, the (field) wire was nicked, but not completely cut at Point GG? (14) What would be the ohms resistance measurement expected and actual when taken at the controller’s Circuit 2 terminal if, during an earlier digging activity, the (field) wire was nicked, but not completely cut at Point GG?

The MGCSA thanks Andy Lindquist for his expertice and inight into electrical circutry. Andy owns and operates Links Systems Inc. and can be reached at alindquist@ linkssystemsinc.com.

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Managing Moss in Turfgrass Mosses are difficult-to-control weeds in both taller-cut lawns and low-mow golf course putting greens. Several different species of moss can infest lawn-height stands of turfgrass, but silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) is the most common species found in close-cut turf, such as golf course putting greens (Figures 1-2).

surface. Additionally, mosses produce an extensive rhizoid system, allowing them to anchor to almost any stable substrate. Rhizoids resemble the roots of vascular plants (Figures 3-4), but typically lack the ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil rootzone. Mosses can spread through asexual (vegetative) propagation. Both rhizoids and leafy, green tissue of mosses (thallus) develop from a slimy, black mat (protonema) that can be mistaken for algae, especially on golf course putting greens.

Figure 1 and 2: Silvery-thread moss in a creeping bentgrass putting green. Top photo by Cole Thompson, bottom photo by Zane Raudenbush.

Moss Biology

Mosses are bryophytes, and sometimes called “lower plants.” Unlike desired turfgrass species and other common grassy and broadleaf weeds, mosses are nonvascular plants, lacking conductive tissues (xylem and phloem) and roots. Instead, most mosses are “ectohydric” meaning they absorb water and dissolved nutrients over their entire leaf

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Figure 3 and 4. Moss rhizoids anchoring silverythread moss into a thatch layer, and close-up view of rhizoids and shoots. Top photo by Cole Thompson, bottom photo by Zane Raudenbush.

As with most weeds, mosses most commonly occur where voids are present in

turf canopies. Shady, wet conditions favor some mosses.

Moss Management

Mosses can be difficult to control once established. Promoting turf health and a dense turfgrass stand is one of the best ways to prevent moss. Lawn-height turf Cultural practices that promote healthy turf are essential in any weed control program. Irrigating deeply and infrequently, aerating, maintaining a proper mowing height (e.g. 2Â˝ to 3Â˝ inches for tall fescue), and having a well-balanced fertility program will yield a more healthy lawn, and limit avenues for moss establishment. Mosses may out-compete turf species in shady areas, regardless of management strategies. It might be necessary to consider utilizing shade-tolerant turf species like fine fescues (Creeping, Chewings, and Hard fescue) or other landscape plant species that are even more competitive in very shady environments. If moss encroachment is extreme, applying an herbicide might be an option. Quicksilver (active ingredient carfentrazoneethyl) is a broadleaf herbicide that is labeled for silvery-thread moss control in lawns and on golf courses, and it has shown moss suppression in some studies of putting green turf. Terracyte (sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate) is a peroxide product with formulations labeled for lawn and golf course and moss reductions have been shown in some studies on golf course turf, but phytoxicity has been reported. While these products are options in lawns, the cultural practices outlined above should be the primary strategy. Keep in mind that most products have been tested on and are labeled for silvery-thread moss, but many other moss species can occur. Mechanical weed control options may be necessary

when herbicides are not available/desirable. In this case, turfgrass managers can use a metal leaf rake to remove the moss thallus from the desirable turfgrass. However, most mosses can spread vegetatively, so the removed plant material should be transported off-site. In most instances, mosses are often a symptom of abiotic stress (poor soil fertility, inadequate drainage, over watering, dense shade, etc.), so turfgrass managers will need to address these factors in order to obtain long-term control. Low-Mow Golf Course Turf Mosses are invasive weeds in closely mown golf course putting greens. Increased moss encroachment has been observed with lower (0.125 inches) compared to higher (0.157 inches) mowing heights. Over fertilization can lead to excessive organic matter development, disrupt water infiltration, and favor moss development. Additionally, fertilization with sprayable nitrogen sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) has been found to increase silverythread moss encroachment. Promotion of turf health with aeration, balanced fertility, deep and infrequent irrigation, and (if possible) a higher mowing height will limit moss encroachment. Quicksilver and the fungicide Junction (Section 2ee label; active ingredients mancozeb and copper hydroxide) are labeled for silvery-thread moss control in golf course turf. Several researchers have observed reductions in silvery-thread moss in putting-green height bentgrass with applications of Quicksilver, with no phytotoxicity to creeping bentgrass. In our research at Kansas State University, a management program including both core aerification and Quicksilver applications over several years significantly reduced moss coverage. Higher rates of Quicksilver can injury Poa annua, so be sure to consult the label before making an application. Page 43

Some control has been observed with Junction though phytotoxicity of creeping bentgrass is of concern. As mentioned above, Terracyte is a labeled product that has shown some efficacy, but with potential phytotoxicity. Many other chemicals have been evaluated for controlling silvery-thread moss but few are labeled. Currently, no

refereed publications have reported the complete control of silvery-thread moss with any products. Again, remember that most products have been tested on and are labeled for silvery-thread moss, but many other species can occur.

Publication prepared by Cole S. Thompson and Zane Raudenbush, Former Graduate Research Assistants, and Megan M. Kennelly, Associate Professor, Dept of Plant Pathology; Kansas State University, Revised 2015. Selected References Boesch, B.P., and Mitkowski, N.A. 2005. Chemical methods of moss control on golf course putting greens. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.1094/ATS-2005-1006-01-RV. Borst, S.M., McElroy, J.S., and Breeden, G.K. 2010. Silvery-thread moss control in creeping bentgrass putting greens with mancozeb plus copper hydroxide and carfentrazone applied in conjunction with cultural practices. Hort. Tech. 20:574-578. Burnell, K.D., Yelverton, F.H., Neal, J.C., Gannon, T.W., and McElroy, J.S. 2004. Control of silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting greens. Weed Tech. 18:560-565. Kennelly, M.M., Todd, T.C., Settle, D.M., and Fry, J.D. 2010. Moss control on creeping bentgrass greens with standard and alternative approaches. Hort. Sci. 45:654-659. Raudenbush Z., Keeley S.J., and Stark, L.R. 2015. A review: Establishment, dispersal, and management of silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in putting greens. Crop, Forage, & Turfgrass Management. 2015. Vol. 1 no. 1. DOI: 10.2134/cftm2014.0094 Settle, D., Kane, R.T., and Miller, G.L. 2007. Evaluation of newer products for selective control of moss on creeping bentgrass greens. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 6:1-6. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. Persons using such products assume responsibility for their use in accordance with current label directions of the manufacturer.

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MGCSA Welcomes New UMN Staff: Parker Anderson Parker Anderson has been chasing the sun in the golf business for the last 12 years, but his roots are deep in Minnesota. He is the newest team member of the University of Minnesota Turfgrass Research Lab as part of the Science of the Green Initiative (www.scienceofthegreen.org). Parker’s office at the St. Paul campus is, ironically, just a few buildings away from where his grandfather, Parker Oscar

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Anderson, taught as a Professor of Forestry and served as State Extension Forester for many years. Parker recently completed a dual-master’s degree program in Landscape Architecture (MLA) and Sustainable Systems (MS) from the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan. His field of study focused on golf’s interaction with the

Last summer, Parker worked with Tom Doak building “The Loop,” at Forest Dunes Golf Resort in Roscommon, MI. The Loop is a very unique golf course design because of its reversible 18-hole layout. While in graduate school, Parker consulted for Kemper Sports to assist in their Green-to-a-Tee Program which identified ways to increase environmental awareness and practice among the clubs that they manage. At the University for Michigan, Parker served as the school’s first Campus Farm Manager. Adenvironment, the economy, and soditionally, he founded UMBees, the ciety, finding opportunities for the industry to demonstrate its value to first University of Michigan student human, plant, and animal communi- organization created to promote, protect, and propagate honeybees. ties. As a Graduate Student Instructor, Parker taught an undergraduate Parker is a PGA member as class titled Global Change: the Sciwell as a member of the GCSAA. ence of Sustainability as well as a His varied experience gives him a unique perspective to the important graduate level course on landscape issues facing the golf industry today. construction materials and methods. Page 47

Previous to his time at the University of Michigan, Parker served as Director for the Hawaii State Junior Golf Association, a rewarding experience as mentor to over 600 young golfers throughout the state of Hawaii. From 2005 to 2010, Parker was employed as a PGA professional, certified in instruction and golf operations. During this period, Parker was employed by The Reserve Club and Thunderbird Country Club in Palm Desert, CA, the Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest, IL, and Oak Ridge Country Club in Hopkins, MN. Parker also competed on various professional golf tours in California and the Midwest. Page 48

Parker earned his bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

degree from UCSB in Economics and Environmental Studies. Growing up he loved to compete in amateur golf tournaments, playing in several MGA events as well as the Birchmont, Pine to Palm, and the Resorters tournaments in Minnesota. Parker loves to surf, camp, hike, and be outdoors and looks forward to spending a few summer weekends at his familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cabin on the Whitefish Chain of lakes near Brainerd. Please feel free to contact Parker to introduce yourself, or if you have any questions about your course, the industry, or the future of the game at parkerta@umn.edu.

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Irrigation Brain-teaser answers Good! You remembered to make sure that the circuits were not energized while using your multimeter to measure resistance, so you are set to go. For this scenario, any faults due to shorts, are confined to either control wire to control wire or control wire to common wire shorted circuits. None of the shorts in these scenarios are going to ground (a ground fault scenario).

resistance of 30 ohms. Perplexed, you reattach the wire to the terminal and measure circuit resistance; the circuit’s resistance test checks-out OK at 30 ohms. Thinking through why the problem went away you realize that you most likely ‘solved’ the issue when reconnecting the field wire. The fault was due to either a loose or corroded connection. Causes of corroded connections inside a controller are: An indoor only controller (1) Circuit Terminal 1 – Poor terwas installed outdoors; the controlminal connection at Point AA: Exler has a damaged/leaky weather repected resistance reading is 30 ohms. sistant seal; an employee may have If the terminal connection is loose, mistakenly left the controller cover you should have found this out when open for a period of time and allowed checking the integrity of the control- moisture to enter which would be difler during your initial inspections. If ficult to verify; the field wire/termiyou measured the circuit’s resistance nal connection wire was never tightly when the field wire is attached to the attached. At this point, if it is a leaky terminal connection but there is cor- controller seal, repair as needed. If rosion between the field wire and a loose wire, confirm that it is now the terminal, you would measure a tight. Also check all other terminal higher than expected resistance of connections for loose and corroded about 60 ohms or more. Therefore, terminal connections. you have determined that you have a faulty connection. To locate this (2) Circuit Terminal 2 – Poor termifault, you disconnected the field wire nal connection at Point AA: Expected at the controller and tested the circuit resistance reading is 10 ohms. Loose which now measures at the expected wire connection at Terminal 1 has Page 50

no effect upon Circuit 2. Therefore Circuit 2 checks out correctly at 10 ohms. (3) Circuit Terminal 1 – Short in common at Point BB: Expected resistance reading is 30 ohms. In this scenario, a short between common wires would have no measurable (or operational) affect upon either circuit. The only issue would be opportunity for moisture to enter into the wires at the short’s locations and create corrosion of the wire. If corrosion was occurring, you would measure a higher ohms resistance (perhaps 60 or above). If the short allowed electrons

to go to ground (a ground fault) then there would be issues. These issues will be covered in subsequent articles and is not a factor in this scenario. (4) Circuit Terminal 2 – Short at Point BB: Expected resistance reading is 10 ohms. See number three (previous) response for explanation. (5) Circuit Terminal 1 – Short at Point CC: Expected resistance reading is 30 ohms. The existing short would have no effect upon this circuit and you would measure 30 ohms resistance.

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(6) Circuit Terminal 2 – Short at Point CC: Expected resistance reading is 10 ohms. The short at Point CC is between control wires of the same circuit. The short would not have any appreciable effect upon this circuit’s resistance or its operation. However, as with Scenario BB, Circuit 2 is now prone to corrosion fault issues. (7) Circuit Terminal 1 – Cut at Point DD: Expected resistance measurement is 30 ohms. Cut common wire location will prevent this (and other circuits) from operating and would measure as infinite resistance. Actual location of cut can be located Min_GCSA_halfpg_horz_ad_300DPI.pdf

5/2/16

9:14 AM

by using a wire tracker. (8) Circuit Terminal 2 – Cut at Point DD: Expected resistance measurement is 10 ohms. This scenario’s cut common wire location will prevent this (and other circuits) from operating and would measure as infinite resistance. Actual location of cut can be located by using a wire tracker. (9) Circuit Terminal 1 – Lightning damaged solenoid at Point EE: Expected resistance measurement is 30 ohms. The issue of a damaged solenoid at Point EE has no effect upon Circuit 1. Therefore this circuit

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would measure at 30 ohms.

A slightly shorted solenoid will have slightly higher than expected ohms (10) Circuit Terminal 2 – Lightning resistance. Completely shorted, meltdamaged solenoid at Point EE: Exed or vaporized solenoids will elimipected resistance reading is 10 ohms. nate that solenoid’s resistance from The varnished coated (insulated) the circuit. wire present inside the solenoid easily melted from the excess heat cre(11) Circuit Terminal 1 – Non-waterated by an electrical lighting enterproof connect at Point FF: Expected ing the circuit. The melting of the resistance measurement is 30 ohms. solenoid’s insulating coating creates The use of non-waterproof connects shorts within the solenoid. The efcreates opportunity for corrosion of fects of the solenoid’s internal shorts wires and wire connections. Corrois typically to act as if the solenoid is sion will increase the resistance of not present. That is, the circuit will the circuit. In this case, the measured measure as a two valve (solenoid) resistance of this circuit would be system at 15 ohms (1/2 of the 30 higher than expected, perhaps 100 ohms resistance of a single solenoid). ohms or more. If corrosion is severe Sure enough, your multimeter read- enough, the resulting effect would be ing is 15 ohms. similar to a cut wire showing an infinite amount of resistance. This corroTo locate where the short is, you will sion effect at Point FF will be affectneed to isolate various segments of ing all circuits. the circuit and measure resistance as described earlier in this article. One (12) Circuit Terminal 2 – Non-waalternative is to assume that the issue terproof connect at Point FF: Exis a shorted solenoid, so rather than pected resistance measurement is 10 isolating the system components, you ohms. As stated in response #11, the could go to each valve and test its measured resistance reading will be solenoid. higher than expected and will be increasing the resistance for all other As a note, lightning will slightly circuits. short, completely short, melt, or vaporize the solenoid’s internal wires. (13) Circuit Terminal 1 – Nicked Page 53

control wire at Point GG: Expected resistance measurement is 30 ohms. The nicked wire location has no effect on Circuit 1. Therefore, you will have a resistance measurement of 30 ohms. (14) Circuit Terminal 2 – Nicked control wire at Point GG: Expected resistance measurement is 10 ohms. In this case, measuring the circuit’s resistance, you would get measurements much higher than expected… perhaps 30 ohms or more. Remembering that the owner said he couldn’t remember if they had damaged or repaired any wire at Point

GG, you would conclude that: (1) they used a non-waterproof wire connect and corrosion may have occurred, or (2) they may have nicked the wire during their repair process and corrosion of the wire has occurred or the diameter of the wire was reduced. Therefore, you could go directly to the ‘repaired’ location and inspect it or you could isolate and test Circuit 2 components as described earlier. As tempting as it may be to go directly to the repaired location, it usually is more efficient to isolate and measure the separate components of this multivalve circuit as described earlier in this article.

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St. Paul (800) 882-5704 Fargo (800) 474-7238 Sioux Falls (800) 234-1965

Bluffs Exposure Golf Event Eastwood Golf Course Host Jeff Minske Thank You

Page55 55 Page

Affiliate Spotlight:

GenNext Biotech, LLC is a company based in Minnesota with manufacturing being done in Chicago, in its sixth year of selling extracellular enzyme complex formulas to aid in plant fertility. The technology started as a research project over 40+ years ago by a group of agronomists, biologists, and geneticists who were trying to find the essential common strains of all microbes, bacteria, and fungi that provide total sustainability to plant life. They touched upon areas of microbiology in the research, like plant defense activatorsâ&#x20AC;Śfinding that enzymes, the digestive juices of microbes, were an important part of initiating the vital reactions necessary for plants to thrive. Page 56

After 40+ years of consulting, creating custom blends, the formulation was standardized. These extracellular enzyme complexes were now available on commercial basis

Tim Brink, GenNext Biotech Inc.

throughout the U.S. in 2010. Over the last six years, the company, known as GenNext Biotech, has gained a cult following from the East Coast to the West Coast and everywhere in between. It has distribution in all 50 states, all Canadian provinces and services customers worldwide. What makes GenNext unique is that its compost derivative contains no live microbes, as the proprietary technology extracts the proteins which can survive outside the microbial parent and stabilizes it with soil minerals. This procedure bypasses the entire organic process and the “waiting game” is finally over. The extracellular enzyme complexes are catalysts that immediately stimulate existing soil bacteria and mycorrhizae, fueled by a proprietary blend of soluble humic and fulvic acids. By stimulating existing soil microbes, the GenNext products promote a synergy with plant consumption and soil decomposition, thus, harmonizing a plant’s ability to survive. The 40+ years of research unlocked the potential for maximizing Page44

Frank Zamazal, GenNext Biotech Inc.

soil fertility, providing a technology that replicates the most powerful microbiological reactions to increase plant uptake and soil respiration. The product line GenNext has produced is cutting edge, will perform consistently, is not perishable, and can be stored indoors at room temperature. GenNext is now comprised of three partners: Tim Brink, managing general partner, Jon Flicher, director of production & product development, and Frank Zamazal, director of agronomy & new business development. Together, their vision to become a leading global enterprise Page 57

specializing in sustainable biotechnology that enhances plant development while maintaining an environmentally and socially conscious footprint is running on all cylinders. Their company mission to create, manufacture, and distribute premium quality products that promote soil and plant health, while exceeding the expectations of their customers and vendor partners, has made a huge splash in the market in the last six months, with product interest steadily increasing nationwide. The addition of Frank Zamazal has provided hands-on field experience and given the company the ability to provide recommendations to super-

intendents. Frank has a Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in turfgrass management from Penn State and has consulted for Brookside Laboratories. Frank also has 20 years of golf management experience as a superintendent, with extensive construction and grow-in experience, along with expertise in championship conditioning and desert over-seeding. This background, both operational and technical, allows GenNext become a partner with customers and distributors, providing solutions for all turf problems that arise. There are currently three products formulated for the turfgrass industry: GenNext A&B is our cornerstone product formulated with a fertilizer blend of urea triazone and potassium nitrate. It is designed to function as a low volatile, non-burning, slow release with its potassium functioning as an enzyme activator. GenNext C&D is our base extracellular

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enzyme complex and humic acid, designed to be integrated into your own fertility program. GenNext AM is a lower viscosity version of our base extracellular enzyme complex designed to be administered through fertigation or larger area spray applications.

through stressful abiotic and biotic conditions. Whether dealing with high heat and humidity, or winter kill from spring emergence, the GenNext technology will provide consistent, superlative results season after season.

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Hey Affiliates! If you are interested in filling the Affiliate Spotlight, contact Jamie Bezanson and learn how to shine, shine, shine for the MGCSA membership Page 57 Page 59

PRESENTED BY

AUGUST 11

REGISTRATION FORM FIELD DAY AGENDA - AUG. 11, 2016

The TURF & GROUNDS FIELD DAY is back on the St. Paul campus this year as the University of Minnesota once again partners with the Minnesota Turf and Grounds Foundation to produce this popular event at TROE Center and UFore Nursery.

7:00 - 8:00 - Coffee, Donuts and Vendor Time 8:00 - 11:00 - Turf and Grounds Tracks 11:00 - 11:30 - Networking and Vendor Time 11:30 - 12:30 - Catered Lunch 12:30 - Networking and Vendor Time EDUCATION POINTS CEU’s for Certified Arborist, Municipal Specialist, BCMA - Science, .GCSAA-approved Education Points will be available and announced.

MAKE PLANS TO JOIN US ON THURS., AUG. 11 for outdoor education presented by University of Minnesota faculty and staff working in turfgrass science, horticulture and forestry. The Field Day will run from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m., with presentation topics ranging from turfgrass species for natural areas to disease management in turf and trees.

COMPLETE AGENDA ON BACK FIELD DAY IS LOCATED ON THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF LARPENTEUR & CLEVELAND IN FALCON HEIGHTS

Our research and extension programs at the University of Minnesota are constantly evolving. This spring we had several graduate students defend their thesis projects and new students have entered the program. We have also had several new staff hires, and we are looking forward to showcasing their work.

Please register _____ people at $25 ea. for a total of $ ______________________ Name(s) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Employer / Company __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Address ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ City_______________________________________________________________________ State ______________ Zip ___________________________ Phone __________________________________________________

Email ___________________________________________________________

Check Association(s): q MGCSA q MPSTMA q MSA q MASMS q MAC q MTA q MTSC q MNLA q STUDENT TOTAL ENCLOSED: $ _______________________

QUESTIONS:

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952-473-3722

MAKE CHECK PAYABLE TO: MINNESOTA TURF AND GROUNDS FOUNDATION

www.mtgf.org

MAIL TO:

MTGF FIELD DAY P. O. BOX 617 WAYZATA, MN 55391

TURF TRACK

GROUNDS TRACK

TROE CENTER

UFORE NURSERY

8:00 -9:00 a.m. - GOLF FOCUS

8:00 -9:00 a.m. Jeff Hahn "IPM Programs for Insect Management"

Dr. Brian Horgan and Parker Anderson "Science of the Green Initiative" Dr. Angela Orshinsky "EIQ Reduction Programs for Dollar Spot Management" Ben VanRyzin "Curative Applications and Intervals for Dollar Spot" Sam Bauer "Soil Wetting Agents for Water Conservation"

9:00 -10:00 a.m. - TURFGRASS SPECIES Dr. Eric Watkins "The Potential of Tall Fescue in MN" Andrew Hollman "Fine Fescue No-Mow Grasses and Consumer Mixtures"

Michelle Grabowski "IPM Programs for Disease Management" 9:00 -10:00 a.m. Chad Giblin "Dutch Elm Disease Research" Andrew Jenks and Dan Heins "Use of Drones in Landscape Management" 10:00 -11:00 a.m. Dr. Gary Johnson "Community Gravel Beds: An Option for Developing Better Root Systems and Reforesting Landscapes on a Budget" Eric North "Planting, Staking, Watering, and Pruning: The First Year of Tree Maintenance"

Garett Heineck "Perennial Ryegrass Breeding and Seed Production" Yinji Qui "Fine Fescue Allelopathy and Snow Mold"

10:00 -11:00 a.m. - SPECIAL TOPICS Dr. Vera Krishik "New Insecticides for White Grubs" Dr. Jon Trappe "Carbon Sequestration of Turf" Jonah Reyes and Ryan Schwab "Irrigation Systems for Boulevards and Roadsides" - James Wolfin "Pollinator Friendly Lawns"

ON-LINE REGISTRATION AVAILABLE AT www.mtgf.org

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Within the Leather

by Onna O’Conner, daughter of Donnacha O’Conner, Superintendent at Alexandria Golf Course

For me, Alexandria Golf Club will always be “The Golf Course,” or “Dad’s Work.” That was what I called it when I was a child and that is still what I call it now. As a Senior in high school, my thoughts on the golf course have changed quite a bit, but looking back, some things have stayed the same. One belief that remains untouched by time is that the golf course is a place to give things your all, in play and in work.

when he chose to help me out by giving me his massive shirt to use as a dress-blanket hybrid. Another, more messy activity that I engaged in, was playing in the sand used for refilling the bunkers. When you are a small child, and there are huge piles of sand just outside of your dad’s shop, who could possibly resist the temptation? I couldn’t. Playing ‘ruler of all I see’ is pretty fun, but what I remember the most was being hosed down by my dad afterwards.

As a little kid, I would often go for rides with my dad while he did his rounds. Some of our most entertaining spins were when dad would go out to turn on the irrigation system. My dad would let me hop off the cart and run through the massive sprinklers to my heart’s content. I would end up soaked and cold, but I remember on at least one occasion

Even as a kid, the golf course was also a place of work. There used to be a program called Spring Clean Up. Members would go out once a year in the very early morning to pick up refuse around the course. That program meant a lot to me. I was the youngest person there and probably the most enthused. I would be so proud to have contributed to something that mattered and I would not

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stop talking about it for days. I looked forward to it every year. As things do as we age, it disappeared, and I forgot about it. But the work ethic, and the confidence that work instilled in me, is something that I treasure. I am now working at the golf course during my summer holidays. A strong work ethic is highly valued at the golf course. You do your work fast, carefully and thoroughly. It might sound rigid, but I have come to find it rewarding. The more effort I put into it, the

more connected to my work I become. You start to notice things about the course. Like the condition of the grass, the impact of other peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work and seeing what should be done to improve course conditions. You begin to appreciate the effort put into making the place function as it should. This is something that I couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t grasp as a child and am only just beginning to understand and explore. Page 63 Page 63

Finally, and possibly most importantly, this is the place where I was taught how to golf and where I continue to learn. From junior golf to competing in high school meets, this course has been the epicenter of my golfing experience. I have made connections with people who have taken an interest in developing my game here, which is something that I think is crucially important for any sort of progress. Golf is an individual sport, but the way we interact with others because of it, builds a community. I’ve grown up involved in this course, like I’m sure many others have, and it is

incredible to look back and see how my relationship and role has changed the older I have gotten. Editor’s note: This article was written by Onna O’Conner, daughter of Donacha O’Conner,Superintendent Alexandria Country Club. While it was written by her, it may as well have been written by any number of children who grew up with a father or mother in this business. It sums up the wonderful relationship between families, the course and the sport we all have grown to love.

Are you interested in writing a Within The Leather column? How about a family member, staff or even inspire your shop dog to create something fun, educational or inspirational for the Hole Notes Magazine? It is always better when YOU write it. Contact Dave Kazmierczak CGCS to join the fun and speak out.

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