Studio 18 LikeHuman Skeletal Arc Journal by Miki Ueda

STUDIO 18 - LIKEHUMAN SKELETAL ARC MIKI UEDA 779237 IN COLLABORATION WITH LUCAS BECERRA 910143

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IMAGE OF MIKI UEDA

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Currently studying their Masters degree in Architecture at the University of Melbourne, Miki is interested in developing her skills to explore meaningful design. Growing up, she watched her Grandfather create wonders in woodwork. Seeking to follow in his footsteps in the contemporary scene, she has developed an interest towards hands on learning through woodwork and investigates how this workflow can be placed within the realm of modern computational design.

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STUDIO 18 LIKEHUMAN

ABOUT THE STUDIO Studio 18 LikeHuman seeks to critique the slow nature of the building industry in Australia. The building industry simply is not able to keep up with the dynamic nature of cultural changes and shifting values driven by climate change. Through using the tools of computational design and making through iteration, can architects speculate on a more metabolic way of building that allows life to happen?

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

P.07 - 00 Introduction P.10 - 01 Research P.28 - 02.1 Part Ideation P.41 - 02.2 Logic Conception P.42 - 02.3 Aggregation P. 78 - 03.0 Whole

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0.0 INTRODUCTION

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STUDIO SYNOPSIS This studio journal encapsulates the work done over the semester for Studio 18, LikeHuman. With a keen intent on looking at discrete architecture, the semester work comprises of thoughtful resolution of a new structural system with a bottom up approach, with hands on learning by making as well as computation.

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DISCRETE RESPONSE

Our approach to creating a discrete architectural system was through its bottom up approach to design, where the part is rationalised to be an efficient geometry for structural use, and end to end connection were resolved to then allow spaces to grow from it.

Bottom up approach to design

Circular economy

Scalable

With thoughtfully resolved joins.

An approach which is considerate toward the end of life of a building, whether it is that the part can be transplanted or reused into something else.

The assembly of the system should enable the possibility to grow or shrink to fit the programmatic use.

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1.0 RESEARCH

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM A precedent study was undertaken to get an in depth understanding of a way to go about devising a discrete architecture. Kengo Kuma is a prolific figure in discrete architecture, weaving together the modern discrete architectural aesthetic with Japanese heritage, using timber craftwork to draw an ethos in all of his works and the GC Prostho Museum is no exception.

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM ( PHOTOGRAPHED BY DAICI ANO )

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM PART Kuma is critical of architecture with mega columns which lacks a tactility and relationship to the user because of the dissonance in proportion. He sees the scale of the timber elements in the GC Prostho Museum as something that can be relatable to the human body as the spacings between timber members are comparable to limbs.

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500mm

60mm

GC PROSTHO CIDORI PART ERGONOMIC SCALE 1:5

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM PART The project uses local materials. Japanese Cypress, an indigenous species, is milled and made into struts.

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GC PROSTHO MATERIAL CONSIDERATION

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM PART In the GC Prostho Museum, Kengo Kuma articulates the join between timber members using the cidori join, which is a derived from a children’s play toy.

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CIDORI ASSEMBLY

THE COMPLETED CIDORI BECOM AN ELEMENT WHICH CAN BE AGGREGATED ON THE XYZ PLA THROUGH AGGREGATION A GRID CREATED. MEASURING TO BE 500

L-MEMBER

BEAM-MEMBER

L-MEMBER

BEAM-MEMBER L-MEMBER

TWIST

GC PROSTHO CIDORI TOY

HYPOTHETICALLY THE CIDORI COULD BE REPEATED IN AN INFINITE NUMBER OF WAYS TO CREATE STRUCTURES.

STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLY

GC PROSTHO CIDORI TOY

THE INITIAL LAYING OF THE BEAM AND L SHAPED MEMBERS COULD BE DONE

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM PART The japanese aesthetic philosophy of ‘shibui’ informs the design. materials should be unfinished and raw, beauty is found in the limitation of decoration, and objects have implicit value which are not obvious.

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RAW MATERIALITY

IMPLICITY

GC PROSTHO SHIBUI ETHOS

SIMPLICITY

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM PART The project pays homage to traditional Japanese woodworking techniques, an artisenal craftsman uses hand tools to cut notches into struts. The use of notches is a traditional method of joining structural components in japanese architecture.

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1:2

GC PROSTHO CARPENTRY HERITAGE

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM The wooden cidori lattice is in fact structural and helps bear loads of the building. However the extent of aggregation is limited because of the nature of the design being done in a top down method; while the end to end connection is resolved in a bottom up way, the overall form that becomes generated is predefined and does not allow for the form to exceed those bounds.

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CIDORI ASSEMBLY

THE COMPLETED CIDORI BECOMES AN ELEMENT WHICH CAN BE AGGREGATED ON THE XYZ PLANE THROUGH AGGREGATION A GRID IS CREATED. MEASURING TO BE 500X500

ROOF METALIC ROOF GROUNDS THE STRUCTURE. FORM COVERS THE CIDORI. HOLES CUT INTO ROOF TO ALLOW LIGHT INTO MAIN CHAMBER.

L-MEMBER

BEAM-MEMBER

L-MEMBER

BEAM-MEMBER L-MEMBER

TWIST

HYPOTHETICALLY THE CIDORI COULD BE REPEATED IN AN INFINITE NUMBER OF WAYS TO CREATE STRUCTURES.

BOUNDING BOX KUMA HAD A CLEAR IDEA OF THE BOUNDING FORM AND SPACES WHICH DEFINED WHERE THE CIDORI WOULD APPEAR IN THE BUILDING

STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLY

BOUND AGGREGATION THE CIDORI ARE TREATED AS SINGULAR ELEMENTS WHICH ARE AGGREGATED WITHIN THE BOUNDING BOX ABOVE.

THE INITIAL LAYING OF THE BEAM AND L SHAPED MEMBERS COULD BE DONE INDIVUDALLY

CHUNK DIVISION IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY MAKE THE CIDORI STRUCTURAL AND WORK TOGETHER THE CIDORI STRUCTURE IS DIVIDED INTO CHUNKS.

AS THE CIDORI GETS LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX MORE PEOPLE WOULD BE REQUIRED TO SUCCESSFULLY ASSEMBLE AND TWIST THE WOOD INTO PLACE DUE TO TENSION

THE CHUNKS SPECIFIED BY KUMA REACH UP TO 3 METERS IN HEIGH LIKELY REQUIRING A DEDICATED WORKSHOP TO PRODUCE QUICKLY

CIDORI CHUNK LIMITATIONS

MAIN STRUCTURE WHILE THE CIDORI IS CONSIDERED STRUCTURAL THE MAIN STRUCTURE HANDLES MOST OF THE LIVE LOAD WITH THE CIDORI ONLY REALLY SUPPORTING THE ROOF

3000

2000

BUILD TECHNIQUE GC PROSTHO MUSEUM RESEARCH CENTER THE HYBRID NATURE OF THE AGGREGATION AND THE STRONG STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CREATES AN EMPHERIAL ARCHITECTURE BUT LIMITS THE POTENTIAL OF THE CIDORI THROUGH FIXING THEM IN PLACE

FACTORY

THE CIDORI CAN ONLY SPAN SO FAR DUE TO THE LIMITATIONS OF THE JAPANESE CYPRUS COMBINED WITH THE LARGER THAN 75% CUTS IN THE JOINS SIGNIFICANTLY WEAKINGING THE MEMBERS. THUS ON THE EDGE OF EVERY CHUNK CIDORI ARE JOINED WITH A WOOD BLOCK SET IN PLACE WITH PINS

GC PROSTHO AGGREGATION

THE CIDORI ARE MADE OFFSITE AND ASSEMBLED BEFORE BEING PLACED ONTO A TRUCK. UPON ARRIVING ON SITE THE CIDORI CHUNKS WERE PLACED INITIALLY USING GUIDES BOTH IN THE SLAB AND THE WALL. THEY WERE LIFTED USING PULLEY SYSTEMS. THIS SPEAKS TO THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CIDORI AS A PART FOR AGGREGATION AS THE FIXED NATURE OF THEM PROMPTS THE QUESTION WHY ADD THE STEPS TO A TIMBER GRID WHICH COULD BE MADE EASIER CHEAPER AND FASTER.

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GC PROSTHO MUSEUM CRITIQUE

Steel joins are cast into the concrete, dictating the placement of each timber member. This limits the possiblity of adding or removing timber components over the course of the building’s life.

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STEEL CAST INTO CONCRETE DRIFT PIN CONNECTION JOIN

CONCRETE SCREED STEEL CAST INTO CONCRETE STRIP LIGHT LED RECESSED INTO CONCRETE

GC PROSTHO TIMBER TO CONCRETE CONNECTION DETAIL 1:10 1:20

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2.0 PART IDEATION

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LACY STEAM BENT PART

The exploded assembly of parts to create the lacy steam bent system.

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THE LIBRARY OF PARTS CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS:

SLAT ( STEAM BENT WOOD 900X40X6MM )

PLATE FOR JOIN

LOCKING MECHANISM

KIT OF PARTS

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LACY STEAM BENT PART

The Lacy steam bent typology embraces the inherent structural strength of a doubly curved timber component, creating a structural skeleton which which relies solely on timber based construction. The steam bent slats get sandwiched together with the join plate and locked inwith a twisting motion.

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JOIN ASSEMBLY PROCESS

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LACY STEAM BENT PART

The slats get steam bent into doubly curved shapes, which assemble into structural systems to support enclosures to habitate living spaces within. This discrete typology can also become structural columns through multilevel buildings. Upon reflection, this does not qualify as discrete becaus ethe parts become very complex to create and merely end up becoming a membrane support system and lacks further structural capacity.

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JOIN ASSEMBLY PROCESS

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CNC GLULAM PRECEDENT Forest Hill indoor playground features thick curved tree like play structures. The components are constructed through a process of CNCing and Glue lamination. Seeing this project inspires a new direction for the project; investigating glue lamination to create a thick, structurally sound part.

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CNC TIMBER PLAYSTRUCTURE DETAIL AT FOREST HILL

CNC TIMBER PLAYSTRUCTURE AT FOREST HILL

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PART SPECULATION An iteration of a more structurally solid part has been made, where the structure is curved yet thick, enabled through a process of glulamination.

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ARCHED COLUMN TESTING

ARCHED COLUMNS COUPLED WITH BEAMS

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PART SPECULATION Perhaps a hierarchy of parts can be introduced where the primary part is structural and grows laterally and vertically, and then a secondary part is slotted in to create a structure for an external skin to attach to. This secondary structure can be made up of steam bent part, like that in the lacy steam bent exploration.

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CNC CLT TIMBER WITH STEAM BENT WOOD CARCASS PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE

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STRUCTURAL PART SPECULATION Perhaps the steam bent part can be of a specified form, which can be connected and placed in different directions to allow flooring support and vertical support to occur.

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CNC CLT TIMBER WITH STEAM BENT WOOD CARCASS PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE

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UTILISING THE CURVED FORM Perhaps the final form of the building can be rationalised through computational processing where the full volume is predetermined and the form is shaped by wind paths, much like the way that boats are shaped to slice through the water with as little resistance as possible, the building can do a similar thing but with air drag.

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SPECULATION ON LOGIC TO CREATE A BUILDING

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2.2 MATERIAL EXPLORATION

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WOOD BEND EXPERIMENTATION

In order to gain an understanding of the materiality of timber and its bendability, a series of tests were done to observe the bending limit of the veneered wood.

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VENEERED PLY FOR BEND TESTS

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WOOD BEND EXPERIMENTATION

The controlled variable was the use of a consistent type of wood, being white oak. The independent variable was the different wood characteristics; the first five series of tests had different thicknesses to the veneer sheets, and the last test was a 4mm thick piece which was cut through a knot in the wood. The dependent variable was the snapping point of the wood.

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WOOD VENEER 1MM THICK BENDABILITY MATRIX

WOOD VENEER 2MM THICK BENDABILITY MATRIX

WOOD VENEER 3.5MM THICK BENDABILITY MATRIX

WOOD VENEER 4MM THICK BENDABILITY MATRIX

WOOD VENEER 5MM THICK BENDABILITY MATRIX

WOOD VENEER CUT THROUGH KNOT 4MM THICK BENDABILITY MATRIX

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WOOD BEND EXPERIMENTATION

While each veneer test split at varying points of bend, the behavior and shape of its snapping was much the same. The wood splits at its weakest point which is between the grain. The flatter and straighter the grain is the higher its ability to bend.

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BENT VENEERED WOOD BREAKAGE BEHAVIOR

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LACY STEAM BENT PART The Sawmill shelter at the AA School in England features steambent construction. The timber laths were 38x38mm in section, laced together.v

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SAWMILL PAVILION PRECEDENT CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

SAWMILL PAVILION PRECEDENT AS SEEN IN HTTP://DESIGNANDMAKE.AASCHOOL.AC.UK/PROJECT/SAWMILL-SHELTER/

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SCALE An investigation on the scale of the part was done. This was to see if itmay be possible to create one primary more load bearing part and then a secondary, smaller part which can be nestled within it.v

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2000

SECTIONAL DRAWING PLAYING WITH SCALE

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3.0 DESIGN BRIEF

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SITE INVESTIGATION A series of quotes have been extracted from the Daniel Andrews news report covering the initiatives for new quarantine housing

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Chief Health Officer Brett Sutton says a purpose-built quarantine facility with fresh air would be great for welfare issues

Avalon Airport’s CEO is in talks about a new purpose-built quarantine facility on airport land

“People would be in the same location but would not be sharing the same spaces, so they’re not under the same roofline,” Mr Andrews said at a press conference.

“It would be a cabin-style, villagestyle environment, where there would be fresh air, where there would be not zero risk, but lower risk.”

“We are 10 kilometres from any residential towns. This area would be located well away from other passengers and is a secure environment.”

Mr Giddings said the facility would ideally be made up of up to 400 caravans or cabins that would sit on 1,700 hectares of vacant land owned by the federal government and leased to the airport.

“I think it would be a good system and one that might complement the hotel quarantine system,” Mr Giddings said.

QUOTES EXTRACTED FROM HTTPS://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/NEWS/2021-02-16/VICTORIA-LOOKS-AT-ALTERNATIVE-TO-MELBOURNE-CBD-HOTELQUARANTINE/13157224

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SITE PLANNING The dashed lines represent major roads and thusly the chosen site is located with the hatch to the south east of the Avalon Airport to be as far away from existing built infrastructures and towns.

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URBAN PLANNING OF QUARANTINE VILLAGE

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SITE PLANNING the quarnatine zones are generously spaced from another to create green corridors and to not allow cross contamination.

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URBAN PLANNING OF QUARANTINE VILLAGE

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SITE PLANNING The entry to the quarantine hotel should address the check in process of the patrons and then the transport to the hotel room. THe design to the right is preliminary, and it is fascinating that while the site does not have any shortage of space, the default to design hotels to be small in footprint and like shoeboxes is second nature. The next step is to explore the possibility of breaking away from this typology.

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URBAN PLANNING OF QUARANTINE VILLAGE

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QUARANTINE HOTEL CLUSTERING This design showcases the way that dwelling may be able to relate to one another,, where the left chunk represents a double storey family unit, the chunk to the right represents a single/two person dwelling, and the sunken area in between shows where a passageway can be articulated.

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SINGLE BEDROOM UNIT PERSPECTIVE SECTION

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QUARANTINE HOTEL CLUSTERING This design of the single person dwelling was completed but appears to not have much to offer in terms of architecture. A decision has been made to further develope larger units to then be able to showcase more architectural articulation which can be made using the skeletal arc.

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SINGLE BEDROOM UNIT PERSPECTIVE

SINGLE BEDROOM UNIT SECTION

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QUARANTINE HOTEL CLUSTERING This iteration to the right showcases the two bedroom dwellings on the ground and then the two storey family dwellings above. This woul d have made for an even stronger design for midsemester as the structures would have related to one another more, rather than being seen as separate cabins.

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CLUSTERING QUARANTINE DWELLINGS PERSPECTIVE ELEVATION

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MIDSEMESTER REFLECTION The following pages showcase a reflection upon the work that was presented at midsemester, and particularly going through and extracting what was successful as well as learning points from the review.

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Renders successfully showed the atmosphere of the building.

SKELETAL ARC HOTEL MIKI UEDA 779237 STUDIO D LUCAS BECERRA 910143 STUDIO C

Extracting the key players of our parts library was good in order to understand our logic.

Explaining the potential for aggregation in different planes, which would normally be complicated to communicate was made easy to understand through use of diagrams.

DWELLING 1 - FAMILY 5 BED UNIT SECTION

Plans and sections thoughtfully looked at how people will interact with key architectural elements and create high quality spaces. Texture on timber was succesful to make parts stand out. 0.5 0

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MIDSEMESTER REFLECTION Further things to move forward with includes further investigate gothic architypes to inspire aggregation. Study gothic scissor vault. Try scaling part down to create more variation in order to ‘show off’ our system more architecturally. Improve connection strategy as dovetail join is questionable, do not be afraid of looking at efficient bolting systems that already exist or lapping joints. Ratoinalise joins to make vault shape. Show dimensions in drawings. Show 1:5/1:2 detail drawings. Practice with a script such that the oral delivery flows better.

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SITE CONTEXT AY

HIG

AVALON AIRPORT QUARANTINE HOTEL 25X DWELLING CLUSTER

SWAMPY WETLANDS

250

500

Masterplan could have been improved with more detailed information of surrounding context and made use of color gradients.

1000

2000M

SITE PLAN

Isometric masterplan was not necessarily the best/time efficient way to communicate the transport and decision to place zone single storey/double storey dwellings for views. More sensibility towards color coding and lineweights needed.

20 10 0

Displaying the parts library was good, however could be improved by highlighting the hierarchy between systems.

DWELLING 1 - FAMILY 5 BED UNIT GROUND PLAN

Plans and sections could have benefitted from more surrounding context being communicated. Drawings could be easier to navigate through the use of better lineweights and annotating/color coding spaces. Show doorswings. 0

0.5 1

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3.0 WHOLE

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PRECEDENT The Wells Cathedral in England features the stylistic Gothic arcs for its efficient load bearing systems which enable large internal spaces to occur, featured as scissor vaults, vaulted ceilings, and flying buttresses.

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CURVES IN HISTORY

The arch is an efficient load bearing geometry, as proven through history, particularly in Gothic architecture,.

Wells Cathedral , Somerset England. (1176-1450)

The cathedral features the stylistic Gothic arcs for its efficient load bearing systems which enable large internal spaces to occur, featured as scissor vaults, vaulted ceilings, and flying buttresses.

https://cdn.britannica.com/28/117728-050-0431C295/Interior-Wells-Cathedral-England-Somerset.jpg

WELLS CATHEDRAL SHOWCASING THE ARC AS A GOTHIC FORM https://cdn.britannica.com/28/117728-050-0431C295/Interior-Wells-Cathedral-England-Somerset.jpg

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SITE STUDY A 3m spaced structural grid has been overlaid on the site to rationalise where the vertical structure of the part can go, and also to point in the direction that the part which is currently scaled at 5m needs to be scaled down to make an effective use of space on the site.

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R ST

PELHAM

21.3m

21m

LEICESTE

R ST

SITE PLAN

0m 5m 10m

20m

STRUCTURAL 3M GRID OVERALY ON SITE

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DISSECTING THE STUDENT HOUSING MARKET While there are a lot of student housing accomodations which already exist in the are of where the site is located, nonetheless the sheer amount of educational infrastructure in the area and the trends of the growing market of education seems to point towards the conclusion that more student housing infrastructure will be needed, particularly once the vaccination of covid-19 has become more widespread in australia.

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207/200 BUS ROUTE

LINCOLN SQUARE

MUSALLA - MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY

154-160 LEICESTER ST

SITE ISOMETRIC

STUDENT VILLAGE - UOM

RMIT BUILDING MELBOURNE LAW SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY SCIENCES- UOM

MELBOURNE BUSINESS SCHOOL

THE SPOT - UOM

GIBLIN EUNSON LIBRARY - UOM

UNIVERSITY SQUARE

19/59 TRAM ROUTE

ALAN GILBERT BUILDING - UOM

N SURROUNDING CONTEXT STUDY

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3.3 PART REDEVELOPMENT The process of developing the prototype was the basis for which the speculation for the manufacturing process was done.

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MANUFACTURING BENT GLULAM Manufacturing process is offsite. Glue laminated (Glulam) timber is a process where veneered timber is glued together which can allow opportunity for curving timber in such a way to create a thick structural component.

WHITE OAK TIMBER Off the shelf 100x60mm timber is put into processing

WHITE OAK TIMBER VENEER Timber is veneered into 10mm sheets.

GLUE LAMINATION

10 sheets of veneer are glued together assembling into a final thickness of 100mm.

BENDING

The timber assembly is cast into shape using reusable formwork.

GLULAM OUTCOME

Glulamin strengthened curved timber 100x100mm

1500 1000 0

500

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF THE SKELETAL ARC PART

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RATIONALISING NOTCHING LOGIC The method to understand the aggregationofor notches and their placement is rather straigghtforward but the method of tesselating the part into a form is challenging because of it’s inherent desire of becoming chaotic due to its lack of rules. A set of rules needs to be deciphered through an exercise of looking at the type of connections which are undesirable to extract rules which are desirable.

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SIMPLE BLOCK

USE AS BASE FOR FORM FINDING

AGGREGATION RULE

PART RULE

END JOINS RULE

REPLACE BLOCK W FAMILIAR PARTS LAP ENDS WITH MALE/FEMALE

MIDPOINT JOINS RULE NOTCH MIDPOINTS WITH MALE/FEMALE

AGGREGATED END TO END

THIS OFFERS THE BENEFIT OF CREATING NEW AND INTERESTING CLUSTERS. IT WOULD ALSO BE BENEFICIAL TO RATIONALISE THE AGGREGATION WITH A SET OF PREDEFINED CLUSTERS. BUT HOW IS THIS DONE?

INITIAL LOGIC EXPLORATION

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DISSECTING THE STUDENT HOUSING MARKET Students seek income streams which do not clash with their studies, and also seek cheap accomodation.

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FINANCIAL ANXIETY A major study of university students conducted by Universities Australia in 2017 outlines how even before the prepandemic students were struggling with financial hardship

‘Financially supported’

‘Financially independent’

51%

63%

Students - Both Domestic and International - who indicated that they were financially supported

10% 20% 34%

58% My financial situation is often a source of worry for me - Domestic Students

Students - Both Domestic and International - who indicated that they were financially independent

Feel their finances are often a source of worry

19%

Regularly go without food/necessities because they cannot afford them

33%

Regularly miss classes to attend paid employment

52%

Feel their work commitments adversely affects their performance at university

Full time students’ median house worked per weekl

Part time students’ median house worked per weekl

All Students

14%

Domestic Students Domestic Undergraduates

I regularly go without food or other necessities because I cant afford them

International Undergraduates 0%

20% Supported

40%

60%

80%

100%

Independent

UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA | 2017 UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA STUDENT FINANCES SURVEY

STUDENT HOUSING CLIENT NEEDS SURVEY

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DISSECTING THE STUDENT HOUSING MARKET Better architecture to promote the wellbeing of the students in student housing must become more prevalent. Students feel particularly isolatedd and seek income streams which do not clash with their studies. Can all of these factors be addressed in one housing solution?

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CLIENT PROFILE ELISE KINSELLA Domestic Undergraduate

Elise is in her early 20s studying full time in Melbounre. Elise has moved to Melbourne away from her family and doesn’t have the luxury to live with family. While she works casually to survive her expenses still often out weigh her income. Weekly Expenses Rent in a sharehouse - $200 Groceries - $80 Eating out and entertainment - $120 Car repayment - $70 Layby Pay,emt - $50 Bills - 60$ Software for Course: %20 Total: $600 Income: $450-650 Middle of the Road Realistically Elise’s situation is quite common and is where most Domestic students find themselves while trying to survive the responsibilities of adult hood while attempting to study Youth Homelessness According to the 2018 national census: 10,813 tertiary students are homeless. Almost 7000 are living in overcrowded homes and 1117 are living in facilities for the homeless Tertiary Students account for nearly 10% of all homeless Australians. Many of these students started out in a similar situation to Elise struggling to make ends meet. Centerlink The maximumn payable amount to a student over 18 but under 25: $426.80 This sum doesnt even cover Elise’s weekly expenses, leading her to seek casual work which reduces her centerlink by 50% if she earns more than $214 dollars a week. This forces students into exploitative working conditions such as Cash in hand jobs or illegal casual work. All while cutting into their time to study.

The inviduals below are representative of a greater group of people who share similar stories. These circumstances highlight the necessity of greater socially geared tertiary housing

RAIYAN CHOWDHURRY International Undergraduate

Raiyan settled in Chadstone while studying, when the pandemic hit Raiyan lost his job and housing. Raiyan had very little access to government support networks such as JobKeeper or Jobseeker, forcing him to rely on the kindness of others and charities to survive. “It was feeling like hell” Raiyan suffered depression and hopelessness. Outside from calls home he did not talk to anyone for a month. “I was freaked out, under so much mental pressure” - Raiyan Going home was giving up on his dream In many circumstances students realise that going home will likely end their teritiary dreams. No income support During the pandemic international students recieved no income support some government and university grants were available but were scarce. Students who had worked more than 12 months were able to access their superannuation

“As much as it’s lovely to have visitors to Australia in good times, at times like this, if you are a visitor in this country, it is time to make your way home” - Scott Morrirson. (April 2020)

University Sector in Criris International students provide an estimated $4.6 billion dollars of revenue for universities. - ABC. The university sector has been reported to be in financial crisis due to the large revenue gaps cause by the returning home for many international students.

STUDENT HOUSING CLIENT NEEDS SURVEY

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PRECEDENT STUDY The curved timber part has been made to create curved parametric forms, but these instances are often one off and the parts which go into creating these structures are often project specific. There is a gap where a discrete part creating an organic form is yet to be made.

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PARAMETRIC PRECEDENT Computational and parametric design today has become so closely associated with these undulating complex geometries which rely on series of unique local elements interacting with each other to create a specific geometry. While computation design has advanced the complexity its fabrication techniques and philosophies remain in the past relative to a discrete context.

BUGA Wood Pavilion 2019

STUDIO GANG ARCHITECTS Lincoln Zoo Pavilion 2010

DOWNTOWN STUDIO Street Library 2017

BUGA Wood Pavilion 2019

STUDIO GANG ARCHITECTS Lincoln Zoo Pavilion 2010

DOWNTOWN STUDIO Street Library 2017

In order to fabricate this pavilion a robotic manufacturing platform was developed in order to produce and fabricate over 376 bespoke hollow wood segments. The parts were created with an automation system which relied on sub-millimeter precision. The wooden roofing system manages to span over 30 meters with its puzzle like system.

Inspired by a tortoise shell, the large span shelter is intergrated into the sidewalk. While the construction here haves a large amount of repeditive parts they still rely on each other heavily for support and cannot be used indepentantly in other structures. One use only.

The library utilized over 240 unique wooden pieces to build the library with a capacity of over 1500 books. The pavilion utilized Rhino and grasshopper to create the geometry and divide it into the waffle like structure.

1) https://materialdistrict.com/article/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design-materialdistrict-1/ 2) http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/animated-systems-design-lincoln-zoo-pavilion/ 3) https://www.archdaily.com/883413/parametric-design-helped-make-this-street-library-out-of-240-pieces-of-wood

CRITIQUING THE CURVEED PART IN BLOBITECTURE 1) https://materialdistrict.com/article/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design/robotic-precision-in-manufacturing-parametric-design-materialdistrict-1/ 2) http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/animated-systems-design-lincoln-zoo-pavilion/ 3) https://www.archdaily.com/883413/parametric-design-helped-make-this-street-library-out-of-240-pieces-of-wood

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OPPORTUNITIES The skeletal arc can create an opportunity for playful structures to occur.

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WHY THIS AGGREGATION The implementation of this aggregatable part seeks to resolve many of the issues within student housing currently. Whether it be the creation of more desirable spaces through unique techtonics or greater degrees of adaptability within the structure geared toward the individual.

2 ADAPTABILITY AND EXPANSION OVER TIME 1 HUMAN INTERACTION WITH ORGANIC FORM The aggregated part combats the shoe box nature of many student housing models by creating organic architectural forms which better interact with the human body. This is aspect of the part is enhanced through the use of organic materiality, utilizing exposed timber as a structural feature.

3 CREATION OF PLAYFUL SPACES The organic undualiting nature of the part allows for a uniquely fun creation of space thorughout the building. Giving students the chance to define how they want to use the space through interactions

4 SPATIAL VARIETY The part allows for greater variety in spaces without having to spend extra resources in creating new parts. The span and implementation of architectural elements such as the arc create a strong structural system which can allow for variation in program.

Aggregation with a focus on parts which can be continually taken apart and put together allows the solution to adapt to various paradigm shifts thorughout the market. Global shocks such as covid-19 has left the student housing market with a tonne of temporary vacancies. However as things return to normal the demand reaches insane heights causing prices to sky rocket. The aggregation could grow, shrink and adapt when needed to best match the needs of the current and future students. This adaption could also occour with minimal impact to those living in the partments

5 ECONOMIC CREATION OF SPACE A lot of current housing blocks seek to create the cheapest and most compact housing possible because it creates the most profit. However, while this part wont create the most compact dwellings possible to maximise profits. It will create the most desirable spaces with taller ceilings and larger room footprints at a relatively cheap cost due ot the repetition of the part and its ability to be reused and added to over time.

OPPORTUNITIES THAT THE SKELETAL ARC CAN CREATE

P. 99

DISSECTING THE STUDENT HOUSING MARKET The shoe box design of common student housing sitautions goes to show that spaces aren’t necessarily designed for social happiness, butt for planning efficiency and isolation.

P. 100

STUDENT HOUSING

Taken from the “large apartment” from the Student Village of the University of Melbourne, the perspective plan denotes the types of spaces are stressing to afford. Now while nothing abhorrent, the apartment gives students the bare minimum they need to survive, with a focus on square meter efficiency. However, with such a heavy emphaisis on space efficency the spatial quality is dilouted creating a very undesirable yet expensive living situation

KITCHENETTE

Students are able to cook meals and wash their dishes within their own apartment which is a great option for those students who do not desire to cook in communal areas. However the space to do so is very enclosed and poorly lit with natural light, likely making it undesirable to spend large amounts of time within.

3.4M

STUDY SPACE

A relatively narrow room and desk space for students to study within. Adequate for most tasks, however for some students who might need to set up monitors or large craft kits the space wouldnt be. Furthermore any monitors would start to block the only natural light available to the apartment.

4.2M

0.6M

0.9M

ONE WINDOW

The only natural light and ventilation available to this apartment is from one window leading the apartment to rely on air conditioning and artificial light

2.5M

0.9M

RENT: 471 PER WEEK All amentities included BATHROOM

Although many student apartments typically have a shared dorm toilet block this one is considered “lucky” enough to have a narrow toilet and shower for personal use. However, the lack of space and narrow nature of the bathroom cannot be excused simply because at least there is one.

BEDROOM/STUDY

Students who don’t want to use common areas available to them would be essentially forced to eat, sleep and study all in the same space. The lack of seperation of spaces would likely have a negative effect on the individuals mental well being.

https://campuslivingvillages.com/australia/melbourne/student-village-the-university-of-melbourne-campus/large-studio-apartment-on-sale/

STUDENT HOUSING DISSECTION STUDY

P. 101

PRIVATE POD DESIGN The idea behind the private pod is to create a spherical experience of a living space which creates a dissonance from the patron’s familiar understanding of what a bedroom might look like. THis experience should be paired back into its most necessary components, the place for rest and a place for quiet solo study. Other living spaces wil.l be taken out of the private space and shared communally.

P. 102

PRIVATE BEDROOM PODS

Private rooms will be aggregated throughout the overall enclosure. The private rooms will basically provide members with storage and a small sitting space for study or private lesuire.

PRIVATE PODS CLUSTER SPECULATION

P. 103

SPECULATING GROUND FLOOR PROGRAM THe ground floor will function as a large public offering, where the boundaries between programs blur through the use of an open plan where the fitout within it can change over the cxcourse of the day. The next step is to rationalise what the soft furniture system might look like.

P. 104

PARTI DIAGRAM

PELHAM

21.3m

LEICESTE R

BAR

21m

COWORKING KIOSK / GROCER

CORE / VERTICAL CIRC.

LAUNDRY CAFE

POP UP MARKET / EXHIBITION

0m 5m

10m

20m

GROUND FLOOR PROGRAM

P. 105

PROGRAM AND CIRCULATION This diagrammatic section displays how the form of the building could look like bubbles which have randomised indents. The ground floor will serve as a public offering, and the hiehger floors will serve as private residential areas as well as shared amenities spaces. This section however seems to not work in the sense that the core takes up a lot of space. This can be improved by pushing it to the corner so that the central area can become more open.

P. 106

PROGRAMMATIC SECTION The program is tesellated using a volume based unit which is dictated by the spheres created by the aggregation.

VERTICAL CIRCULATION STAIRS, ELEVATORS COMMUNAL SPACES LIVING ROOM, COMMUNITY GARDEN, HALLWAY STUDY KNOOKS SHARED AMENITIES BATHROOM, SHOWERS, KITCHEN PRIVATE SLEEPING POD SLEEPING AND STUDY SPACE

24m

40m

PUBLIC SPACES DOUBLE HEIGHT OPEN PLAN WITH FLEXIBLE FITOUT FOR BAR, LANEWAY CAFE, POP UP MARKET/EXHIBITION SPACE, COWORKING SPACES, KIOSK/GROCER

0m 1m

10m

INITIAL PROGRAMMATIC SECTION

P. 107

LOGIC EXTRACTION By identifying undesirable connection types, desirable connections can be deduced and a method ofor growing the structure upwards can be made.

P. 108

NOTCH LOGIC

In order for the part to be aggregated in a meaninful order, the parts are put through a definition filter to extrapolate moments which are orientated on the orthogonal plane. The notching logic can then be utilised for rotating the main structural grid 90 degrees in 2 axis which allows for new support systems and more robust creation of spaces.

TOP NOTCHES

SIDE NOTCHES

BOTTOM NOTCHES

The top notch can be utilized for creating spheres or supports

Side notches provide a connection point for a rotated system to connect to the main structural one. Intersecting the two systems axis is important as it creates greater freedom with using members which offset the grid in a weird manner. Undulating and double-curved geometries can be pursued with easier connection points

The bottom notch can be utilized for creating spheres or supports

MAIN AXIS The reason why this initial starting grid/lattice is chosen is its strong ground connection. The initial half circle beginning on the ground ensures the arcs created are structrual stronger than the secondary grid. The grid in this instance does not allow for connection notches to be placed on the sides as the parts start to self intersect and do not offer much for an aggregation. However they could be replaced with notched parts which could provide straight bracing if needed

SECONDARY AXIS The second axis is useful in creating arcs and alternative spaces along the main axis. The secondary axis can be used to create horizontal spans with the members which may not be a primary structure but can help to enclose space. The reason why this axis is not chosen is due to its breaking up of the arc in 4 sections if starting from the ground plane.

NOTCH CONNECTIONS

the side notch connection point will also have to remain only on the orthogonal sections of the aggregation

X represents the places where notches are not allowed to occour on the axis as they create undesirable connection points which create a complicated aggregation

IDENTIFYING DESIRABLE CONNECTION TYPES TO CREATE LOGIC

P. 109

LOGIC EXTRACTION By identifying undesirable connection types, desirable connections can be deduced and a method ofor growing the structure upwards can be made.

P. 110

SIMPLE CONNECTIONS Limiting how and where the parts will be able to connect is vital in ensuring the aggregation process is successful. The complex geometries of the part and limited connection points forces it to be connected in a more regimented way.

4-WAY SPLIT

UNDESIRABE

ONLY INVERTED AND UPRIGHT MEMBERS

X ORTHOGONAL

The 4 way split should only be inverted and upright. Any other rotations and the connections start to create paths which intersect undesirably with other parts. However when inverted and upright the part provides strong structural connetion points.

IDENTIFYING DESIRABLE CONNECTION TYPES TO CREATE LOGIC

P. 111

3.3 PART REDEVELOPMENT The end to end connection of the part has been improved by utilising the lap joint which is stronger in structure than something like the butt ended join paired with the dove tail.

P. 112

END TO END JOIN IMPROVEMENT

P. 113

END TO END LAP JOIN The bolts also make it easier to secure and to assemble/disassemble.

P. 114

END TO END LAP JOIN CONNECTION DETAIL ELEVATION

M12 BOLTS USED TO SECURE END TO END CONNECTIONS ENDS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ARE CONNECTED USING LAP JOINS. 160

120

100 4

110

150

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS COMPOSED OF GLUE LAMINATED 4MM VENEERED SHEETS

360

160

PARTS ARE NOW LIMITED TO ONLY FLIPPING THEY CANT ROTATE 90 DEGREES

100

300

500

END TO END JOIN IMPROVEMENT

P. 115

CIRCULATION This chunk grows diagonally and allows for circulation to occur, whether it may be stairs or escalators. It is architecturally impactful, but on a small site such as the one prescribed,, this chunk is best used in feature areas like entry, and not utilised in the higher levels where the space may be less justified.

P. 116

CIRCULATION CHUNK Drraft for possible circulation tubes. Creating softer stairs or escalators which can connect various levels and half levels throughout the structure.

CHUNK SPECULATION - CIRCULATION

P. 117

SPECULATING THE RESIDENTIAL PROGRAM This initial trial on configurating the residential floor level shows that the pods can be placed around the perimeter while allows for circulation and shared amenities to occur internally.

P. 118

POD CHUNK

Draft of possible private and commnal areas for the CO-OP.

RESIDENTIAL LEVEL CLUSTER SCHEME TRIAL 1 PERSPECTIVE

RESIDENTIAL LEVEL CLUSTER SCHEME TRIAL 1 PLAN

P. 119

FLEXIBLE RECONFIGURABLE FURNITURE Chris Precht’s precedent study of the flexible office operable wall system inspires the thought that perhaps the Arc system need not only be a structural system, but also allows for soft systems like furniture to be created and allow more accessibility of reconfiguration to the user.

P. 120

FLEXIBLE FLOOR PLAN PRECEDENT This flexible office and circulation floor plan by Chris Precht is the inspiration for a soft aggregation which can be transformed over the course of the day

CHRIS PRECHT SOFT RECONFIGURABLE SYSTEM PRECEDENT PRECHT, CHRIS. 2018. “VW THINK TANK”. PRECHT.AT. HTTPS://WWW.PRECHT.AT/THINKTANK/.

P. 121

FLEXIBLE RECONFIGURABLE FURNITURE The reconfigurable furniture can be made through stacking the new variation of the part on top of each other and connected through dowels.

P. 122

SOFT CLUSTER LIBRARY

The ground floor will offer a flexible program where the program changes throughout the day and as such the space can be modified by the users. We have speculated on a series of clusters which can be functional for different needs.

SIMPLE BLOCK

CAN BE STACKED OR ORIENTATED TO CONNECT END TO END

DISPLAY

FOR GALLERIES OR MARKET

COUNTER SEATING FUNCTIONS AS A BARTABLE OR FOR SALES

FOR REST

SUSPENDED OPERABLE WALL TRACK WHERE A SUSPENDED WALL SYSTEM OR CURTAIN SYSTEM CAN DIVIDE SPACES INTO PRIVATE/PUBLIC

SOFT RECONFIGURATBLE SYSTEM LOGIC

P. 123

FLEXIBLE RECONFIGURABLE FURNITURE The soft reconfigurable furniture system can be utilised to allow different programs to occur throughout the day. Further investigation into how to dictate this program and aggregation in grasshopper would be very effective in the design.

P. 124

SOFT AGGREGATION LOGIC We begin to speculate how the aggregation of the soft system on the ground floor may occur.

DISPLAY AREA

BOH

F+B REST AREA

FIELD POINT AGGREGATION AREAS DIVIDED USING ATTRACTOR POINTS WITH VARYING AREA STRENGTHS

ARC AGGREGATION

THE PART TESSELATES THROUGH STACKING AND END TO END ALONG PREDEFINED CIRCULAR PATHS

SUSPENDED WALL TRACK

THE ENTIRE GROUND FLOOR HAS A SUSPENDED WALL TRACK SYSTEM HANGING FROM THE CEILING

PRIVATE VS PUBLIC

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES ARE DIVIDED USING THE SUSPENDED WALL SYSTEM

SOFT RECONFIGURATBLE SYSTEM LOGIC

P. 125

SPECULATING THE RESIDENTIAL PROGRAM The two storey pod could be utilised to create another sleeping pod configuration.

P. 126

CHUNK SPECULATION The wave like nature of the part can be used to offer a greater variety of spaces which can be infilled to fill the purpose of the program

DOUBLE SSTORY POD

P. 127

SPECULATING THE RESIDENTIAL PROGRAM THe first iteration on a floor plan for a residential level is displayed to the right. The strategy of attaching the external membrane has not been fleshed out yet, and there is considerable headscratching in regards to insulating the building properly with the thin ptfe membrane, which causes to think that perhaps an inflated etfe system would suit this design better.

P. 128

INITIAL FLOOR PLAN OF RESIDENTIAL LEVEL

P. 129

SPECULATING THE RESIDENTIAL PROGRAM Wavy floors can make a reappearance in the Arc tower to create a space to pull together residents into ta communal living space. Residential levels can also be connected by private stairs, restricted to a maximum of 2-3 levels to constrict the amount of sound reverberation through shared levels, much like a common household.

P. 130

INITIAL 1.50 SECTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILD SPECULATING CIRCULATION

P. 131

LIFE INSIDE THE BUILDING Through sacrificing harsh boundaries between personal spaces, the curved architecture and the transparent membrane erases the need for constricting people to isolate themselves

P. 132

SHARED AMENITIES COMMUNAL LEVEL VIGNETTE ( LEVEL 3)

EXTERNAL STREETFRONT VIGNETTE ( GROUND LEVEL )

ENTRY TO ARC TOWER FOR RESIDENTS ( GROUND LEVEL )

P. 133

LIFE INSIDE THE BUILDING There are loads of opportunitie sof social interaction in the building, allowing the general public as well as the cohousing residents to participate.

P. 134

EXTERNAL VIGNETTE PEAKING INTO COMMUNAL LEVEL ( LEVEL 2)

STREET CORNER ENTRY FOR PUBLIC VIGNETTE ( GROUND LEVEL )

ALTERNATIVE CIRCULATION IN RESIDENTIAL LEVELS VIGNETTE ( LEVEL 5)

SHARED AMENITIES COMMUNAL LEVEL VIGNETTE ( LEVEL 2)

P. 135

RESIDENTIAL LEVELS ABOVE Northern light seeps into the shared space which features an undulating upholstered floor which flows into a bouldering wall, inviting the residents to use this space for play and to allow a different method of climbing to the level above, as an alternative to using the stairs.

P. 136

SECTION CC 1:50 SECTION OF A TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL LEVEL ( LEVEL 5)

SCALE 1:50

0.5m 1m

2.5m

P. 137

GROUND FLOOR PUBLIC OFFERING The ground level is nestled in half a meter below ground level, allowing seating around the perimeter of the building to be at height of the datum line. The ground floor has a food and beverage offering and flexible function space, where at one moment this can transfrom from a lounging coffee spot to an exhibition hall. This space is available to serve the general public as well as residents. The Arc tower provides job opportunities for residents and chances of social interaction with the wider community.

P. 138

SECTION BB 1:50 SECTION OF GROUND LEVEL

SCALE 1:50

0.5m 1m

2.5m

P. 139

STREET PRESENCE The Arc Tower has a prominent architectural presence on the street corner. Clad in flexible ETFE, varying levels of articulations in the facade is made as a result of the program that occurs behind the facade.

P. 140

NORTH ELEVATION CO-HOUSING LIVING AREAS

CO-HOUSING LESUIRE SPACE

6 MULTIFUNCTION PUBLIC OFFERING

3 10

LEGEND 1 2 3 4 5

CO-HOUSING MAIN ENTRY STAIRCASE MULTIFUNCTION PUBLIC OFFERING ENTRY CAFE/BAR SERVING WINDOW LESUIRE SPACE PORTHOLE BALCONY VENTILATION

6 7 8 9 10

MEZANINE WINDOWS PODIUM ROOF EXPOSED SUPPORT STRUCTURE OPERABLE WINDOWS FOR LIVING AREAS MAMA TSAI (RESTURANT)

1:100 ELEVATION SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE BUILDING TO THE STREET CONTEXT

SCALE 1:100

10m

P. 141

PEELED BACK SECTION The 1:100 section showcases the variation in program in the building, with the public offering on ground level, the communal amenities being shared in the levels at the top of the podium, and then the residential levels being more private towards the top of the tower, where the setback of the building occurs. The graphical choice to represent the section with the solid black hatch for the structural cut through is successful to highlight the part and structure. A method to further improve this section is to rationalise the structural load paths and to highlight that investigation in this section.

P. 142

SECTION AA 9

CO-HOUSING LIVING AREAS

10 7

CO-HOUSING LESUIRE SPACE

MULTIFUNCTION PUBLIC OFFERING

2 3

LEGEND 1 CO-HOUSING MAIN ENTRY STAIRCASE 2 LANEWAY ACCESS 3 CAFE/BAR AREA 4 LESUIRE SPACE PORTHOLE BALCONY 5 CO-HOUSING WORKING SPACES

6 7 8 9 10

LARGE COHOUSING KITCHEN LIVING AREA LOUNGE SPACE PRIVATE BEDROOM PODS AMENITIES CO-HOUSING KITCHENETTE SPACES

1:100 SECTION SHOWING VARIABILITY IN PROGRAM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROGRAMS

SCALE 1:100

10m

P. 143

SHARED AMENITIES PLAN Level 1 of the Arc tower is used as a multifunctional shared amenities space for residents. The large portal window upon entry to the space via the stairs allows views towards the park to the north and makes this a pleasant space for residents to utilise this space as a shared dining area and living area. This spaces utilises flexible furniture which can be reconfigured and thus allows for program to change.

P. 144

CO-OP MULTIFUNCTION LEISURE SPACE

PORTHOLE BALCONY

STAIR CASE TO UPPER MEZZANINE LOUNGE AREA

AGGREGATED FURNITURE SYSTEM

CO-HOUSING STAIRCASE MAIN CIRCULATION FROM STREET AND PODIUM

CO-HOUSING ELEVATOR CO-OP KITCHEN

1:100 SHARED AMENTITIES PLAN ARC TOWER

P. 145

PROTOTYPE PART This is the 1:2 scale model of the part prototype, representing the equilateral triangle part, which enables three end points to be connected.

P. 146

1:2 ROTOTYPE ELEVATION OVERALL

1:2 ROTOTYPE SIDE

P. 147

PROTOTYPE CONNECTION TYPES There are two types of connections being deisplayed in the prototype, the end point lap connections and the midpoint notched lap connection.

P. 148

1:2 PROTOTYPE END POINT LAP CONNECTION

1:2 PROTOTYPE MIDPOINT LAP CONNECTION

P. 149

PROTOTYPE MIDPOINT CONNECTIONS Three types of midpoint notch lap joint connections were created.

P. 150

1:2 PROTTYPE LAP JOINT CONFIGURATION 1

1:2 PROTTYPE LAP JOINT CONFIGURATION W

1:2 PROTTYPE LAP JOINT ASSEMBLY

1:2 PROTTYPE 3X LAP JOINT NOTCHES

P. 151

P. 152

4.0 THE FUTURE OF MAKING

P. 153

PROJECT SWO ANALYSIS The conclusion of this studio is that it was fascinating, challenging and that a PHD could easily be made out of this. In order to consolidate the outcome of the studio into points which can be extracted and taken into a next journey, a Strength, Weakness and Opportunity assessment has been done.

P. 154

STRENGTHS The strengths of the project was its presence in creativigty. The approach to design usiing a curving system was successful in that there was a need to critically reflect how discreet architecture is currently being dont to be successful and then challenging it by implementing a curve. Hands on learning was a strength, in that the opportunity of the studio being a making studio was fully utilised and lots of tactile experimentation was undertaken to move the project forward into its fruition.

WEAKNESS There was a lack of using grasshopper as a design tool, the task of rationalising the building aggregated using Wasp presented itself as a challenge particularly because of the curved nature of the part. It goes to show why rectilinear forms and orthogonal forms with a structured grid is well used in discreet architectural examples.

OPPORTUNITIES If this project could be furhter developed, it would be interesting to have grasshopper scripts being developed to the point to which our part can be aggregated into a program driven structure.

P. 155

FINAL WORDS A big thank you to the studio leaders Darcy Zelenko and Danny Ngo, as well as the wonderful studio partner Lucas Becerra.

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Studio 18 LikeHuman Skeletal Arc Journal

Articles inside

00 Introduction