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(†) JESÚS D. GONZÁLEZ FUNDADOR FRANCISCO A. GONZÁLEZ PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN

FRANCISCO D. GONZÁLEZ PRESIDENTE EJECUTIVO JESÚS D. GONZÁLEZ VICEPRESIDENTE

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DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTORA EDITORIAL E INFORMACIÓN GERENTE COMERCIAL GERENTE DE ADMINISTRACIÓN Y FINANZAS GERENTE DE MERCADOTECNIA SUPLEMENTOS DISEÑO EDITORIAL JEFA DE INFORMACIÓN JEFE DE REDACCIÓN FOTÓGRAFO REPORTERO REPORTERA REPORTERO REPORTERO REPORTERO REPORTERA DIGITALIZACIÓN

EJECUTIVOS COMERCIALES ANTONIO FEMATT, JORGE IVÁN MARTÍNEZ, VALERIA CASTRO, ÁNGEL OMAR GONZÁLEZ

DOMICILIO: EDITORIAL LA OPINIÓN S.A., AV. ALLENDE S/N, COL. CENTRO C.P. 27000 TORREÓN, COAHUILA. PARA VENTAS E INFORMES: 8717491100-8717491104-8717491149 SUSCRIPCIONES 01800 2006453

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