FIESTA ISLAND GREEN PRIX
Miles Henry
/
San Diego’s New Racetrack of the Future
Winter 2022
/
Studio Stannard
Cover Images “Formula E” (Hernandez) “Spanish Grand Prix F1 Circuit Map” “Integrated Wind and Solar Farm” (Machen)
Author: Miles Henry Age: 23 Hometown:
San Diego, CA
Architect and longtime fan of cars and motorsport. Miles racing at his 8th birthday party
CONTENTS Issue + Counter
2 - 13
San Diego Site
14 - 21
Site Analysis
22 - 37
Program Exploration
38 - 47
Program + Layout Evolved
48 - 65
Works Cited
66 - 69
(Thompson)
ISSUE + COUNTER
3
“Formula 1 Start Grid” (Sky Sports)
4
MOVING THE STARTING LINE
This project aims to explore how turn a sport that is inherently bad for the environment on its head and maximally exploit its aspects which have potential to improve the planet’s health. Another goal of the project’s scope is to develop real pragmatic steps and architectural interventions to achieve the FIA’s goals of sustainability in Formula 1 and continue bolstering the momentum of the future of motorsport – Formula E.
The Task: •
Design the master plan for a new ground-up new race track, its supporting buildings, and auxiliary program spaces
Questions: • • •
How can a racetrack be more sustainable and better respect its site? How can a track site have more functions than one, especially during the off-season? How can a track site help to change the culture of the sport?
5
WHAT IS MOTORSPORT?
... AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Racing is Part of the Human Condition
The first F1 race: 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone
Motorsport, the racing competition of motor vehicles on closed circuits, is an activity testament to the eternal human convictions of speed and competition. Human bouts of speed have formed global audiences and community bonds for millennia, reaching back to the Olympic footraces of the Ancient Greeks. As ages of technology gained momentum, so too did the form and scope of racing – horse races pitted riders against one another for glory at greater velocity than by foot, and combustion engines engendered vehicle racing between drivers at even greater speeds and over longer distances. The drivers and teams of today’s advanced racing championships inspire the next generation of athletes and engineers.
It is a Valuable Piece of Global Culture Out of all vehicle racing Formula 1 has the largest global community of fans that has blossomed over the last 70 years and continues to grow with a projected fanbase of 1 billion by the 2022 season (Yeomans). The sport brings people together from all religions and cultures through shared, innate human passions, and as such, could plausibly be hailed as a valuable part of global culture akin to the Olympics.
6
A Brief Overview of Motorsport History
1989 McLaren MP4/5 driven by World Champions Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna
First motor races were the Paris-Bordeaux street races in 1895, 1200 km at an average speed of 29mph. First “Grand Prix” race was French Grand Prix of Le Mans in 1901 at speeds around 60mph. Loss of capital and interest due to the Great Depression of the 30’s, then massive development spurred by German manufacturers – their cars made 350bhp and could reach 175mph by 1939. In 1950, the FIA announced a new world championship called Formula A with specific car and race regulations, which would become Formula 1 as we know it today.
Ferrari F2004 driven by World Champion Michael Schumacher
The United States has been part of the international championship since its very first season with Indianapolis hosting a Grand Prix starting in 1950. In the 70’s teams started to experiment and advance the aerodynamic design of cars which allowed them to carry much more speed through the corners and stay more stable to achieve even higher tops speeds. This was also when organizers started maximizing the economic potential of the sport and turned into a “billion-dollar global business” by leveraging sponsorships and commercial rights and introducing international television broadcasting of all events.
2021 Formula 1 hybrid Red Bull, Max Verstappen
(Dikeman)
(Dennis)
The 80’s would engender further mechanically and technologically advanced cars with turbocharged engines and computer-automated driving assists such as traction control and active suspension - features invented in the sport that came to benefit modern production cars. The 90’s produced a whirlwind of commotion in the world of motorsport. Some famous Formula 1 drivers would bow out to enter the US’s smaller championship IndyCar, cars in all championships would gain significant design advancements, and the tragic racing deaths of a few including Ayrton Senna would begin a lasting legacy of extremely stringent safety overhauls.
Recent Developments The governing body of all international motorsport, the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA), has expressed an agenda of increasing sustainability of the sport by transitioning Formula 1 to hybrid engines and introducing an electric vehicle racing sibling league, Formula E, both in 2014 (Edmondson). Technological research and testing of cars in both racing series have pushed the bounds of possibility with inventions that can benefit society as a whole, such as producing some of the most efficient engines in the world. “Gen2” Formula E car driven by Mitch Evans
7
CHALLENGES OF THE SPORT Environment
“Silver Arrow burnout” (PlanetF1)
Formula 1 is encumbered with other burdens on the environment besides its physical footprint; the sport produces 256,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year (Edmondson). The governing body of all international motorsport, the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA), has expressed an agenda of increasing sustainability of the sport by transitioning Formula 1 to hybrid engines and introducing an electric vehicle racing sibling league, Formula E, both in 2014. Then, in response to public backlash over the 2019 report of the 256,000 ton/year figure, the FIA announced its goal to make races more sustainable by 2025 and carbon-neutral by 2030 (Edmondson). Liberty Media, the new owners of Formula 1 have laid out an extensive plan to cut back its environmental impacts in all aspects of the sport. To make races more sustainable, the sport is requiring all packaging to be recycled or reusable, increasing local sourcing of staff for each event, using biofuels in the cars, streamlining events on the calendar to reduce transportation required and use sea freight as much as possible, and reducing cost caps on teams to force them to use fewer personnel and resources/generate less waste. By focusing on bringing the show to the fans as efficiently as possible rather than the other way around, international motorsport continues to develop a much lower environmental footprint than other events like World Cup Football or the Olympics (Rencken).
Formula 1 teams send cars and gear by plane between some races, a large part of the sport’s carbon footprint
F1 CARBON FOOTPRINT EVENTS
VEHICLE EMISSIONS
7.3%
0.7%
FACILITIES + FACTORIES 19.3%
300,000
Vehicle Emissions Events Facilities and Factories Personnel Travel
45%Logistics (Freight) 27.7% PERSONNEL TRAVEL
LOGISTICS (FREIGHT)
TONS CO2 per YEAR
+ 1.6 mil. TONS CO2 per YEAR
for SPECTATOR TRAVEL
= 1.9 million
TONS CO2 per YEAR
TYPICAL TRACKSITE: SILVERSTONE, UK 1 mile
• Prime example of the typical tracksite’s invasion of the environment
• 500+ ACRES with only racetrack, parking, warehouses, and permanent grandstands - SITE IS USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR CAR RACING • No on-site energy generation; burden on the energy grid
ANNUAL USE: ~28 / 365 DAYS NEAREST AIRPORT: 50 MI. NEAREST SEA PORT: 100 MI.
9
Consumerism
The Paddock Club area - an exclusive viewing section for premier fans willing to shell out thousands - at the Monaco GP is a perfect example of the sport’s promotion of a culture of excess, bathed in expensive champagne and luxury goods.
The actions of the teams and organizers of the sport are also grossly overshadowed by the impact of the fanbase - 1.6 million tons of carbon dioxide are produced by fan transportation to the races, bringing the effective total impact of Formula 1 to 1.9 million tons of carbon dioxide per year (“How Bad is F1 Racing for the Environment?”). To combat the largest portion of the carbon footprint, this new track will have to find a way to influence not just the onsite events, but culture of the sport as well. With major sponsors like DHL, Rolex, Emirates, and Heineken (Leahy), Formula 1 encourages a lavish consumer lifestyle of blissful ignorance. Putting in the effort to make an omelet with organic, sustainable ingredients and practices won’t do much good if the consumer continues to order them with reckless abandon and make a hog of themselves. By populating the new tracksite with local food vendors and local craft beer, using sustainable packaging, and making the island site pedestrian friendly, this project can help inform and encourage fans to live a smaller eco-footprint lifestyle. Off the track, the organizers of the new race could offer ticket discounts or other incentives to more eco-friendly spectators who show proof of sea travel to the event, owning electric vehicles, ticket stubs from public transit to the event, or other similar concessions.
Diversity
Lance Stroll (Aston Martin) and father Lawrence. Stroll was bankrolled into the sport with family paying $35 million to support his racing career from karting to F2, then buying part of the Force India team for $80 million to secure Lance’s drive in 2017 (Velasco).
Formula 1, and much of motorsport as a whole, likes to paint itself as a meritocracy where anyone can make it up the racing ladder with high skill. Unfortunately, the truth is that the sport revolves majorly around money. The cars and technological development are extremely expensive, as well as the figurative ‘seats’ to drive in them. To become a racer at the top level, one must start at the lowest rung in kart racing which runs around $50,000 per child per season - something many families cannot afford regardless of skill level (Hughes). Each higher classification gets progressively more expensive, with F1 drives eventually requiring millions of dollars. The teams also constantly operating on the cutting edge of technological development, admitting only the best engineers to work with them, which likely flattens one’s opportunities if they can’t afford or access a top-tier education. Much like American politics, the economic barrier to entry weeds out many ethnic and other minorities leaving the sport filled primarily with rich, Caucasian males.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR POSITIVE CHANGE Formula 1’s “We Race As One” campaign is their public relations sportwash to attempt to save face over all of F1’s controversial impacts on society and the environment.
Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes, current reigning 7-time World Champion) is the first and only black person to ever officially compete in the sport.
From Single-Use to Multi-Use 1 mile
Silverstone Circuit, UK: 500 acre tracksite
Mixed use urban district in Mumbai by Sasaki
The racetrack and its site are the architectural manifestations of the impacts of Formula 1 on society and the environment – this is where architects can navigate the sport to a healthier course. Over the near 30 tracks on the typical race season calendar, each tracksite takes up an average of 400 acres of land that constitutes single-use space dedicated solely for racing – they are generally only used at full capacity for a handful of days out of the year and serve little to no functions for the remainder. To combat this single-use land stagnation this project proposes a masterplan for a new tracksite on an island Mission Bay in San Diego, California that explores how to integrate a racetrack with mixed-use spaces and non-racing public amenities to extend the site’s usefulness to the community year-round.
11
Technological Innovation Another strategy to maximize the potential sustainability of the sport is incorporating a research and testing facility in the tracksite program. These fixtures will further enable the site to give back to the planet at large by facilitating technological advancements that benefit many other industries including electric vehicle research and testing, more advanced data processing, and new manufacturing practices, as well as developing more efficient fuels, hybrid engines, and electric motors. Technological improvements to the tracksites and the cars of Formula 1 will help reduce its ecological footprint, but the fuel the cars use and the rest of energy spent to carry out on track events only account for about 20% of the sport’s carbon emissions - 186,000 tons (~72%) of CO2 output is product of transporting cars, gear, and team personnel over land, air, and sea. One way this project attempts to mitigate this area of impact is through the selection of coastal San Diego as a site, meant to encourage teams and fans to use the Port of San Diego and increase the proportion of teams and fans who use sea travel least impactful method of the three (Siegle). Still, there is more that must be done in this area.
12
(Butler)
Red Bull Racing Formula 1 research labs
Communication between drivers, cars, and teams is essential during races. Teams like Mercedes are constantly improving telemetry (remote connection and data-sending) technology.
The cars have hundreds of sensors that relay data to the teams’ engineers. Teams like Mercedes are developing more advanced data processors and servers to harness data more efficiently.
Clean Energy Generation If motorsport is the omelet, then the track and its site are the pan and the stovetop. This project aims to replace the gas stove with an electric stove by exploring existing and new clean renewable energy generation methods that can be harnessed reliably on site and integrated into the program on a large scale to create a 100% green energy self-sufficient site. The further goal is to make the site net-energypositive so it can pay back the surrounding community in another way – with power.
(Machen)
Integrated solar and wind farm in Minnesota. An example of how a single site can diversify its renewable energy sources.
New, more compact wind energy generators are in development and can be implemented on an urban scale within many spaces of the new tracksite. Small units such as the Halcium Power Pod or Vortex Bladeless turbines (right) can be grouped much more tightly than current large-scale turbines and therefore have potential to generate more energy per square foot than traditional methods. These inventions are also capable of harvesting energy from winds coming in all directions without requiring repositioning.
(Reynolds)
“Halcium Power Pod”: mini bladed turbines are fully concealed for safety, funnels in wind from all sides.
(Reuters, Thomson)
“Vortex Bladeless Turbine”: these round columns sway in the wind and generate energy through vibrating frequencies.
SAN DIEGO SITE
15
SITE PLACEMENT So why make a new track in San Diego? With popularity rapidly rising for Formula 1 and Formula E in the US (Yeomans), the addition of a third US Grand Prix to future race calendars would match the historical peak of the 1970’s when the US became the first country to hold 3 different Formula 1 races in a year – one in the west, once in the center, and one in the east (Watts). Each decade brings stricter safety standards, making old tracks ineligible and necessitating the creation of new ground-up ones like both US tracks on the current calendar in Austin and Miami. A circuit style track in San Diego was selected for multiple reasons. A new track on the west coast would revive the historical West Coast Grand Prix and complement the other tracks in central and eastern US.
?
Map of current Formula 1 tracks around the world
1.
2.
Mission Bay Downtown San Diego
Tijuana, MX
16
San Diego’s moderate climate lends itself well to attracting global tourism and for increased safety of the cars. These two aspects were both major downfalls of previous failed Formula 1 tracks in the US like Detroit and Phoenix whose decimatingly hot temperatures during race season upset fans and drivers alike and destroyed the cars’ tires resulting in unsafe racing conditions (Watts).
3.
Fiesta Island (site) ~350 acres
Sea World
Potential parking site extension
1 mile
Downtown San Diego
Sea World Fiesta Island (site)
Mission Bay Belmont Park Mission Beach Looking out from Site
North
18
West
East
South
Interstate 5 Sea World
San Diego River Looking at Site
SE Entrance
West
East
South
19
HISTORY OF FIESTA ISLAND Mission Bay San Diego’s Mission Bay was originally an estuary for the San Diego River, along with San Diego Bay. In 1852, the US Army engineered a dike on the south side of the river’s opening to prevent outlet into San Diego Bay, but this increased outflow into Mission Bay which resulted in a massive flooding event from an intense storm in the late 1880’s. With its military bases on Coronado and Miramar, San Diego has always largely been a military town. In 1944, San Diego’s Chamber of Commerce decided to repair Mission Bay and transform it into a tourist and recreational area to diversify the city’s economy. Mission Bay Park was built from the 1940’s-1960’s and is the nation’s largest water park with 27 miles of coastline. It was formed by dredging over 25 million cubic yards of sand, the leftovers of which remained in a pile in the middle of the bay - what is known today as Fiesta Island.
Aerial photo of Mission Bay in the 1930’s, before the existence of Fiesta Island
No island yet
(Erickson)
Existing Elements of the Island The island is 463 acres large and predominantly undeveloped. 90 acres on the easternmost heel of the island are dedicated to a leash-free dog park which is one of the highest rated dog parks in the country. The northern and southernmost tips of the island are protected wildlife areas for seasonal nesting sites of an endangered bird species, the California Least Tern.
20
Fiesta Island’s 90-acre, no-leash dog park
SITE CHALLENGES
There are a few existing program elements and protected areas on Fiesta Island that would likely need to be developed around, some of which can be seen in the figure to the left of the City Planning Commission’s most recent outline of the island’s functions. Most notable are the 90-acre dog park on the southeast leg, the Youth Camping area which also houses a water sports recreation facility, and the Least Tern nesting preserves on the southeast and northern tips of the island. The dog park and water recreation facilities could potentially be moved if necessary, but are important to the community and must remain in some capacity, whereas the protected areas for endangered bird species must remain untouched. Another challenge to address for development is seismic stability. A likely reason for lack of development on the island is its nature of being built out of sand. Buildings (and possibly roads) would require structural stabilizing and deep foundations/caissons to bedrock to maintain integrity under earthquakes or uneven settlement. This could be an opportunity to explore new methods of stabilizing structures in areas with difficult soil conditions. The island’s full perimeter of recreational beach is also in the highest priorities of spaces to maintain for the community. Any new development on the island must figure out how to preserve access to the beach spaces and enhance their value if possible.
San Diego City Planning Commission’s approved island plan , 2019
California Least Tern, whose nesting sites on the island are protected
SITE ANALYSES
23
SAN DIEGO CLIMATE
Psychrometric Chart January February March April
San Diego has a semi-arid/subtropical climate with mild winters and warm summers. It receives low annual rainfall, usually in winter or early spring. A typical day here during all seasons will see a foggy marine layer until mid-late morning followed by clear, sunny skies the rest of the day.
The majority of the year supplies comfortable weather, with the exceptions of a few degrees too cold in early winter mornings and a few degrees too hot in summer afternoons.
24
May June July August September October November December
Wind Annual winds come mainly from the ocean at mild velocity year-round. This has potential for consistent energy generation at large scale all throughout the site.
Rain In general, San Diego gets very little rainfall compared to much of the world. As such, there is tension between wanting to recapture every valuable drop or if it is worth dedicating significant energy/budget to recapture systems that will only be used a handful of days per year.
Avg. Annual Rainfall:
10.34 in.
10.34in x ~80,000sf roof = 68,933 ft3/yr Annual Rainwater Capture
= 515,000 gal/yr
25
CLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGIES Passive Solar Heat Gain Pairing large south-facing apertures in the building facade with materials with high heat retention. The apertures will allow more sun to heat the air in interior spaces during cold months. The heat-retentive materials will absorb the direct sun entering through the large apertures and release it into slowly release it back into the interior to keep it warm after the sun leaves.
Natural Ventilation Strategically locating operable windows according to the site’s dominant wind directions will enable the building to funnel breezes through the building interior to help cool it down during warm months.
Sun Shading of Windows Blocking the aforementioned large southern apertures (by means of louvers or overhangs, for example) from high angle direct sun will help prevent the interior from absorbing too much solar radiation during warm months.
26
ENERGY 10/17/21, 3:16 PM
*Estimated EUI: 31.9 *Target EUI: <10 The ultimate goal is for this facility to produce a net positive quantity of renewable energy and be able to give some back to the city’s power grid.
**Est. PV Harvesting: 14,235,000 kWh/yr
ZNC Tool
ABOUT YOUR BUILDING
RESULTS
Code Pathway: Climate Zone
Number of Stories
Prescriptive
Performance
7
*
3
*
Add Another Use
Energy Consumption & Generation Estimated Building Source Energy Consumption Total Renewable Energy Required
*
Selected Use Type(s):
Warehouse
Office
WAREHOUSE
delete
On-Site PV Generation Potential Remaining Off-Site Procured Renewable Energy
kBtu/ft²-yr
MBtu/yr
31.9
6,379.8
31.9
6,379.8
0.0
0.0
31.9
6,379.8
On-Site PV System Rated Capacity (kW) Estimated Area for Collectors (ft²)
ESTIMATED BUILDING ENERGY IMPACTS Metric:
*
80000
Gross Floor Area (sq.ft)
RENE ABLE ENERGY RE UIREMENTS
Source
35
OFFICE
delete
End
H C F
30
*
120000
Gross Floor Area (sq.ft)
I P
25
kBtu/ft²-yr
ON-SITE PV SYSTEMS Default Values estimate on-site building PV system potential. Uncheck Use Default Values to enter custom inputs. If your building has multiple PV systems, add them below. Set Default Values
PV SYSTEM
**Based on standard PV panels with single-axis tracking
sq.ft
*
80000
Module Type
Standard
Losses (%)
10
Array Type
1-Axis
Tilt (Degrees)
10
*
Azimuth (Degrees)
32
*
Inverter Efficiency (%)
90
*
*
15
Ren
10
Estimated Area for Collectors
*These are only estimates based on one ~200,000gsf building within the proposed racing facility.
delete
S O
20
O 5
*
* *
O
0
End Uses
Renewable Energy
Building Energy Impacts and End Uses are based on code compliant prototype buildings modeled by NORESCO in their Impact Analysis. Actual building energy consumption will vary from modeled results.
Estimated Source EUI: 31.90 kBtu/ft²-yr Estimated Source Energy Consumption: 6,379.78 MBtu/yr End Use
Subtotal
Percent
(kBtu/ft²-yr)
Add another PV System
GENERATE RESULTS https://zero-code.org/energy-calculator-for-california/
Heating
1.85
Cooling
2.86
8.98%
Interior Lighting
4.33
13.57%
Plug Loads
13.06
40.93%
Service Hot Water
1.26
3.96%
Fans
7.35
23.05%
5.81%
1/2
DEMOGRAPHICS
Asian 12.1%
San Diego
San Diego City Total Pop.: 2,408,267 % Growth (2010-2020): Male: 50.3%
Hispanic 33.9%
Black 1.4%
6.6%
White 50.3%
Female: 49.7%
Native 0.004% American
Age Distribution
85+ 65-74
Unknown 4.4%
Ethnicity
Multi. 0.05% Other 0.005%
Pacific 0.004% Islander
45-54 25-34 12-17
0-5 0%
Education Level (25+) 2%
4%
Household
6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% Portion of Population
Size 6+ People 5 People 4 People 3 People 2 People 1 Person
Professional 2.6% Degree Masters Degree
Avg. Size: 3 Family: 80.67% Non-Family: 16.11%
0
5
10
15 20 25 % of Population
Income 100-125k 75-100k
30
35-50k 25-35k 0%
2%
4%
(RTFH)
11%
Avg. House. $112k Income
Associate Degree
12.4% 18.3%
High School
22.3% Some College
Employment
6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Portion of Population
Homelessness
22.9%
35
Avg. Per Capita $40k Income
50-75k
< High School
9% Bachelors Degree
Doctorate 2.3% Degree
First Time Homeless (2019-2021): Total Persons Served at Shelters (2019-2021):
Labor Force: 1,550,000 (47% of Total Pop.) Unemployment: 6.8% Minimum: $14/hr Wage Armed Forces: 4.9% 2,326 - 4,152 31,000 - 38,000
San Diego demographic statistics from SocialExplorer.com
Formula 1 Fanbase Predominant new generation of young fans: 34% of respondents <24 yoa 34% followed the sport for <5 years (12% in 2017) Female participation low but rising: 10% of respondents in 2017, now 18% in 2021 Increased geographic spread of responses: 187 countries in 2021 Asia-Pacific, Africa, Middle-East = 21% (10% in 2017) Americas = 21% (~15% in 2015)
2021’s results show the growing domination of younger viewers; there is a likely correlation between this and the increased movement for sustainability in the sport.
Survey illustrates trend of growing global fanbase in recent years including higher proportion of fans in the Americas.
Echoing the age demographics, occupation statistics with higher proportions of students and junior management positions also point to a newer, higher educated generation of motorsport fans. Fanbase statistics from Motorsport Network’s 2021 F1 Global Fan Survey (Domenicali, et al)
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ZONING + BUILDING CODES
NO APN / ZONING INFO
APN: 4354801700 Zoning:
miles
30
0
0.25
0.5
1
Residential (RS-1-7, RM-4-10)
Max. Build Height (RS-1-7)
30’
Max. Build Height (RM-4-10)
Unknown
Max. FAR (RS-1-7)
0.45
Sea World owns the orange-outlined parcel, which includes several tall roller coasters and a 400’ tall skytower.
LOCAL ENERGY AND WASTE Water Sources • •
Miramar Lake Reservoir
85-90% of the city’s potable water is bought from Colorado River The remaining 10% comes from 9 Surface Water Reservoirs (Miramar Lake feeds the Mission Bay site)
La Jolla Cove
Energy Sources • • • •
54% powered by Natural Gas pumped in from Texas and New Mexico 18% Solar Energy 15% Wind Energy 11% from unspecified sources
UCSD Miramar Landfill / Recycling Center / Metropolitan Biosolid Center
MCAS Miramar San Diego River
Fiesta Island (site)
Mission Bay
Murray Lake
SAN Int’l Airport Downtown SD
Refuse • •
Miramar Landfill San Diego Recycling Center (adjacent to landfill)
Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant
Sewage/Wastewater • •
Sweetwater Reservoir
Coronado San Diego Bay
Lower Otay Lake
Metropolitan Biosolids Center (also adjacent to landfill) Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant
Border Crossing
er
o Bord US / Mexic
0
5
10 miles
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION miles
0
0.3
0.6
This site is surrounded by public transportation. The entrance to Fiesta Island is a 15 minute drive or a 1 hour bus ride from the San Diego International Airport, giving it easy access to international visitors. It is also a 7 minute drive or 30 minute walk from the closest trolley stop for access from other parts of the region. Access to the island is through a paved two-lane road that goes over a land bridge connecting the southeast peninsula of the island to the bay. Once on the island, the main existing circulation is a paved one way road that circles most of the island in the counter-clockwise direction.
Rail
Bus
Trolley
Bus Stop
Bike Path
1/4 mile buffer
CULTURAL SITES
Balboa Park
(Contreras)
San Diego de Alcala miles
0
1
3
MCAS Miramar
UC San Diego
Old Town Hotel del Coronado Junipero Serra Museum
Belmont Park Sea World
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcala
Old Town
Liberty Station
(Palmour)
Petco Park
San Diego Zoo Balboa Park
San Diego Convention Center
Belmont Park
Cabrillo National Monument
Hotel Del Coronado
33
HOTELS miles
0
0.5
1
2
There are 100+ hotels within about 5 miles of the site, many of them with the capacity to hold thousands of guests each. The ability for this area to accommodate large a large influx of visitors was one of the supporting factors for choosing urban San Diego as the site for this project.
Size Key
(#of Rooms) < 25 25 - 100 100 +
34
FOOD miles
Clusters of eating establishments and grocery outlets surround the general vicinity of the island site. However, to increase the livability of a sustained, walkingscale community center, it would be prudent to include food establishments or at least a space that can accommodate temporary food vendors in the list of program spaces on the island.
Eateries 1-5 6 - 10 10 +
Grocery Store
0
0.25
0.5
1
GREEN SPACE miles
36
0
0.25
0.5
1
Mission Bay’s coastline is home to many public parks and greenspaces. It should be a high priority to maintain such spaces on the island as well including beach areas.
SEA LEVEL RISE
With a coastal island site, it is important to address the potential impacts of sea level rise due to climate change. From the NOAA data illustrated in the maps to the right, even 6 feet of sea level rise (which at recent rates of a few millimeters per year would take a millennium to accumulate) leaves the Fiesta Island site practically unaffected besides the perimeter beaches. These perimeter areas are to remain undeveloped for other reasons anyways.
Current
+2 Feet
+4 Feet
+6 Feet
PROGRAM EXPLORATION
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PRECEDENTS Circuit of the Americas (CotA) Austin, TX - Opened 2012 One of the two current tracks hosting Formula 1 races in the United States is the ground-up new track in Austin. One of the longest tracks on the calendar with stylistic inspirations from classic European tracks, CotA has been a gift to fans and competitors worldwide. On the positive, CotA boasts probably the most obvious attempt to start integrating nonmotorsport community spaces into a track site with its soccer field/stadium and viewing tower that morphs down into a concert venue. The addition of these auxiliary programs is a step in the right direction, but these are still only more limited-use spaces with generally low occupancy over the course of the average year. A major drawback of this design is the amount of area it still wastes. The integrated community spaces help soften the blow, but with its limitless rural setting, this track is one off the largest on the calendar sprawling out nearly 600 acres.
Soccer Stadium, Concert Venue, and Viewing Tower
The new proposal on Fiesta Island will further the positive potential of Austin’s track while keeping to a significantly smaller footprint and exploring more typologies of how program can interact with a racetrack.
40
“Austin Bold FC Stadium”
Mercedes AMG Factory / Labs Brixworth, UK - Opened 2009 The Brixworth factory and research campus in the UK is an example of what constitutes a state of the art facility that constantly pushes the cutting edge of technology. Operating out of this complex, the Mercedes Formula 1 team has engineered the longest consecutive driver’s and manufacturer’s championship victories in the history of the sport (every year from 20142020. Consistent engineering supremacy suggests the innovative potential of such a facility - a high bar that the Fiesta Island site aims to meet. A research and technical fabrication campus of similar stature will be a key ingredient in the program mix of the new tracksite proposal. Having such a space directly within a racetrack will streamline the alternating research process between in-house design and road testing on track, eliminating the current environmental burdens of hauling test materials back and forth. The complex features program spaces including but not limited to: research labs, wind tunnel testing, mechanics garages, parts manufacturing factory space, design offices for engineers and marketing staff, and museum/historical Mercedes artifacts displays. “Mercedes-AMG HPP Brixworth Factory”
Factories of Formula 1 teams like this have revolutionized the custom parts manufacturing process, developing new machines to keep up with the pace of unique parts that are constantly evolving throughout the typical race season.
Windwheel Rotterdam, NL - Proposed This building provides an excellent example for integrating many green design strategies into one building, including one of the world’s first large-scale solid state wind energy transformers. Its combination of multiple program types with hotel, apartments, offices, restaurants, and public transport spaces all wrapped inside one climateresponsive skin makes the Dutch Windwheel an excellent role model for any responsible new development on a similar port town site.
The facade features integrated greenery and outdoor spaces to create a living, breathing, interactive exterior. It is also made with photovoltaic shading devices and openings for natural ventilation throughout the floor plate.
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The ventilating, energy-generating skin captures and recycles rainwater to be used within the complex. Organic waste produced by occupants and urban farming within some of its greenspaces are incorporated into fertilizing the farming operations or into biogas production onsite.
Mexico City GP, Stadium Section “Foro Sol” Mexico City, MX - 1993
(F1 Fanatic)
The track’s final chicane is surrounded by full stadium seating, elevating it to a new level of spectacle and allows it to be used as a concert venue after races.
Homeless Transitional Housing, LA Los Angeles, CA - 2021
(Reiner-Roth)
This housing community made out of repurposed shipping containers by NAC Architecture in LA turns waste into hope. Modular, recyclingbased design like this could be incorporated into the San Diego site in an effort to combat the city’s homelessness problem.
Sepang International Circuit Sepang, Malaysia - Opened 1999
The F1 circuit for the Malaysian Grand Prix provides an example of non-racing program integrated into a traditional circuit layout. A section of spectator stands configured in a ’V-shape’ houses a shopping mall and pedestrian plaza on the interior side.
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MORE THAN JUST A RACETRACK
(Hernandez)
Compete
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Play
(Tinsley)
Relax
Mingle
(Ochs)
Eat
Exercise
In the center of an active area and a popular tourist destination, it is important to provide as many public amenities as possible. The Fiesta Island track site will be home to many activities in addition to racing: water sports, beach play, sport facilities, and outdoor music and event spaces.
A more environmentallyconscious track site aims to incorporate energy sustainability, technological research/innovation, electric vehicle test facilities, and educational eco park and climate changeresponsive landscape interventions.
Research/ Innovate
Learn
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A NEW COMMUNITY CENTER Racing
Area (sq. ft.)
Pit Garages
90,000
Commentary and Team Boxes
80,000
Team Parking and Trailers
300,000
Community and Press Spaces
100,000
Engineer and Auxiliary Offices
75,000
Spectator Stands
650,000
Track
TBD
Track Management Facilities
1,250,000
Research Warehouses and Testing Space
600,000
Offices
90,000
Laboratory Spaces
150,000
Community Performance Stage/Amphitheater
110,000
Football Pitch and Stands
150,000
Basketball and Tennis Courts
60,000
Watersports Rentals
18,000
Playgrounds and Eco Park
TBD
Motorsport Museum
15,000
Housing
45,000
Food Gardens
150,000
Skate and Bike Terrain Parks
120,000
And many more! Site Area:
~350 acres
Total: (91 acres)
~4,000,000 sf
EARLY SCHEMATIC DESIGN
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PROGRAM + LAYOUT EVOLVED
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UPGRADE GOALS AND STRATEGIES In reference to the environmental impact categories covered in an earlier section (chart repeated to the right for convenience), this new tracksite proposal aims to improve motorsport’s sustainability by addressing several slices of the pie chart through its physical changes to the status quo. A new way of building tracks won’t be able to address all of the systemic problems of the sport such as the impact of spectator travel, but it can still make an impact on several of these categories and invite opportunity to improve others.
F1 CARBON FOOTPRINT EVENTS
VEHICLE EMISSIONS
7.3%
0.7%
FACILITIES + FACTORIES 19.3%
Events Facilities and Factories Personnel Travel
45%Logistics (Freight) 27.7% PERSONNEL TRAVEL
Facilities + Factories, Events, and Vehicle Emissions With a focus on producing renewable energy on site along with including factory and research program on site, powering all events and site facilities by site-generated power will show the potential to greatly reduce the energy (and consequently, carbon footprint) of the factories+facilities and events categories of the F1 carbon footprint pie chart. This new track also aims to inspire and enable the future of electric and alternative-fuel racing, which can additionally be powered with on-site energy and almost entirely mitigate the impact of vehicle emissions. If implemented across all tracks, these design aspects have potential to reduce the sport’s carbon footprint by around 25% (not including spectator transport).
Logistics, Personnel Travel, and Spectator Travel These categories represent some of the systemic issues of motorsport with high environmental impact that can only be indirectly improved by a new tracksite typology. The selection of coastal San Diego as the site for this new track is meant to empower teams and fans of the sport to utilize more environmentally-friendly forms of transportation to reduce the impact of their travel. Ideally, motorsport teams and officials would send all of their gear and personnel by sea freight (the least impactful option between land, sea, and air transport) which could be received at the international ports in San Diego Bay, just over a mile away from the site. There is the non-architectural opportunity to offer spectators ticket discounts for utilizing sea transport over commercial flights as well. The Fiesta Island site located very near the urban heart of the city and international air and sea ports also gives the opportunity for visitors to access the site by only 20-30 minutes of public transportation from the existing major travel hubs. Strategically locating future racetracks to maximize the use of public transportation and reduce air travel will help limit the environmental impact of people traveling to attend site functions.
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Vehicle Emissions
LOGISTICS (FREIGHT)
300,000 TONS CO2 per YEAR
+ 1.6 mil. TONS CO2 per YEAR
for SPECTATOR TRAVEL
= 1.9 million
TONS CO2 per YEAR
INTEGRATIVE DESIGN CHARETTE Mixed Use Space Approach As mentioned in a previous section, one main focus of this project proposal is moving away from the single-use paradigm of most current tracksites. Not only will including more local community and motorsport research-oriented program spaces enrich year-round use of the space, but it provides opportunity to develop new typologies of how racetracks can interface with these auxiliary programs. These new program relationships can usher in new forms of both tracks and support programs that merge together. An important layer of this multi-use site design is including the enjoyment of natural spaces by honoring an underlying respect and integration of the existing natural ecosystems of the site. This proposal aims to execute this by exploring a landscape gradient that blends the new architectural and landscaping elements into the existing landscape through thoughtful material selection and placement and implementation of native plants.
Sun + Wind + Light A facade study of how shading devices for protecting glass curtain walls can double as energy generators. Photovoltaic panels on top of the curved shade will absorb energy from the sun. The slanted curtain wall will divert wind up and over the facade and the underside of the curved shades will funnel that wind further into facade-mounted wind turbines (see section, right).
Curtain wall w/ energy shade
Sun and wind in section
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Resilience
Responding to the prompt of “resilience,” I toyed with the idea of the integrated program underneath the permanent grandstand seating being composed of movable modules. In a design-for-deconstruction inspired move, this study model introduces the notion of a grid based structural support system in which various housing and retail modules can be moved around and replaced, giving the already mixeduse building further programmable flexibility over its lifespan.
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(grid structure w/ housing/retail units removed)
Movable units under seating
Inside Out The “inside-out” prompted-model pushes and pulls topography to reverse some typical programmatic relationships. This example shows how the inner banking of the terrain of a raised hairpin turn on the racetrack lends itself well to support stadium seating around a football pitch. This area can sponsor even more activity by burrowing a concert/event stage into the hill. This first foray into architecture strategically built into terrain would soon blossom into a much larger theme over the scope of almost the entire site.
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SITE DESIGN THROUGH PLAN AND SECTION Sections By cutting through the entire site, I started to establish patterns of spatial relationships between programs and zones in my master plan. Generally, the island’s beaches would remain entirely undeveloped and the project’s interventions would stay confined to inside the loop of existing road. Next, the necessary racetrack itself would create another layered ring within that. Some program spaces would naturally lend themselves better to certain placement in regards to the track. Racing and research facilities made sense to go on the inside of the track to be more intimately connected with the course and be more tightly packed to avoid the sprawl of motorsport program support spaces like current tracksites. The more communityoriented spaces such as playgrounds, retail, and housing would go on the outside of the track.
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Later iterations starting to incorporate PV canopies and program spaces into topography
Section Perspectives These drawings experiment with the spatial relationships introduced in the site sections and add a layer of experiential value - how building volumes and forms start to interact with people and landscaping of the site.
Paddock Building Track Start Line Straight Main Grandstands
A section through the crucial “pit straight” area of the racetrack, where the main elements of the starting line, team mechanic garages, and main grandstands all come together. The drawing displays how extra program spaces can be built into the grandstands and pit building (the paddock), and how imbedding the paddock in a hill gives it insulation and allows its backside to be used for seating and picnicking.
A continued hill trough the middle of the site provides opportunities for spectator seating for the racetrack and adjacent spaces like the football pitch or concert stages.
Pit Straight Detailed Section A zoomed in orthagonal look at the buildings of the aforementioned critical piece of the site: the pit straight with main grandstands and paddock/team garage building. Affordable housing units and an electric bike rental store reside under the main grandstands, with smoked skylights under the seating to let indirect sunlight into the building’s interior. The housing gets its own private circulation to keep the public away from their private spaces and amenities during big events. A ramp pedestrian bridge goes over the pit straight of the track to connect the grandstands with the paddock building. Wind turbines hang from this bridge to capture the airstream from cars during races and testing and from prevailing winds when the track is not in use.
GRANDSTAND + INTEGRATED HOUSING Active PV Array + Rain Catchment Shade Canopies Affordable Housing
S 0’
10’
20’
30’
50’
Electric Rental bikes Powered by On-site Energy
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Pit Straight w/ Wind Turbines
Above both the grandstands and the pit building are shade canopies with solar tracking photovoltaic arrays on top. A thin, opaque layer underneath the panels also captures rainwater which is collected in underground cisterns for site irrigation and greywater toilet flushing. The pit garages and paddock are embedded under the site’s central hill-spine. An atrium in the middle connects the walking path atop the hill-spine to all of the floors and functions below, while also bouncing daylight down through the glass ceiling into the deepest areas of the floor plate. The buildings are oriented in the west-east axis to maximize the daylighting and passive heating strategies for both the housing and the paddock.
PIT BUILDING + RESEARCH LABS
Research Lab Oculus
N EV and Hydrogen Cell Racecars Powered by On-site Renewables
Stored Energy to Power Events
On-site Research and Testing Facilities
Team Parking/Gear
Rainwater Basin for Site Reuse
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Site Plan Layouts
Each plan continues to experiment with the effects of reconfiguring the different program spaces and circulation methods. For the best cumulative design, points are taken from each scheme that best prioritize pedestrian/bike traffic on the island, include building and topography best positioned for passive design like daylighting and sun+wind energy generation, and prioritizing space for eco parks/ecosystem revitalization.
SCHEME 1:
SCHEME 2:
Layout introduces main pedestrian artery/ service road through the middle of the site to provide better occupant access to program spaces inside the track area. This scheme has the largest area footprint.
SCHEME 3:
This scheme shaves off some of the site bounds to preserve more of the existing campground area on the east arm of the island. Community spaces like food/retail and parks are kept close to the island’s entrance and motorsport facilities are moved to the other end.
Motorsport and research facilities are placed close to the entrance with an added access road. Sports field and courts complex area moved to the northern end of the site with better coastal views. Pedestrian bridges link primary site perimeter car and bike circulation with central program spaces.
500
2,000 ft
Protected Land
Track Buildings
Promenade/Woonerf
Eco Park
Dog Park
Research Labs
Event Space
Housing
Site Bounds
Road
Wetlands
Grandstands
Dining/Shopping
Sports Field/Courts
Track
Site Area
o
1,000
LESSONS LEARNED The culmination of all of these site studies would lead to the identification of two concepts that would become major design drivers for the project. A hill spine would embody improved pedestrian circulation through the site like in previous iterations, but raising it into a series of hills would allow necessary track buildings to be imbedded in the earth for better insulation, and the hill could direct onshore winds up into wind energy generators. Lessons from the “green belt” iteration which softened the edges of the site by surrounding it in park space led to development of a landscaping methodology that combined with the central hill-spine and existing island ecosystems - a landscape gradient would design a smooth transition through the entire site to blend the central landscaping into the natural scrubland and eventually the beach, as well as maintain high porosity of required paved surfaces.
The Hill-Spine
o
500
1,000
2,000 ft
The Green Belt
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LANDSCAPE GRADIENT
Porous Paved Bike Path
Gravel Trap to Slow Crashes
Removable Crash Barriers
Permeable Pavers
Natural Island Ecology
California Wildflowers
Spanning from beach to beach, the landscape gradient diagram (above) shows the material selection typology for the whole site. This designed environment will feature grass and native flowering plants at the center to add colorful life to the center hill and attract pollinators to the island, gradually fading into natural grasses at the foot of the hill, those groundcovers fade into the native sand, soils, and scrub of the island, and finally the scrubland will give way to the beach. Inspired by the grass tennis courts of Wimbledon, this track will have a similar unique playing surface to stand out as a special event in the sport. Drawing upon the concept of grooved concrete highways that reduce surface water in rainy conditions, the track surface here will have similar grooves with small pores through to the ground. This porosity will act to help prevent excess runoff of the paved surface, and when not used for racing, the native grasses can grow up through the track and reclaim the area to its idle meadow state. When racing resumes, it will be the world’s first automobile racetrack that needs to be trimmed!
A closer look at the porous paving blending into grass
Patterned Pavers
Hillside Seating
Pavers in Grass
Grass-Pavement Gradient
Grooved Road
Grid Pavers
Physical texture study of landscape gradient on a slice of the hill-spine and racetrack, featuring coastal California wildflowers and a 3D printed sports car for scale
Fiesta Island Beach
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DESIGN THROUGH VIGNETTE
An overview of new island life, landscaping, and photovoltaic array canopies
Due to the massive scope of this project, many of the broad stroke designs of this proposal have been explored through the mode of analogue vignette to establish mood and test working program layout.
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Performance stage and retail built into curved grandstands; amphitheater recessed into facing hillside
PV Canopy
“Vortex” Bladeless Wind Turbines
“Filter-feeder” PV and wind energy array inspired by baleen whales. The top and bottom awnings curve in an hourglass shape to concentrate dominant winds through a mini forest of Vortex Bladeless wind energy generators. The top awning is covered in PV panels and also collects rainwater into a cistern.
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REFINED SITE SCHEMATIC DESIGN
LAYOUT PARTI
1
Existing Site
2
Central Walking Path and Green Belt/ Eco Park Research Labs
Pit and Paddock
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Track Storage
3
Raise Central Walking Path to make Hill Spine
4
Imbed Buildings into Center Hill Spine for Insulatiion
5
Track and Hill Indentations for Wind Energy Funneling
6
Track Barriers, Grandstands, and Sports Fields
FIESTA ISLAND REBORN Testing/ Manufacturing Space Temporary Grandstands
Mountain Bike Course
Pit Building + Research Labs Grandstand w/ Integrated Housing + Retail
PV Array Canopy Temporary Track Material Storage
Courts + Sports Fields
BMX Park
Skatepark Team Parking/ Outdoor Event Space 0’
200’
500’
1,000’
1,500’
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