Mikael Ip Master's Thesis: UKs Failing Prisons

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Declaration PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.

Name:

Mikael Che Yang Ip

Signed: Date: 24/08/2018 Turnitin ID: 91893001 Turnitin Percentage:

23%

Word Count: 11,254

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Abstract: UKs failing prison system

Due to the overcrowding conditions in the United Kingdom’s prisons from the year 1993 to present day – outcries of ‘failing’ prisons by news articles have become a cultural-hype. Questions such as ‘what is the best prison?’ has been a constant debate for political leaders and researchers alike – but the solution still has not been found.

This paper researches on the UK prison system at a political level by drawing comparisons to empirical data of Michel Foucault, Jeremy Bentham and John Howard. Criticisms will be made to the statistics found in the Ministry of Justice’s own documentation guideline of the Prison Rating System to highlight contradictions and hypocrisy of the criminal justice system. From the criticism, a reflection is provided on the UKs society proven by case studies of three selected UK prisons: HMP Liverpool, HMP Wandsworth and HMP Belmarsh; and two European prisons: Halden Prison in Norway and Norgerhaven Prison in Netherlands. By drawing comparisons – a deeper understanding on the incorrect rationale of the UK prison system can be achieved; this will then be followed up through synthesis of empirical data on many literature pieces to conclude on the thoughts of prisons.

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Acknowledgements: I would like to thank David Reat, my supervisor for this thesis – giving advice on the structure of this piece. Without his guidance, the paper’s structure would not be possible.

I would like to also thank my family, friends and my partner for giving me the emotional support to write this thesis.

Lastly, all credits go to University of Strathclyde – a school that has taught me many skills and has given the opportunity experience things that I would never have thought possible.

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Contents

Declaration 2 Abstract: UKs failing prison system 4 Acknowledgement 6 Aims & Objectives 10 Research Methodology 12 Literature Review 14 Introduction: UKs current crisis 20

Chapter 1: History of UK prisons and the current prison system 28 Chapter 2: The criticism of UKs rehabilitation methods

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Chapter 3: An examination of selective prisons

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Coldbath Fields Prison - The Punishment Prison HMP Liverpool - The Worst Prison in UK HMP Wandsworth - The Neglected Prison HMP Belmarsh - The ‘Good’ Prison

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Chapter 4: The Norwegian and Dutch Prison System Halden Prison - The Most Humane Prison in the World Norgerhaven Prison - The Most ‘Trustworthy’ Prison

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Conclusion: 70 Bibliography & Articles & References

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List of Figures 76

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Aims & Objectives My goal is to research and criticise the United Kingdom’s (UK) penal system.

By analysing specifically to the England and Wales’ prison system (and some European countries) – I hope to synthesize existing data and theories found in classical texts to acquire a deeper understanding of the prison system.

- Data will be collected from UKs government website, specifically reviewing the Prison Performance Rating 2017/2018 (PPR) and Prison Rating System 2011/2012 (PRS) documentation guidelines.

- Information will be extracted from empirical evidence found in some classical texts from the 18th century to the 21st century.

- Further information will also be extracted from existing internet journals and news articles describing UKs current prison system – which will expand into other countries.

- From these investigations, data will be synthesised to establish any correlation or improvements to UKs overall judicial system.

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Research Methodology

In social science, triangulation is often used to obtain diverse viewpoints on a specific subject. The concept of triangulation is described as mixing data types and research techniques gathered in different ways (Creswell & Clarke, 2007). With more information to work with, it adds rigour and richness to the research; especially when attempting to explain the purpose of prisons, where morality and individual senses of justice can place ideas in a very grey area. (John Rawl, The Sense of Justice) When specifying the type of triangulation, it is often divided into two categories of positivistic and interpretivistic approaches – I will implement both of these research methods by obtaining quantitative data on government documentation guidelines and statistics as well as reviewing the humanistic qualitative information found in classical texts, articles and journals (Olsen, 2004).

This reduces bias as my judgement will be coming from multiple angles of thought, backed up by statistics found from a trusted source as well as historical theories and empirical data relating to ideas of the judicial system. The topic of prisons can be very controversial, which is evident on comments found on various forums and documentaries – some bringing indepth thought and ideas while others are superficial. Regardless, it continues to add richness to this paper and validates the thoughts and opinions on prisons as only a small amount of my personal opinion is

injected.

The limitation of triangulation is that the scope is defined by time, and the time given for this thesis is limited to only a few months.

When it comes to Architecture, Linda Groat’s “Architectural Research Methods”, has some of the best examples of ‘design research’. I will be using Linda Groat’s chapter of “Case Studies and Combined Strategies” research method to compare the judicial system in England and Wales, and to other European countries such as the Netherlands and Norway. The advantage to this research technique is that it can bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative methods in social science Groat, L. N., & Wang, D. (2013).

Comparisons will be drawn very briefly on three UK prisons – Her Majesty’s Prison (HMP) Liverpool, HMP Wandsworth, HMP Belmarsh. These will then draw comparisons to the selected Norwegian maximum-security prison Halden and Dutch Norgerhaven as the breakdown of these prisons represent the inherent flaws of UKs penal system. As a side note, it is not about finding a solution – but a breakdown of UKs system to understand the fundamental knowledge.

All of the information will be using secondary data to back up my claim on deciding the condition of the prisons in

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UK. Secondary data is mainly obtained from trusted internet sources and news journals. While not always the most accurate, they can provide a superficial insight to the subject without much bias – as it is a collection of data compressed into an article Cooper, R. P., & Werner, P. D. (1990). A common research technique utilised by many students (which I will be using as well) is the ‘snowball sampling’ or ‘chain-referral sampling’, which begins by analysing the source of information provided by either an article or a book.

The easiest example would be Wikipedia – looking at the citations and seeing whether the information is used from a trusted source such as a well-known newspaper publisher like: “The Guardian”, and then tracing where that information comes from until enough data is gathered to synthesise a theory (Wikipedia, n.d.)

This decreases the bias in information as the validity of the information is passed through multiple authors to conclude on the information. While some of the information may be slightly inaccurate it is difficult to fully confirm the information as the given time frame for this thesis cannot be confirmed by an official member working for Her Majesty’s Probation & Prison Service (HMPPS) or a general expert. However, the secondary information published in books such as “Prison Architecture: Policy, Design and Experience”, is obtained over decades of statistic recordings and across multiple

experts in the prison field. Therefore, increasing the validity of this thesis (Fairweather, L., & McConville, S., 2003).

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Literature Review

It is important to establish the scope of literature I will be reviewing.

Many novices to prison research will access knowledge gained from the classic texts but also with latent ideas informed by movies, television series, and the press, which tend to offer contradictory images: prisons being portrayed as either violent and disordered hell holes or as holiday camps for pampered inmates. These representations come to form something called a “habitus” (Bourdieu, 1977). The concept of the habitus is a system of embodied dispositions and tendencies that organize the ways in which individuals perceive the social world around them. In this instance of prisons – any individual diving into media representation from films, internet journals and statistics will define the prison culture with the wrong mindset. With the addition of the individual’s personal history and experience - perception of prisons can shape the individual’s body and the mind, and as a result, shape social action in the present. I try to avoid this by understanding Bourdieu’s description of the habitus, without relying too much on media representation but more on established ideas from previous authors and statistics – although media representation can be a great way to reflect on our cultural perception on the modern prisons.

Information on prisons need to be published to the public on the UK government’s website. Depending on which information

an individual is looking for e.g. statistics on the population of prisoners (they are updated weekly) and unannounced inspections (annual announcements) these reports are written in a calculated format – following previously laid out documentation guidelines. A prime example would be the “Report on an unannounced inspection of HMP Belmarsh

by HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, 29 January – 9 February 2018”, as it follows the four domains specified in the Prison Rating System (PRS) documentation written by the Ministry of Justice (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

When it comes to classical texts, the most well-known philosophers in topics related to prison or punishment are Michel Foucault (1926 – 1984) and Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) – both important figures for any studies relating to prisons. Much of my empirical data can be found from these two philosophers and reformists.

The starting point to understanding the philosophy of prison begins with Foucault’s “Discipline and Punish: The birth of the Prison, 1975”, since it describes the effects on the types of penalty – ranging from torture, punishment, discipline and prison. His literature has been referenced many times since the release was during a time where we were trying to understand the human condition. As he states: “People know what they do; frequently they know why they do what they do; but what they don’t know

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Figure 1 Michel Foucault, a French philosopher and author of “Discipline and Punish: The birth of the Prison” in 1975.

“Power is not an institution, and not a structure; neither is it a certain strength we are endowed with; it is the name that one attributes to a complex strategical situation in particular society.”

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is what they do does.” He explains the cultural shifts and technological changes found in differing societal constructs such as schools, hospitals and military barracks lead to the final outcome of incarceration in our present day Foucault, M., & Sheridan, A. (1977).

basic knowledge about prison typologies and urban planning come from this book, as its validity is backed up by decades of experience from previous governors and design researchers as well as referencing Foucault’s work of “Discipline and Punish: The birth of prisons”.

Jeremy Bentham was one of the earliest social reformers of the 18th century, obtaining ideas from his “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789” – his literature states the difficulty of practicing consistency in the judicial system. Some powerful ideas such as:

John Howard is another key figure in prisons, seen as a major player in reforming prisons – so influential that a charity was created in UK under his name known as the ‘Howard Association’ founded in 1866 (later it would be known as ‘The Howard League for Penal Reform’ in 1921). The charity has campaigned in the abolition of capital punishment and introducing the ‘victims compensation scheme’. Their idea is rooted in Howard’s ideology of rehabilitation, continuing campaigns to reduce prison population, reviewing of the criminal justice system, suicides and sexual health. Much of Howard’s observations are found in “State of the prisons in England and Wales with preliminary observations, and an account of some foreign prisons and hospitals 1777. Some of his ideas are brought back into this paper - while it may not be fully practical to implement all ideas from these literature pieces since contemporary judicial systems have become far more regulated than the 18th century. However, ideas of rehabilitation come from this reformist which will be shown later in this thesis (Bentham, J., & Mill, J. S., 1973).

“The question is NOT - can they reason? Nor can they talk? But rather can they suffer?”

It asks questions which reflect on human behaviour which relates to the topic of prisons as it is currently undergoing ideas of how we should treat our perpetrators.

Literature pieces related to ideas of social reform and philosophical ethics found on Google Scholar cite this piece of literature many times – so it is a fantastic piece of data to incorporate into any studies relating to prisons.

Going into the contemporary era (the turn of the millennium), “Prison Architecture: Policy, Design, Experience, 2000” by Leslie Fairweather and Sean McConville is one of the first books that I came across which gives a very thorough summary to understanding the penal system located in UK, United States of America (USA) and other European countries such as France, and Germany. Basic ideas are obtained from this text as it establishes a guideline in what works, what has worked over the past 150 years of prison studies. Much of my

Literature will also be limited to male prisons, since the disparity of male and female prison population is in a completely opposite spectrum with 92% being males.

Given the time constraints of this thesis, adding in prisons for females would bring an entirely different dimension to

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Figure 2 Jeremy Bentham, a French philosopher author of “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” in 1789. He is also the man who designed the ‘panopticon’ or ‘radial’ prison shape.

“The question is not: ‘Can they reason?’ nor, “Can they talk?” but rather, ‘Can they suffer?’”

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this thesis piece – statistics obtained on websites will include female population, but no in-depth literature will be made in this paper.

As stated, plenty of media coverage for selected prisons can be found on the website and television – the most notable being the BBC. Within the last decade, popularity of these documentaries bring live recordings to the internal activities of the prison, giving an in-depth behaviour of every individual. “Seven days inside Wandsworth prison” (2016) showcases the violence, and “Screws: Inside Belmarsh (2012)” show journalists with live footage on what the conditions for the staff and prisoners are like. These are literature pieces which help in visualising the prison conditions which ultimately reflect on the political decisions made by the government or the MoJ (BBC, 2012). These documentaries is recommended to watch because visual insight will bring a new perspective to the realities of prison.

Literature regarding prison floor plans are only available to the closed down ones, since obtaining design blue-prints for currently active prisons will be a safety hazard, for protentional escape attempts made by prisoners. Analysis will be made based on observations and descriptions of these prisons from internet sources and external aerial observations to help aid in some historical and political motivations made by the government.

There is also plenty of material regarding criminology – studying criminal behaviour based on results produced by prison is a prime example of Foucault’s work as it relates to the logistics of human

behaviour. One does not need to do a full study of criminology but literature such as “Predicting Violence in Newly Admitted Inmates: A lens model analysis of staff decision making” by psychologist professors Robert P. Cooper and Paul D. Werner (1990) – brings insight to validating statistical information. The two psychologists conducted a study of how well ten experienced psychologists and eleven case managers were able to predict violent behaviour during incarceration on a sample of thirty-three male inmates at a medium-security correctional institution.

They found low levels of accuracy among these professionals, despite the fact that actual violence was linearly predictable from the independent variables available.

This is direct reflection on the criticism to the government document guidelines which I will refer to later in this thesis (Cooper, R. P., & Werner, P. D. 1990).

While empirical data extracted from these literature pieces can be a little outdated to match the pragmatism of the current nature of our prisons – they provide a substantial amount of data to our current penal system (Denzin, N. K., 2012). Much of the qualitative information will be a direct reflection on the results of our current quantitative data of the government documentations. However, if one is to truly understand the entire prison scheme – more time and literature will have to be investigated to pinpoint some of the details labelled later in this paper

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Figure 3 John Howard, an English prison reformer and author to “State of the Prisons in England and Wales”, in 1777.

“Prisoners should help prisoners rather than punish them.”

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Introduction

Introduction: UKs current crises Prisons are a key aspect of a country’s criminal justice system, the UK is no exception and its importance is emphasized by being 1 of the 25 ministerial departments in the government - it is known as the Ministry of Justice (MoJ).

The department works with 33 executive agencies and public bodies to protect and advance the principles of justice [gov.uk].

Their responsibilities reside in the courts, prisons, probation services and attendance centres to ensure that sentences are carried out and offenders are given the opportunity to turn their lives around. The MoJ has 4 strategic priorities: - A prison and probation service that reforms offenders (Ministry of Justice, 2018) - Modern courts and justice systems (Ministry of Justice, 2018) - A Global Britain that promotes the rule of law (Ministry of Justice, 2018) - And a transformed department that is simple, smart and unified (Ministry of Justice, 2018) One of the agencies working with the MoJ is Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Services (formerly known as the National Offender Management Service), in charge of the 123 (150 throughout the UK) prisons located in England and Wales. Out of the 123 prisons – 8 of them are maximum security prisons (taking in Category A prisoners), holding some of the worst offenders in the country:

- Belmarsh - Frankland - Full Sutton - Long Lartin - Manchester - Wakefield - Whitemoor - Woodhill On a superficial level it is not hard to imagine that UKs maximum-security prisons are associated to the worst types of environments, much like in the study of: ‘The Turnaround Challenge’ by Andrew Calkins, William Guenther, Grace Belfiore, and David Lash which analysed that if students within a school were achieving below the grade C – the school would be deemed a ‘failing school’. In retrospect when applying this best-worst methodology of research – the people who have offended the law the most (making the worst mistakes) replicates into a ‘failing prison’. Deservingly so as it holds notoriously violent individuals such as Charles Bronson (currently located in Her Majesty’s Prison Frankland) and serial rapist Richard Bakers (currently in HM Wakefield). Unfortunately, environments are not as easy and clear-cut to judge in this manner as representations of these prisons have been skewed by news reports and has been given media-hype suggesting these environments are the worst. Prisons are segregated into four categories: Category A: Prisoners held in these prisons are those that would pose the most threat to the public, the police or national security should they escape. Security conditions in category A prisons are designed to make

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 4 Nelson Mandela, former political leader and president in South Africa who has been in prison before.

“It is said that one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.�

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Introduction

escape impossible for these prisoners (Ministry of Justice, 2018) Category B: Prisoners do not need to be held in the highest security conditions but, for category B prisoners, the potential for escape is still made to be very difficult.

(Ministry of Justice, 2018) Category C: prisoners cannot be trusted in open conditions but are considered to be prisoners who are unlikely to make a determined escape attempt (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

Category D: Prisoners can be trusted in open conditions.

From Category A to Category C, prisoners are held in ‘closed prisons’ whereas Category D are prisons with open conditions.

This is how the prisons in UK are judged – using one documentation guideline which overlooks principles provided in empirical data (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

It is hard to discuss the subjects of both prisoners and prison without touching onto the topic of politics since it is a handling of subjects involving the legal jurisdiction, human rights and probation. The debate over “treatment versus punishment” is rooted both in empirical research and in ideology; a candid discussion must address both of these aspects. Variables can change such as which country the prison is located in e.g. Singapore – their culture in the Asian continent will ultimately lead to a different outcome to answer the question of “Which is more effective: rehabilitation or punishment?” the kind of passion normally associated with ideological questions such as “Which is a morally superior goal for criminal justice: rehabilitation or punishment?”. (Howard, J., 2018).

This is an integral part of this paper due to the recent trends in UKs prisons. Prison population has remained relatively steady

over the years with 83,620 prisoners in 2018 (0.13% of the current UK population) compared to last year with 84,746 inmates (1.4% decrease). Amongst the population, 6 746 are held in these Category A prisons.

Even though the numbers have decreased, it is estimated that around 20,000 of the prisoners are still held in overcrowded conditions – and this is seemingly an endless problem (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

It submits to the idea of John J. Christian’s “Military Medicine 1962” as he defines overcrowding as a competition of space – and in prison where space is already limited to the individual cell, it extends onto social and resource competition – ultimately affecting behaviour (John J. Christian., 1963). The current situation of UK prisons is that prisoner population has stayed overpopulated while prison staff has decreased. This can be attributed to the increasing levels of violence, self-harm and budget cuts – where understandably staff are choosing to work elsewhere for safety reasons. Andrew Neilson, Director of Campaigns at the Howard League for Penal Reform said: “Reducing resources while allowing the prison population to grow unchecked has created a toxic cocktail of violence, death and human misery.

These figures show how reductions in staffing and problems in recruiting and retaining new staff are feeding the problems behind bars.”

This can only fall to the poor decisions made by both the government and the MoJ for almost three decades. Attention has been announced in data by the HM Chief Inspectors who use a documentation guideline called the Prison Rating System (PRS), or Prison Performance Rating (PPR), but this seems to be an overlooked aspect – almost as if the statistics are ignored.

This documentation guideline is created by the MoJ themselves and has information that labels the problems of UKs prisons.

UKs failing Prison System

SECURITY AUDIT

PUBLIC PROTECTION

QUALITY & EFFECTIVENESS OF OFFENDER RISK MANAGEMENT DELIVERY OF SENTENCE TO THE COURT EFFECTIVE MULTI-AGENCY PUBLIC PROTECTION ARRANGEMENTS (MAPPA) GENERIC PAROLE PROCESS

MANDATORY DRUG TESTING (MDT) DRUG TREATMENT PROCESS

REDUCE RE-OFFENDING

QUALITY & TARGETED COVERAGE OF OASYS RESETTLEMENT (SOCIAL INCLUSION) TARGETING QUALITY INTERVENTIONS TO THE RIGHT OFFENDERS AT THE RIGHT TIME SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT PROGRAMMES

DIVERSE & EQUALITY QUALITY OF OFFENDER GENERAL TREATMENT/EXPERIENCE MAINTAINING ORDER, CONTROL, SAFETY & REDUCING VIOLENCE

DECENCY

HER MAJESTY’S CHIEF INSPECTOR OF PRISONS (HMIP) SAFETY AVAILABILITY & QUALITY OF OFFENDER REGIME DECENT CONDITIONS MENTAL HEALTH (SELF-HARM)

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PRISONERS TO OPTIMISE RESOURCE & CAPACITY STAFF MOTIVATION & EFFECTIVE STAFF VALUE FOR MONEY ORDER & CONTROL

Figure 5 This is the Prison Rating System 2012/2013 model. To the left are the four domains followed by the drivers which enable the possibility to measure the performance of a prison.

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Introduction

The PRS is a model that aims to create a single transparent system that enables the performance of both public and private prisons to be measured. Development of the PRS has offered some fresh outlook on the way prisons are rated in relation to their performance in four key ‘domains’: 1 – Public Protection This is summarised as safety: prisoners, particularly the most vulnerable, are expected to be held safely.

Expected outcomes: Prisoners transferring to and from the prison are safe and treated decently. On arrival prisoners are safe and treated with respect. Risks are identified and addressed at reception. Prisoners are supported on their first night. Induction is comprehensive (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

2 – Reduce Reoffending This is summarised as purposeful activity: prisoners are able and expected to engage in activity that is likely to benefit them.

Expected outcomes: All prisoners have sufficient time out of cell and are encouraged to engage in activities which support their rehabilitation (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

3 – Decency This is summarised as respect: prisoners are treated with respect for their human dignity.

Expected outcomes: Prisoners are treated with respect by staff throughout their time in custody and are encouraged to take responsibility for their own actions and decisions (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

4 – Resource Management and Operational Effectiveness This is summarised as rehabilitation and release planning: prisoners are supported to maintain and develop relationships

with their family and friends. Prisoners are helped to reduce their likelihood of reoffending and their risk of harm is managed effectively. Prisoners are prepared for their release back into the community.

Expected outcomes: The prison supports prisoners’ contact with their families and friends. Programmes aimed at developing parenting and relationship skills are facilitated by the prison. Prisoners not receiving visits are supported in other ways to establish or maintain family support (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

The maximum score that can be weighted to a prison rating is 4 – regarded as ‘exceptional performance’ and the lowest with a rating of 1 – ‘overall performance is of serious concern’ (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

However, these four ‘domains’ are flawed based on a fundamental rationale and can cause misinterpretations because it uses a rating system similar to the ‘bestworst scaling methodology’, created by Dr. Jafar Rezaei. The PRS ‘measures’ the success of prisons based on existing statistics from previous years, inspections and observations, and survey questions for prisoners. The inspection aspect of the PRS is to a high standard – going into details such as regimes, timetables, staffprisoner relationship and the products available. But the surveys located in the PRS’ annex has an either agree or disagree rating which research by Twan Huybers’ “Student evaluation of teaching: the use of bestworst scaling”, is subjected to response bias and even discrimination – which is very evident in some of the lower rated prisons (Huybers, T., 2013). What seems to be lacking as well are surveys designed for the staff members – only interactions between the inspector and staff are recorded. Even though this PRS was upgraded to the more recent Prison Performance Rating (PPR)

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 6 This years evaluation of the prisons in England and Wales, 4 = Exceptional Performance, 3 = Meeting the majority of the targets, 2 = Overall performance is of concern, 1 = Overall performance is of serious concern. 15 prisons have been rated as 1.

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Introduction

– these factors are still not included based on the results of the inspections. Based on the HM Chief Inspector’s findings, the inspector will advise on what is required to improve in the prison as well as stating what has succeeded and failed compared to previous inspections. But this is where hypocrisy becomes evident, because there are no tools offered to these prisons to make the necessary improvements. At most, recommendations are made to the governors of prison in an attempt to haphazardly showcase to the public that something is being done to improve the current conditions. While not all the prisons themselves are in awful conditions – some of the outlined goals identified by the inspectors have had outcomes that were not met time and time again. A prime example would be HMP Liverpool – 3 years and it is still at the 1 band rating (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

Although, the main positive that has been obtained from the guideline was highlighting which prisons are failing, the actions required to make the prison succeed from the suggestion of the inspectors are near impossible given the resources by the government. The evidence is shown with the number of 1 band rating prisons; it has increased substantially from 3 prisons back in 2012/2013 to 15 prisons in 2017/18. Based on the rating systems, the outcomes of the worst rated prisons this year are as follows: - Bedford - Birmingham - Bristol - Chelmsford - Exeter - Lindholme - Liverpool - Mount - Nottingham - Onley - Peterborough Male - Portland - Wandsworth - Winchester - Wormhood Scrubs

That is 15 prisons with some of the worst outlined conditions for the prisoners: all weighted with a score of 1 out of a maximum of 4. However, to highlight the misconception of prisons portrayed in media - none of them are the Category A Prisons – which is surprising since the expectation that the worst criminals would harbour the worst environments.

Compared to the maximum-security prison – the closest to being of poorly rated in 2017/2018 was Woodhill which gained a rating of 2, and one of the best rated prison was Full Sutton: obtaining the maximum score of 4.

This means the problem is highlighted statistically not on the prisoners themselves but the leadership in how the prisons are run. To add insult to injury, UK has identified it using their own documentation guidelines but with the result that these prisons are getting worse and budgets cuts are still being made - evidenced by Andrew Neilson: “Reported crime has ticked up in the last three years, which may or may not be a result of police forces dealing with budget cuts in excess of 20%” Andrew Neilson The justice secretary refused to accept that prisons were in crisis but said that levels of violence and reoffending rates were far too high. The extra prison officers represent a 15% increase on the existing 18,000 officers but only goes some way to restore the 30% cut in numbers since 2010 when they stood at 25,000 (Wright, P., 2016, November 15).

This documentation alone reflects partially on UKs society – the reason being that UK is in a transition phase much like how Foucault identified the changes due to cultural shifts and technological advancements Foucault, M., & Sheridan, A. (1977).

UKs failing Prison System

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HMP Liverpool

HMP Belmarsh HMP Wandsworth

Figure 7 Location of the 15 prisons with band rating of 1 on the PRS. Three prisons will be looked at in more detail: HMP Liverpool, HMP Wandsworth and HMP Belmarsh

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Introduction

Chapter 1: History of UK prisons and the current prison system To understand the context in how poor leadership has led to this stage of our prison system – one must look at the summary of UK history to see how the results of the country’s decision has led to this stage.

1166 – Henry II builds jails Newgate Prison is built in London. Henry II also establishes courts in England and the first legal textbook is produced which becomes a precursor to Common Law. The modern jury is set up with 12 free men to adjudicate on land disputes (BBC, 2006).

1215 – Magna Carta Signed by King John Marking the beginning of English judicial rights, it states that no man can be imprisoned without trial by his peers.

Article 39 - “No free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send against him, unless by legal judgement of his peers, or by the law of the land.”

(BBC, 2006).

1300s People who refuse to be tried by jury are put in prison.

Conditions in prisons are primitive.

Prisoners sleep on bare earth and are given bread and water as sustenance.

Jailers charge the prisoners for everything – basic amenities such as food, blankets and fuel (BBC, 2006).

1400s Houses of Correction are established to control a growing vagrancy problem.

The “idle poor” are locked up and punished for their “laziness”. It is up to magistrates to decide if they can be released or not (BBC, 2006).

1600s Inmate numbers soar. There is a growing reluctance by juries to sentence people to the gallows for petty crime. The alternative is to offer criminals a pardon if they join the Army or Navy (BBC, 2006).

1700s England’s prisons have become overcrowded. The Industrial Revolution at the end of the century leads to the displacement of many people and the number of petty crimes has also increased.

The number of prisoners are swelled by the debtors and in the later part of the century are increased further due to war from the conflicts with Napoleonic France.

Derelict ships or “hulks” in the Thames and southern ports are used as floating prisons (BBC, 2006).

1781 – 1791 In response to the severe pressures on the prison system – instead of execution a more humane punishment is introduced -

UKs failing Prison System

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Figure 8 An illustrated timeline of the penal system

1166; Henry II

1215; Magna Carta - Article 39

1300s; primitive prison conditions

1400s; Bridewell Prison, first House of Correction

1600s; The gallows

1700s: British prison ship ‘Jersey’

1781 - 1791; Prison hulk, HMS Success

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Chapter 1

transportation to North America.

Around 50,000 criminals are settled there but the American War of Independence ends that option and Australia becomes the alternative.

The first fleet with 775 prisoners goes in 1786, followed by three large fleets between 1787 and 1791, which form the basis of the population of the country (BBC, 2006).

1777 As High Sheriff of Bedfordshire, John Howard (a prison reformer) studies prison conditions throughout Europe for 17 years.

He proposes that the conditions should be healthy and disease-free, and that jailers should not be allowed to charge prisoners.

The book, called ‘State of the Prisons in England and Wales’, is a highly influential literature piece but it is not widely put into practice until later in the 19th Century.

The Howard League for Penal Reform (a charity) - still influential today - is named after him (Howard, J., 2018).

1791 Jeremy Bentham sees Howard’s theory as the ideal prison. The key concept is to allow guards to observe the prisoners without knowing they are being watched. This becomes the establishment of ‘panopticon’ or ‘radial’ prisons.

Examples of the model shape is shown with Pentonville and Millbank prisons (Bentham, J., & Mill, J. S., 1973).

1815 The state now pays jailers, and magistrates are given responsibility for inspecting prisons.

In 1835 prison inspectors are introduced and by 1877 all prison staff are salaried and appointed on merit (BBC, 2006).

1817 Elizabeth Fry who was a Quaker (a Christian sect), was appalled at prison conditions and over-crowding.

She funds a prison school for children held with their mothers and sets up Association for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate.

She and her brother Joseph John Gurney persuade Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel to introduce prison reforms (BBC, 2006).

1878 This leads to closure of the worst prisons and all prisons are brought under the control of a national system run by the Prison Commission. It has to submit annual reports on prisons to the Parliament.

The act also sees the adoption of John Howard’s reforms and a shift in emphasis from prisons being a place of punishment to reform.

And two new ideas are introduced “decarceration”, which replaced sentences with supervision in the community, and “therapeutic incarceration”, which reduces the punishment element in imprisonment.

Lincoln Castle is one of the prisons closed in 1878 (BBC, 2006) 1922 Regimes of keeping prisoners in silence or alone had been criticised for creating high instances of insanity.

Four hundred volunteer teachers start working in prisons. But wardens - which in 1919 are renamed prison officers - are not keeping pace with reform so in 1935 the first staff training course is launched at Wakefield Prison.

World War II leads to an increase in the number of female officers (BBC, 2006).

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1777; John Howard

1791; Pentonville Prison

1791; Magistrate’s visit prison

1817; Elizabeth Fry

1878; Closure of Lincoln Castle

1922; Training at HMP Wakefield

1948; Popularity of rehabilitation

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1948 This creates a model for modern day prisons.

It recommends longer periods of imprisonment for training and rehabilitation and efforts are made to involve staff in the reform of prisoners (BBC, 2006).

From the period of 1993 to present day, our prisoner population has increased from 44,246 (1993) to 85,134 (2016) – that is a staggering 92% increase in three decades.

Which brings us to the current prison system. Rehabilitation was an idea that was started by John Howard in the 18th century, but his ideas were never fully implemented in UK until 1948 – which is less than a century ago. By comparing other European countries (shown in Figure 9). England and Wales alone has single-handedly beaten all Western European countries (Wright, P., 2016, November 15).

Even though UK is currently at the stage where the focus is placed on rehabilitation, data shows contradictory information.

“As James Bell, an American lawyer and prison reform activist, said: “As it stands now, justice systems are extremely expensive, do not rehabilitate, but in fact make the people that experience them worse.”

Although the UK spends a higher amount of GDP on public order than the US or any EU countries, the jails are described as being highly ineffective. One of the main reasons is linked to the use of immediate custodial sentences (ICS) – which means the usage of mandatory punishment on a convict in prison or any closed institution.

The problem is shown in data back in 1993 – UK only had 54% of the prison population serving less than four years; now the statistic has decreased to 33% meaning two-thirds of the population are

serving much longer sentences (Wright, P., 2016, November 15)..

Another addition to these increases was the introduction of Extended Determinate Sentences (EDS) after the Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) which were essentially decisions made by the judge to extend the time where an individual can receive parole. Life sentences and legislative changes such as Criminal Justice & Immigration Act 2008 were also contributing to the massive increase of the population (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

In terms of what is being done now is labelled in the Government’s 2015 Productivity Plan stating that greater productivity is essential for the wellbeing of citizens. It laid out reforms to the tax, education, transport systems, criminal justice, and among others which aim to support higher levels of productivity. This focus has yet to be extended to public services (prison services are a part of this) even though the public sector accounts for 20% of GDP, yet only 2 pages out of 82 were devoted to this topic in the Productivity Plan. Official estimates also suggest public sector productivity has risen only 0.1% yearly between 1997 and 2013 (Wright, P., 2016, November 15).

The theory that I propose is that UK is a cynical nation – still reliant on its belief of ‘punishment’ over ‘rehabilitation’. This is not an assumption as results have of the judicial system prove otherwise – especially from the PRS and other MoJ documentations.

The MoJ has not fully embraced and adopted the successful rehabilitation methods of other countries such as Norway and Netherlands. Which brings about the question of… Why?

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England & Wales has the highest imprisonment rate in western Europe

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ENGLAND & WALES SCOTLAND

137

PORTUGAL

129

FRANCE

102

N. IRELAND

79

GERMANY

78

NORWAY

Prison population rate (per 100,000 population)

74

FINLAND

57

SWEDEN

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Figure 9 Statistics showing England and Wales alone, has high incarceration rate - the most compared to western Europe and northern Europe.

The prison population has risen by 77% in the last 30 years 90,000 75,000 60,000 45,000 30,000 15,000 0

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2018

Figure 10 Rates have significantly increased

As of 2018, population is at 83,620

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Chapter 2

Chapter 2: The criticism of UKs rehabilitation methods The criticism lies in the slow adoption of rehabilitation by UK. Due to legislation changes, for the increase of sentences handed down by judges – the country has effectively defeated itself in its challenge to keep a lower incarcerated population.

It contradicts the idea of Howard to keep offenders away from prison.

Although, to the credit of UK – life sentences are seen as the last resort to be handed down to offenders – so the law itself does not constitute for all the reasons of the prison crisis.

Recidivism is a major identified problem, which reflects more on the community behaviour that inherently reinforces the idea of a fundamental weakness in the society – the final phase of the domain in the PRS is rehabilitation and release planning, where offenders are given the chance to assimilate back into normal life. However, when analysing Anasseril E. Daniel’s study of suicide; the ‘lack of family’ support can spread onto the ‘lack of community support’ which makes for the result of re-offending. Recidivism in UK is at 60% in 2016 compared to Netherlands at 48% and Norway’s 20% - UKs society is simply not ready for rehabilitation; or at best it can be said that it is slow (Wright, P., 2016, November 15).

Hypocrisy has played a big part in English political history over the multiple centuries.

The Toleration Act of 1689 marked one of the earliest incidents of hypocrisy as Protestant nonconformists were deprived of important rights that the Catholics were

free to have (Wikipedia, n.d).

In the present day, hypocrisy is evident from the contradictory information represented in poor results to the unfulfilled desired outcome; an endless cycle of bad practice has continued from the 20th century to the present day. Even though, greater freedom for inmates is slowly becoming more accepted in the UK – positive feedback is often masked by sarcastic news coverage portrayed in the media. This feeds the cultural phenomena of fear. Referring back to Bordieu’s habitus, this constant cycle of sarcastic undertones portrayed by the news only fuels the stigma in the UKs rehabilitation methods. Society’s perception is skewed by media portrayal which reflect onto ideas of a ‘radical pluralist’s’ analytical framework (Cavadino, M., C., & Dignan, J., 2011). The framework defines penal practices as a formation of: 1 – General ideological and cultural factors 2 – Penal ideology and culture 3 – Material conditions In this logic on the formula of a prison, misunderstood perception from the public fed by superficial information from the media can define the prison condition to contrast what the users within them actually deserve. This is dangerous to the prisoners.

A prime example is HMP Berwyn located in Wrexham. Facilities within Berwyn included phones and laptops in cells, a 3-G

UKs failing Prison System

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GENERAL IDEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS

CHOSEN PENAL PLEASURE SYSTEM

PENAL IDEOLOGY AND CULTURE

MATERIAL CONDITIONS

Figure 11 Radocal pluralist’s analytical framework illustrates in the formation of a penal system.

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Chapter 2

football pitch, gym workshop areas and game areas. It has been described as “Britain’s cushiest jail” by a well-established tabloid: ‘The Sun’ – and it is a representation of the desire for punishment over rehabilitation by using the sarcastic undertones (Cain, K. 2017, July 11). What this means can be related to Leslie Fairweather’s quote of: “the condition of the prisoner should remain inferior (‘less eligible’) to the condition of the poorest free man” Emhasized by comments like: “Prison is a punishment, not an inconvenient stay at a hame away from home and the lefty simpletons who pander to this scum seem to have forgotten that fact! Prison should be as horrific and demeaning as possible, so they don’t do anything that’ll ever put them back there.”

A user on ‘The Sun’ This is a reflection on UKs society, while UK holds immense political power in Europe – UK is simply not ready to accept an individual within their country with these rights despite the removal of liberation in their lives. There is still the desire to eliminate the concept of ‘hope’ a key ingredient which I will explain later.

To the more detailed level, the activities which reside in closed prisons are there to give the prisoners an opportunity to develop skills they have not acquired outside of prison (Howard, J., 2018). The problem is the incentive to achieve that – the motivators to drive this kind of behaviour is ultimately down to the individual. What lacks within these facilities (apart from the outdated facilities which provide for these activities is mentorship – a teacher that guides a prisoner on a daily basis. In a study by Linda Jucovy’s “Amachi: Mentoring Children of Prisoners In Philadelphia” confirmed the advantage of mentorship since it reduces a young person’s temptation to use alcohol and drugs, while improving school

performance, attendance and reduction in violence (Jucovy, L. Z., 2003). The problem here is having enough mentors for the vast majority of the prison population since UK has over 80,000 prisoners. The funding for such mentors is one of the biggest challenges along with assessments into what is an acceptable mentor. A decision yet to be enforced by the MoJ. This idea is not new in UK though, the closest example of a success story was a charity established back in 2006; “Prison Radio Association”. One of several prison programmes aimed at lowering reoffending rates. In addition to equipping inmates for life after imprisonment, the station also gives convicts something essential to successful rehabilitation: hope (BBC, 2006).

As Michael, an inmate at HMP Lindholme said: “I’ve just been introduced to NPR and the inspiration your radio station gives has been a very welcome breath of fresh air. I have now found a new lease of life and I’m now going after a dream I once had as a student at college.”

So not all ‘hope’ is lost, but it is difficult to move forward when comments like: “There are honest people who do not have what these scumbags have, give me a break, this is a reward not a punishment and everything should be taken away...........what a joke................”

A user on ‘The Sun’.

Are still of a regular occurrence on news forums. Official documents are inherently missing this one main ingredient – ‘hope’.

The focus is on producing results, rather than the prospect of giving the prisoner hope or even the acknowledgement. The problem is ‘assessment’. It is a test. There is very little hope for people who have only seen or felt failure within society (the reason why they are in prison in the first place, is because they have failed the rules set by the law and society) (Fairweather, L.,

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 12 Leslie Fairweather, editor to “Prison Architecture: Policy, Design & Experience”. The person who identified why rehabilitation is still not a fully accepted idea.

“... the condition of the prisoner should remain inferior (‘less eligible’) to the condition of the poorest free man”

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Chapter 2 & McConville, S., 2003).

This in turn puts prisons in the wrong focal point. The focus of both HMPPS and MoJ is skewed by its own interpretation on what a successful prison is. This is attributed down to a referenced literature: Carolyn Ellis (2009) asks: “Why does social science have to be written in a way that makes detailed lived experience secondary to abstraction and statistical data?”

The problem with government statistics and documentation guidelines is that it neutralizes the complexity of human relationships. Especially in criminology, there is an immediate understanding that if emotions are attached to the information that is found, colleagues and other researchers will question its “validity” and perhaps even the suitability to engage effectively in criminological research (Drake & Harvey, 2010). Sadly, that seems to be the current case for prisons – statistical data is not backed up by one key ingredient of solving the issue: emotion.

“The vast majority of those sent to prison will be released back to the community and so it matters to all of us what happens to people when they are sent to prison. Throwing someone into a raging torrent of violence, drugs and despair is not going to help that person steer away from crime. On the contrary, it will feed more crime and create yet more pressure on the failing prisons.

Andrew Neilson My evaluation on the entirety of UK prison system is still only a small part to understanding the problems associated with the penal system, so I am not concluding that UK must follow every regulation provided by the schematics of Norway and Netherlands – but a reform is most definitely required.

A possibility for the MoJ should be to introduce a measure of prison performance

which better encapsulates prisoner activity.

This should include, at a minimum, time spent on education, industry, accredited programmes (taking into account course completion rates) and any hours spent as part of peer mentoring schemes. To ensure governors and prison staff are not incentivised to provide ‘activity for activities sake’ through tasks which are unlikely to develop skills or promote rehabilitation, a framework should be established which lays out which activities can be included under the new measure.

Or it could be as simple as stabilising the budget (Prison Reform Trust., 2018).

An interesting deduction of UKs society is applied via Joseph P. Overton’s political concept of the ‘Overton Window’: A term used to describe the spectrum of a perceived acceptance level of an idea. Any idea that is perceived by the public as normal is locked within a frame and any idea outside that frame can be seen as either popular, sensible, radical or unthinkable (Beck, G., Balfe, K., Bestler, E., & Henderson, J., 2011).

The Overton Window suggests that the frame can be shifted along the spectrum to change public opinion of a subjective matter – in this case prisons. The public does not have to agree with an idea but just have to get used to it over a prolonged period of time. In an analysis by Vox, a prime example would be President Donald Trump; his ideas have been laid onto the US citizens for a prolonged period of time that it has become a norm (Beck, G., Balfe, (K., Bestler, E., & Henderson, J., 2011). For UK, this has shifted many times in the past millennial of the judicial system – from the invention of the Common Law to the 20th century. UKs Overton Window is still fixed on the idea of punishment; rehabilitation is still a transitioning phase of the frame.

Until the Overton Window can change UKs prison system is subject to the politics and cynical societal perception of the rehabilitation methods.

UKs failing Prison System

TORTUROUS METHODS DEATH PENALTY

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Figure 13 The Overton Window framework illustrated

UNTHINKABLE

RADICAL

ACCEPTABLE

SENSIBLE

POPULAR

UK’S CURRENT PRISON POLICIES

UK’s Overton Window is stuck in the middle right now, for the rehabilitation methods, this ‘frame’ needs to shift down, into more radical ideas

POPULAR

SENSIBLE

ACCEPTABLE

RADICAL

UNTHINKABLE

SUPER-HUMANE TOTAL FREEDOM

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Chapter 3

Chapter 3: An Examination of Selected Prisons

Historical prison was without a doubt a scheme to punish the perpetrator. The deduction proposed by Foucault was if one was to break the law or do wrong (especially during that time), the accused should be punished to ensure that they will not do wrong in the future (an improvement from torture) (Foucault, M., & Sheridan, A., 1977). It is unfortunate to say this, but remnants of this belief has continuously flowed into our current prison systems, from Category A to Category C – all the prisons are still closed prisons – and a majority of them are confined to the same Victorian styled architecture (National Archives., 2018, July 11).

This inability to change the design of the prisons is a representation of punishment used in the past. If ideas of Howard and Bentham are to be truly utilised – it should not be difficult to deduce that a new system requires a new environment to enable the first steps of change.

It is an overlooked aspect that the Ministry of Justice has failed to recognise – out of the 123 prisons located in England and Wales, only 15 were open prisons, all of which are Category D. With only 15 open prisons in the UK, it further embodies the beliefs of the criminal justice system in UK - the system is focused on punishment and not on rehabilitation. Foucault describes this transition as an ‘illusion’ – a more economical and rational mode of punishment - an economic rationality that has simply been labelled as ‘humanity’ or ‘humane’ (Foucault, M., & Sheridan, A., 1977).

But with this humane punishment – the logical result equates to failure which is exactly what has happened in the present era, thus creating the discourse on the prison ideology.

As a quick analysis, it is important to review key prisons that are integral to this paper in establishing the main points that critique the UK prison system, and ultimately act as the reflection of what the society is today.

UKs failing Prison System

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Chapter 3

Coldbath Fields Prison The Punishment Prison

Much like the studies of Foucault, ideas of torture and punishment were the first sought out techniques to handle the perpetrators. The Victorians were worried about the rising crime rate: since offences went up from 5,000 per year in 1800 to approximately 20,000 per year in 1840. They were firm believers in punishment (torture fell out of fashion) for criminals but faced a problem of ‘what should the punishment be’? This is a reference to Bentham’s question of “can they suffer?” as the rationale found in his literature focuses on punishment rather than the consequences of the Victorian’s punishment mechanism (National Archives., 2018, July 11).

There were prisons in existence at the time, but they were mostly small, old and badly-run. Common punishments included transportation – sending the offender to America or to Australia.

The other alternative was being sent to execution: hundreds of offences during its time carried the death penalty (National Archives., 2018, July 11).

But by the 1830s people were having doubts about both of these types of punishments.

So an alternative method was sought after, and the answer was prison: lots of new prisons were built and old ones extended.

Coldbath Fields Prison can be described as the supermax prison of its century, being the largest in Europe for its time – holding a capacity of 2000 – based on the design of the prisons – analysis suggests

efficiency (Bentham, J., & Mill, J. S. (1973).

Space that could be made for recreational activities were instead used to fill more prisoners. This means the Victorians had clear ideas about what these prisons should be like. They should be unpleasant places, to deter people from committing crimes.

Once inside, prisoners had to be made to face up to their own faults, by keeping them in silence and making them do hard, boring work. Walking a treadwheel or picking oakum (separating strands of rope) (Wikipedia, n.d).

The work involved for the prisoner while they were on the treadwheel was to hold on to a bar and simply walk up a rotating wheel. The prisoner would walk on the treadwheel for 10 minutes then take 5 minutes rest before going back on again.

This would continue for a session of 8 hours, climbing the equivalent of over 8,000 feet The prisoners were under strict supervision and were not allowed to talk during these jobs. This was strictly enforced by the officers and according to the punishment book of Coldbath Fields; it records 11,624 offences against just this rule in one year. It was better than torture, and seen as more humane but it was still degrading (National Archives., 2018, July 11).

It eventually closed in 1885 - to the credit of UK, it has advanced significantly from this regime in prison.

UKs failing Prison System

Capacity: 2000 Opened: 1794 - 1885 Category: Maximum Rating: ???

Figure 14 Floor plan of Coldbath Fields Prison, a panopticon shaped prison, cells were packed tightly in each ward.

Circled is the location of the treadmill house, where hard labour was done by the prisoners.

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Chapter 3

Figure 15 An aerial view drawing of the closed Coldbath Fields Prison.

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 16 An old drawing of the treadmill house, people convicted would walk on the treadmills for a full day.

Figure 17 An old drawing of convicted people picking oakum.

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Chapter 3

HMP Liverpool The Worst Prison in UK HMP Liverpool is a Victorian prison, using a ‘telephone pole’ design to establish its eight wings. Although it may be a coincidence that the prison is of an architectural style that has history related to intensive punishment, this is a prime example of an outdated environment. No floor plans can be found to see the facilities in the building.

HMP Liverpool has had the rating of 1 in the PRS consecutively for the past three years – the most recent unannounced inspection in 2016/2017 showcased the appalling conditions of the prison (Ministry of Justice, 2018). This is the reason why HMP Liverpool was rated as the worst – it has been subjected to years of neglect, clearly evident in the lack of hygiene in the pictures, as well as observations made by the HM Chief Inspector. The HM Chief Inspector has stated: “Violence of all kinds had increased since the last inspection. Over a third of prisoners told us they felt unsafe at the time of our inspection, and half said they had been victimised by staff.

Although the recorded use of force had reduced, it was still high. Governance was poor and not sufficiently accountable. A contributory factor to the violence was highly likely to have been the prevalence of illicit drugs in the prison. Nearly two-thirds of prisoners told us it was easy or very easy to obtain drugs; their perception appeared to be fully justified. Of those prisoners tested for drugs, there was a very high positive testing rate of 37.5%.” (Ministry of Justice, 2018) Perhaps the most shocking statistic was that four inmates had committed suicide

with an additional 184 acts of self-harm caused by 106 prisoners *Ministry of Justice, 2018).

Suicide attempts and suicide completion is explained by Anasseril E. Daniel, MD as feelings of hopelessness when prisoners are given the life sentence, feelings associated to depression, lack of communication between staff members and lack of family support – all factor in making these individuals very susceptible and vulnerable (especially during the first few weeks of incarceration).

HMP Liverpool has had these conditions alerted for the past three years by the PRS which both the HMPPS and MoJ seem to have ignored – leading to the present situation of this institute Buchanan, M. (2018, January 19). The fundamentals of this establishment is a major weak point stemming from the decisions made by the higher ups. As Leslie Fairweather states: “… we have fellow beings manifestly in need of restoration or improvement. However, no sooner do we formulate words than their political absurdity.”

This was a quote made in the year 2000, which emphasizes the long-term problem that has plagued UKs prisons – the manifestation of the negligence given to these establishments leads unsurprisingly to the result of HMP Liverpool (Fairweather, L., & McConville, S., 2003).

And there are 15 more establishments in these squalid conditions.

UKs failing Prison System

Capacity: 1184 Opened: 1855 Category: B Rating: 1

Figure 18 Aerial view of HMP Liverpool, located in an urban place. The proximity enabled drones to fly in drugs.

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Figure 19 Graffiti of a cell

Figure 20 Cockroaches infestation within the prison

Chapter 3

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 21 Outside conditions were littered with rubbish

Figure 23 Glass was broken in one of the cells, becoming a safety hazard

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Figure 22 Toilets were leaking and unusable

Figure 24 Walls began to deteriorate due to dampness

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Chapter 3

HMP Wandsworth The Neglected Prison Wandsworth is one of the biggest prisons in UK and like HMP Liverpool, it has suffered the 1 band rating for a consecutive year due to neglect (Ministry of Justice, 2018).

Neglect is described in “Managing Organizational Deviance” by Roland E. Kidwell and Christopher L. Martin as passively allowing working conditions to deteriorate through the misaligned interests of the individual and organisation.

Wandsworth is a prime example of the neglect given to both staff and ultimately the prisoners themselves – which is shown through the statistics.

The prison is based off of a ‘radial’ or ‘panopticon’ design originated by Bentham.

Despite the theory of its efficiency - in the documentary ‘Seven Days in Wandsworth’, some design issues with the prison could be seen immediately due to the sheer size. The understaffed personnel were running from one end of a prison wing to the other end to deal with hazardous prisoners – some of which were self-harming, being violent or were in the middle of consuming drugs (BBC., 2016, May 18). There is clearly a lack of control, shown by prisoners jumping on a protective net spread across an atrium, with a height of at least two storeys. The fact that the prisoners put themselves at risk shows the lack of provisional care.

Apart from practical issues, in the unannounced inspection of 2017/2018, the number of deaths were at 11 – amongst them being 6 suicides. Compared to HMP

Liverpool, there were 265 incidents of selfharm committed by 188 prisoners (albeit Wandsworth is a bigger prison). To put it into context, when measuring the annual prison suicides – England and Wales alone is at a suicide rate of 13.6 out of 100,000 (2011 – 2014) compared to Norway’s 12.9 and the Netherlands 13.0. Staff members are trying to work with what they have, but the resources have simply not been there (Fazel, S., Ramesh, T., & Hawton, K. (2017).

“Do you think you’re appreciated?”

BBC Reporter “No, we’re definitely not appreciated. You can tell that by the amount of cuts we’ve received.

To actually have the strength to turn around and deliver care to the person that spits in your face and to continue doing that. Because at the end of the day it’s about the society as a whole.

If we treat the most undeserving with care and respect – that says a lot about our society.”

Prison officer (BBC., 2016, May 18).

When the PRS does not take into consideration of staff surveys (only prisoner surveys), it fails to showcase the issues faced by the staff for the public – even though staff have the right mindset.

The MoJ has a department that specifically handles prisoners’ complaints – Prisoners and Probation Ombudson (PPO), the leadership and guidance has simply been half-hearted and disproportionate to the staff. It produces results – just not the right ones.

UKs failing Prison System

Capacity: 1877 Opened: 1851 Category: B Rating: 1

Figure 25 Aerial view of HMP Wandsworth, the arrow indicated the long travel distances from one wing to another.

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Chapter 3

Figure 26 Eight staff members had to detain one prisoner who refused to enter back into their cells

Figure 27 Prisoners were seen jumping on the nets of the atrium, causing a serious safety concern.

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 28 An inmate who resorted to excessive self-harm

Figure 29 Prison staff running from one wing to another to handle any alarms that were going off.

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Chapter 3

HMP Belmarsh The ‘Good’ Prison To contrast with the perception on the danger of a Category A prison – the one that seems to be the most dangerous fared a lot better compared to the prior listed prisons; with a rating of 3 (meeting the majority of targets). Even though HMP Belmarsh has been compared to ‘Britain’s Guantanamo Bay’ due to the notoriety of its inmates and the existence of the high security units (HSU) – effectively a prison within a prison - a recent documentary “Screws: Inside Belmarsh” by the BBC suggests a more organised department with better staff training in comparison to HMP Liverpool and HMP Wandsworth. An example was the use of riot gear to detain insubordinate prisoners, using a maximum of three officers compared to the eight officers in HMP Wandsworth which seems excessive for one prisoner (BBC, 2012).

despite the high-profile offenders – the main complaint is the lack of staff e.g. the lack of Arabic speaking staff to accommodate for the Muslim population. In the unannounced inspection of HMP Belmarsh 2017/2018, the surveys by prisoners in the White ethnicity versus the Black, Asian, Ethnic Minority (BAME) shows the thoughts of the prisoners.

40 out of 55 possible answers were of lower percentage compared to the White ethnicity counterpart – some of the questions ranged from “Are your religious beliefs respected here?” to “Do most staff treat you here with respect?”

This is a reflection on the limited staff provided to the prisons with the necessary skills to communicate with the inmates thus disintegrating the possibility to form proper rapport. The results of HMP Belmarsh can be summed up in one phrase by the prison officer Rob Joseph:

Despite the better training, policy changes affecting the quality of staff in other areas were the immediate problems that could also be witnessed inside.

“We’re outnumbered, aren’t we?”

“The prison service is under orders to respect the needs of its multi-cultural, ethnically diverse population. Their political masters say too many officers are white when a quarter of prisoners are not. To correct this imbalance, the entry rules have been changed. Today the only qualification needed is clean criminal record.”

Narrator (BBC, 2012) This is the wrong fundamental approach, suggesting minority staff members are less qualified than the white counterpart. It shows lack of standards, and the results of reduced standards is further emphasized by previously mentioned study of Kidwell and Martin (Kidwell, R. E., & Martin, C. L., 2005). Although more care can be seen

The results of budget cuts can lead to bad or even shocking practices which showcases the danger the staff put themselves in: “I mean there has been occasions in there where the officers actually come to the door and say: ‘look I’m gonna leave your cell open because I’m gonna deal with a drug addict and if anything happens – come and help me out’. Cause there’s not enough staff up here. It’s very dangerous sometimes.”

A fellow inmate (BBC, 2012) On a night-shift, there are only 16 guards to look after the whole population. To summarise, even well-performing prisons are struggling due to the upper echelons of management.

UKs failing Prison System

Capacity: 910 Opened: 1991 Category: A Rating: 3

Figure 30 An aerial view of HMP Belmarsh, the Category A prison.

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Figure 31 Prisoners teaching staff officers the way the things are done in Belmarsh.

Figure 32 Recent trends led to reform in the way staff officers treat prisoners.

UKs failing Prison System

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Figure 33 A prison staff, communicating with a prisoner in one of the high-security units (HSU).

Figure 34 Staff training on an acting insubordinate prisoner. Three members are assigned to one prisoner with riot geat equipment.

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Chapter 4: The Norwegian and Dutch Prison System The Overton Window of Norway is shifted to a much more rehabilitative frame compared to UK. In Tom Vander Beken’s “The Role of Prison in Europe: Travelling in Howard’s Footsteps”, he states that Norwegians are a homogenous group of people due to its isolation in Northern Europe, which may be the reason as to why they treat their prisoners in high regard (J., H., G., & H., 2016, October 11).. The community in this country strives for humane and ecological objectives by being connected to nature which will be evident in the chosen prisons compared to the urban contexts of UK. In “Behaviour and the Natural Environment” by Irwin Altman and Joachim F. Wohlwill, nature fulfils human needs by making sense of the interactive environment, while providing exploratory needs on the human brain. Their theory is that it connects to the limbic part of the brain - the part that is deeply-rooted with emotion; interaction with nature leads to experiences of tranquillity, serenity, and sensory pleasure. This belief labels the hierarchy of Norwegian’s management down to the individual prison environments – which shown by statistics of the country - prove that it is working (HÅKONSEN, K. D., 2017, May 18)..

The first analysed prison is Halden, and I hope the analysis gives a very brief ideology of the politics in Norway.

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Chapter 4

Halden Prison: The Most Humane Prison in the World

Norway has a low incarceration rate of 72 out of 100,000 combined with some of the lowest recidivism rates at 20% compared to UKs rate of 60%. This is attributed to the humane prisons.

Halden Prison has been called the most humane prison in the world. It is located in a remote area filled with greenery and forestry, an immediate contrast to the urban environment that can be seen from the aerial views. It has been described that there are no deterrents visible such as coils of razor wire in sight, lethal electric fences, or towers manned by snipers — nothing violent, threatening or dangerous – the prisoners are every bit of a human as an outsider; and their thoughts are considered.

To the UK, this implementation can be seen as a breach of safety, a major concern that is emphasized in the PRS publication but in Halden there has yet to be a prisoner that has tried to escape (Sterbenz, C., 2014, December 11).

340 staff members are located in this facility some of them being teachers and healthcare workers to accommodate for the 245 prisoners. This means that every individual prisoner has at least two or three staff members looking after them.

Activities include gardening, outdoor chess-playing, home-cooking, playing musical instruments, among others and it is all dependant on what the person in recovery wants – the theory is that they are able to accomplish goals that may not be achievable in their preexisting backgrounds. To give them that

opportunity is their aptly named scheme of ‘restorative justice’, which in itself sounds more powerful than ‘rehabilitation’ (Sterbenz, C., 2014, December 11).

Halden allows inmates to freely roam the facility for 12 hours a day – giving inmates the opportunity to interact with the natural environment or stay in their cells if they do not wish to leave, compared to the institutionalised 2 hours in UK prisons.

The treatment of inmates at Halden is wholly focused on helping to prepare them for a life after they get out. The difference in attitude is applying ‘hope’ as a driver for the prisoners. The level of human rights in Norway is both enforced and at a far more advanced level compared to the UK – they are ready for these types of establishments; proven by the people’s willingness to pay more for the offenders. To even become an officer, one has to study in the field of human psychology, or related subject for at least two years, plus training compared to the few weeks training provided in UK. The spending by Norway to look after an individual prisoner in Halden is approximately £110,000, compared to UKs expenditure of £45,000, which is an emphasizes on the Norwegian belief that prisoners are valued. As stated by Beken: “I have seen some quite remarkable things on my trip, that is for sure. Norway is investing copiously, and wisely, in its policy of reintegration. The prison labour schemes are sensible ones.”

UKs failing Prison System

Capacity: 245 Opened: 2012 Category: Maximum Rating: ???

Figure 35 An aerial view of Halden Prison, located in a green place.

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Figure 36 Interior of the dining spaces, plenty of natural light and visual connection to outside.

Figure 37 Religious freedom is practiced within the prison - an Imam and a Priest counsel the prisoners.

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 38 Home-cooking is available for the prisoners, with accessible kitchens.

Figure 39 Gardening is an activity around the facility.

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Norgerhaven Prison The Most ‘Trustworthy’ Prison The Netherlands has a strange problem: there are too few prisoners - this in retrospect has resulted in the closure of 19 prisons in 2013. As a reminder, incarceration rates in UK is at 145 prisoners out of 100,000 compared to the Netherlands with a rate of 59 prisoners out of 100,000. The country has humorously been called out to having an ‘under-crowding’ crisis in 2016 which in itself does propose problems as 2,000 staff members have lost their jobs. The government created a solution to this by ‘importing’ prisoners from other countries to keep the prisons running (Power, G., 2018, June 21).

Norgerhaven is a Norwegian run prison using a pre-existing allotment space provided by the Dutch government. In its establishment it has already absorbed 240 Norwegian inmates. This was a bilateral agreement with Norway, meaning the prison system is run with Norwegian laws but filled with Dutch officers.

Much like Halden Prison, Norgerhaven is located in a rural area with plenty of greenery to surround the facility. With a low capacity of prisoners – it highlights the proper care that can be provided (Power, G., 2018, June 21).

Even though Norgerhaven is a Norwegian prison, this agreement reflects more about the Dutch penal system than the Norwegian one. For starters, Dutch correctional officers speak English to the Norwegian inmates – and they are trained of both Dutch and Norwegian

laws. The training standard is of a higher calibre than the UK (Howard, J., 2018).

With the incarceration rate in UK, it is almost impossible to have such techniques in Norgerhaven implemented - the first problem is convincing the nation that UK requires a massive reform.

With an already establishment of relaxed drug laws in 1972 – Dutch crimes have remained consistently low.

This concept that establishes trust is not just in Norgerhaven. In the book “The care of long-term prisoners, 1979”

by Renee Shorts – the Dutch have committed to this idea of trust to the level where families can choose which inmate to bring to their own home to build the rapport necessary to feed into the community. It is an integral part of rehabilitation usually reserved for the most severe offenders, in order to finalise re-integration of society. It is no surprise that this focus on trust amongst society is strengthened with its trust to working with other countries; something that would be seen as absurd in the UK – reflecting and highlighting the separation of the ‘correct’ and the ‘wrong’.

Netherland’s openness of their penal system dates as far back as 1823; the country’s belief in Howard’s rehabilitation has had time to develop for almost 200 years. In contrast, UK adopted rehabilitation merely as a concept in 1878. After 70 years, in 1948, Howard’s ideas were enforced by the government.

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Capacity: 242 Opened: 2015 Category: Maximum Rating: ???

Figure 40 An aerial view of Norgerhaven Prison. Surrounded with forestry, while the building surrounds a courtyard - there is constant connection to the nature.

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Figure 41 The facility can be seen amongst trees.

Figure 42 State of the art workshop equipment, to enable prisoners to learn new skills

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 43 Outdoor activities, include football, volleyball and cricket.

Figure 44 State of the art gym equipment for the inmates.

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The most important aspect of the Dutch people is that they have openly accepted the humanity of prisoners, R. Short states this for prisoner clinic facilities: “The clinic itself is not a secure establishment so patients can walk out if they have a mind to. About 70% overstay home leave or abscond in a year, and the aim is to build up good relationships between staff and patients so that emotional security rather than physical security is built up and patients will keep their commitment.”

The Minister of Justice said in the Dutch Parliament: “We must have more, better equipped and better organised police”, not “We must have much tougher prison sentences for these terrible crimes against police officers”.

Compared to what the recently resigned David Cameron said in 2012:

“the primary, proper response to crime … is punishment – proportionate, meaningful punishment” And before him, Tony Blair in 1995:

“Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime” Even though Theresa May has come into power, talks of prison has remained…

Stagnant – nothing has changed since the power swap and will likely stay the same for a long time. For every statistic produced by the Ministry of Justice, it only proves the lack of the fundamentals of what a prison should be – it is based on a flawed rationale.

Whichever prison model that UK is closely related to – UK needs to reform the beliefs of a penal system down to the core. Norgerhaven is a representation of the society in Netherlands and it represents two things unity and trust (Short, 1979).

UKs failing Prison System

Figure 45 David Cameron, former prime minister.

Figure 46 Tony Blair, former prime minister prior David Cameron. Both had a stance of being ‘tough on crime’.

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Conclusion: Prison is a complex subject and the solution to reduce the number of offenders - it is not something that can be solved overnight. Only under constant re-evaluation can UK achieve a better prison system.

Our interest in this culture does not change one thing though – we seek the rational of humanity doing bad things and attempt to solve the issue through logistic reasoning. True crime writer Harold Schechter suggests our morbid interests in crime has become a ‘cultural hysteria’ – it is a way of getting close to the criminals and to experience the mischief, violence, and even horror without actually falling victim to it. It may also be a way of indulging ourselves in our most vengeful fantasies without having to act them out. But the citizens of UK have distanced the humanity of these criminals too much – forgetting that they are human too.

However, there is a truth that there are some things that cannot be logically explained – actions cannot be defined for all perpetrators; or we have yet to discover it. In this instance it becomes a topic relating closer to criminology and within the scope of this paper – it could lead to other types of facility typology; perhaps not even prisons; but this leads to a different topic.

The good thing about media hype is that it highlights the flaws of humanity – and it was this very interest that led me to the topic of prisons in the first place. There was a curiosity to why people commit crimes and the quickest way to find where these people are located was prison. I hope the analysis in this paper has given a clearer insight to the prison system in UK.

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“... some men aren’t looking for anything logical, like money. They can’t be bought, bullied or negotiated with. Some men just want to watch the world burn.”

Alfred Pennyworth, a quote referring to ‘The Joker’ from Christopher Nolan’s 2008 ‘The Dark Knight’.

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Fairweather, L., & McConville, S. (2003). Prison architecture: Policy, design, and experience. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Bentham, J., Mill, J. S., & Mill, J. S. (1973). The Utilitarians: An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/ Doubleday.

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New York: Pocket Books.

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Buchanan, M. (2018, January 19). How Liverpool prison became UK’s ‘worst jail’ - BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-42733953 J., H., G., & H. (2016, October 11). Fangene i Nederland føler seg litt lurt men liker seg godt i Norgerhaven. Retrieved from https://www.dagbladet. no/nyheter/fangene-i-nederland-foler-seg-litt-lurt---men-liker-seg-godt-inorgerhaven/60581333 Fisher, L. (2016, August 12). Prison, Nature and Social Structure - Terrapin Bright Green. Retrieved from https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/ blog/2016/08/prison-nature-social-structure/ HÅKONSEN, K. D. (2017, May 18). Norgerhaven fengsel skulle være en enkel løsning på soningskøen. Slik ble det ikke. Retrieved from https:// frifagbevegelse.no/nffmagasinet/norgerhaven-fengsel-skulle-vare-en-enkellosning-pa-soningskoen-slik-ble-det-ikke-6.158.458845.ec493cbd7b L. (2018, March 07). Lamentable Tory rhetoric on prisons | Letters. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/mar/07/lamentable-toryrhetoric-on-prisons National Archives. (2018, July 11). A Victorian prison. Retrieved from http:// www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/victorian-prison/ Reporters, T. (2018, January 19). HMP Liverpool: Rats, drugs, violence and squalor at prison with worst conditions inspectors have ever seen. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/19/hmp-liverpool-rats-drugsviolence-squalor-prison-worst-conditions/ Wang, K. E. (n.d.). Inside Norway´s Halden Prison. Retrieved from http:// www.thestoryinstitute.com/halden/ Wright, P. (2016, November 15). UK prisons crisis: Five graphs showing why officers are striking as chaos erupts behind bars. Retrieved from https:// www.ibtimes.co.uk/uk-prisons-crisis-five-graphs-showing-why-officers-arestriking-chaos-erupts-behind-bars-1591687

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Sterbenz, C. (2014, December 11). Why Norway’s prison system is so successful.

Retrieved from http://uk.businessinsider.com/why-norways-prison-system-isso-successful-2014-12 Santayana, G. (2013). PriSchool. Retrieved from http://www.glensantayana. com/PriSchool-A-Prison-School-Hybrid?utm_medium=website&utm_ source=archdaily.com Power, G. (2018, June 21). Why the Netherlands is closing its prisons. Retrieved from http://www.theweek.co.uk/94457/why-the-netherlands-is-closing-itsprisons O’Leary, J. (2014, June 18). How overcrowded are prisons in England and Wales?

Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/crime/how-overcrowded-are-prisonsengland-and-wales/ May Bulman Social Affairs Correspondent. (2018, July 03). Number of UK prison officers resigning soars amid increasing levels of violence and selfharm. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ number-of-prison-officers-resigning-from-post-soars-amid-soaring-levels-ofviolence-and-selfharm-a8427616.html London Lives 1690 to 1800. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.londonlives. org/static/Pretrial.jsp#toc8 John Howard (prison reformer). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/John_Howard_(prison_reformer) Gentleman, A. (2012, May 18). Inside Halden, the most humane prison in the world. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/may/18/ halden-most-humane-prison-in-world Daniel, A. E. (2006, June 01). Preventing Suicide in Prison: A Collaborative Responsibility of Administrative, Custodial, and Clinical Staff. Retrieved from http://jaapl.org/content/34/2/165 Cain, K. (2017, July 11). Inside Britain’s cushiest jail where lags get a laptop, phone and shower in their cells and which cost £212 million to build. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2987950/hmp-berwyn-wrexham-ukcells-cost/

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Government Documents

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/225226/prison-annual-per-ratings-12-13.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/338952/prison-annual-performance-ratings-13-14.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/449281/prison-annual-performance-ratings.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/541173/prison-annual-performance-ratings-2015-2016. pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/633052/hmpps-prison-ratings-2016-17.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/730208/annual_prison_performance_ratings_2017_18_ statistical_bulletin.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/218344/prison-rating-system-technical-note.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/653972/costs-per-place-per-prisoner-2016-2017summary.pdf All produced by the Ministry of Justice http://www.kriminalomsorgen.no/getfile.php/3100805.823.qxavfbbsue/ Norgerhaven_fengsel_engelsk.pdf

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Videos

BBC (2012) Screws: Inside Belmarsh (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2018, from http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b21ec9f BBC. (2016, May 18). Seven days inside Wandsworth. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-36327325/bbc-exclusive-a-look-insidewandsworth-prison

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List of Figures “Figure 1 Michel Foucault, a French philosopher and author of “Discipline and Punish: The birth of the Prison” in 1975.” on page 15 “Figure 2 Jeremy Bentham, a French philosopher author of “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” in 1789. He is also the man who designed the ‘panopticon’ or ‘radial’ prison shape.” on page 17 “Figure 3 John Howard, an English prison reformer and author to “State of the Prisons in England and Wales”, in 1777.” on page 19 “Figure 4 Nelson Mandela, former political leader and president in South Africa who has been in prison before.” on page 21 “Figure 5 This is the Prison Rating System 2012/2013 model. To the left are the four domains followed by the drivers which enable the possibility to measure the performance of a prison.” on page 23 “Figure 6 This years evaluation of the prisons in England and Wales, 4 = Exceptional Performance, 3 = Meeting the majority of the targets, 2 = Overall performance is of concern, 1 = Overall performance is of serious concern. 15 prisons have been rated as 1.” on page 25 “Figure 7 Location of the 15 prisons with band rating of 1 on the PRS. Three prisons will be looked at in more detail: HMP Liverpool, HMP Wandsworth and HMP Belmarsh” on page 27 “Figure 8 An illustrated timeline of the penal system” on page 29 “Figure 9 Statistics showing England and Wales alone, has high incarceration rate - the most compared to western Europe and northern Europe.” on page 33 “Figure 10 Rates have significantly increased” on page 33 “Figure 11 Radocal pluralist’s analytical framework illustrates in the formation of a penal system.” on page 35 “Figure 12 Leslie Fairweather, editor to “Prison Architecture: Policy, Design & Experience”. The person who identified why rehabilitation is still not a fully accepted idea.” on page 37

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“Figure 13 The Overton Window framework illustrated” on page 39 “Figure 14 Floor plan of Coldbath Fields Prison, a panopticon shaped prison, cells were packed tightly in each ward. Circled is the location of the treadmill house, where hard labour was done by the prisoners.” on page 43 “Figure 15 An aerial view drawing of the closed Coldbath Fields Prison.” on page 44 “Figure 16 An old drawing of the treadmill house, people convicted would walk on the treadmills for a full day.” on page 45 “Figure 17 An old drawing of convicted people picking oakum.” on page 45 “Figure 18 Aerial view of HMP Liverpool, located in an urban place. The proximity enabled drones to fly in drugs.” on page 47 “Figure 19 Graffiti of a cell” on page 48 “Figure 20 Cockroaches infestation within the prison” on page 48 “Figure 21 Outside conditions were littered with rubbish” on page 49 “Figure 22 Toilets were leaking and unusable” on page 49 “Figure 23 Glass was broken in one of the cells, becoming a safety hazard” on page 49 “Figure 24 Walls began to deteriorate due to dampness” on page 49 “Figure 25 Aerial view of HMP Wandsworth, the arrow indicated the long travel distances from one wing to another.” on page 51 “Figure 26 Eight staff members had to detain one prisoner who refused to enter back into their cells” on page 52 “Figure 27 Prisoners were seen jumping on the nets of the atrium, causing a serious safety concern.” on page 52 “Figure 28 An inmate who resorted to excessive self-harm” on page 53 “Figure 29 Prison staff running from one wing to another to handle any alarms that were going off.” on page 53 “Figure 30 An aerial view of HMP Belmarsh, the Category A prison.” on page 55 “Figure 31 Prisoners teaching staff officers the way the things are done in Belmarsh.” on page 56

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“Figure 32 Recent trends led to reform in the way staff officers treat prisoners.” on page 56 “Figure 33 A prison staff, communicating with a prisoner in one of the highsecurity units (HSU).” on page 57 “Figure 34 Staff training on an acting insubordinate prisoner. Three members are assigned to one prisoner with riot geat equipment.” on page 57 “Figure 35 An aerial view of Halden Prison, located in a green place.” on page 61 “Figure 36 Interior of the dining spaces, plenty of natural light and visual connection to outside.” on page 62 “Figure 37 Religious freedom is practiced within the prison - an Imam and a Priest counsel the prisoners.” on page 62 “Figure 38 Home-cooking is available for the prisoners, with accessible kitchens.” on page 63 “Figure 39 Gardening is an activity around the facility.” on page 63 “Figure 40 An aerial view of Norgerhaven Prison. Surrounded with forestry, while the building surrounds a courtyard - there is constant connection to the nature.” on page 65 “Figure 41 The facility can be seen amongst trees.” on page 66 “Figure 42 State of the art workshop equipment, to enable prisoners to learn new skills” on page 66 “Figure 43 Outdoor activities, include football, volleyball and cricket.” on page 67 “Figure 44 State of the art gym equipment for the inmates.” on page 67 “Figure 45 David Cameron, former prime minister.” on page 69 “Figure 46 Tony Blair, former prime minister prior David Cameron. Both had a stance of being ‘tough on crime’.” on page 69

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