Miguel Darcy Yale School of Architecture ‘20
Miguel Darcy
Email migueldarcymiranda@gmail.com Phone +1 (929) 385 9711 Skype miguel.darcy
Experience
2014 - 2020
Own Practice Projects: Architectural Visualization Freelancer, Araucaria Apartment, MoMA PS1 89+Pavillion in Rio, IAB Headquarters
2018
Brazilian Pavillion at the Venice Biennale Architect and Researcher Rio de Janeiro, BR Project: Walls of Air
2018
GRU.A Architect Rio de Janeiro, BR Project: Itamaraty Bike House
2015
OMA Intern New York, US Projects: Park Grove, Cupertino Square Competition, Tenjin Business Center Competition, Toranomon Hills, 121 East 22nd Street
2012 - 2013
Campo AUD Intern Rio de Janeiro, BR Projects: Urban Renewal in Jurujuba, Urban Renewal in Canto de Itaipu, Urban Foundations Competition, Soccer Training Center, SESC Nogueira Industrial Kitchen, New Cartographies Exhibition and Symposium, House in Gavea, Planaltina Agricultural Center, Belo Horizonte Municipal Adm. Complex
2018 - 2020
Yale School of Architecture Master of Architecture II - Post-professional Program Chair Merit Scholarship
2010 - 2016
PUC Rio de Janeiro Bachelor of Architecture and Urban Design 5-year Professional Degree
Education
Skills
Adobe Creative Suite (Photoshop, Illustrator, Indesign), Rhino, 3DS Max, Sketch Up, Autocad, Grasshopper, VRay, Corona Render, QGis, sketching
Recognition
Yale School of Architecture Chair Merit Scholarship Archdaily: Best Theses from Brazil and Portugal Opera Prima: Honorable Mention for Best Thesis in Brazil Participation in Venice, Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires Biennials
INDEX
Student Work Professional Research Competition Published / Winner / Built
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Deafscale: Gallaudet University’s New Library and Dormitories
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N.A.I.L.: North Adams Innovation Lab
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Magnificent Mile: Chicago’s Mile High Conjoined Towers
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Walls of Air: Brazilian Pavillion at the Venice Architecture Bienalle
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Food Loop: New Food Distribution Center in Sao Paulo
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New Headquarters for the Brazilian Institute of Architects
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OMA - 121 East 22nd Street
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OMA - Tenjin Business Center
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OMA - Toranomon Hills
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OMA - Park Grove
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GRU.A - Itamaraty
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Campo AUD - Intergenerational Housing
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DEAFSCALE Gallaudet University’s New Library and Dormitories
Yale Post-Professional Studio Washington DC, United States 2018 Team: Leonardo Fuchs Professors: Joel Sanders, Sunil Bald Gallaudet University is the first higher education institution in the world, and remains the only one, in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students. Established in 1864, it has approximately 2,000 enrolled students in a 100-acre campus in what used to be the edge of Washington DC, evidencing the historic social and spatial segregation suffered by the deaf community. Today, the campus is located within a booming neighborhood with ongoing developments, but still is deeply introspective, with little interaction with the city outside. It was within this context that a group of researchers developed Deafspace; a set of guidelines for the design and adaptation of spaces for deaf individuals. Even though destined for the deaf, these guidelines are also useful for hearing people, for many of the items refer to wayfinding, spatial awareness, and overall comfort. The university is currently making the effort to promulgate Deafspace worldwide, and though some of the new buildings already adopted these design parameters, the lack of interface with the outer community still makes it hard for it to become more disseminated. In that regard, the design of a hybrid building for a new library and dormitories was used for the development of a showcase of deaf culture to the world. Instead of using the suggested site in the heart of the campus, the building was oriented to make the connection between the Union Market adjacent to the campus and the main green, with the groundfloor operating as a gradient of activities from the most public to the West and most private to the East. Given that deaf people feel more comfortable in controlled spaces rather than out in the open, the groundfloor is an extension of the outside square and articulates all activities in the building around its courtyards. The fact that the dormitories are destined for deaf people also enables greater flexibility in terms of the possible hybridization of the apartments and library activities. While the groundfloor works as a public ground, the upper floors, where the dormitories and library are located, funcion as a more introspective space. Site plan
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Building’s primary public access along the main axis and interface between inside and outside
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3rd floor plan: organization of programs around courtyards
Longitudinal section
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Groundfloor as semipublic space
Building envelope is formed by both institutional and private spaces that share communal amenities
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Coexistence between library activities and dormitories
Transversal section: atrium as an extension of the adjacent public square
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Main atrium lightwell and stepped stacks
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MASS MoCA
N.A.I.L.
N.A.I.L. North Adams Innovation Lab
Yale Advanced Studio North Adams, United States 2019
Since the first half of the 20th Century, North Adams consolidated itself as a hub for innovation. Sprague Electric Company, known for its groundbreaking studies on semi-conductor materials, attracted researchers and engineers to this small city in the Berkshire Mountains of Western Massachusetts. Since its shutdown, North Adams has gone from a prosperous community to a post-industrial city that lost its main character. Recently, the old factory buildings have been converted into one of the most important museums of contemporary art in the world, MASS MoCA, but the city does not identify with it as much as it did with its former industry. The city also suffered major urban transformations and saw its center become a paved parking lot, surrounded by generic shopping malls. N.A.I.L. aims at recreating the synergy between the city, innovation and making right at the heart of town.
Team: Ho Jae Lee Professors: Anna Dyson, Chris Sharples Published in Yale Retrospecta
N.A.I.L. (North Adams Innovation Lab) is a manufacturing facility coupled with an incubator for architects and designers to test out and prototype new material processes for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry. Traditionally, innovation hubs are located within dense urban centers tied to universities and private companies. However, these are usually oriented towards software development and product design, and do not have the infrastructure to develop architectural explorations; innovation in this scale usually takes place in private companies such as car and airplane factories. The goal of N.A.I.L. is to provide a flexible space for experiments at the building scale without necessarily being tied to a university. The hub is composed of a series of fabrication stations underneath a canopy, and the area between the boxes is a flexible space for teams to assemble prototypes. On the second level, a circular bridge connects the different stations and allows the public to see the activities from above without having access to the fabrication spaces due to safety issues. Three of the fabrication spaces are extruded upwards through the canopy and house offices and coworking spaces for the researches and employees of the innovation lab. The building seeks to provide a better interface between the fabrication spaces and the city by mixing public programs such as a bar, cafe and exhibition space inside the hub. Similarly, the machinery is available for anyone interested in learning how to use them. Site plan
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Exterior view: during winter months the groundfloor is used as an extension of the public realm
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W1
W2
W3
W4
M2
M3
C2
M4
W5 M5 C3 W6 M6
W7
M7
C4
P1 M8 P2
M9
C5
P3
K1 PT1
M1
C1
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 P1 P2 P3 PT1 M1 M2
Table saw Wood sander Miller saw Drill press Surface planner Router table Jointer 3D printer Laser cutter 3D printer Paint booth Manual lathe Manual mill
M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 K1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cold saw Bandsaw Drill press Vertical bandsaw Abrasive TIG welder Welding table KUKA KR80 DMS CNC Haas CNC mill Shopbot CNC OMAX waterjet 5-Axis mill
Detailing of all necessary machinery for prototyping
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E
D
7 C B
Groundfloor axonometric: each box is defined as a specific fabrication station
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3 9 2 1
F
A
A Exhibition Space B Cafe C Bar D Auditorium E Bakery F Gift Shop
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CNC Painting Metal Storage Cafeteria Wood 3D Printing Courtyard Assembly Loading Docks
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Relationship between fabrication stations, courtyard and public activities connected by flexible groundfloor
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Section through atrium, bridge, cafe, dining hall, and offices above
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Interface between the public and fabrication spaces: Kukas can be seen through the glass wall underneath bridge
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Magnificent Mile Chicago Mile High Tower
This project proposes an investigation of the evolution of supertall buildings as a typology. Unlike the archetypical monofunctional tower, criticized to extract life out of the surrounding urban fabric, the scale of the building becomes expansive to the point that it generates urban discourses within itself, offering the surrounding city with a parallel vertical urbanity; it generates a city within a city. More than conceptual aspects, the project addresses structural, programmatic, transportation, safety and social practicalities which are crucial to enable the viability of this citystructure. Mile High Tower is a vision, but also a rational scenario. The site, where Chicago River meets Lake Michigan, is located at a strategic point in the city’s context. It has the potential to become a new landmark in the city that has performed a leading role in the development of the skyscraper typology. It also stands symbolically between John Hancock Center and Willis Tower.
Yale’s Design and Technology of Tall Buildings Elective Course Chicago, United States 2018 Team: Leonardo Fuchs Professor: Kyoung Sun Moon
A simple vertical extrusion would not address the constraints imposed by a building of this scale. Beyond creating impractical lease spans for all programs, the simple prismatic shape does not support the titanic overturning moments. The site´s maximum dimensions, crucial to increase the tower’s structural depth, would also not have been taken advantage of. Splitting the original envelope into four conjoined towers allowed for an array of efficiency gains: not only the maximal structural depth is achieved, but that also creates a symbolic image of a gateway building with Highway 41 cutting through the conjoined towers. The split into four towers has also significantly reduced the distance between the facade and cores, increasing natural light and views towards the city and the lake. The vortex shedding effect is minimized through the transformation of the profile throughout the height of the building. Programmatically, the building is organized as a series of autonomous yet complementary communities, with each section containing both live and work programs. The 4 legged portions are destined to peripheral residential units, and the conjoined portions, with larger floorplans, to office and work spaces. The super skylobbies are used to create the collective and public spaces in the tower, hosting civic, cultural, commercial and gastronomic programs. Vertical transportation throughout the tower is allowed by a series of cable-less express elevators, able to move horizontally through the conjoiments of the shafts, and therefore enable several elevators to occupy the same shaft. After stopping at a super skylobby level, the occupants switch to local elevators which lead them to the designated floor. The emergency shafts also take advantage of the conjoinments to increase occupant safety. If one escape route happens to be blocked, occupants are able to take alternative routes through the conjoinments and escape using the other towers. Chicago’s new skyline
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Tower is the extension of the surrounding city, and the conjoinments function as open public spaces
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Tower as seen from Lake Michigan
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+1,020.00m
Super Skylobby
Technical Floor
Residential / Hotel
+881.00m
Office
Technical Floor
Residential
+680.00m
Super Skylobby
Technical Floor
Section
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Section close-up
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Play
Live
Work
Live
Play
Vertical transportation diagram: switch between express and local elevators happens in the skylobbies
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Cross section showing program variation within conjoinments
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Fluid Landscape Encounters between human and natural ecosystems
Walls of Air Cartographies
The concept and title Walls of Air was conceived as a response to the theme of Freespace proposed by curators Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara in order to provoke questions about: 1. the different sorts of walls that construct, on multiple scales, the Brazilian territory; 2. the borders of architecture itself in relation to other disciplines. Therefore, a reflection began on how much Brazilian architecture and its urban developments are, in fact, free. Without the ambition of reaching an answer, but hoping to open the conversation to a large and diverse public, the curators chose to shed light on processes that often go unnoticed due to their nature or scale. The immaterial barriers built between people or neighborhoods, and the processes of urbanization in Brazil on a continental scale are examples of questions we considered.
Venice, Italy 2018 Architect and Researcher at the Brazilian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale Curators: Sol Camacho, Laura Fierro, Gabriel Kozlowski, Marcelo Rosa GIS and 2D drawings
The content was created based on the widest possible understanding of architecture, relating the discipline to the various fields and forces that make up the contemporary physical environment. The research was organized in ten broad approaches/lines of study, with the aim of revealing, on different scales, new perspectives on the ongoing urbanization processes in Brazil. Ten large-scale cartographic drawings, measuring 3 × 3 meters each, were created specifically for the exhibition Walls of Air, and provide a detailed cartography of the ten approaches that seem relevant in the practice of those responsible for constructing the physical environment, whether they are architects or not. The choice of a cartographic language to present this research was one of the most emphatic decisions of the exhibition design. The choice was made in part with the aim of escaping from traditional exhibition models, saturated by realistic images (photographs, renderings, etc.). On the other hand, it also aimed at combining the use of drawing—the architect’s main tool to represent space—with advanced georeferencing tools The large-scale format of the panels refers to the immeasurable extension of the Brazilian territory, the fifth largest country in the world, and sheds light on the hundreds of layers that the research reveals. They are narratives within narratives. At the same time that they offer new ways of understanding the information presented, the drawings bear a carefully articulated aesthetics which, in a certain way, refers to the idea of painting and a relationship with the world of the visual arts, impossible to ignore in the context of the Venice Biennale. Cartographies room at the Brazilian Pavilion
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Human Flows The dilution of barriers through cultural assimilation
Crossbreeding Brazilian architects abroad
Geography of the Real Estate Market Controversies between the agenda of capital and that of architecture
Inhabiting the House or the City? The impact of the “Minha Casa Minha Vida� housing program
Succession of Edges Narratives on the building of an urban country
Material Flows Physical imprint of commodities exchange
The Encryption of Power Disobedience and exclusion in the city
Solid Divisions Borders within the city
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The Map is not the Territory A retraced border
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Food Loop New Food Distribution Center in Sao Paulo This thesis explores the role of major infrastructures in cities and focuses on the fresh food distribution network. It investigates the conundrum of public food distribution centers in Brazil (CEASA’s) and how they interact with the city and the people, both on their immediate surroundings and on a broader scale. Former stages for cultural, economical and political expressions, such as the Greek Agora, the Roman Forum and the classical town square, the places of food exchange in our cities have turned into empty parking lots, detached from the public and located in the city’s hinterland. Furthermore, the CEASA’s have stalled their investments in infrastructure, technology, and expansions, rendering their activities increasingly problematic over time due to overloading and infrastructural inefficiencies. These issues become more blatant in the CEASA São Paulo (CEAGESP), for it is the largest food distribution center in terms of volume in Latin America and the third largest one in the world. Brazilian distribution centers act mainly as a middleman between producers who sell on wholesale and markets, either private, public or street markets, while also selling on retail to individual consumers during specific days. The major mode of transport in and out these centers is by truck, whilst railroads are sparsely used. Therefore the proposed new CEAGESP is located in the intersection of three major highways in São Paulo: the two main access highways in terms of food transportation and São Paulo’s ring road (Rodoanel), thus ensuring a fast transit without overloading the city’s inner roads. It also stands halfway between the city center and agricultural fields.
BArch Thesis Sao Paulo, Brazil 2016 Advisor: Gabriel Duarte Awards: Archdaily Best Theses from Brazil and Portugal Honorable Mention at Opera Prima Award for Best Final Thesis in Brazil
The Rodoanel itself has its own set of dilemmas: if on the one hand it connects distant parts of the city and mitigates intense traffic in inner roads, on the other it segregates the urban fabric upon which it crosses. The project seeks to take advantage of the main issues set by these two major infrastructures: the monofunctionality of the private warehouses of CEAGESP, which define the market space solely as an industrial environment, and the rupture caused by the Rodoanel in the urban fabric. The result is the stacking of the warehouses permeated by a continuous loop of roads, which allows for the unloading of goods segregated from the public. This stacking is made in such a way that it bridges across the Rodoanel and reconnects both sides of it, while also creates a surface for the further development of the city with public amenities. In the center there is a tower that plays two distinct roles: on a local scale it ensures an initial density that charges the market with people and also houses CEAGESP’s offices, and on a metropolitan scale it serves as an urban landmark that generates awareness on our food distribution system and invites the public to take part in it. View from Rodoanel: new market as transportation hub
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Public market within private warehouses
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Orientation According to Topography The current state of the site is defined by the presence of the Rodoanel Highway. It creates a buffer zone that segregates both sides of it, and the lack of proper crossings results in a deserted lot. Consequently, the buildings around it turn their backs to the buffer zone, which ironically is one of the few green spaces left. The existing topography creates a valley, along which the volume of the market is oriented. This gesture establishes a connection between the two low-density neighborhoods on both extremes of the site. Raised Volume Above the Highway In order to cross the highway, the volume must be lifted, creating a bridge-like structure. The rate of ascent is designed to be easily climbed and also offers spaces of leisure and culture. In doing so, a surface is created upon which the city can further develop itself, rendering the crossing of the highway much more pleasant than the existing footbridges. This gesture also refers to the definition of the term “infrastructure� as something that enables additional relationships to be established. Stacked Warehouses Create Vertical Market The total height of the volume in the middle allows for 4 stories of stacked warehouses, where the goods are stored and exchanged. Slits on both sides of the project are created for both insolation and natural ventilation of the warehouses and also house public activities; the largest one is destined for a large public market and the other is a sports court, which serves both the public (it stands next to existing public schools and parks) and the workers of CEAGESP like drivers and carriers, who are idle most of the time.
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Continuous Loop Allows for Circulation through the Market In order for the market to function as a unity, the warehouses need to be connected. There are two truck entrances for the market, one in each direction of Rodoanel, which develop into a spiral that connects all warehouses vertically, while escalators, stairs, and elevators are used for people and goods. In doing so, the CEAGESP no longer needs to be a horizontal field with all the free spaces used as parking. It enables the passing through the market and invites the local community to partake in the market activity. Difference in Ceiling Heights Hosts Various Programs Because of ceiling height differences due to the slanting surface, there is a series of interstitial spaces with various programs. From 0 to 3 meters ceiling height there are planters for the green roof. It is deep enough to support vegetation and tree roots. Public amenities, such as a public library, exhibition spaces, and restaurants are placed in the interstices from 3 to 5 meters. The maximum ceiling height is 5 meters, ideal for the food exchange activity.The diagram on the next page describes this concept further. Tower and Secondary Accesses Above Parking Pavillions The tower on the center generates an initial density for the complex, hosting office spaces and auditorium, and works as an urban landmark. Since CEAGESP is a metropolitan equipment, having it seen from afar reminds the population of the role it plays in their lives. The tower is directly connected to the highway and railroad below and transforms the market into a hub. Three parking volumes lined with commercial spaces allow for secondary pedestrian access to the upper platform and further activate the site.
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Access to upper platform and adjacent public park
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Circulation and Sustainability Along the market and sports courts are placed bathrooms and circulation cores for both people and goods, speedily connecting the warehouses. Public spaces on both sides are covered by ETFE layers, which allow for natural lighting and provide thermal and acoustic insulation. Rainwater is collected by the U-beams that support the ETFE cushions.
Public Programs and Logistics The juxtaposition of public and logistic activities is possible mainly because of their working hours. In order for the city to be supplied in the morning with fresh food, they must be exchanged at dawn, when public activities are closed and therefore are not disturbed by heavy truck flow or noise pollution. On the other hand, it is during the time when CEAGESP would be idle that public
activities work. These activities range from a public library, as shown below, to outdoor cinema, sports hall, restaurants, educational and exhibition spaces, multipurpose rooms and auditorium. These uses take advantage of the newly created railroad station and bus stops, which together transform the complex into a commercial hub.
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Section along train station, warehouses, aerial platform and tower
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CAU/IAB New Headquarters for the Brazilian Institute of Architects
National Competition Brasilia, Brazil 2016 Team: Gabriel Duarte, Gabriel Kozlowski, Luisa Schetino
From the recent creation of the CAU (Brazilian Council of Architecture and Urbanism) in 2010 to the intensification of the struggles of all regional IABs (Brazilian Architecture Institutes) for a more active voice in society and national policies, the second decade of the twenty-first century has been marked by profound changes in the institutional, social and cultural representations of architecture and urbanism in Brazil. This project for a shared headquarters for IAB-BrasĂlia and the national office of the CAU-BR is a symbol of this period, expressed through the way it occupies the ground and its formal arrangement, which articulates spaces of different scales. It is the result of a national competition, which aims at further developing the culture of competitions for public buildings in Brazil. It also intends to demonstrate that such works can be realized within their budgets and schedules. The peripheral occupation of the lot by a stepped volume, framed by two raised blocks, creates a sequence of intermediate spaces – crossings and transitions– that translate into form the current moment of the IAB-CAU consolidation. This porous volume surrounds and gives access to different civic and meeting spaces, from the descending entrance square, through the large central patio, to terraces of workspace environments. All these spaces are intertwined, inviting for participation and dialogue, values that underpin the role played by the institutions they host. The stepped volumes, where most of the workspaces and services are concentrated, are structured on simple concrete supports and steel-deck slabs with moderate spans. Its rigidly controlled modulation avoids structural transition components and allows for vertical and horizontal distribution of all its installations to be concentrated in the four circulation cores. Exceptions occur strategically and symbolically in the spaces intended for public and civic use. The auditorium and the plenary occupy large metal trusses, which rise on sturdy and simple supports at the ends of the building, thus creating large porticoes that open to the city and the landscape. Main access and interior courtyard Image credit: Jan Casimir
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Underground Parking
Longitudinal section
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Ground Floor
1st Floor
2nd Floor
3rd Floor
4th Floor
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A B C D E F G
H I J
K L
M N O
P Q R
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Ecoroof - Piso Nuvem Grass Drain Gutter liner Cable tray Roof plaster lining Light fixture Aluminium rod Slanted steel beam Aluminium rod Screw mount Aluminium frame structure Glass Floor tiles Steel beam Steel structure connection plate Steel deck slab Marble coating
Steel trusses
Concrete cores
Toilets and back of house Staggered terraces: structural porticoes with steel deck slabs
Reinforced concrete underground retaining walls
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Interior courtyard Image credit: Jan Casimir
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121 East 22nd Street Residential Tower
New York, United States 2015 Intern at OMA Construction documents: 2D drawings
Image credit: OMA
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Tenjin Business Center
Fukuoka, Japan 2015 Intern at OMA Design development: 2D and 3D drawings, and images postproduction
Image credit: OMA
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Toranomon Hiils
Tokyo, Japan 2015 Intern at OMA Competition phase and design development: 2D and 3D drawings, rendering and images postproduction
Image credit: OMA
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Park Grove
Miami, United States 2015 Intern at OMA Construction documents: 2D and 3D drawings, rendering and images postproduction
Image credit: OMA
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Itamaraty Alto da Boa Vista Bike House
The Itamaraty Mansion is one of the oldest and, during the coffee economic period, the largest coffee farm in Brazil. The XIX century house is located at the heart of the Tijuca Forest, the world’s largest urban forest, and is in the epicenter of the two sectors of the Tijuca National Park. It used to belong to the Count of Itamaraty and was frequently visited by D. Pedro II, the emperor of Brazil. Since the democratization of Brazil, however, the building went through several modifications that altered its program, which ranged from a fast-food restaurant in the 1960s to an event and open-air party venue in the early 2000’s. The site has been sporadically used over the last few years for those purposes, but the inner spaces have been abandoned for decades. In 2017 a Brazilian outdoor sports clothing brand identified the potential of turning the mansion into a brand concept store and meeting point for its costumers. Every weekend, hundreds of cyclists, runners and hikers stop by the gas station across the street from the mansion to fill their water bottles, take a quick shower, have a snack or make minor repairs to their equipment. The desire was to offer these athletes better-suited amenities inside the mansion, attracting potential costumers to their concept store.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2017 Architect at GRU.A Arquitetos Team: Caio Calafate, Pedro Varela, Julia Carneiro Schematic design, design development and construction drawings: 2D and 3D drawings, building survey
The program, however, evolved into a more ambitious project. The mansion’s location makes it the perfect entry point to the forest, having many of the national parks visiting sites within walking distance. Residents and tourists will be able to get information about trails, circuits, ecology and Brazilian history on the site through an interactive screen upon arrival, returning the mansion’s initial condition of being a landmark. Coffee is the element that links the different ages the building has gone through. The history of the site as a coffee farm, the most profitable export of Brazil for more than one century, the transformations that this agricultural activity imposed in the forest and the high consumption of caffeine among athletes all come together under the same roof. Outdoor breakfasts and brunches, a fairly new habit in Rio de Janeiro, also attract the general public to the mansion and Alto da Boa Vista itself, a neighborhood that is vital to the city’s history and ecology and is not as known as it should be. Because of the historical importance of the main building, permits are an intricate subject. Any alteration to the original morphology and façades would not be allowed. Therefore, all accessibility or infrastructural additions were designed with temporary materials, such as scaffoldings and containers, so that it would not impair the original structure. Biker lounge and auditorium Image credit: GRU.A Arquitetos
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Cafeteria Image credit: GRU.A Arquitetos
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Urban Foundations: Plan D’Aou Intergenerational Housing
Europan Competition Marseille, France 2012 Intern at Campo AUD Schematic design: 2D and 3D drawings, rendering and images postproduction
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Masterplan
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Construction phasing: possible vertical expansion in the future
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Groundfloor plan
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Apartments plan
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Miguel Darcy Portfolio 2020