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PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN PRESIDENTE EJECUTIVO VICEPRESIDENTE ASESOR DE LA PRESIDENCIA EJECUTIVA DIRECTOR GENERAL ADJUNTO DIRECTOR GENERAL ADJUNTO DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DIRECTOR DE MEDIOS IMPRESOS DIRECTOR EDITORIAL SUBDIRECTOR EDITORIAL SUBDIRECTOR EDITORIAL SUBDIRECTOR EDITORIAL DIRECTOR EDITORIAL DE MILENIO DIGITAL DIRECTORA DE INNOVACIÓN EDITORIAL DIRECTOR DE MILENIO TELEVISIÓN DIRECTOR DE ENLACE EDITORIAL DIRECTOR DE DESARROLLO CORPORATIVO DIRECTORA COMERCIAL DIRECTOR DE ENLACE INSTITUCIONAL DIRECTORA DE INNOVACIÓN COMERCIAL DIRECTOR DE TECNOLOGÍA Y PROCESOS DIRECTOR DE INGENIERÍA Y REGULACIÓN DIRECTOR DE PRODUCCIÓN DIRECTOR DE PRODUCCIONES EDITORIALES DIRECTORA CREATIVA DIRECTOR DE DESARROLLO DIGITAL DIRECTOR DE RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL DIRECTOR DE PROYECTOS ESPECIALES

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DIRECTOR GENERAL DE NEGOCIOS DIRECTORA EDITORIAL E INFORMACIÓN GERENTE COMERCIAL GERENTE DE PRODUCCIÓN GERENTE DE ADMINISTRACIÓN Y FINANZAS GERENTE DE MERCADOTECNIA GERENTE DE SISTEMAS SUPLEMENTOS DISEÑO EDITORIAL JEFA DE INFORMACIÓN JEFE DE REDACCIÓN FOTÓGRAFO REPORTERO REPORTERO REPORTERO REPORTERO REPORTERO REPORTERO DIGITALIZACIÓN

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