The Miami Student Oldest university newspaper in the United States, established 1826
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 3, 2013
VOLUME 141 NO. 25
MIAMI UNIVERSITY OXFORD, OHIO
TODAY IN MIAMI HISTORY In 2002, The Miami Student captured an annual Greek tradition with a front-page photo titled, “The Griswolds come to Oxford.” The image, taken by Miami student Jeff Blatnik, featured the Phi Kappa Psi house at 122 S. Campus Ave, which had been decked out with Christmas lights, “National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation-Style.”
Prescription drug epidemic on the rise BY VICTORIA SLATER CAMPUS EDITOR
A final looming five hours in the future, Miami student Alex* tries to surrender to his studying. But pages of textbook and notes splayed on his desk provide nothing more than anxiety for him and his reeling mind. He scratches his neck, looks to the ceiling and opens the bottom drawer of his desk. There he finds his kind of sanctuary, his escape. He reaches over and selects two: Xanax and Adderall pills fall to his palm, and make a swift journey to his mouth, down his throat and settling in his belly. With a sigh, he feels the calming effects within moments. Not long ago, this was more than just a habit for Alex, whose name has been changed to protect patient confidentiality. This was an addiction. An addiction that he now treats each month. His addiction is reflective of an alarming, but little-known trend. In the United States, the abuse of prescription drugs now exceeds the abuse of methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin and ecstasy combined, according to Generation Rx Initiative, which is a preventive program instituted by the Ohio State University College of Pharmacy. Additionally, according to a study conducted by Fox News in 2013, 20 percent of high school graduates have admitted to abusing a prescription drug for a non-medical reason. This is a trend no doubt, but Dr. Joshua Hersh, board certified psychiatrist at SCS, believes it could be more. “Prescription drug abuse is becoming an epidemic,” Hersh said.
OVERDOSES INVOLVING PRESCRIPTION DRUGS ARE AT EPIDEMIC LEVELS AND NOW KILL MORE AMERICANS THAN HEROIN AND COCAINE COMBINED.1
PILL
SOURCES 6
72%
In the U.S 1 person
from friends and family
DIES
19mins
every
from a drug overdose, a tragedy driven largely by the misuse of prescription painkillers. 3
Between 1993 and 2005
BETWEEN 1991 AND 2010 CONSUMPTION OF PRESCRIPTION STIMULANTS INCREASED FROM 5 MILLION TO 45 MILLION.2
17% prescribed by one doctor 7%other sources 4% drug dealers
the proportion of college students
abusing prescription drugs
went up dramatically:
people per day begin taking prescription drugs for non-medical use 4
OPIOID ANALGESICS Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet,Methadone
increased 343%
DRUG OVERDOSE DEATH RATES IN THE US HAVE MORE THAN TRIPLED SINCE 1990. 7
STIMULANTS Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall
increased 93%
5
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
CONTRIBUTED BY CLINTON FOUNDATION
Over the next five years, the Clinton Health Matters Initiative plans to save over 10,000 lives by cutting in half theTHE number of young people who misuse prescription drugs for the first time. INITIATIVE IS MAKING A FIVE YEAR COMMITMENT TO PUT THE UNITED STATES ON A PATH ELIMINATING THE CHRONIC PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE CHALLENGING BY THE BEGINNING OF THE NEXT DECADE AND HELPING DRUG USERS GETare ONprimarA SAFER, HEALTHIER IN LIFE. “I probably seeNON-MEDICAL each year, 10 PRESCRIPTION to Hersh said these drugs common,”PATH he said.
20 students who come in particularly ily prescribed for pain, but are comThe demographic of drug abusers OVER NEXT they FIVE have YEARS, MATTERS INITIATIVE PLANS TO SAVE OVER LIVES BY athto see meTHE because a THE prob-CLINTON monlyHEALTH misused for pain, anxiety varies as well, but10,000 Hersh believes CUTTING IN HALF THE NUMBER OF YOUNG PEOPLE WHO MISUSE PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR THE FIRST TIME. lem with prescription drugs of some and insomnia. A High Dose letes tend to use prescription opiates United States. Centers for Disease Control. CDC Vitalsigns: Prescription Drug Overdoses in the U.S. 2011. Web. 01 May 2013. U.S. National Institute On Drug Abuse. Department of Health and Human Services. Prescription sort,” Hersh said. Another recovering Miami user more than the average student. Drugs: Abuse and Addiction. No11-4881. 2011. Web. 01 May 2013. United States. Centers for Disease Control. CDC Grand Rounds: Prescription Drug Overdoses - a U.S. Epidemic. 1st ed. Vol. 61. 2013. Web. 01 May 2013. Cotto, Gend Med 2013. espe According to Hersh, prescription "Wasting Thatthenumber does not reflect stuin treatment, Tyler, whose name has “If you looked at7(5):402-413, athletes, Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America's Colleges and Universities." National Center on addiction and substance abuse Columbia University, CASAColumbia.org: Home. Mar. 2007. Web. 01 May 2013. drug abuse can be defined and iden- dents who abuse and refuse to seek also been changed to protect patient cially if you went and interviewed National Vital Statistics System. Drug overdose death rates by state. 2008. tified when a user does one or more ongoing help, he notes. confidentiality, said he used prescrip- members of the hockey team or the of the following: takes prescription “Those do not account for the tion opiates like Oxycontin to numb football team, you’d find that the rate medication without a prescription; onesFor who don’t acknowledge they painful emotions. of [opiate use] would probably be more information: clintonfoundation.org/healthmatters | #CFHealthMatters | 646.775.9151 sumall.org Created by 2014 Pledgemaker takes more medication than pre- have a problem,” Hersh said. “There “Pain killers take you away from scribed; takes drugs in non-recom- is a number of students who aren’t yourself and keep emotion at bay,” mended ways, such as through the ready to deal with their problem in Tyler said. “After tragedies in my life, We absolutely see panose; sells or shares medication with appropriate ways. They usually only I turned to these drugs for comfort.” tients who have sold the others; or obtains drugs from several come in for one or two sessions, bePrescription stimulants, Hersh drug, and that fuels the different doctors. cause they are not ready to address said, are traditionally prescribed for All of these misuses of prescrip- the problem further.” learning disorders, such as Attenproblem.” tion drugs — which can be both illicit tion Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and life threatening — are present on Capsule Catalogue (ADHD), and are commonly misDR. JOSHUA HERSH Miami’s campus. used for weight loss and sleep disorPSYCHIATRIST A study conducted by The Ohio Alex, now in recovery, remembers ders. Popular stimulants include AdState University of 5,000 college the impressive assortment of drugs derall and Ritalin. students found 9.2 percent used he once used. Senior Aimee Madrigrano uses higher than 9.2 percent,” Hersh said. prescription opiates at least once “I used pretty much everything,” Adderall to treat ADD. “I have found that myself, working a year, 5.1 percent used sedatives he said. “Adderall, Ambien, Xanax. “I am prescribed Adderall because with a lot of athletes, that the rate at least once a year and 4.4 percent Klonopon, Percocet, Morphine, Sub- they previously diagnosed me with of prescription opiate abuse is fairly used stimulants at least once a year. oxone, Ketamine and Opine. Now I depression and had me on things for high and have seen a number of folks Hersh believes these statistics accu- only use Xanax once in awhile.” that. Then I went to a new therapist who are addicted to prescription opirately reflect how Miami student use He used each drug, he said, for a and she figured out that I actually was ates who are athletes.” prescription drugs. different purpose. suffering from ADD,” she said. Hersh explained that athletes In 2009, Miami participated in a “Adderall helps me study,” he Hersh explained that prescrip- might treat an injury with opiates Healthy Minds Study, an annual sur- said. “The benzos chilled me out and tion benzos, such as Xanax, Klono- legitimately obtained by a doctor’s vey-based study examining mental helped my anxiety and the opiates pin, Ambien and Ketamine, are prescription or by borrowing pills prescribed to calm anxiety and from a friend. The continuous use treat insomnia. of the medicine may build up to de“These drugs make you feel pretty pendency, which can often spiral Pain killers take you away from yourself and keep damn good so you want to keep us- into addiction. emotion at bay. After tragedies in my life, I turned to ing them,” Alex said. However, recovering user Tyler The popularity of certain prescrip- said anyone is at risk. these drugs for comfort.” “Pills don’t discriminate. People TYLER tion drugs over others can vary, according to Hersh. He said he is aware would be shocked if they found out MIAMI STUDENT of the prevalence of Adderall among who are the drug addicts around high school and college students who them,” he said. need that extra boost to survive cramhealth and related issues. The study made me feel great and forget about ming sessions or all-nighters. HowThe Pursuit of Pills surveyed about 350 students Miami my problems.” ever, contrary to popular belief, he students. The results indicated that According to Hersh, three gen- does not think stimulants are the most Despite being in treatment in an 18 percent of students are prescribed eral classes of addictive prescription common prescription drugs used. effort to curb his drug habits, Alex medication and 4 percent use psycho drugs exist: opiates, stimulants and “People perceive stimulants, still knows how to get the drugs he stimulants without a prescription, sedatives, which are also known as like Adderall, as the most com- craves. mirroring Ohio State’s trends. benzodiazepines or “benzos.” “I obtained the Xanax and Klonomon prescription drug used, when Hersh said he treats a few of these Common opiate brands include really prescription opiates like Vi- pin through legitimate prescripstudents each year at the SCS. Percocet, Oxycontin and Vicodin. codin and Oxycontin are the most tions, but after awhile, the monthly 1
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prescriptions were not enough to sustain my habit so I would buy them off the streets,” he said. At the SCS, Hersh works diligently to ensure prescriptions are only administered to patients who are in true need, who do not exhibit telltale signs of any addiction or other issues. “We have an extensive testing approach for how we prescribe drugs,” Hersh said. “It includes a four-to-six week long screening process.” The process starts with a patient’s referral to the SCS, and then the patient will undergo screening contingent on what symptoms they are displaying. If a patient is prescribed stimulants, he or she will complete behavioral tests. Patients prescribed sedatives must go through an initial anxiety workshop and may be prescribed non-addictive substances, and then will be monitored closely. Hersh added that it is unlikely for students to be prescribed prescription painkillers at Miami’s health center. “Doctors at Student Health Services will not often prescribe opiates,” he said. “They will refer patients to surgeons or physical therapists and will prescribe medications like ibuprofen instead.” Hersh said if SCS physicians do prescribe any controlled substance to a patient, they conduct a urine sample to ensure the patient is not currently taking any other illicit drugs. Hersh is also aware of the game many pro prescription drug abusers play to obtain their fix. This game — doctor shopping — occurs when users obtain controlled substances from different doctors. Hersh said in recent years, however, Ohio has implemented the Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System (OARRS), which is a prescription drug-monitoring program. The system allows a physician to look up a certain patient and see all the doctors they have seen and the prescriptions they have received in Ohio and several other states. “We are getting better at pinpointing the folks who are what we like to call ‘doctor shopping,’” Hersh said. “We will terminate any prescriptions that they are receiving from a doctor if they seem to have a problem.” But Hersh and the SCS can only do so much to manage the prescription drug epidemic. Abusers like Alex and Tyler cannot feed their addictions with the meager crumbs obtained through doctors’ prescriptions. The result? They must turn to dealers. “We absolutely see patients who have sold the drug, and that fuels the problem,” Hersh said. “It helps maintain their addiction, as they get money from selling the drug.” Miami graduate Joe, whose name has been changed, is a recovering addict who spent his time at Miami selling prescription drugs like Percocet and Oxycontin on the street. Joe said he was one corner of a regular and growing network of Oxford dealers and users. “I gave to about fifteen kids who were my workers, but they sold to 250 regularly, and those kids gave to their friends,” Joe said. “In the Oxford area, I was aware of around 20 dealers.” With some addicts devoting $200 to $400 a day to their habits, according to Alex, a dealer could make a sizable income. “On average, I made about $2,000 to $5,000 a week,” Joe said. Hersh said this payday makes the prescription drug market look quite appealing. “That is even more than many make in full-time jobs,” Hersh said. “That’s a big reason why you might be attracted to this kind of lifestyle.” To continue in Friday’s issue...