Milestone Education Review Year 06, No 02, October, 2015

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Milestone Education Review (2278-­2168) Milestone Education Review (The Journal of Ideas on Educational & Social Transformation) is an online peer-­‐reviewed bi-­‐annual journal of Milestone Education Society (Regd.) Pehowa (Kurukshetra). For us education refers to any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. The role of education must be as an instrument of social change and social transformation. Social transformation refers to large scale of social change as in cultural reforms and transformations. The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system. This journal offers an opportunity to all academicians including educationist, social-­‐scientists, philosophers and social activities to share their views. Each issue contains about 100 pages. © Milestone Education Society (Regd.), Pehowa (Kurukshetra) Chief-­Editor: Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal (Assistant Professor (Philosophy), P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-­‐ 11, Chandigarh.

Associate Editors: Dr. Merina Islam, Dr. Poonama Verma

Editorial Advisory Board: Prof. K.K. Sharma (Former-­‐Pro-­‐Vice-­‐Chancellor, NEHU, Shillong).

Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater (Former Vice Chancellor, Singhania University, Rajasthan).

Dr. Dinesh Chahal (Department of Education, Central University of Haryana).

Dr. Manoj Kumar, (P.G. Department of Sociology, P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-­‐1, Chandigarh).

Dr. Sudhir Baweja (University School of Open Learning,, Panjab University, Chandigarh).

Dr. K. Victor Babu (Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam).

Dr. Nidhi Verma (Department of Psychology, C.R.S. University, Jind (Haryana).

Dr. Jayadev Sahoo (Jr. Lecturer in Logic & Philosophy, GM Jr. College, Sambalpur, Odisha).

Declaration: The opinions expressed in the articles of this journal are those of the individual authors, and not necessary of those of the Society or the Editor.

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In this issue………..

Title & Author

Page No.

HONOUR KILLING: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCT: Kanika Sharma

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GENDER EQUALITY: A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

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Reetu Sharma CHINA AND PAKISTAN: ALL-­‐WEATHER FRIENDS: Kulvinder

21

Singh MEDICAL TOURISM IN INDIA: Meenu Kohli & Naveen Pandhi

33

ATTITUDE OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS IN RELATION TO THEIR

40

MENTAL HEALTH: Anuradha Jaidka STREET CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY OF PATHETIC CONDITION OF

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STREET CHILDREN IN PANCHKULA: Minakshi Rana

STRESS AMONG PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS IN RELATION TO

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THEIR OPTIMISTIC-­‐PESSIMISTIC ATTITUDE: Manoj Kumar WORK SHIFT DURATION AS A CAUSE OF JOB DISSATISFACTION

60

AMONG POLICE OFFICIALS IN UT CHANDIGARH: Sandeep Buttola NEW PUBLICATIONS

69

PROGRAMMES REPORTS

73

CONTRIBUTORS OF THIS ISSUE

76

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HONOUR KILLING : THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCT Kanika Sharma Introduction Honour Killing, the terminology of the nomenclature declares by itself to be an act that validates murder in the name of honour. It is very largely construed by most diverse cultures as a righteous act of killing one’s own kith and kin to avenge the dishonour that had befalls upon the entire family/village/society. The act may be meted out by family members or in certain distinct cultures the elders or the heads of the villages as a deterrent punishment in the form of extermination of the liable persons or some other form of equally appalling action to ensure that the ‘act’ in question is not repeated by the peers or consequent generations.

Its been 66 years since India gained independence and yet even today, people not only have to deal with the pre-existing abuses but have also to wrestle the more appalling forms of violence that continue to subsist in the society. Honour Killing is becoming increasingly the most socially sanctioned repercussion and an all-encompassing deterrent to the rural urban youth, who dare to question the traditional social barriers and further dare to bring dishonour by exercising their ‘supposed right to marry’. Chowdhry (2006) in Contentious Marriages, Eloping Couples: Gender, Caste and Patriarchy in Northern India says that to overcome caste and customary rules some couples run away from the village and get married. Such cases are generally dealt within the close preserve of the family and/or its kinship network. Yet, some of them spill over voluntarily or involuntarily into the public sphere and assume a different form, as issues concerning the sexuality of women, almost entirely confined to the family, are thrown open for judgment. This public sphere is dominated by two diametrically opposing authorities, one informal and the other formal. The informal, is under the domination of the wider community (biradari) acting through the traditional panchayat with no legal standing; the formal is regulated by the state, based upon modern egalitarian laws.

These cases of Run-away Marriages are bracketed and categorized as ‘Protection Matters’ by law. They render a legally absolute and unhinged right to life and liberty to persons under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The pertinent thing to note is that Article 21 protects expansively the lives and liberty of the couple, the issue of determining whether a couple is legally married or not is judged by evaluating the certainties of majority age and consent of the boy and girl. In this respect, there is undoubtedly a legal discretion upon the court to adjudicate and decide the issue of marriage. However, there is a larger undiluted obligation cast upon the court to protect the paramount rights of life and liberty of persons.

Honour Killing is a phenomenon that from a theoretical perspective is clearly the final result and a conspicuous consequence of crumbling socially stated patriarchal norms and their constant tussle with modernity. Tradition is not necessarily detrimental but when tradition reeks of bias, discrimination and exploitation in the name of honour and http://milestonereview.webs.com

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leads to loss of lives of helpless and innocent minority segments of populations, it ought to be affirmatively uprooted. Redundant traditions which are ought to be imposed by self styled khap leaders or rigid and supposed ‘righteous parents’ are actually, outmoded customary law imposing unreasonable political orthodoxy. At the helm of all affairs, it’s a vicious cycle which connects petrified eloping couples who have rebelled against the social caste/class stratified structure which has resulted in their unfortunate horrific Honour Killings.

Concept of Honour Pal (2012) in Honour Killing: Culture, Dilemma and Ritual says that the ideology of honour is one which directly results from patriarchal gender roles, wherein conformity to these roles is demanded and a source of status and acceptance within the community; and where deviance is censured. For males, ‘honour’ is gained through exerting dominance and control over females and younger males, and lost through weakness and failure to control; it can be restored through violent and coercive acts. For females, ‘honour’ is preserved through subordinancy, obediency, chastity, endurance and virginity, and it may be lost through any autonomous acts, particularly those relating to sexuality, and cannot be restored. ‘Honour’ in this sense is often a social quality; it revolves around the public perception of the individuals more than their actual behavior. Causing a scandal or gossip within the community is often the most significant aspect of an offense against ‘honour’. Ultimately it is those with power within the family and the community (men and older women who have proved their internalization of the ‘honour’ code through the policing of younger women) who decide what acts are ‘honourable’ or ‘dishonoourable’.

Some actions which are strongly linked with honour based violence are : Loss of virginity outside marriage Pre-marital pregnancy.

Infidelity.

Having unapproved relationships.

Refusing an arranged marriage.

Asking for divorce.

Asking for custody of children after children.

Leaving the family or marital home without permission.

Causing scandal or gossip in the community.

Falling victim to rape.

The act of Honour Killing has been traversing on an increasingly steep curve in India.

The phenomenon is rampant in a few north Indian states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This however by no means signifies that the rest of the India is free from this social evil. Geographical Division of Honour Killing in a broad manner can be interpreted as follows: http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Hindi Speaking Belt - The trend of the Honour Killings is unique in each region and state. For instance the system of khaps or village councils is prevalent in the ‘Hindi-Speaking Belt’, which comprises the states of Haryana, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Raman (2010) in Death Sentence in Honour Killing Case: A milestone says that there are certain codes developed by these caste panchayats which needs to be followed while two persons are marrying. Caste endogamy, village exogamy and gotra (sub caste) exogamy are some of the codes made by these caste panchayats, which they want to implement effectively. Any married couple who breaks such codes while marrying are punished by the order of khaps. These panchayats are based on caste groupings and membership to these panchayats is exclusively for male members of that particular caste. Decisions taken by these caste panchayats are always patriarchal and casteist in nature. These caste panchayats have a reputation of giving very insensitive judgments especially for the backward castes and people belonging to lower economic strata1. The Khap Panchayats are invoking ‘tradition’ and ‘customs’ to justify their crimes.

Underlying this demand is their historic antipathy towards granting property rights to women in these regions. The reasons behind this renewed vigour and assertion

by Khap Panchayats on the issue of ‘sagotra’ marriages needs to be understood. A gotra is like a sub-caste, lineage or clan. It is based on kinship ties. The lineage of an individual may be traced to a particular gotra or to a combination of gotras.

Male members of a family carry a gotra forward, with females acquiring the gotra of their husband’s family after marriage. The concept of gotra varies considerably in different parts of the country, hence, it is also difficult to define clearly. In the case of Khap Panchayats, the objections are not restricted to own-gotra marriages, but also to ‘bhai-chara’ marriages, i.e., marriages between inhabitants of a village or several adjacent villages, including individuals belonging to different gotras since they are also deemed to be siblings due to proximity of residence. Thus, marriages between individuals extending up to several villages are alleged to be incestuous by Khap Panchayats as depicted by Shakil (2010) in Property Rights, Khap Panchayats and Honour Killings.

Honour Killing in Punjab - On the other hand, in Punjab the concept of Khaps or the village councils is not very conspicuous. Here the objections are not enforced by the community collective conscious. It is infact, an act resorted to by the parents and the extended family of the couples. Their objections can again be traced to the patriarchal system but at the roots of their extreme antagonism lie yet again certain fundamental economic reasons. Reputation and rumour play an active role in instigating honour crimes and killings, for to speak of a woman’s reputation is to invoke her sexual behavior. Lees (1997) in Ruling Passions: Sexual Violence, Reputation and the law says that the social boundaries of the group are defined by its honour and any act of transgression by the female members threatens the status quo. Families associate their honour with the

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virginity of their unmarried daughters and with the chastity of the married ones.

‘Female violators of the honor code face a different fate; punishment in some form is inescapable. Once the violation is made public, the male members of the family must take immediate action2. This deterrence to the possibility of own choice marriages can be further understood in the context of rights for women in land and other parental property in these areas. As such, they assert control over female sexuality as well as the transfer of property. Their assertion cannot be separated from the context of neo-liberalism in our country when land, especially in and around Delhi, Haryana, UP, Punjab has fast become a prized commodity worth several crores, due to reckless real estate and commercial development. As the stakes over land are rising, conflicts over ownership rights are getting manifested in increasingly perverse ways.

UN Special Rapportuer Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy defines the concept of Honour as especially powerful because it exists beyond reason and beyond analysis.

But what masquerades as ‘honour’ is really mens’s need to control women’s sexuality and their freedom. Crimes of honour potentially violate the right to life, liberty, bodily integrity, the prohibition against torture or cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment, the prohibition on slavery, the right to freedom from gender-based discrimination and sexual abuse or exploitation, the right to privacy, the duty to modify discriminatory practices against women.

There is an imperative need to redefine the social construct within which the society operates. The modernity that revolves around technology and youth doesn’t identify with the old shackles of conventional diktats and self styled norms. Honour Killing may be yet another outcome of this continuous tussle between the obsolete mandates of the rigid society and the progressive propelling youth. There is undoubtedly a dire need for Human Rights to move forward and put an end to this abhorrent practice and put in effect the fundamental right to life and liberty for all persons.

References: 1.) Chowdhry, Prem (2006). Contentious Marriages, Eloping Couples: Gender, Caste and Patriarchy in Northern India, (New Delhi, Oxford University Press.)

2.) Pal, Arun (2012). Honour Killing: Culture, Dilemma and Ritual, (New Delhi, Arise Publishers and Distributers.)

3.) Raman, Rohini Rani (2010). “Death Sentence in Honour Killing Case: A Milestone” in Pragoti – Progress and Struggle, 20 April 2010. (http://www.pragoti.org/node/3900)

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4.) Shakil, Albeena (2010). “ Property Rights, Khap Panchayats and Honour Killings” in Pragoti – Progress and Struggle, 10 September 2010. (http://www.pragoti.org/node/3900) 5.) Lees, Sue (1997). Ruling Passions: Sexual Violence and the Law. (Buckingham, Open University Press.)

6.) Coomaraswamy, Radhika (2006). “Violence against women and Crimes of Honour” in Welchmann, Lynn and Hossain, Sara (Ed.) Honour: Crimes, Paradigms and Violence against women (New Delhi, Kali for women.)

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GENDER EQUALITY: A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Reetu Sharma “There is a dual rationale for promoting gender equality. Firstly, that equality between women and men - equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities – is a matter of human rights and social justice. And secondly, that greater equality between women and men is also a precondition for (and effective indicator of) sustainable people-centered development. The perceptions, interests, needs and priorities of both women and men must be taken into consideration not only as a matter of social justice but because they are necessary to enrich development processes”(OSAGI 2001) Introduction Women form nearly half of the world's population and a sustainable development can not be achieved without equal participation of men and women. Thus gender equality is not only a goal in its own right but also crucial factor for the sustainable development of any country. A route to sustainable development can only be achieved by providing men and women equal opportunities in all the spheres and both's interests should be given parallel preference while allocating the resources. Women empowerment is imperative for gender equality which in turn leads to sustainable development. In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) made important provisions for the recognition of women’s contributions and their full participation in sustainable development. Equal participation in decision-making and a balanced involvement of both men and women in all policy making areas and at all levels of implementation will ensure that women and men take equal responsibility for the equitable distribution of resources, over the course of people’s lives and between present and future generations. Therefore, gender equality should not be discussed only in sociocultural milieu but other dimensions like Economic, Political and environmental should also be taken into consideration for sustainable development.

Women's Empowerment is not an absolutely a new phenomenon. It has always been there in almost all societies for a number of reasons throughout history. What could be considered as new is its increasingly becoming popular in public, the shift took place from women’s welfare and now women’s empowerment through the route of 'development'. Now the specific focus is given to the women and girl children and key issues related to the development of the women's empowerment. What needs to be addressed further is, women's empowerment as absolutely essential rather than imperative at not only family and society level but also at national and international level for development and progress. So there is pertinent need to address this issue by all the countries of the world not only at the government and non government level but also at the individual level.

The first ever world conference to address the issue of gender inequality was held in Mexico in 1975.It was followed by a second world conference on women at http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Copenhagen in 1980 and a third in Nairobi in 1985. At the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio United Nations – Agenda for Development (United Nations, New York, 1997), de Janiero (1992), world leaders accepted women’s vital role in achieving sustainable development. At the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna (1993), it was also acknowledged that women’s rights are human rights. and headed the evidence of widespread violence against women. At the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo (1994), it was stressed that women's empowerment is an effective way to implement the population policies. At the World Conference for Social Development in Copenhagen (1995), gender equality was recognized as a prerequisite for the achievement of productive employment, social integration and poverty eradication. The fourth world conference on women took place in Beijing in September 1995 followed by Beijing + 5 held in Geneva in 2000.

All the four conferences held at Mexico(1975), Copenhagen(1980), Nairobi(1985) and Beijing(1990), the importance of women's empowerment was stressed.

From each of these global conferences emerged a more powerful recognition of the crucial role played by women in different sectors of society which in turn led to the progressive strengthening of the role of women in the legal, economic, social and political sectors. While women have made significant advances in many societies, women’s concerns and issues are still given secondary importance almost everywhere. This can be illustrated by the Report of the World Conference of the UN Decade for Women, Copenhagen, July 1980: “While Women represent 50 per cent of the world adult population and one third of official labour force, they perform nearly two-thirds of all working hours, receive only a-tenth of world income and own less than one per cent of the world property”. The picture is not different in India. Despite development planning, and the special status accorded to women in the Indian Constitution, there has not been a substantial qualitative improvement in the position of a large majority of women living in rural areas Meaning of Women’s Empowerment Empowerment can be defined as a “multi-dimensional” social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It is a process that fosters power (that is, the capacity to implement) in people, for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important” (Page and Czuba, 1999).

There is no doubt that all over world the women form the disadvantage section of society as compared to men. This disadvantage is apparent in the different spheres of economic, socio-cultural and political life in all societies. Empowerment in this context means women gaining more power and control not only over their own lives but also on economic, political and socio-cultural prevailing in the society. Women empowerment is an important tool in reaching gender equality.

Gender equality is understood as “rights, responsibilities and opportunities of individuals will not depend on sex of the individual". The expectations from male and female depend upon the socio-cultural context in which they live. Gender roles are learnt http://milestonereview.webs.com

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by each person through socialization processes. This socialization takes place through social interactions with their families, peers and society at large. On a larger scale, dominant role of men in the form of gender role expectations are institutionalized through educational, political and economic systems, cultural, traditional and legislative system.

This can be illustrated by giving an example that depicts gendered division of labour in everyday life: women continue to play a dominant role as domestic worker in providing unpaid care to family members and taking care of domestic chores but they play a subordinate role in political and economic life. As women dedicate most of their time to unpaid activities, they are often dependent on men’s income and less protected through financial savings, pension entitlements and property in their name. This means that women are at greater risk of poverty and have fewer opportunities in the labour market.

Therefore, to create a level playing field for both men and women and reduce the 'gender gap' women need to be “empowered”. According to the United Nations Population Fund an empowered woman has a sense of self worth. She can determine her own choices, and has access to opportunities and resources providing her with an array of options she can pursue. She has control over her own life, both within and outside the home and she has the ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic order, both nationally and internationally (UNDP, 2008).

Sustainable development For the first time in the late 1980s the World Commission on Environment and Development in its report 'Our Common Future' defined the concept “sustainable development” as development which "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Thus sustainable development means the continuous and economic use of natural resources by taking into account the consequences of our actions for coming generations, ensuring that the resources they will require for their own well-being are not depleted, and that the natural environment into which they will be born will not be polluted or destroyed.

Basis of sustainable development Sustainable development is conceptualized as resting on three inter-related pillars: economic development, social development and environmental protection. A fourth pillar – the preservation of cultural diversity has been proposed. These three areas of development and cultural diversity should not be dealt in isolation for sustainable development, Instead, an integrated and holistic approach to socio-culturally responsible, environmentally-friendly economic development should be taken in to consideration, So that sustainable development can be revealed as a multifaceted and dynamic process. As noted in a recent report by the Secretary General, “the goal, and indeed the ultimate test, of sustainable development is the convergence among the three trajectories of economic growth, social development and environmental protection”.

Similarly, it is important to acknowledge that the promotion of gender equality also requires a cross-cutting and integrative approach. It is important not to understand http://milestonereview.webs.com

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women’s empowerment and gender equality only in social context alone, but also economic and socio-cultural development and environmental protection should be taken in consideration.

Why is a gender-sensitive approach to sustainable development needed?

Because sustainable development can be achieved only with equitable distribution of resources in a society not only in present time but also in future but prevailing inequalities are deeply gendered. Equal participation in decision-making and a balanced involvement of both men and women at all levels of implementation will ensure that women and men take equal responsibility for today’s and future generations. The area of concern is not only the economic but also educational and political where women are always at disadvantage position. Understanding this and acting upon it is imperative for achieving sustainable development.

Economic empowerment: More women than men live in poverty. Economic disparities persist partly because much of the unpaid work at the domestic front and with in communities is the responsibility of women and they have to depend economically on the male members of society. Also if a woman is working, she is paid less as compared to men and she has longer hours of working as compared to men.

Political empowerment: Social and legal institutions still do not guarantee women equality in basic legal and human rights, in access to or control of land or other resources, in employment and earning, and social and political participation. Laws against domestic violence are often not enforced on behalf of women. Experience has shown that addressing gender equality and women‘s empowerment requires strategic interventions at all levels of programming and policy-making.

Educational empowerment: About two thirds of the illiterate adults in the world are female. women's education is not only strongly associated with both lower infant mortality and lower fertility, but also with higher levels of education and economic opportunity for their children.

Gender Gaps in Major sectors in India The gender gaps with respect to social sector that involves education and health sectors, economic and political sector have been discussed as follows Social Sector Social sector is divided in to following two sectors: Educational Sector: There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were 82.14% for men and 65.46% for women. The census provided a positive indication that growth in female literacy rates (11.8%) was substantially faster than in male literacy rates (6.9%) in the 2001 –2011 decadal period, http://milestonereview.webs.com

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which means the gender gap is narrowing. But as far as school attendance of children is concerned only two-thirds of girls and three-fourths of boys’ age 6-17 years are attending school. The sex ratio of children attending school is 889 girls per 1,000 boys. There is gender equality in school attendance in urban areas but in rural areas, the females are disadvantage section of society. School attendance is lower. School dropout is a major problem for both girls and boys beyond primary education.

In case of adults, Gender disparity in literacy is much greater in rural than in urban areas and this disparity declines sharply with high economic status. Forty-one percent of women and 18% of men age 15-49 have never been to school. Educational attainment remains very low: even among the 20-29 age group, only 27% of women and 39% of men have 10 or more years of education.

Health Sector: Health sector is the another area in which women again have a disadvantage position as compared to men. This is apparent not only in low sex ratio but also in high maternal mortality among women. According to 2011 census, there are 943 women per 1000 men. This is due to the societal preference for male child as compared to female child that results in to female foeticide. Social neglect of women and girls, manifested in less access to nutrition and healthcare that in turn results into high maternal mortality rate. India is ranked second in maternal mortality rate in the world with a figure of 125,000 deaths due to pregnancy and pregnancy-related illnesses every year. In the rural areas, condition of women is more pathetic. Here, more than half of girls are married before the age of 18, and 60% of married girls bear children before they are 19. Almost one-third of babies are born with low birth weight because of poverty, early marriage, malnutrition and lack of healthcare during pregnancy. The child mortality rate between the age group (1-4 years) is 61% higher for girl child.

Ultrasound tests are being widely used for sex selection, the trend of sex selection being more evident for the wealthiest women than for women in the other wealth quintiles. Thus, the preference for male child is more evident in well off section of society. Sex ratios of all last births and last births of sterilized women show clearly that couples.

Political Sector Women are invisible in this “Women continue to remain invisible and marginalised in decision-making bodies, leading to lack of a feminist perspective in political decision-making." It was only with the setting up of the Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) September, 1971 that the demand for greater representation of women in political institutions in India was taken up in a systematic way. 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Indian Constitution in 1992 and 1993, which provided for 33 per cent reservation for women in panchayats and urban local bodies served as an affirmative action for major breakthrough towards ensuring women’s equal access and increased participation in political power structures. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Women have, however, not found adequate representation in the Lok Sabha. The percentage of elected women Lok Sabha members has never exceeded 12 per cent. The presence of women in the Upper House has been only slightly higher overall, probably due to indirect elections and nomination of some women members. It was highest in 1990 at 15.5 per cent and shows a declining trend thereafter. Thus gender gap occurs in political sector in assigning not only the seats but also important portfolios to the women.

This scenario is also typical at the state level. There are only a few instances of women holding portfolios of finance, industry, etc., and aremainly relegated to what are considered ‘women specific’ departments. The source reveals that the highest percentage of women in the State Legislative Assemblies has been 10.8 per cent in 1957 in Madhya Pradesh.

Economic Sector The economic sector of a country can not progress without the involvement of Women because women form the half of the human capital. So women will need to be more efficiently integrated into the economy in order to boost India’s long term competitive potential. The unpaid activities like domestic work is not accurately identified by the census in India.

Women's a work in home-based industries like bidi and agarbatti-rolling, banglemaking, weaving, etc is not considered equal and not paid equally in comparison to men.

They are also denied the social security benefits. One-third of agricultural workers are women. On an average, their wages are 30% lower than men’s wages. Women find it difficult to get credit from banking institutions and get smaller amounts of loan. In spite of legislation of equal right of women in ancestral property, Women’s right to land and other assets is weak. Percentage of women in employment is half as compared to men.

The employment percentage is positive for women in Rural area as compared to urban area. The employment of women is mainly due to economic necessity. Mostly women work in agriculture sector as compared to organised sector.

Measures for Empowerment of Women Government of India has adopted many measures for women's empowerment.

Some of these measures have been discussed as below: Constitutional and Legal Provisions For the Empowerment of Women The architect of Indian Constitution was of the opinion that only women can bring a change in their destiny and for this women should be empowered. The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Within this constitutional framework, our legal system, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women‘s advancement in different spheres. India has also ratified various international conventions http://milestonereview.webs.com

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and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1993. According to the 2001 Census, the percentage of female literacy in the country is 54% up from increased from 9%1951 to 54% by implementation of several constitutional and legislative measures, and schemes and policies.

Constitutional Provisions for Women includes Equality before law for women (Article 14), The State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race , caste, sex, place of birth or any of them (Article 15 (i)), The State to make any special provision in favour of women and children (Article 15 (3)), The State to direct its policy towards securing for men and women equally the right to an adequate means of livelihood (Article 39(a)) equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39(d)), The State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief (Article 42), Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat to be reserved for women and such seats to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat (Article 243 D(3)).

To uphold the Constitutional mandate, India has enacted various legislative measures intended to ensure equal rights, to counter social discrimination and various forms of violence and atrocities and to provide support services especially to working women. To address the women related issues specifically the Government has given set up an independent 'Ministry of Women and Child Development', initiation of legislation that has taken the country closer to complete legal equality for women, gender budgeting and initiation of programs for greater inclusion of women.

Some acts which have special provisions to safeguard women and their interests are The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 with amendment in 2005 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 The Maternity Benefit Act, 19 61 (Amended in 1995) Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 Commission of Sati ( Prevention) Act, 1987 http://milestonereview.webs.com

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The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

Apart from these, In January 1992, the Government set up a statutory body named 'National Commission for Women’ with a specific mandate to study and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and legal safeguards provided for women, review the existing legislation to suggest amendments wherever necessary, etc. 'The Department of Women & Child Development' in the Ministry of Human Resource Development has prepared a ―National Policy for the Empowerment of Women in the year 2001. The goal of this policy is to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women. On 8th March, 1996, on the occasion of International Women‘s Day, the parliament passed resolution to set up a Standing Committee for the ‗improvement of the status of women‘ in India and the committee on Empowerment of women was constituted in April, 1997. Empowerment is now increasingly seen as a process by which the one‘s without power gain greater control over their lives. The Cairo conference in 1994 organized by UN on Population and Development called attention to women‘s empowerment as a central focus and UNDP developed the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) which focuses on the three variables that reflect women‘s participation in society in every aspects. 1995 UNDP report was devoted to women‘s empowerment.

National Mission for Empowerment of Women: The National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW) was launched by the Government of India (GOI) on International Women’s Day in 2010 with a view to empower women socially, economically and educationally. The main aim of mission is to strive for the women's empowerment on all the fronts. The focus is to converge all the schemes or programmes of all the ministries of Indian governments and state governments. The government of India stress the need to address this issue at the grassroots level by involving Panchayati Raj Institution(PRI) in the implementation of policies. The Mission has been named 'Mission Poorna Shakti', implying a vision for holistic empowerment of women.

Main focus areas of the Mission · Coverage of all girls in schools from primary to class 12 especially those belonging to vulnerable groups · Higher and Professional education for girls/women · Skill development, Micro credit, Vocational Training, Entrepreneurship, SHG development · Gender sensitization and dissemination of information · Access to health, drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities for women · Prevent crime against women and taking steps for a safe environment for women http://milestonereview.webs.com

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National Policy for the Empowerment of Women of India (2001) Goal and Objectives To enjoy all the human rights and fundamental freedom equally with male in political, economic, social, cultural and civil spheres.

To create an environment to enable women to realize their full potential through positive economic and social policies.

Equal access to participation and decision making of women in social, political and economic life of the nation To eliminate all forms of discrimination and violence against women legal system should be strengthened.

Equal rights to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career and vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, social security and public office etc.

Changing societal attitudes and community practices by active participation and involvement of both men and women.

Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process by building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women’s organizations.

Provisions under twelfth Five Year Plan of India (2012-2017) Economic empowerment The Twelfth Plan endeavours to increase women’s employability in the formal sector i.e. secondary and tertiary sector. The focus will also be on improving the conditions of self employed women. Flexible work hours, reaching out to women in agriculture and manufacturing sector, financial assistance, and extending land and property rights to women are the key features of this plan.

Skill development One of the major drawback of women is lack of skills especially in secondary and tertiary sectors. So this twelfth five year plan came up with the scaling up of traditional skills to emerging skills so that women can have employment equally with the men in all the fields. Training of women as BPO employees, electronic technicians, electricians, plumbers, sales persons, auto drivers, taxi drivers, masons, and so on will be incorporated in the skill development programmes. Skill development would not only improve the lives of women but livelihoods of women making them independent http://milestonereview.webs.com

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economically.

Besides the above measures the Government of India and also state governments came up with the other schemes to give benefits to women Such as, Antyodaya Anna Yojana(2000),National Rural Health Mission, 2005, Janani Suraksha Yojana,2005, Indira Sahara,2000, Mukhya Mantri Antodaya Pusthaar Yojana,2009, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh,1993, Apna Beti Apna Dhan Yojana, Haryana(1994), Kamdhenu Yojana, Maharashtra, Girls Child Protection Scheme, Andhra Pradesh etc.There are two main programmes in the Department of Women and Child Development,which aim at convergence of services delivery at the grass root level. Those are Integrated Child Develoment Scheme (ICDS),which reaches 85 percent of the villages in the country and Integrated Women‘s Empowerment Programme(IWEP), formerly Indira Mahila Yojana, which extends to 650 blocks operate trough the self help groups of women. In the field of education, 2180 residential Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya schools have been sanctioned and are providing elementary education to 1,82,000 out of school girls. Gaun ki Beti, Kisori Balika Divas Yojana, Ladli Laksmi Yojana, Cycle Praday Yojana etc.

Conclusion There is no doubt that efforts have been made at national and international level to empower women. A number of acts and legislation passed to ensure equality to the women, for example, reservation of seats for women in panchayats and municipal corporations by 73rd and 74th amendment of constitution, has not much beneficial for women because they act as dummy only and all the power is vested in the hands of their brothers, husbands or male members of family, So despite the various measures taken up , there is not much improvement in the condition of women. This can be reflected in low participation of women at policy making level, low literacy rate of women as compared to men, high rate of maternal mortality, female foeticide, dowry deaths, violence against women all over world, low sex ratio . Overall scenario shows a gloomy picture of women condition. The ground reality is deprivation, degradation and exploitation of women specially women from rural areas and those belonging to deprived sections of the society.

The Urban elite class women have no doubt advantageous position as compared to rural women. The major challenge of 21st century is women are being brutalized, Commodified, materialized and subjected to inhuman exploitation and discrimination.

Therefore, gender equality should be at the heart of policy-makers. Women form fifty percent of the human capital in the world. how can one imagine the attainment of 'Sustainable Development' without the active participation of this population? Need of the hour is to take effective and sincere efforts to make the dream of Sustainable Development true and practical by making an effort to create awareness among the women about their rights, Otherwise, all the laws would be in books only without having any effective and practical implications. Hence, this paper is concluded with the beautiful lines given by 'Swami Vivekanand" “There is no chance of the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is http://milestonereview.webs.com

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improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing.”-Swami Vivekananda References: United Nations – Agenda for Development (United Nations, New York, 1997), pp.47-49.

Fadia Kuldeep 'Women's Empowerment through Political participation in India', Indian Journal of Public Administration ,538 / VOL. LX, NO. 3, July-September 2014 Warth Lisa,Koparanova Malinka' Women for Sustainable Development', No. 2012.1 January 2012 Sustainable development as defined in the World Commission on Environment and Development’s report “Our Common Future” (1987).

UNDP (2005), Human Development Report, p. 61.

OSAGI (2001), fact sheet on “Important Concepts underlying Gender Mainstreaming”http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/factsheet2.pdf.

India Ministry of Human Resource Development (2014). All India Survey on Higher Education2011-12.

India, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner and UNFPA (2014). A Profile of Adolescents and Youth in India. Available from http://countryoffice.unfpa.org/india/drive/AProfileofAdolescentsandYouthinIndia. pdf India, National Sample Survey Office (2014). Employment and Unemployment Situation in India. NSS 68th Round (July 2011- June 2012). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. New Delhi.

India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (2015). Millennium Development Goals India Country Report 2015.Social Statistics Division, Government of India, New Delhi.

Census of India 2011,Primary Census Abstract, Data Highlights Global Gender Gap World Economic Forum http.//www. we forum/issues/globalgender-gap john coonral(2011)Top Ten Interventions for women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Vol.3, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2250-3153.

Amtul Waris and, B. C. Viraktamath 'Gender gaps and Women’s Empowerment in India –Issues and Strategies' http://milestonereview.webs.com

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National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) India 2005-06 International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai Butler, S. and Wintram, C. 1991. Feminist groupwork. London: Sage World Survey on the Role of Women in Development 2014, 'Gender Equality And Sustainable Development.' by the United Nations as the Report of Secretary General(2014)

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CHINA AND PAKISTAN : ALL-WEATHER FRIENDS Kulvinder Singh Abstract China and Pakistan have shared an “all-weather friendship” for the last five decades. Beijing and Islamabad have civilian and military contacts, traded nuclear secrets, exchanged intelligence, and importantly, cooperated against Indian Territory over 5,180 square kilometers of land in Northern Kashmir and Ladakh. Lastly, the two countries collaborated on the Trans-Karakoram highway, which is often referred to as either the ninth wonder of the world or “Friendship Highway.” In 2011, they commemorated 60 years of diplomatic ties, which was also designated as the “China-Pakistan Year of Friendship”. As staunch allies and strategic partners for the past few decades, China and Pakistan have shared a friendship which has proved of great value in furtherance of their geo-political and strategic objectives. To understand the evolution of this relationship from a correct perspective, it is important to have a brief overview of the relationship between the two countries.

Key words; All-Weather, Geo-Strategic, Gwadar, Karakoram Highway, Nuclear, Aksai Chin, Stadium diplomacy Introduction The China Pakistan relationship stands as one of the most unique and durable relationships between two sovereign states, where both states have been complementing each other’s strategic requirement in spite of different cultures, political systems and social values. Pakistan’s relations with China have always been the most important of its relationships with other countries. Pakistan-China friendship has often been termed as “higher than the Himalayas and deeper than the oceans” and of late, sweeter than honey, is a unique case in the international system we live in, yet the relationship is based on sound geostrategic and realist calculations. It is based on trust, respect, and mutual benefit. Over the past 55 years, since the two countries established their diplomatic relations, this relationship has evolved in a manner to serve the interests of both countries.

What was China’s mega-strategy at the outset in setting up ties with Pakistan?

According to Mao Zedong’s Pakistan was nothing but China’s easy access to the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. Besides China’s building up of economic and military partnership with Pakistan, the most significant element in Sino-Pak relations lies in the fact that China has been using Pakistan as an economic and military corridor to reach the Middle East and Africa.

Pakistan’s Geo-Strategic Significance for China Pakistan holds immense geo-strategic significance for China. Pakistan is strategically located between the twin forces of competition and collaboration in the mega-region that embraces Central Asia, South Asia, Middle East, and Caucasus. Central Asia and South Asia form two contiguous strategic sub-regions of this mega-region.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, these two sub-regions have formed the focus of http://milestonereview.webs.com

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international politics as a result of the US-NATO war on terror in Afghanistan, the nextdoor presence of a rising China, a post cold-war resurgent Russia, and the hegemonic pretensions of India. US war of terror generally was seen in reality as the sole superpower usurping the strategic void available in Taliban’s Afghanistan and thus trying to exude the strategic effects, including containment of China and driving a wedge between China and Pakistan. Pakistan sits right in the middle of this regional geo-political dynamics. This dynamic force influences the complexion of both the foreign policy and the national politics of Pakistan. It provides a secure access to Gwadar port which is route to Persian Gulf and Central Asia. It provides the shortest route to Chinese goods through Gwadar port to Indian Ocean and Karakoram highway (KKH) providing an easy trade access to Central and Western Asia. Currently, the most of the Central Asian states export their goods through Russia via Europe which is the longest route. As the current Gulf of Aden route is lined with US military bases, China’s strategic military goals running through to 2025, includes expanding the role of its Navy in order to mitigate this potential threat, its presence in Gwadar is therefore strategically important. The Gwadar port would be the most viable option for these countries helping them to save money and as well as time in transporting their goods. As far as significance and implications of the Karakoram Highway (KKH), which runs through occupied Kashmir, for the Indian security are concerned. No single highway has run through such sensitive territory through an area, where the borders of Pakistan, India, China, the Soviet Union and Afghanistan come close together. By traversing these lands, the Karakoram Highway and its associated routes have posed threats and presented opportunities to all states of the region. China has used the KKH as a form of ‘stadium diplomacy’ and simultaneously strengthened ties with the enemy of its enemy. Although the route has yet to be used in wartime, Pakistan and China have used it to send strong messages to their rivals and neighbours. China has economic and strategic interest in Gwadar. Gwadar is expected to play a key role in Beijing’s development plans and will serve as a gateway for western China because Xinjiang lies 4500 kms from China’s east coast but just 2500 kms from Gwadar. Pakistan can act as “a transit facility” giving China access to Central Asian markets and energy sources”. China is much concerned about the possibility of disruptions in the movement of oil and gas tankers to China from the Gulf and Africa through the Malacca Straits due to pirates and terrorists attacks. For this reason, China wants to reduce its dependence on the Malacca Straits and is making eminent efforts to develop alternate routes. Presence in Gwadar will allow China not only access and basing facilities in the Indian Ocean but also the chance to control the Straits of Hormuz to ensure smooth energy supplies from West Asia. This would help China to acquire a strategic presence in this region. Pakistan has also agreed to let China set up a “Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Gwadar, exclusively for the use of Chinese industries manufacturing goods for export to Africa”.

This would help reducing the manufacturing and transport costs for Chinese goods.

Pakistan can provide China an access to Indian Ocean, where India considers China its competitor.

Pakistan was the first Islamic country and third non-communist state that recognised the People’s Republic of China on May 21, 1950, when the two nations officially established their contacts thus providing China with a corridor into the nonhttp://milestonereview.webs.com

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communist world. Pakistan established diplomatic relations with China in 1951 when China got involved in the Korean War. Pakistan, much against American stand opted to abstain from voting in a U.N resolution that called China an aggressor. Pakistan provided China with comparatively cheap raw material like cotton and jute which was of high military importance during the war and thus helped China in times of her economic crises. Pakistan’s chief interests in pursuing a friendly policy towards China was aimed at countering growing Indian influence in the region. The China-Pakistan relations started on low ebb as China was disappointed over latter’s joining of the western military alliances South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). Pakistan had expressed its desire to foster friendly relations with China even before joining the SEATO. The Bandung Conference 1955 provided Pakistan the opportunity to dispel Chinese mistrust and to explain Pakistan’s reasons for joining western alliances. This dispelled the Chinese government’s misunderstanding and the Chinese Premier conceded that that Pakistan’s membership of SEATO should no way become a hurdle to friendly relations between Pakistan and China.

The actual consolidation of relations started in the early 1960s, when Pakistan changed its previous stand and supported China’s seating in the UN in 1961. Following the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Pakistan and China came closer to build common strategic understanding. Pakistan at that time overtly condemned India as an aggressor. The American and Soviet aid to India during the war, made China realize Pakistan’s significance in counterbalancing the regional and global power configurations. Thus, realizing Pakistan’s geo-political importance and its historic enmity with India, China sought to cultivate and consolidate its friendly ties with Pakistan to balance off New Delhi. Moreover, the geographical proximity of Kashmir to the disputed India-China boundary has also contributed as major factor bringing Pakistan into the strategic centre stage of China’s South Asia policy.

1962 Sino-Indian War was a major turning point in Pakistan’s foreign policy. although President Kennedy’s promises to Pakistani President Ayub Khan that Pakistan would be consulted before any military aid was given to India, the United States, along with the United Kingdom, sent US$120 million of emergency aid to India. As far as Ayub Khan was concerned, not only had the Americans rescinded their promise to first consult Pakistan before giving military aid to India but they had failed to link the delivery of arms with a permanent and acceptable solution of the Kashmir problem. It was in the wake of Washington’s support for India in the 1962 border conflict that Pakistan began to look elsewhere for international support, particularly China.

In 1963, the China and Pakistan signed a border agreement that transferred 2,000 square miles of territory in Pakistan-held Kashmir to China, and China began selling weapons to Pakistan, a practice that continues today. In Pakistan and China signed a boundary agreement to demarcate the boundary between Chinese region of Xinjiang and the contiguous areas, over which Indian government strongly protested saying that “there was no common border between Pakistan and the People’s Republic of China”, and described the decision as a step further in the China’s aggressive aims towards India.

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During the 1965 India-Pakistan War, China gave diplomatic, economic and moral support to Pakistan and it was the Chinese ultimatum to India to dismantle its military works on the Chinese side of the China-Sikkim border, which led to Security Council’s urgent call for ceasefire. During the 1971 India-Pakistani conflict, which led to dismemberment of Bangladesh from Pakistan, China extended it complete diplomatic support to Pakistan and strongly condemned India as an aggressor. China threatened to exercise its veto in favour of Pakistan and blocked the entry of Bangladesh into UN in defence to Pakistan’s demand of release of 90,000 prisoners of war by India. This goal was achieved in 1973. In 1974, China had sent Pakistan sixty MiG-19 fighter jets, 150 tanks and other weapons as part of a $300 million economic and military aid agreement.

In 1979, Beijing and Islamabad added a new layer of converging interests to their friendship when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Beijing and Moscow were in the thick of the Sino-Soviet split, and the Soviets, in accordance with the 1968 Brezhnev doctrine, believed that Moscow had the right to intervene in Communist countries threatened by domestic upheaval. Chinese officials saw this as a veiled attempt at expansionism—the first step in a broader Soviet plan to achieve complete domination in Europe and to extend its hegemony into South and Southeast Asia. China feared that if the Soviets were able to gain control of routes to the Indian Ocean, its own lack of an early warning system and sufficient naval forces would not be able to match up with Soviet naval supremacy, and therefore China would be at the Soviet’s mercy from all sides.

In 1989 the two countries signed a military cooperation agreement which envisaged, inter alia, “the purchase of military goods, mutual research and cooperation along with the manufacturing of arms and the transfer of technology”. This agreement was supplemented in 1993 with one that made China “the most important military seller” of weapons or systems to Pakistan. The substantial sale of Chinese arms to Pakistan in 1971-2008, which was $9.8 billion compared to US sales to telling only $3.4 billion, confirms that Islamabad then already was heading towards heavy reliance on one source.

China also helped build two nuclear power plants in Pakistan in the 1990s and signed a deal in 2009 to build two more.

In the Post-Cold War era, although Pakistan-China relations did undergo a slight shift, but the overall content and strategic relevance remain as significant as ever. China still considers Pakistan an important factor that can help it secure its strategic objectives.

Pakistan always supported China on all issues important to Chinese national interests such as sovereignty over Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Tibet and issues relating to human rights and democracy. China always appreciated and counted on Pakistan’s strong support as a trusted friend over all these issues at international arena.

The year 2006 saw the signing of the bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 5 year Development Program on Economic and Trade Cooperation–directed at accelerating bilateral trade between Pakistan and China. They were put to force the Following year in 2007. It set a trade target of 15 billion dollar by 2010; while this target was not achieved, bilateral trade–that stood at 7 billion dollar in 2006–rose to 12 billion dollar by 2012, which was also a 17.6 % increase on the previous year. In 2006 China was Pakistan’s 3rd largest trading partner, accounting for 9.8% of Pakistan’s import, it http://milestonereview.webs.com

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ranked 11th (3%) for Pakistan’s exports. In comparison, Pakistan was China’s 54th largest trading partner (0.13% of China’s imports) and 33rd largest for exports (0.44%). By 2013, China was Pakistan’s 2nd largest trading partner. From 2004 to 2008 exports from China to Pakistan increased on average55% per annum while exports from Pakistan to China rose by35%.

The two Countries again set to pursue a trade target of $15bn, this time by the year 2015. Most likely due to Pakistan’s long ailing economy, Pakistani officials have been more expressive in pushing for greater investment trade between the two countries, eagerly pursuing the $15bn target and inviting and encouraging China to explore more and more economic opportunities in Pakistan Presently, Pakistan is the only country in South Asia with a free trade agreement and currency swap agreement with China. The Agreement contained annexes that included the elimination of import custom duties, tariff reduction or elimination was set to complete within a five year period, and effectively by January 2012. In May 2013 China stated it will “step up consultation with Pakistan on second phase tax reduction negotiations.” To stimulate trade growth, on 7 May 2013, State Bank of Pakistan and People’s Bank of China (PBoC) agreed on a currency swap arrangement (CSA); implying the two countries can now trade directly without the use of US dollars as the intermediary trade currency.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a crucial component of the Chinese President’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) project, which has become an indispensable element of China’s foreign policy and one of the Chinese President’s most emblematic policy initiatives.

CPEC has been heralded as a game-changer for regional and global geopolitics, for reasons that go beyond the unprecedented scale of China’s largest overseas investment project to date. The project consists of extensive investment in Pakistan’s transport, telecommunications and energy infrastructure, with an estimated value of over $46 billion US$.

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Map- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

Source- https://www.google.co.in/search?q=china-pakistan+economic+corridor The CPEC belongs to the Silk Road Economic Belt/Maritime Silk Road, which Beijing has begun to build across south Asia to the Indian Ocean, and across Central Asia to Europe. The CPEC is a project for a network of railways, roads and pipelines connecting Pakistan's port city of Gwadar in the province of Baluchistan with the Chinese city of Kashgar in the landlocked Xuar. It requires infrastructural upgrades to Pakistan's outdated railway system, road network, pipelines, ports and electricity production, as well as the stabilisation of Pakistan's security environment. The four main areas of cooperation between the two countries in this context are transport, infrastructure, energy and industrial cooperation. The route of the corridor has not yet been finalised, and all that is certain for the moment is its reach, from Kashgar to Gwadar.

The opening up of the Sino-Pak “trade and energy resource” corridor assumes an immeasurably favourable significance in developing the economy of both countries.

Pakistan’s deepwater harbour at Gwadar overlooks the Indian Ocean in the south, and faces the Arabian Sea and Red Sea in the west. It is close to Iran in the north, located 400 km away from the Strait of Hormuz. Situated 500 km from Pakistan’s biggest economically developed port city of Karachi, the geographical location of Gwadar is extremely advantageous. Oil pipelines laid from Gwadar port would enter Xinjiang in China through the northern region of Quetta. It is also close to the Central Asian pipeline.

Besides, if a railway line is laid between Quetta and Gwadar, then this would not only be a convenient maritime outlet for China, it would also be a vital overland communication line between China and Pakistan. Its importance is self-evident.

In November 2014, China undertook to invest $45.6 billion in Pakistan over a period of six years—out of which $33 billion is allocated for the energy sector and $11.8 billion for developing infrastructure. The proposed projects come within the ambit of the http://milestonereview.webs.com

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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which was undertaken by both the countries in 2013. It is expected that energy projects costing $15.5 billion will generate 10,400 MW by 2017, with an additional output of 6,120 MW to be added by 2021, at a cost of $18.2 billion. This initiative by China holds immense importance for Pakistan, given that it has been facing an energy crisis for the last few years. This has hampered industrial growth, impacting all sectors of the economy. The proposed power projects include, coal fired power stations as well as projects that would augment the existing hydropower, wind and solar power production, which are all areas whose share the Pakistan Government hopes to increase in its energy basket. It is hoped that through the implementation of these projects, the need to mitigate the acute shortage of electricity, and the need for improvement of the country’s transmission networks will be met. As energy projects can be expected to yield high returns, the projects are to be financed on a commercial basis.

Chinese companies which are expected to invest in the energy sector include the Three Gorges Corporation and China Power International Development Ltd. As the infrastructure projects would only give returns over a longer period of time, it is expected that they will be given concessional loans. Chinese companies will be involved in building infrastructure, and banks including the China Development Bank and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China would provide financing. Earlier, in February 2014, China and Pakistan signed agreements to upgrade the Karakoram highway and to build an airport at Gwadar, as well as to establish research institutes for small-scale hydropower technology and to set up Confucius Institutes in Pakistan.

Other occasions marking this bonhomie includes the 100,000 pieces of commemorative coins bearing flags of both countries and inscriptions reading “Sixty years celebrations of the Independence of the Jamhoria China” and “Long live Pak-‐China friendship” that were issued by the State Bank in Pakistan in 2009 in an endeavour to express its solidarity with the People’s Republic of China on the occasion of the latter’s 60th anniversary. Another example is “Year of China--‐Pakistan Friendship”; 2011 was designated thus in order to Celebrate the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Defence and Security Cooperation The two countries agreed to further strengthen cooperation in areas such as joint exercises and training, personnel training and equipment, technology transfers, and cooperation in defence technology and production. During his visit, President Xi finalised a long-promised deal to sell eight conventional submarines to Pakistan for EUR 4.4 billion. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Pakistan is China's largest buyer of arms.

Nuclear Energy China has supported the construction of six nuclear reactors with a total capacity of 3.4 million kilowatts (MK) in Pakistan. The two new plants being built in Karachi, with a capacity of 220 MW, also benefit from technological and financial assistance from the China National Nuclear Corporation and Chinese banks. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Afghanistan Afghanistan's stability has an impact on domestic stability in both China and Pakistan. The two countries committed to strengthen cooperation to support the Afghanled peace and reconciliation process. China, which shares a 76-km-long border with Afghanistan in Xuar, has a growing industrial and economic interest in the country and is discretely stepping up its involvement there. One example is Beijing's offer to help mediate talks with the Taliban and to support Pakistan in hosting the Fifth Ministerial Conference of the Istanbul Process.

Major Chinese Economic Projects in Pakistan: Gwadar Port Project Estimated cost of project is US$248 million, 198 million to be provided by the Chinese side (60 million commercial loan, 58 million soft credit, 31 million interest free loan and 31 million grant). The China has agreed to provide additional financing for new proposals about construction of Gwadar-I Project. However, the Chinese side informed that financing of Gwadar-II Project needs deep deliberations.

Chashma-II Financial contract for Chashma-II has been signed. The Chinese government will provide US$ 150 million from the Preferential Buyer's Credit Facility of US$ 500. The Chinese side will also provide a concessional loan of US$ 200 million for the project.

Thar Coal Project Shenhua Group prepared the feasibility report in consultation with WAPDA. Shenhua Group in their report stated that the capital expenditure estimate of the project level at current stage was higher than investment level previously predicted. Negotiations between the two sides are under way to settle the outstanding issues related to the Project and to ensure early start of work on the site.

Saindak Copper and Gold Mine Project Government of Pakistan has leased out Saindak Gold Project to M/S MCC/MRDL for a period of ten years. The life of the project with present capacity (15810 Metric Tons (mt) blister copper containing 1.47 tons of gold and 2.76 tons of silver) is 19 years. Due to recent increase in metal prices in international market, MRDL has proposed 30-40% enhancement in production capacity of Saindak i.e. from 15810 mt to 24000 mt per annum. This would require an investment of US $ 20 million approximately. An MOU to this effect was inked between Chinese MCC/MRDL and Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources during President's visit to China.

Jinnah Hydro-power project The project remained unimplemented because of ECNEC condition calling for international bidding. ECNEC has recently lifted this conditionality. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Railways Up-gradation The Pakistan Railways have signed MOUs for purchase of locomotives, carriages, freight wagons to be financed with Chinese credits. The main issue for signing future contracts under the existing MOUs will be the term of financing, especially interest rates.

Pakistan facing problems on the railway engines supplied by the Chinese side as some engines have developed cracks in the main frame. The Chinese Government has given assurances for repair/replacement of the defective locomotives.

Repairs on the Karakoram Highway On our request, the Chinese companies have undertaken repair of bridges along the Karakoram Highway at a cost of US$ 6 million, which may be adjusted against available Chinese grants.

Raising of Mangla Dam A Chinese company has been awarded the contract to raise height of Mangla Dam. There were some difficulties in implementation of the Project at early stage but now the work is moving forward smoothly.

Chinese Projects in PoK China involved in the Neelam-Jhelum hydro-electric project in the Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). The 4,500 megawatt project is installed by the builders of the Three Gorges Dam which can have dangerous consequences for the ecology of India. Since Gilgit Baltistan is a disputed area, China has no business to build projects here. India is objecting to various Chinese-funded projects in PoK namely Neelum Jhelum project, Diamer Bhasha Dam, Extension of Karakoram Highway, Sost Dry Port and Bunji Dam to name a few.

In addition, China’s trade and investment ties with Pakistan have been expanding since the late 1990s, with Chinese companies investing in Pakistan’s transportation and energy-related infrastructure. China’s strong ties with Pakistan affirm the fears of some Indians that China is attempting to encircle India. India is especially concerned about China’s support for Pakistan’s military through arms sales and technology transfers.

China is the top exporter of arms to Pakistan. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), between 2004 and 2015, Pakistan received $4.1 billion in deliveries of Chinese arms, exceeding the $2.7 billion in U.S. arms deliveries during that period. Among the platforms and weapon systems Pakistan procured from China are airborne early warning and control aircraft and missiles and bombs for the JF-17 combat aircraft. Pakistan also acquired Chinese JIANGWEI-class frigates and ship borne surface-to-air and anti-ship missiles. All of these platforms and weapon systems could be used to challenge the Indian Navy and Air Force in a potential India-Pakistan conflict. China and Pakistan also have been negotiating the sale of six Chinese submarines. If the deal is realized and the submarines are armed with anti-ship cruise missiles, the submarines would significantly enhance the Pakistan Navy’s ability to hold Indian surface ships at risk. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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China-Pakistan defense-industrial cooperation has supported the development of Pakistan’s combat aircraft. The Pakistan Air Force has over 30 JF-17 aircraft, which the two countries jointly developed, and it plans to procure more than 150 in total. China and Pakistan also are developing a variant with improved avionics and weapon systems. Pakistan intends for the JF-17 to replace its aging fleet of fighter aircraft.

China appears to have played a critical role in Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. Beginning in the 1970s, China is reported to have provided Pakistan with support for its nuclear weapons program, including nuclear weapon blueprints, weapons-grade uranium, and various components for the production of a nuclear weapon. In the 1990s, China is reported to also have assisted Pakistan with the development of its Shaheen-I short-range ballistic missiles and its Shaheen-II medium-range ballistic missiles. These capabilities fundamentally changed the India-Pakistan security relationship, because they provided Pakistan with a deterrent against invasion by the more militarily powerful India.

China and Pakistan reached a deal in 2013 for China to build two more civil nuclear power plants in Pakistan, which would supplement the two plants that China has already built. The Chinese government argues the deal would not violate its international nonproliferation obligations, but the U.S. and Indian governments have raised concerns about expanded China-Pakistan civil nuclear cooperation.

Sino–Pak Strategic Cooperation and India Sino-Pak strategic cooperation pins down India, the Chinese analyst expressed the view that Sino-Pak friendship is a thorn in India’s flesh. It is a saga of unfolding disputes between India and Pakistan over the issue of Kashmir. In fact, for India the problems are far from being simple because strategically the further strengthening of Sino-Pak ties goes so far as China building up railways encircling Asia through Pakistan, and Pakistan is becoming an important outlet as well as a pivotal corridor for energy resources of China to the Indian Ocean. All these would contain India with some perception of danger and would have a chain of reaction on it.

Conclusion Today, China’s primary interest in its relationship with Pakistan is to pursue a “classic balance of power strategy,” using Pakistan to confront India with the possibility of a two-front war. Sino-Indian relations were not always hostile. At the time of their founding in 1948 and 1949, respectively, the Indian and Chinese governments declared a postcolonial brotherhood. But when China conquered Tibet in 1950, China and India suddenly shared an un-demarcated border stretching 2,500 miles. To this day, Indian and Chinese maps of their border do not match. As a result, some disputed territory exists between China and India concentrated in two places: the Aksai Chin Plateau, which

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China controls but India claims, and Arunachal Pradesh, an Indian state that China calls “South Tibet.”

Pakistan is important for China because the latter’s geo-strategic needs in the region, to an extent, are reliably provided for by Pakistan. Pakistan is conscious of the fact that China has always displayed a special concern toward its neighbours. Pakistan, being a vital part of China’s strategic periphery, is, as always, fully committed to fully support China’s peaceful development policies and prevent destabilization of Xinjiang from within its borders by Uighur-related militancy. Pakistan also recognizes that China should be afforded a broad-based mutually beneficial opportunity of leveraging Pakistan’s geopolitical position to make up for the limitations imposed by its own geography.

Since the border agreement between the two countries which was the actual starting point of this unique relationship in modern history, both countries have been through thick and thin and have supported each other. Although the relationship was unbalanced as China was stronger and bigger in every aspect yet both countries have been vital to each other. If China has been a major source of military hardware and financial assistance to Pakistan, Pakistan was the only window and contact China had with the outside world. It acted as a bridge between China and the Muslim world. It has supported Chinese position on the issues of Tibet, Taiwan and the Xinjiang province and stood by it when the world criticized China for alleged human right violations. Therefore, it would be appropriate to point that both countries have supported each other and this is why the relation continues to be higher than the mountain and deeper than the oceans, using the way most of the leadership of the two countries define it.

References Burch, Betty B,; Cole, Allan B, (1968) ): Asian Politics System: Reading On China, Japan, India, Pakistan, Princeton, Van Nostrand.

Challaney, Brahma, (2006) Asian Juggernaut: The Rise Of China, India And Japan,New Delhi, Haper Collins.

Christensen, Thomas J, (2015): The China Challenge: Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power.

Do, Vang Ly, (1959): Aggressions by China, Delhi, Siddhartha Pub. Fang, Tien-Sze, (2014): Asymmetrical Threat Perceptions in India-China Relations, New Delhi, O.U.P. Ghani, Owais Ahmed., Alam, Mujahid., Gul, Agha Ahmad, (2013): Regional Geostrategic Challenges and Opportunities for China-Pakistan Cooperation, Islamabad, The China-Pakistan Joint Think Tank.

Hao, Yufan; Wei, C.X. George; Dittmer, Lowell, (2013): Challenges To Chinese Foreign Policy, New Delhi, KW Pub. Holslag, Jonathan, (2015): China's Coming War with Asia, Cambridge, Polity Press. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Kaul, H.N, (2003): India China Boundary in Kashmir, New Delhi, Gyan Publishing House.

Kondapali, Srikant; Mifune, Emi, (2010): China and Its Neighbours, New Delhi, Pentagon Press.

Lynch, Daniel, (2015): China's Futures: PRC Elites Debate Economics, Politics, and Foreign Policy, Stanford, Stanford University Press.

Mansingh, Surjit, (1998): Indian and Chinese Foreign Policies in Comparative Perspective, New Delhi, Radiant Publishers.

Murty, T.S, (1987): India-China Boundary: India’s Options, New Delhi, ABC Publishing House.

Pande, Ira, (2010): India China Neighbours Strangers, New Delhi, Harper Collins Publishers.

Pant, Harsh V, (2010): The China Syndrome: Grappling With An Uneasy Relationship, New Delhi, Harper Collins Pub. Sakhuja, Vijay (2012): Strategic Transactions: China, India And Southeast Asia, New Delhi, Pentagon Press.

Santhanam, K.; Kondapalli, Srikanth, (2004): Asian Security and China, 20002010, New Delhi Shipra Pub. Singh, Jasjit, (2012): Essays on China, New Delhi, KW Publishers.

Singh, Rohit, (2011): China and India in Asia Power Politics, New Delhi Vij Books.

Singh, S.P, (2011): China - Indian Relations, New Delhi, Sumit Publications.

Small, Andrew, (2015): The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics, New York, Oxford University Press.

Trivedi, Ram Naresh, (1977): Sino-Indian Border Dispute and Its Impact on IndoPakistan Relations, New Delhi, Associated Publishing Housing.

Verma, Bharat, (2011): Threat from China, New Delhi, India Defence Review.

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MEDICAL TOURISM IN INDIA Meenu Kohli & Dr. Naveen Pandhi Abstract Medical tourism is one of the quickest and largest growing industries in the world as well as in India. The Indian medical tourism industry is expected to reach $6 billion by 2018. India has much to offer in form of medical tourism like Allopathy medicine, Ayurveda, Yoga and other alternative medicines including Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Meditation, Aroma Therapy, Reiki. Another competitive advantage India has in medical tourism is the cost effectiveness it has to offer to its patients. This industry at present caters to the requirements of patients chiefly from the West Asia, Middle East Africa and to some extent US and Europe. The vast pool of medical professionals, growing private health-care infrastructure, improvement in technical expertise, cheaper medical procedures are likely to boost the number of medical tourists arrivals in India. In contest of this, the paper aims to study current status of Medical Tourism in India. The paper highlights some issues and challenges being faced by this tourism sector. It also suggests measures to be taken so that India can emerge as the preferred tourist destination for the patients.

Keywords: Medical tourism, India, healthcare services, tourist Introduction The word tourism is generally associated with travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes, usually for a limited duration across the globe or it may be at some another place within the same country. However over the period of time the term tourism has gone through tremendous changes as people now travel not only for leisure and recreation but they move to other countries to get health benefits. The global demand for healthcare services has been increased in the past few years due to demographic factors such as increased longevity and rising birth rates, growing health awareness among people, increasing demand for good quality healthcare services and ever growing expertise in the field of medicine. People are now willing to travel that extra mile to receive treatments at affordable prices. This has given rise to the term ‘Medical Tourism’. Around seven million patients are said to be travelling each year to receive medical care. Rising healthcare costs, rising demand for cosmetic and dental surgery which are not covered by health insurance in developed countries and availability of quality and comparatively cost effective healthcare services in developing countries are the major factors for boosting medical tourism globally. Moreover there are countries in Africa, South America and Middle East where patients, despite the ability to pay, are compelled to move to other destinations to avail healthcare services due to lack of availability. Thus medical tourism is one of the quickest and largest growing industries in the world.

India has much to offer in the form of medical tourism like Allopathy medicine, Ayurveda, Yoga and other alternative medicines including Homeopathy, Naturopathy, Meditation, Aroma Therapy, Reiki. The Indian medical tourism industry is expected to http://milestonereview.webs.com

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reach $6 billion by 2018, with the number of people arriving in the country for medical treatment set to double over the next four years, according to the report by industry lobby Punjab Haryana Delhi (PHD) Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The current size of the industry is estimated at a little over $3 billion, with tourist arrivals estimated at 230,000. The report projected the segment to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20% between 2014 and 2018. If we study figure 1, the foreign tourist arrivals were 5.16 million in year 2009 which rose to 6.57 million in year 2012, while medical tourists visiting the country were just ranging from only 2.2% in 2009 to 2.6% in 2012.

Figure 1: Total number of Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) and FTAs for medical treatment in India

Source: India tourism statistics 2012, Ministry of Tourism India is considered to be among the best in international tourist destinations. India believes in slogan “Atithi Devo Bhava” which means that a guest is equivalent to a god ‘ assures service providers to provide end-to-end services. These include speciality treatment, low cost consultation and treatment, no waiting period for treatment and availability of advanced equipments at reasonable price. The Indian medical tourism industry is growing by 30 percent a year. It caters to the requirements of patients chiefly from the West Asia, Middle East Africa and to some extent US and Europe. In year 2012, maximum number of medical foreign tourist arrivals from Bangladesh followed by Sri Lanka (figure 2). According to the Indian High Commission, Indian hospitals received 18,000 Nigerians on medical visas in 2012, 47% of the Nigerians were in India to receive medical treatment and spent approximately $260 million USD.

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Figure 2: Top ten source countries of FTAs in India, 2012

Source: India tourism statistics 2012, Ministry of Tourism website The leading destinations of medical tourism in the country are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, New Delhi, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. Chennai alone accounts for 40% of India’s medical tourism inflow and more than six lakh tourists visits per annum.

Better connectivity, MoUs between hospitals and important government initiatives are a few reasons for high medical tourist inflow. Gujarat announced its medical tourism policy in 2006, with the developing a medicity as one of the objectives. Non-resident Gujaratis are now increasingly planning their treatment visits so as to coincide with visits to their hometowns. In an effort to promote medical tourism in Punjab, the government has planned a 300 acres medicity at New Chandigarh.

The medical tourism industry in India gets maximum patients for heart surgery, knee transplant, cosmetic surgery and dental care as the cost of treatment in India is considered to be the lowest in Asia, much lower than Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Hong Kong. A key competitive advantage India has in medical tourism is the cost effectiveness it has to offer to its patients. A person coming to India for his medical treatment can save upto 30 to 70 per cent. Even if we consider the ticket expenses and accommodation expenses along with the treatment cost, the overall expenditure would be lower than the treatment cost in the UK or the US or many other countries.

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Table 1: Cost Competitiveness (US $) Procedures

USA

India

Thailand

Singapore

South

Mexico

Malaysia

Korea

Costa

UAE

Rica

Heart Bypass

133000

7000

22000

16300

31700

27000

12000

21400

40900

Heart

140000

9500

25000

22000

42000

30000

13400

30000

50600

57000

7020

12700

1200

10600

13900

7500

11400

46000

53000

9200

11500

9600

11800

14900

12000

10700

40200

Face Lift

16000

4800

5000

7500

6600

11300

6400

4900

n/a

Lap,

52000

9300

13000

16500

9300

11000

12700

n/a

n/a

valve

replacement Hip Replacement Knee Replacement

Gastric

Bypass

Source: http://www.mse.ac.in It is clear from above table that India has positioned itself as an inexepensive destination for medical treatment as compared to the US and Europe. Indian private hospitals have a large pool of skilled doctors, nurses and supporting staff that attract medical tourists, especially from South-East Asia and the Middle East. Moreover some of the top Indian hospitals and doctors have strong international reputation. According to Chief Operating Officer of Apollo Hospitals, the number of international patients visiting the hospital has been increasing by 20 percent every year. They provide medical care to 400 to 500 people from European countries, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the Middle East in a year. Many of the private hospitals are accredited with the National Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH) and Joint Commission International (JCI). At present there are 21 JCI accredited healthcare facilities in the country Issues and Challenges The vast pool of medical professionals, growing private health-care infrastructure, improvement in technical expertise, cheaper medical procedures, health-care infrastructure of international standards are likely to boost the number of medical tourists arrivals in India. But there are certain issues and challenges which must be addressed to earnestly.

Poor and inadequate infrastructural facilities in the country is the big hurdle in way of country to create an image of most favored destination for medical tourists. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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For example Bengaluru is able to attract only around 10-15 international patients a day due to less favourable flight connectivity and lesser industry initiatives. Goa, India’s most popular tourist destination, is yet to make a mark as the most popular medical tourist destination. Lack of direct flights from most parts of the world along with less experienced private hospitals are the major reasons.

India has a fragmented approach where individual hospitals have been promoting themselves as the hospital destinations. The medical-value-travel stakeholders in India need to consolidate their efforts and must work on strategies on how to leverage the available opportunities.

Marketing and promotion of India as a major medical tourism destination is critical for the industry to achieve its potential. There is lack of a dedicated website on which Indian hospitals, tour operators and medical facilitators can be listed with specialists and doctors which act as a restraint to the growth of medical tourism. India needs to change its traditional marketing approach to a more competitive and modern approach. There is a need to develop a unique market position and the brand positioning statement should capture the essence of the country’s tourism products: i.e., they should be able to convey an image of the product to a potential customer.

India does face stiff competition in the segment from countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.

Affordable hotels, availability of language interpreters are a few areas which also need to be given significant consideration to increase medical tourism in India.

Indian medical tourism is still a highly unorganized sector where lots of middlemen with little or no knowledge and training to manage patient are playing havoc. A majority of middlemen are touts, fleecing the patients on every single service required.

Complicated visa regulations for medical tourists is another issue to be addressed.

Lack of adequate budgetary support for promotion and marketing, compared with competing tourist destination contries, is a major reason for India lagging behind its competitors. Marketing under the “Incredible India” campaign helped place India as a good tourist destination on the global tourism map. India needs to change its traditional marketing approach to a more competitive and modern approach. There is a need to develop a unique market position and the brand positioning statement should capture the essence of the country’s tourism products: i.e., they should be able to convey an image of the product to a potential customer Suggestive measures for mounting Medical Tourism India has carved a strong niche in the field of Medical Tourism over the years for the reasons of offering medical services of International standards at the lowest possible cost.

But it has a long journey ahead to be among the top most medical tourism destinations.

Here are the some suggestions to achieve this target. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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India needs to invest heavily in improving basic infrastructure such as roads and airport facilities in the medical hubs to compete with other Asian countries. At least cities which have potential to become medical hub must have connectivity by air, road and rail.

The Government of India should simplify the medical visa service.

Proper attention should be given for publicizing India as medical tourist destination through web, magazines, tourist guide books and such material should be circulated in target markets.

Special packages should be provided to cater to the needs of wellness tourists, medical tourists and leisure tourists.

Holistic medical facilities should be publicized among prospective tourists like yoga, meditation, naturopathy, acupuncture etc.

The government should initiate capacity building programmes to train paramedical and non-medical staffs of the service providers for cross-cultural sensitivities.

Conclusion India has potential to emerge as one of the best medical tourism destination. It has unique basket of services in the form of yoga, meditation, ayurveda, allopathy and other medical facilities to attract the medical tourists. The Indian medical tourism industry has an enormous potential for future growth and development. India needs to work on increasing efficiency at the immigration to make the travelling experience hassle free for patients and also better infrastructure in terms of highways and road connectivity would add to the overall satisfaction of medical tourists. The government should take initiatives to promote medical tourism at international platforms and support the industry through investments and liaisons with other countries. The message of ‘cost effective healthcare facilities’ needs to be adequately promoted to medical tourists. The need is to launch online campaigns and other promotion initiatives for the medical tourism industry.

References Batra, Jasleen Kaur Medical tourism industry in India to reach $3.9B this year retrieved from http://www.vccircle.com Benur, Santoshkumar.Medical Tourism: Can it be a new Supernova of Indian Economy. Asian Journal of Management Sciences 02 (05); 2014; 10-17 Gulf region account for 30% of Apollo patients from abroad, The Economic Times , July 8,2015 retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ Gupta, Sen Amit Medical tourism in India: winners and losers, Indian Journal of Medical Ethics Vol 5, No 1 retrieved from http://www.ijme.in/index.

India ranks among top three medical tourism destinations in Asia, The Economic Times , sept.1,2014 retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ Mary Rose S. Medical Tourism in India – It’s Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) retrieved from http://scholarsworld.net/ http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Padiya, Jasmin and Goradara, Snehal. Medical Tourism in India, Has it Arrived? :An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy Vol.3, NO.1, January 2014 retrieved from www.ijmrbs.com Reddy C, Prathap India’s medical tourism advantage The Hindu Business Line dated October13, 2014 retrieved from http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ Shanmugam, K.R. Medical Tourism in India: Progress, Opportunities and Challenges retrieved from http://www.mse.ac.in/pub/Monograph%2026.pdf Singh, Lakhwinder.An evaluation of medical tourism in India African Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Vol. 3 (1)- (2014) retrieved from http://www.ajhtl.com/ Srivastava, Moulishree India medical tourism industry to reach $6 billion by 2018: report, retrieved from http://www.livemint.com Swamy, Nagendra. The preferred destination India Today dated March 17, 2014 retrieved from indiatoday.intoday.in

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ATTITUDE OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS IN RELATION TO THEIR MENTAL HEALTH Anuradha Jaidka

Abstract This study was conducted on 100 prospective teachers to find out the relationship between mental health and optimistic pessimistic attitude prospective of teachers. Mental Health Checklist developed by Pramod Kumar(1992), and optimistic-pessimistic attitude scale developed by D.S. Pareshar(1998) were used to assess the mental health and optimistic-pessimistic attitude of the prospective teachers. Results revealed that there is variation in the level of mental health and optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers. There is significant negative correlation between mental health and Optimistic Pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers of Government College of Education, sector 20, Chandigarh.

Key-words : Mental health, Optimistic-pessimistic attitude and Prospective teachers Introduction Mental health plays a very important role in order to avoid stress and strains with higher frustration levels and help in achievements (both at personal level and professional level) of prospective teachers. According to World Health Organization (2004) mental health is "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community". WHO stresses that mental health "is not just the absence of mental disorder”. The concepts of optimism and pessimism—or how an individual generalizes positive and negative experiences to predict future outcomes— have been under study by psychologists and psychiatrists for more than 2 decades (Peterson & Seligman, 1984). According to Victoria Ocampo, Optimism is a tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation. The terms “good” or “poor” mental health are relative and their meaning depend to some extent on the cultural context under which they are used.

Optimism/pessimism may affect Prospective teacher’s true health status. Hence the investigator felt the need to study the relation between mental health and attitude towards life-optimistic or pessimistic.

Objectives § § §

To assess mental health of prospective teachers.

To study the optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

To study the relationship between mental health and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers of Government College of Education, sector 20-D, Chandigarh. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Hypothesis § § §

There is no variation in the level of mental health of prospective teachers.

There is no variation in the optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

There exists no significant relationship between mental health and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers of Government College of Education, sector 20-D, Chandigarh.

Design of the study For the purpose of present investigation, descriptive survey method of research was employed.

Sample The sample of the present study comprised of 100 prospective teachers selected from Government College of education, sector 20, Chandigarh by random sampling method. A lot of 100 prospective teachers was selected randomly from 300 prospective teachers.

Tools Used a) Mental Health Checklist by Pramod Kumar (1992) b) Optimistic-Pessimistic Attitude scale by D.S. Pareshar (1998) Statistical techniques used The data collected will be analyzed by employing descriptive and inferential statistics. § Descriptive techniques- Mean, Median, Mode and Standard deviation were used to study the general nature of the distribution of the scores with respect to mental health and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers. § Skewness and Kurtosis was used to see the departure of the sample from Normal Probability Curve. § Co-efficient of Correlation between mental health and optimistic pessimisticscores was found to determine the relationship between them.

Result and Discussion Table 1: Percentage of prospective teachers having different level of Mental Health Level of Mental Number of prospective Percentage Health teachers Good 20 20 Average

69

69

Poor

11

11

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Table 1 shows the percentage of prospective teachers having good, average or poor level of mental health which reveals that majority of prospective teachers (69 %) had average level of mental health while 20 % of prospective teachers had good level of mental health and 11% of prospective teachers had poor level of mental health.

Hence the hypothesis that “There is no variation in the level of mental health of prospective teachers” is not retained.

Table 2: Percentage of prospective teachers having optimistic or pessimistic attitude.

Attitude Number of prospective Percentage teachers Optimistic 69 69 Neutral

27

27

Pessimistic

04

04

Table 2 shows the percentage of prospective teachers having optimistic or pessimistic attitude which reveals that 27 % of prospective teachers had neutral attitude while majority (69 %) of prospective teachers had optimistic attitude and only 4% of prospective teachers had pessimistic attitude.

Hence the hypothesis that “There is no variation in the optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers” is not retained.

Table 3: Table showing descriptive statistical values for mental health scores of prospective teachersVariable Mean Median Standard Skewness Kurtosis deviation Mental Health 20.23 19 5.532 .711 .080 Table 3 shows the descriptive statistical values for mental health scores of prospective teachers. The values of mean (20.23) and median (19) had a small difference of 1.23. The value of standard deviation (5.532) represented the scattered scores from the mean position. The skewness and kurtosis of total sample were.711 and .080 respectively. The value of Kurtosis showed a slight departure from normal limits level of significance.

Table 4. Table showing descriptive statistical values for optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachersVariable Mean Median Standard Skewness Kurtosis deviation Optimistic pessimistic 29.31 30.00 3.4398 -.457 .066 attitude Table 4 shows the descriptive statistical values for optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers. The values of mean (29.31) and median (30.00) were approximately http://milestonereview.webs.com

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same. The value of standard deviation (3.4398) represented the scattered scores from the mean position. The skewnessand kurtosis of total sample was -.457 and .066 which showed a slight departure from normal limits level of significance.

Table 5 Co-efficient of correlation between mental health scores and optimistic pessimistic attitude scores of prospective teachers.

VARIABLES

Mental Health

Mental Health

1.00

Optimistic Pessimistic attitude -.204

Optimistic Pessimistic attitude

-.204

1.00

Table value at 0.05 level of significance = 0.195 at 98 df Table value at 0.01 level of significance = 0.254 at 98 df Value of coefficient of correlation was significant at 0.05 level.

DiscussionTable 5 reveals that value of calculated coefficient of correlation between mental health scores and Optimistic Pessimistic attitude scores of prospective teachers was -.204. As this value was more than table value of 0.195 at 0.05 level of significance and less than 0.256at 0.01 level of significance, therefore the relationship between mental health and Optimistic Pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers wassignificant at 0.05 level of significance. Hence hypothesis “There exists no significant relationship between mental health and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers of Government College of Education, sector 20-D, Chandigarh ” was not retained at 0.05 level of significance.

This showed that having good mental health does affect the formation of Optimistic or Pessimistic attitude in an individual. More the pessimistic attitude, lower is the level of the mental health of prospective teachers.

Findings and Conclusions From the overall study it can be concluded; §

§

§

69 % of prospective teachers had average level of mental health, 20 % of prospective teachers had good level of mental health and 11% of prospective teachers had poor level of mental health.

27 % of prospective teachers had neutral attitude while majority (69 %) of prospective teachers had optimistic attitude and only 4% of prospective teachers had pessimistic attitude.

There is significant negative correlation between mental health and Optimistic Pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers of Government College of Education, sector 20, Chandigarh at 0.05 level of significance. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Educational Implications § §

§ § §

Though this study prospective teachers will be able to know about their mental health level and whether their attitude is optimistic or pessimistic The study suggests to develop optimistic attitude towards life through motivating lectures and to change the Attitude towards life for better adjustments in case of pessimistic attitude.

This study will teach prospective teachers to remain hopeful during problems Prospective teachers will learn to develop positive thinking and stay away from negative emotions.

Optimism of teacher is a positive attitude which can bring the excellence in their performance. This can help keep negativity out of the classroom and benefit the teacher and the students.

References Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanation as a risk factor in depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91,347-374.

World Health Organization, (2004).Mental Health, Stress and Psychological Well being of Students. New York: Macmillan.

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STREET CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY OF PATHETIC CONDITION OF STREET CHILDREN IN PANCHKULA Minakshi Rana Abstract We are living in the age of smart phones, online shopping and banking, luxurious homes and so many amenities which help in making our life super comfortable, but the darker side of all the development, industrialization and modernization is that some children are still compelled to live on streets and moreover in the city like Panchkula where the parks, parking areas, buildings & markets and residential houses all are well planned & developed. The present study aims to find out with the help of case studies, the reasons behind the existence of children on streets and to explore the condition of their life socially, economically and physically.

Introduction When a city is developed lots of people come from the different places in search of work to earn better for their life. If they are educated and from a sound family background, they will manage a decent accommodation and occupation for them in the cities but if they come in the cities without my educational & financial background, they get forced to live on footpath, pavements and around the old building and monuments.

Their children then compelled to become street children and started living the distressed life on streets without adequate food, water, sanitation, clothing & health care. The existence of life on street is an outcome of inability of the administration to accommodate the rapid inflow of people into a city.

The Institute of Psychological and Educational Research (IPER), Kolkata studied 5 major cities in India which are Mumbai, Chennai, Kanpur, Bangalore & Hyderabad and recorded 3,14,000 street children (IPER) 1991. Another study in 1997 estimated 5,00,000 street children in seven large cities (CRIN) . According to a Census of street children in Delhi by the Institute for Human Development and Save the Children, 50,923 children below 18 years of age were identified as street children in Delhi during 12 July to 28 August, 2010. The 1991 census recorded 18 million children. The United Nations High Commission for Human Rights (UNHCHR) in 1993 had reported that India had the largest population of street children in the world.

Street Children A child is born with natural potential and innate abilities to grow and prosper. It is the duty of the society in which the child takes birth to provide for all environmental care and opportunities for the growth and development of the child. The quest for unlimited development & financial gains in the present society has resulted into giant social problems like extreme poverty, unemployment, displacement and migration, environmental degradation, uncontrolled population growth which collectively gave birth to circumstances where the children are forced to live on street. The term ‘street children’ http://milestonereview.webs.com

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is hotly debated. Some say it is negative that it labels and stigmatizes children. Others say it gives them identity and a sense of belonging. It can include a wide range of children who : are homeless, work on streets but sleep at home; either do or not have family contact : work in open- air market, lives on the streets, railway platforms with their families or alone; live in day or night shelters, spend a lot of time in institutions.

(Consortium for Street Children).

According to UNICEF, street children are those for whom the street (in the widest sense of the word, i.e., unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc.) more than their family has become their real home, a situation in which there is no protection, supervision or direction from responsible adults.

Categories of street given by UNICEF 1. Children on street: Forming the largest categories these are the children who have homes, and most return to their homes at the end of the day.

2. Children of the street : These children live on the street only and from streets only they generate livelihood, friendship, shelter, clothing. They have occasional or no contacts with their families.

3. Abandoned Children: These children have no families and completely dependent on themselves not only for daily physical needs but also psychological needs.

Street children are those minor for whom street has become their habitual abode and who are without any protection and supervision living on street. But street children are different from the children of slum dwellers. The most important facts for observing street children are the existence of their life on street with or without family and their life is devoid of most of the basic & necessary facilities of life.

If the child takes birth in a normal family, his or her physical, emotional and educational needs are taken care off from the time of the birth. But in this developing world, some children are not fortunate enough and they have to manage their livelihood in the age when they are not even able to speak properly. They are exposed to several kinds of exploitations and vulnerable to severe kind of diseases. Education, hygiene & sanitation, clean clothing and nutritious food are alien words for them. If future of the nation is compelled to live the life distress & marginality, how can us sure about becoming a developed country. The researcher lives in Panchkula and is very much impressed with its planned structure consisting of markets, parking areas, parks, schools and residential accommodation. People also live together in a well connected way and seems always ready to take step for the social welfare. Many problems are solved due to timely step taken by the aware & alert residents. The administration is also interested in keeping the city clean & safe. But what completely shake the researcher up is the life of the children living on streets in Panchkula and then the researcher decided to explore the reasons why the innocent children are forced to live on streets in the city like Panchkula and under what kind of social, economic and physical conditions they are living. The researcher decided to adopt case study method as wants to reach out to the life of the children closely and on the other hand to collect data on all the street children in http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Panchkula was not possible. Secondary data is also not easily available on the street children in Panchkula. So case study method is used and the researcher randomly chose 10 different street children living in different areas of Panchkula and tried to collect qualitative data.

There is interplay of various socio-economic and cultural factors, religious, cultural and geographical diversity behind the phenomenon of street children. What makes the life of children on street more distressed and pathetic is that they are not even aware of missing of their life. When the researcher came to Panchkula, the researcher quite liked the city and admired the planning behind its development. But what shake the researcher up is that the city which boasts of its planned infrastructure and facilities is not capable enough to provide shelter to the innocent children. So the researcher decided to reach out to the street children to conduct case studies and try to find out why they are forced to live on streets and under what social, economic & physical conditions they are living. After considering the above mentioned status of street children, the investigator decided to conduct a study in Panchkula, a city in Haryana with following objectives: §

To find out the reasons of existence of life on streets in Panchkula.

§

To explore the social economic and physical conditions under which the children are living.

Methodology Panchkula is a planned city and the satellite city of Chandigarh but has limited capacity to provide shelter, livelihood and other services to all the people. This incapacity has resulted in the existence of street children who are living the life of extreme poverty, hunger, mental & physical abuse and vulnerability to several kinds of exploitation. Under the present study, the investigator will randomly roam around the city, find out the children on street and with the help of interviews, try to explore their life. The investigator will randomly choose 10 children and focuses to extract more enriched data from them and their family. The collected data will be then summarized and analyzed to conclude.

Although, it is difficult to collect true information from the street children as they used to become very smart in dealing with outside world due to the difficult circumstances they are living in. Besides it they are very conscious also while coming into contact with people belonging to well off sections. The researcher tried to establish a warm relation of faith with them & then asked them about their lives & the reasons why they live on the street.

Following are the case studies conducted on the street children living on the pavements & footpaths of Panchkula.

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Case-1: Sanjana Sanjana is 8 year old girl. Her father’s name is Sonu and mother’s name is Rashmi.

Sanjana is living on the footpath of Sec-8 Panchkula in front of sec-8 market. The family consisting of Sanjana, her brother Mahesh, father, mother and an aunty who came along with the family from the native village. Sanjana’s father told me that they came from Rajasthan, district Jaipur and village Khajuria. They are basically daily wage labourers.

They used to come Panchkula for 3-4 months every year and collect some money by doing whatever work they get, and then get back to Rajasthan. They used to do work like packing the stuff (napkins, disposable glasses), making carry bags or whatever comes to them. Sanjana was quite reluctant to talk. But after insisting, she told me that she loves playing on the footpath and don’t want to go to school. Sanjana was asking me whether I have brought any eatables and clothes for her as every now and then people used to come and distribute the stuff like sweets , clothes & medicine etc. The family manages to get the water for cooking and drinking from the park in sec-6 and preferably in early morning & late night. They use the open areas for toilet during the late night hours and early morning.

Case – 2: Mahesh Mahesh is a 12 year old boy. I met him on the red light of sec 9 Panchkula. He was asking for money to all the cars which were stopped on the red signal. I tried to talk to him and he agreed. He said, “I am not forced by anyone to beg, I do it because I need fast money”.

My friends are going to watch a late night show of movie “Bajrangi Bhaijan” and I also want to join them.

Mahesh told me that he lives on the footpath near the sec-6 park with his friends. I asked him about his family and he said I don’t know anything about my parent. He told me that he was a domestic servant in house in sec-6 Panchkula and one day he just escaped without letting anyone know in the house. He didn’t give me the details of the house he worked and also didn’t disclose the reasons behind his escape from the house. He met his friends on the footpath only. They used to do car wash in sec-6 and sometimes beg for making easy money. Health and Hygiene seems to be alien words for Mahesh but he was looking happy and far away from the worldly materialistic desires.

Case 3: Reena Reena is a 9 years old girl and lives on the pavement near the bus stand sec 10 Panchkula.

Her father’s name is Raju and mother’s name is Anjali. Reena has 2 sisters and one brother. They all live together and one more family from their native place live with them. Reena’s father used to sell cut fruits on the bus stand but do it occasionally. Reena told that her father earns something only 2-3 days in a week as he is busy in playing cards with his friends and most of the times in drunken state and not able to speak properly even in the day times. I observed Raju as a routine drinker and also addicted to tobacco and Biddi. Reena’s mother was earlier used to do cleaning work in a showroom in sec-9 Panchkula but after the birth of his brother, her mother couldn’t manage to do work.

Reena was wearing very dirty clothes, had nose & throat infection and broken leg. She http://milestonereview.webs.com

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never gone to school and don’t want to go. They manage the drinking water from the bus stand and for toilet purposes, they use the open areas & the washrooms of bus stand also.

Reena asked me if I need a domestic maid as she is ready to be a full time domestic maid.

She is not happy about the living in open without protection from sunlight & rain.

Case-4: Jhilmil Jhilmil is a 6 year old girl and lives with her uncle and aunt. Her parents are no more in the world. Her uncle told me that they just came from village Panna, Distt. Kalda, Madhya Pradesh. They have a ‘Kacha’ house in the village and that was destroyed in natural disaster. Some friends in village told them to move and they came to Panchkula.

They are living near the slum area in the front of the entrance gate of the Mata Mansa Devi Temple. They used to have their meals in the temple campus and now in search of a work to earn livelihood. Jhilmil is interested in joining a school and his uncle too asked me whether jhilmil and her cousins can join the school. But he was worried for the job as he has been searching work from last 2 months but didn’t get any job. Jhilmil was enjoying her stay on the footpath and found it better than the living in the native village.

She promised me that she will definitely join the school if given a chance. Jhilmil’s family has got a good bond with the families living in nearby slum area and is able to arrange for cooking of food & water.

Case-5: Rimjhim Rimjhim is a 8 year old girl and lives near the local temple of sec-5 MDC Panchkula on the pavement. She is the single child of her parents. Her father is a daily wage labourer and mother doesn’t work. Rimjhim is a very thin child and from her physical looks, it seems to me that she is severely malnourished. I asked her mother about the diet of Rimjhim and she replied that, Rimjhim used to have roti daily. Sometimes her father manages rice and vegetables also. But they don’t have any cooking oil and sometimes don’t have fuel for cooking the food. They manage the drinking water from the temple but bathing & cleaning clothes can’t be done from that water as only 2 buckets are allowed. Rimjhim told me that her father drinks daily and used to fight a lot with her mother and sometimes beat her. Rimjhim wants to go to school like other children, who live in the nearby residential societies. But she is not sure whether it will be possible in future or not. Her mother told me that Rimjhim has fainted many times while playing but we didn’t make her see the doctor and really scared of any severe disease.

Case-6: Vikas Vikas is a 15 year old boy and living on the pavement near the market in sec-20 Panchkula. He is living there with his four sisters. His father died few years back in a road accident. His father used to run a roadside shop of hair cutting. Vikas’s sister Batheri and Seema work in the nearby showrooms. They do the work of washing and mopping the floors. Vikas’s mother Naina used to take care of his younger sisters and doesn’t work. Vikas earns livelihood by pulling rickshaw. He brought the second hand rickshaw by selling the stuff of his father’s shop and also borrowed money from a nearby shop owner. In the age of 15 he used to smoke and drink. All the family members were http://milestonereview.webs.com

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wearing very dirty clothes and they told me that bathing & washing clothes are done only for 2-3 times in a month. Rain makes the number increase and sometimes if not get a change or denied by local people for supplying water to them, they used to carry on without bathing & washing. They cook food in the open and sleep on the pavement only.

They belong to Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh but Vikas and his siblings didn’t go to the native place for a single time as they have no money to afford the transportation.

Case-7: Vikas Vikas is a 10 years old boy and lives nearby Rimjhim. But his condition is completely different. Although his father sells fruits on the footpath but earns that much that they have managed a shed at the backside of the temple. They managed a cooler, television, a bed and two single chairs. His mother was cooking food when I reached their home and she offered me tea also. She told me that Vikas has two brothers and they all stay outside during the day and come to home only in the night to sleep. She used to stay at home & takes care of the daily routine of cooking, cleaning and washing. All the three brothers help their father in the work of picking fruits from the Mandi in sec-26 Chandigarh, arranging them on the pavement, dealing with the customers and taking care of the stuff.

They don’t want to join school and even their father is also not interested. They are from Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. They found a better life here than their native place and never want to go back. They dream of taking a home on rent in a better location preferably in ‘Bhainsatiba’ a village in Panchkula near Mansa Devi Temple.

Case-8: Akash Akash is a 6 years old boy and I met him inside the campus of Mata Mansa Devi Temple.

He was asking for money and when I asked him why he needs money than he just fled away. I followed him and found out that he lives on the backside of a Jaat community center in sec-6 Panchkula. He is living with his family consisting of father (Mahipesh), mother (Laldevi), sisters Mamta and Neetu and brother Suresh. They came from Bihar.

Their village’s name is Sarsa and it is in district Kamaldoh. They came here in search of a better livelihood. Akash’s father is working from the last 2 months in the Saketri Gaushala and used to earn Rs. 1500 pm. Akash’s mother cannot work as she has to look after the twin daughters (Mamta and Neetu). They are just 3 months old. Akash just roam around here and there the whole day and whenever feel hungry used to eat food at the lungar in the Mata Mansa Devi Campus. They have no ideas regarding schooling & even don’t want to go to school.

Case-9 : Ashu Ashu is a 11 year old boy and lives on the area lie vacant in between two showrooms in sec-5 MDC Panchkula. Her mother is running a tea stall. Ashu has 3 sisters and one brother. Brother Anil lives in Delhi with his uncle and sisters live with him. Ashu and the 3 sisters help their mother in the task of making & serving tea, washing cups and delivering the tea order nearby. Ashu told me that my mother is planning to make some snacks also on the stall so that earnings can be increased. Ashu’s mother Manbhar desperately wants her daughters to get a domestic work and even asked me to help her http://milestonereview.webs.com

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out. When I insisted on the schooling of the children, she replied schooling is not important at all. Schooling will not give us livelihood. She told me further that she will take care of the daughters till they attain the age of 14 years and then make both of them marry. Ashu seems to be interested in studies as I observed him holding the newspaper. I asked him, “Is he interested in reading? He replied, “yes is I do. But we can’t afford to go to school. My mother can’t manage the stall alone.

Case-10: Raksha Raksha, a 8 year old single girl child of Rupesh a vegetable vendor in sec-7 Panchkula.

They live on the pavement near the park in sec-7 and also sell the vegetables from the same place. They came here in panchkula from Madhya Pradesh. They live on pavement only because they don’t want to spend the precious money they earn on rent of the house.

They found the rented accommodation unreasonable also. Rakha’s mother Ganga told me that her 6 months old boy was died due to a severe disease and she couldn’t able to recall the name of the disease. After the death of six months boy, she didn’t conceive. They take good care of Raksha and I also found Raksha a clean & healthy child. I asked about her schooling so Rupesh replied that Rakhsa used to go to sec-6 primary school but she fell seriously ill after having the meals served in the school and I just took my daughter out.

“We can’t afford to loose our daughter”, they said. Rupesh is planning to return to the native place after having collected some money so that he can do his own business in village. They didn’t like the living here at all. They found the system fake & exploiting.

After conducting the above mentioned case studies, the investigator analyzed the collected data and came to know the reasons behind the existence of like on streets in Panchkula and the economic, social and physical condition under which the street children are living in Panchkula. These can be summarized in following manner.

Poverty Due to intense poverty, families have chosen to live on street. Most of the families have migrated from Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. But they are finding living on streets in Panchkula better than living in Kacha houses at their original places. In search of a livelihood, they came to Panchkula & then started living on streets.

They earn a living by whatever means come in their way. The nature of work ranges from selling vegetables, packaging to begging. They are living in very unhealthy, unhygienic & pathetic condition on street.

Unemployment The families of the children on streets have decided to move to Panchkula from their original place in search of employment. Most of the parents of the children belong to labor class. They keep on migrating in between different states for seasonal works and that is the main reason behind non-schooling of the street children. The street children used to join the work of their parent in very early age & continue it ahead.

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Illiteracy A single literate person is not being founded during the whole study in the families of street children. They were not able to understand that Govt. is running schools for poor children & providing uniform & food in the school itself. They were completely unaware of the any scheme running by Govt./local bodies. Besides awareness, they are not finding the schooling of their children useful.

Malnutrition 90% of the children studied were severely malnourished. They are having throat infection, broken bones, lean bodies, untidy hair and nails etc. They have not got vaccinated. Polio drops they have taken. All the diseases & injuries are used to get naturally healed and their parents are not bothering to visit doctors and hospitals.

Most sought after work The most sought after work among the street children especially girls is domestic work. Although Mahesh had escaped from the house where he worked as domestic servant but he didn’t disclose the reasons and he don’t want be a domestic servant anymore. Boys on the street prefer to work on their own like selling vegetables, fruits, peanuts, tobacco etc. rather than do work under any other person. Tea stall & Tobacco shops are found to be well earning business.

Mental Distress Children on the street live the life of stress, abuse, inadequacy and violence. They struggle daily to earn and don’t have a relaxed night sleep as they used to sleep on pavements in the noise of traffic. They see their parents fighting with each other, they have no neighborhood to support, they have to bear the exploitation in the form of child labor and most importantly they have no shelter where they can feel safe and protected.

As they grow older, their thinking and analyzing capacity gets shrinked & they get trapped into the life on streets.

The investigator after understanding the reasons behind the existence of life on street and the economic, social and physical conditions of life of street children is suggesting following recommendations for improving the condition of street children in Panchkula.

Alleviate Poverty Poverty is playing the major role behind the existence of life on streets. Some families migrate from their native places and move to the big cities in search of livelihood but the search end up with life on streets. Sometimes the children intentionally left their families after got fed up by the poor economic condition of their parents. They come to cities and start living on street & lead the life as they want or as the life come. The Govt. has to increase and wide the poverty alienation programs so that families are not compelled to leave their home towns & live on streets in big cities.

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Employment Generation Employment generation has direct effect on poverty reduction. If the people can find employment locally they will not move from their places and can lead a better life.

The Govt. should also look into the matter of minimum wages and should consider whether the wages are sufficient to run a family. Employment schemes should cover all the skilled & unskilled manpower. Training programs to impart technical skills should also be organized to enhance employment chances of the people.

Mapping of people coming in cities from all around the country The administration of the big metropolitan and satellite cities should do mapping of the people coming into the cities from the different states. The accurate data relating to the number, gender, education & culture of the migrants can be proved very helpful in planning welfare schemes for them. The administration should provide enough night shelters homes & they should be in clean & safe condition, clean public toilets, drinking water and safe environment.

Provision of health care, shelter and education The children on streets should be provided with a good public health care as they are in age which needs utmost care & protection. Some diseases can be proved very harmful for their future life. Efforts should be done to provide shelter to the children so that they can be protected from all kind of dangers. Most effective way to direct their future is providing education to the children. Street children should be enrolled in Govt. schools on priority basis and all measures should be taken to retain them.

Promoting social values and humanity Social values like respecting each other identity, sharing, human welfare, devotion & dedication, charity without self-interests should be promoted as most as possible so that people can’t tolerate another person’s pain, agony and hunger. Every person should come forward to help each other to come out of the giant social problems like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment etc.

CONCLUSION We are very proud of the development we have achieved in all spheres of life. All of us try hard to get good education and job so as to arrange all the luxuries in our life.

But there is a kind of life existed in this developed and techno savvy world, in which the basic necessities of life are denied and the matter of comfort & luxury is completely out of question. The children on the streets are living this marginalized life where they are denied of food, clothing, shelter, education, love & care. They are vulnerable to exploitation & sufferings. They are compelled to live a miserable life as their parents are poor, uneducated & unemployed. We as the responsible citizens of a democratic country and our Govt. should really take strong steps to include these children in our developed and modern society. They deserve their share of economic growth & development of country. Sustainable development can be achieved only when these children which http://milestonereview.webs.com

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constitute a substantial population are provided a normal social life of care, protection & safety. Only then a bright future of our country can be assured.

REFERENCES: § Aptekar L. (1992) Are Colombian Street Children Neglected? “The Contributions of Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Approaches to the Study of Children Anthropology and Education Quarterly” 22(4), p.326 http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se de Benítez T.S. (2007).State of the world's street children, Consortium for Street Children. §

Aptekar, L. (1994), Street children in the developing world: a review of their condition, Cross-Cultural Resources 28: p.196

§

Census on street children by Institute for Human Development and Save the Children 2011

§

Patel S. (1990), Street Children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay - how they meet their daily needs, „Environment and Urbanization”2(2), p.11

§

Report Study on Child Abuse: India 2007, p.60

§

Report by United Nations High Commission for Human Rights 1993

§

Study by Institute of Psychological and Educational Research 1991

§

Study by Consortium For Street Children

§

UNICEF (2012), The State of The World`s Children 2011, p.13

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UNICEF (2012), The State of The World`s Children 2011, p.4

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STRESS AMONG PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS IN RELATION TO THEIR OPTIMISTIC-PESSIMISTIC ATTITUDE Manoj Kumar ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between stress and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers. The sample for the study comprised of 100 prospective teachers selected randomly from Government College of Education sector 20, Chandigarh. Stress scale developed by Lakshmi (2005) was used to assess stress of prospective teachers and Optimistic-Pessimistic Attitude scale by Pareshar (1998) was used to assess their optimistic pessimistic attitude. The findings of the study revealed that there was variation in the level of stress and optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers. There was no significant correlation between stress and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

Keywords: Stress, Optimistic-pessimistic attitude and prospective teachers.

INTRODUCTION The term stress was first used by the endocrinologist Hans Selye (1936) to identify physiological responses in laboratory animals. Morgan, King, Weisg & Scholper (1993)defines stress is an internal state which can be caused by physical demands on the body (diseased conditions, exercise, extremes of temperature and the like) or by environmental and social situations which are evaluated as potentially harmful, uncontrollable or exceeding our resources for coping life events and pressures of everyday life. The concepts of optimism and pessimism—or how an individual generalizes positive and negative experiences to predict future outcomes—have been under study by psychologists and psychiatrists for more than 2 decades (Peterson & Seligman, 1984).

According to Victoria Ocampo, Optimism is a tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation. The prospective teacher has to be optimistic during life imbalances. This is essential on the part of prospective teacher as he is the role model for the coming generations in the era of technology and value deficient scientific world. Hence the investigator looked upon the relation between stress and optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To assess the level of stress among prospective teachers 2. To study the optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers 3. To study the relationship between stress and optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

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HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY 1. There is no variation in the level of stress among prospective teachers.

2. There is no variation in the optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

3. There is no significant relationship between stress and optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers.

DESIGN OF THE STUDY For the purpose of present investigation, descriptive survey method of research was employed.

SAMPLE OF THE STUDY The sample of the present study comprised of 100 prospective teachers selected from Government College of Education, sector 20, Chandigarh by random sampling method. A lot of 100 prospective teachers were selected randomly from 300 prospective teachers.

TOOLS USED 1. Stress scale by Lakshmi (2005) 2. Optimistic-Pessimistic Attitude scale by Pareshar (1998) STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED : The data collected was analyzed by employing descriptive and inferential statistics.

1. Descriptive techniques- Mean, Median, Mode and Standard deviation were used to study the general nature of the distribution of the scores 2. Skewness and Kurtosis was used to see the departure of the sample from Normal Probability Curve.

3. Co-efficient of Correlation between stress and Optimistic-Pessimistic Attitude scores was found to determine the relationship between them.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1: Percentage of prospective teachers having different level of stress Level of Stress Number of prospective Percentage teachers High 5 5 Moderate

66

66

Low

29

29

Table 1 shows the percentage of prospective teachers having high, moderate or low level of stress which reveals that majority of prospective teachers (66 %) had moderate level of stress while 5 % of prospective teachers had high level of stress and 29% of prospective teachers had low level of stress. It might be inferred that the majority of prospective teachers are able to lead stress free life. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Hence the hypothesis that “There is no variation in the level of stress among prospective teachers” is not retained.

Table 2: Percentage of prospective teachers having optimistic or pessimistic attitude.

Attitude Number of prospective Percentage teachers Optimistic 69 69 Neutral

27

27

Pessimistic

04

04

Table 2 shows the percentage of prospective teachers having optimistic or pessimistic attitude which reveals that 27 % of prospective teachers had neutral attitude while majority (69 %) of prospective teachers had optimistic attitude and only 4% of prospective teachers had pessimistic attitude.

Hence the hypothesis that “There is no variation in the optimistic-pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers” is not retained.

Table 3: Table showing descriptive statistical values for stress scores of prospective teachersVariable Mean Median Standard Skewness Kurtosis deviation Stress 16.25 16.00 4.26964 .422 -.338 Table 3 shows the descriptive statistical values for stress scores of prospective teachers.

The values of mean (16.25) and median (16.00) were approximately same. The value of standard deviation (4.26964) represented the scattered scores from the mean position. The skewness of total sample was .422. The kurtosis of total sample was -.338 which showed a slight departure from normal limits level of significance.

Table 4: Table showing descriptive statistical values for optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachersVariable Mean Median Standard Skewness Kurtosis deviation Optimistic pessimistic 29.31 30.00 3.4398 -.457 .066 attitude Table 4 shows the descriptive statistical values for optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers. The values of mean (29.31) and median (30.00) were approximately same. The value of standard deviation (3.4398) represented the scattered scores from the mean position. The skewness of total sample was -.457 which indicated that scores were negatively skewed. The kurtosis of total sample was .066 which showed a slight departure from normal limits level of significance. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Table 5: Co-efficient of correlation between stress and optimistic and pessimistic scores of prospective teachers.

VARIABLES Stress Optimistic pessimistic attitude Stress 1.00 -.146 optimistic pessimistic attitude

-.146

1.00

Table value at 0.05 level of significance = 0.195 at 98 df Table value at 0.01 level of significance = 0.254 at 98 df Value of coefficient of correlation was not significant at 0.05 level and 0.01 level of significance.

Table 5 reveals that value of calculated coefficient of correlation between stress and optimistic pessimistic attitude scores of prospective teachers was -.146. As this value was less than table value of 0.195 at 0.05 level of significance and 0.254 at 0.01 level of significance, therefore the relationship between stress and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers was not significant. Hence hypothesis “There is no significant relationship between stress and optimistic pessimistic attitude of prospective teachers” was retained. Also stress scores and optimistic pessimistic attitude scores were negatively correlated.

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS From the overall study it can be concluded; 1. 66 % prospective teachers had moderate level of stress while 5 % of prospective teachers had high level of stress and 29% of prospective teachers had low level of stress.

2. 27 % of prospective teachers had neutral attitude while majority (69 %) of prospective teachers had optimistic attitude and only 4% of prospective teachers had pessimistic attitude.

3. There was no significant correlation between optimistic-pessimistic attitude and stress among prospective teachers.

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS 1. Though this study prospective teachers will be able to know about their stress level and optimistic-pessimistic attitude.

2. Prospective teachers will be able to make realistic goals which they can achieve and can reduce their stress level.

3. This study suggests that teachers must be given conducive environment where they can work efficiently so as to minimize the level of stress among them. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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4. The curriculum in training programme (B.Ed) must be effectively planned so that prospective teachers do not feel stressed while managing time between school experience programme and theory.

5. As there is effect of diet and exercise on stress, so physical education period must be taken into its true spirit in training programme to make prospective teachers aware about exercises that can reduce stress and its ill effects.

6. This study will teach prospective teachers to remain hopeful during problems 7. This study suggests the need for prospective teachers will learn to develop positive thinking and stay away from negative emotions.

8. Attitude towards life of prospective teachers must be changed or boosted for better adjustments in case of pessimistic attitude.

REFERENCES §

Morgan, C.T., King, R.A., Weisg, J.R. and Scholper, J. (1993). Introduction to Psychology, 7/E. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Dehli. 321.

§

Peterson, C., & Bossio, L. M. (1991). Health and optimism. New York: Free Press.

§

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanation as a risk factor in depression:Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91,347-374

§

Selye,H.(1982).The Nature of Stress. The Best of Basal Facts -1976-1987,from www.icnr.com/articles/thenatureofstress.html -41k

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WORK SHIFT DURATION AS A CAUSE OF JOB DISSATISFACTION AMONG POILCE OFFICIALS IN UT CHANDIGARH Sandeep Buttola

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of long working hours on job satisfaction among police officials. The study was carried out at eleven Police Stations in Chandigarh. An analysis was carried out on 329 respondents, comprising 11 Inspectors, 76 Sub-Inspectors, 51 Assistant Sub-Inspectors and 191 Head Constables.

Findings revealed that long working hours have a close bearing on the level of satisfaction among police officials. Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) were used to collect information. Findings further indicate that most of the police officials do their work more than eight hours and in shift duties. It is recommended that Police department should pay a great deal of attention to effect needed changes in working hours to improve the level of job satisfaction among the police officials.

Keywords: Chandigarh, work, hours, shift, duration, satisfaction Introduction Police have existed since times immemorial, in fact, ever since human beings began to organise themselves into groups. Police can be regarded as an agency which seeks to regulate the behaviour of the members of a society. Even among the most primitive forms of society or community life, the need to maintain social order among its members was felt. Hence, all societies evolved certain rules and regulations to ensure the proper peaceful and smooth conduct of the people .After evolving sets of rules, it was inevitable to create an agency which would enforce those rules and regulations. As societies grew, this agency also grew and concept of police was conceived and executed.

Police as the most important protective arm of the society, have not only to function as break - waters against the forces of lawlessness and destabilisation, but also to create a sense of safety and confidence among the members of the society. The police are responsible for the prevention of repression of criminal activity, the protection of life and property, the preservation of peace, and public compliance with countless laws.

The Indian Police have a long past and have reached the present state, after having undergone political and cultural changes. The existing police system in India appears to be a unique and peculiar amalgam of various features of the Ancient, Mughal and British police and policing systems. The present police system structurally and functionally owes its existence to the various Acts and Enactments framed by the colonial rulers. The Indian Police Act, 1861 is the basic foundation of the present day Indian Police. Police in India primarily belong to the State List of the Constitution and, therefore, police, policing and various police matters basically fall into the jurisdiction of the respective state governments. Police organizations are identified by the name of the http://milestonereview.webs.com

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State to which they belong, and even their nomenclatures are given after the names of the respective States, i.e. Rajasthan Police, Assam Police, Bihar Police, Kerala Police etc.

The police are organized, maintained and directed by the states and Union Territories of the Indian Union. The Indian Police System is horizontally stratified like military forces and is organized into various cadres.

Rank Structure in State Police Force Home Minister / Home Secretary ↓ Director General of Police Or the Inspector General of Police (in a union territory) (Head of the State / office or the chief office ↓ Deputy Inspector General of Police (Head of the range office) ↓ Superintendent of Police (Head of the district police office) ↓ Deputy Superintendent of Police (Generally called the Sub – Divisional Officer) (Head of the sub – divisional office) ↓ Inspector of Police (Head of the circle office) ↓ Sub – Inspector (Head of the Police Station, generally called the Station House Officer) ↓ Asst. Sub – Inspector ↓ Head Constable ↓ Constable This investigation seeks to draw attention to the long working hours vis-à-vis employees’ job satisfaction. Employees’ working hours impinge upon their performance and general demeanour. Therefore the author focused on the level of job satisfaction in the context of the employees’ long working hours.

Review of the literature According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), the standard weekly working hours (excluding overtime) cannot exceed 48 hours per week and eight hours a http://milestonereview.webs.com

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day. According to the ILO, "the imposition of hours limits was intended to ensure a safe and healthy working environment and adequate rest or leisure time between shifts".

Reiss (1967) reports that Low salaries, over-extended working hours, a low chance of promotions, supervisory problems and the lack of public respect are discovered to be major factors that influence police job satisfaction. The reasons for stress are negative working environment, long working hours, lack of time for family, irregular eating habits, need to take tough decisions, sleepless nights, poor living conditions, torture by seniors, disturbed personal life and the dwindling public confidence in the police force (Malach- Pines and Kienan, 2007 and Water and Ussery et. al, 2007). Work shift in a fixed/scheduled time is good but when there is no fixed time of the work shift, this creates several problems for an employee .Potential causes of the fatigue of the officials are shift rotation schemes, excessive mandatory or otherwise overtime assignments, and frequent off duty court appearances (Vila et al., 2002). Territo and vetter (1981) have stated that a police officials’ daily involvement in long working hours, scattered weekends, excessive overtime, frequent court appearances, and the constant presence of a gun are the factors which affect them.

Methodology Unit of Analysis: The unit of analysis consisted of the police official including Inspector, SubInspector, Assistant Sub-Inspector and Head Constable at eleven police stations of the union territory of Chandigarh. All these officials are involved in direct public dealing.

For the present study 11 Inspectors, 76 Sub-Inspectors, 51 Assistant SubInspectors and 191 Head Constables were included in the sample. In all 329 police officials formed the subject matter of this study.

Techniques of Data Collection Keeping in mind the nature of the study a structured interview schedule was used to collect information. The structured part of the interview schedule included questions related to socio-cultural profile of the police officials, reasons for opting for this profession, work place environment and relations with colleagues, subordinates, superordinates. Additionally, Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) were used to collect information. Both these scales were modified, keeping in mind the purpose of the study.

Job Descriptive Index (JDI) was developed by Smith et.al (1969) and it has become the most popular facet scale among organizational researchers. It contains 72 items, which assess five facets of job satisfaction, namely, work, supervision, pay, co-workers, and promotional opportunities.

The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) was developed by Weiss et.al (1967) to measure the employees’ satisfaction with 20 different facets or aspects of the http://milestonereview.webs.com

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work environment. These are activity, independence, variety, social status, supervision (human relations), supervision (technical), moral values, security, social service, authority, ability utilization, company policies and practices, compensation, advancement, responsibility, creativity, working conditions, co-workers, recognition, and achievement.

Each of the MSQ items consists of statements about various facets of the job and the respondents were asked to indicate their level of satisfaction. The questions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale.

Tabulation of Data After collecting the data, using code design, cross tables were made.

Collected data was coded and analysed using (statistical package for social sciences).Statistical analysis was done to arrive at conclusions.

Main Objectives of the Study: §

To study the socio-economic profile of the police officials in U.T Chandigarh.

§

To examine the working hours of the respondents

§

To examine the impact of the working hours upon the level of job satisfaction of the employees

Findings In this section we provide a brief description of the data . In this section we provide a brief description of the data, since our first objective is to study the socio economic profile of the respondents. Therefore table no. I depicted the socio- economic profile of the respondents, table no. II shows the working hours of the respondents and table no. III depicts the impact of the working hours upon the job satisfaction level of the respondents.

Socio-economic profile of the respondents This table explores the socio-economic profile of the respondents by analyzing their social, economic, religious and family background. Through these variables, it is easy to know the attitude, behavioural pattern, socialization, life style , life opportunities and how an individual perceives the society. Socio-economic variables help an individual in forming his/her belief towards the life .Therefore, these socio – economic variables should be adequately studied before analysing the data. The present study has been carried out to know the job satisfaction level of the police officials in Chandigarh. The level of job satisfaction is influenced by various variables such as age, education, marital status etc. Therefore, it is pertinent to get acquainted with the respondents socially and economically.

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Table no. I Category wise distribution of the respondents on the basis of socio-economic profile Designation Age (Yrs) Head Constable

ASI

Sub Inspector

30-35

2

(1.00%)

-

35-40

14

(7.30%)

-

Above 40

175

(91.6%)

51

(100%)

2

(1%)

1

(2%)

189

(99%)

50

(98%)

Hindu

139

(72.8%)

Muslim

15

Sikh Christian

1

Inspector

(1.30%) -

75

(98.7%)

11

Total

-

3

(0.90%)

-

14

(4.30%)

(100%)

312

(94.80%)

3

(0.90%)

Marital status Never Married Married

-

-

76

(100%)

11

(100%)

326

(99.10%)

39

(76.5%) 53

(697%)

7

(63.6%) 238

(72.3%)

(7.9%)

5

(9.8%)

7

(9.2%)

_

27

(8.2%)

36

(18.8%)

7

(13.7%) 15

(19.7%)

62

(18.8%)

1

(0.5%)

_

1

(1.3%)

2

(0.6%)

Reserved

38

(19.9%)

10 (19.6%)

15

(19.7%)

2

(18.2%)

65

(19.8%)

General

153

(80.1%)

41 (80.4%)

61

(80.3%)

9

(81.8%)

264

(80.2%)

Religious background

4

(36.4%) _

Caste background

Educational qualification Matriculation

30

(15.7%)

_

1

(1.3%)

_

31

(9.4%)

Senior Secondary

68

(35.6%)

20 (39.2%)

16

(21.1%)

_

104

(31.6%)

Graduation & Above

93

(48.7%)

31 (60.8%)

59

(77.6%)

11

(100%)

194

(59%)

Total

191

(100%)

51

76

(100%)

11

(100%)

329

(100%)

(100%)

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Results reveal that most of the respondents age is above 40 years and most of the respondents are married. It shows that a majority of the respondents follow the Indian standard of marriage. Further results reveal that majority of the respondents are Hindu and followed by Sikh. Hindu religion is the most dominant religion in Chandigarh followed by Sikh.Minority groups include Buddhist, Christian, Jains and Muslims. The preponderance of the Police officials adhering to the Hindu and the Sikh religious communities, may be due to their higher representation in the population of the Chandigarh. Results also indicate that most of the respondents are belong to general category while most of the respondents are graduate and post graduate.

Shift duties In addition to travelling , police officials also have constraints of shift duties.

Many studies have confirmed that shift work has a negative effect on physical and mental health and affects the level of job satisfactions (Demerouti et al.2004). Potential causes for the fatigue of the officials are excessive mandatory or elective overtime assignments, shift duties and frequent off duty court appearances (Vila et al., 2002). All the 329 respondents reported that they work in shift duties.

Duration of shift Results reveal that all police officials irrespective of their designation have to work in shift duties.Selokar D. et al.(2011), had discussed in their study that most of the Police officials i.e. (82.4%) were working more than eight hours daily. Although they were working in periodic shifts, their working hours exceeded 12 hours daily. Long working hours appear to be an important factor leading to stress among police personnel.It is in this context attempt has been made to find out the duration of shift duties.

Table No. II Distribution of the respondents showing association between designation and duration of the work shift Duration of shift Head Constable Up 8 hours Up to 10 hours Up to 12 hours More than 12 hours Total

30

(15.7%)

63

(33%)

69

Designation Sub Inspector

ASI _

Inspector

4

(5.3%)

1

(9.1%)

1

(9.1%)

3

(5.9%)

7

(9.2%)

(36.1%)

17

(33.3%)

23

(30.3%)

29

(15.2%)

31

(60.8%)

42

(55.3%)

9

(81.8%)

191

(100%)

51

(100%)

76

(100%)

11

(100%)

_

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χ2= 87.442,df =9,P < .05, significant Table no. 3.6 reveals that a majority of the Head Constables i.e. 15.7 percent who reported that their shift duty lasts for 8 hours.There were also most of the Head Constables i.e. 33 percent who reported that they work up to 10 hours. Majority of the Head Constables i.e. 36.1 percent who reported that shift duty last upto 12 hours. Further data revealed that majority of the Inspector i.e. 81.8 percent rank officials who reported that they work for more than 12 hours per shift.A majority of the respondents have reported that they work for more than 12 hours in a shift. The most cited reason is the shortage of employees in Police. There were others who reported that police officials have long working hours because Police men are performing the job of forest guard, fire man etc. Whenever there is a distress call like snake or wild animal enters any house people call the police or fire breaks out people call the Police.A few respondents reported that those who perform shift duty upto eight hours are those who have political patronage. The value of chi square came out to be significant indicating thereby a close association between designation of the respondents and duration of work shift.The results coincide with the findings of Selokar D. et al. (2011)and who reported that most of the Police officials are working more than eight hours daily and upto 12 hours shift.

Duration of shift and level of job satisfaction Work shift in a fixed/scheduled time is good but when there is no fixed time of the work shift that creates several problems for an employee . Potential causes of the fatigue of the officials are shift rotation schemes, excessive mandatory or elective overtime assignments, and frequent off duty court appearances (Vila et al., 2002). The reasons for stress are negative working environment plenty; long working hours, lack of time for family, irregular eating habits, need to take tough decisions, sleepless nights, poor living conditions, torture by seniors, disturbed personal life and the dwindling public confidence in the police force (Water and Ussery,2007). Reiss (1967) reports that Low salaries, overextended working hours, a low chance of promotion, supervisory problems, and lack of public respect are found to be major factors that influence police job satisfaction. An attempt has been made to know the influence of the duration of the work shift upon the level of job satisfaction.

Table no. III Distribution of the respondents showing association between work shift duration and job satisfaction Work duration

Level of job satisfaction

shift Lowly satisfied

Up to 8 hours

25

(11.8%)

Moderately satisfied 8

(9.4%)

Highly satisfied Total 2

(6.1%)

35

(10.6%)

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Up to 10 hours

47

(22.3%)

21

(24.7%)

6

(18.2%)

74

(22.5%)

Up to 12 hours

68

(32.2%)

27

(31.8%)

14

(42.4%)

109

(33.1%)

More hours

71

(33.6%)

29

(34.1%)

11

(33.3%)

111

(33.7%)

211

(100%)

85

(100%)

33

(100%)

329

(100%)

Total

than 12

χ2=2.489,df-6,P>.05, not significant Results reveal that the respondents who work for more hours in a shift were less satisfied as compared to those who work for less hours in a shift.Reasons for more hours could be nature of work such as VIP visit, festival arrangements which requires extra time and becomes a cause of job dissatisfaction. Most of the respondents i.e. 11.8 percent who works upto 8 hours in a shift were lowly satisfied. Amongst those respondents who work up to 12 hours in a shift, 32.2 percent respondents were lowly satisfied, 31.8 percent respondents were moderately satisfied and 42.4 percent respondents were highly satisfied .Further findings show that among 111 respondents who work for more than 12 hours, 33.6 percent respondents were lowly satisfied,34.1 percent respondents were moderately satisfied and only 33.3 percent respondents were highly satisfied .Most of the respondents are lowly satisfied who work for more than 12 hours a day .It is possible that long working hours do not allow respondents to attend to their family obligations and no spare time for any recreational activities Statistical analysis did not indicate significant association between the two variables. No statistical association was found between the work shift and job satisfaction. Findings of the results coincide with the findings of the Vila et al., (2002), Reiss (1967) , Water and Ussery,(2007) who reported that long working hours one of the decisive factors of the job satisfaction.

Recommendations & conclusion These recommendations emanate from the findings of the research carried out with a view to improve the level of job satisfaction among police officials . It is revealed that majority of the employees who do their duties for more than 12 hours in a shift were lowly satisfied. The reasons could be shortage of the employees and failure of the policies in managing the working hours of the police officials in a way that they do not become oppressive and tortuous. Police department is one of the most fundamental departments of the State administration and needs more sensitive and sympathetic handling. But the State government fail to resolve this issue of long working hours which causes a lot of disquiet among the police officials. Chandigarh is comparatively small in area, less dense and peaceful among other states and UTs’ in India. Police department must formulate an appropriate policy to resolve the working hours related issues and means of enhancement the level of job satisfaction of the police officials.

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References: § Demerouti, E., Geurts, A.S., Bakker, B. A and Euwema, M. (2004). ‘The Impact of Shiftwork on Work-Home Conflict, Job Attitudes and Health.’ Ergonomics, Vol. 47, No. (9), pp.987 – 1002. § Malach-Pines, A. and G. Keinan.(2007). ‘Stress and Burnout in Israel Police Officers during Palestinian Uprising (Intifada).’International Journal of Stress Manage, Vol.14, No.(2),pp. 160-174. § McCann D, (2005). Working time laws: A global perspective: Findings from the ILO's Conditions of Work and Employment Database, ILO. Available at:http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/orderonline/books/WCMS_PUBL _9221173232_EN/lang--en/index. htm . § Reiss, A.J. (1967). Career Orientations, Job Satisfaction, and the Assessment of Law Enforcement Problems by Police Officers. In Studies in Crime and Law Enforcement in Major Metropolitan Areas. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. § Selokar Det.al. (2011). Occupational stress among Police Personnel of Wardha City, India.

AMJ Vol. 4,No. (3), 114-7.retrieved from http:www.dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2015.562 § Territo, L. & Vetter, H. (1981). ‘Stress and Police Personnel.’ Journal of Police Science and Administration, Vol. 9,No.(2),pp.195-207. § Vila, Bryan, Morrison, Gregory B., and Dennis J. Kenney. (2002). ‘Improving Shift Schedule and Work-Hour Policies and Practices to Increase Police Officer Performance, Health, and Safety.’ Police Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. (1), pp. 4-24. § Waters, A. and William Ussery. (2007). ‘Police Stress: History, Contributing Factors, Symptoms, and Interventions.’ Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 30,No. (2), pp.169 – 188.

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NEW PUBLICATIONS

The Religious-­Philosophical Dimensions Editor: Dr. Merina Islam ISBN: 978-­‐81-­‐922377-­‐5-­‐6 First Edition: November 2015 Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS), Milestone Education Society (Regd.), BalmikiDharmashala, Ward No.06, Pehowa (Kurukshetra)-­‐136128 (Haryana) Website: http://positivephilosophy.webs.com , Email: cppiskkr@gmail.com Released at Geeta Jayanti Mahotsava-­‐2015 (20th December, 2015) Link: https://cppispublications.wordpress.com/2015/12/24/the-­‐religious-­‐philosophical-­‐ dimensions-­‐book/

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For details of other publication, visit to our new website: Shandanjali : Our Publications http://cppispublications.wordpress.com

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PROGRAMMES REPORTS Report on World Philosophy Day Celeberation-­‐2015 The Departments of Philosophy and Hindi, P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-­‐11, Chandigarh celebrated World Philosophy Day on 19th November, 2015. Dr. Anita Kaushal, the Principal of Post Graduate Govt. College for Girls, Sector-­‐11, Chandigarh gave a floral welcome to the speaker. Dr. Anita Khosla, Head, Department of Hindi introduced the distinguished speaker. She mentioned that the present year being celebrated as 125th Birth Anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and such kind of lecture is a valuable step towards introducing students about the life and philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Prof. Subhash Chander (Department of Hindi, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra) delivered his lecture on “Social Philosophy of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.” In his lecture he said that Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is one of the most eminent intellectual figures of modern India.

He remained in the forefront of all social, economic, political and religious efforts for upliftment of the lowest stratum of the Indian society known as untouchables, women and other backward classes. He was a great scholar who made outstanding contributions as an economist, sociologist, legal luminary, educationist, journalist, parliamentarian and above all, as a social reformer and champion of human rights. He developed a socio-­‐ ethical philosophy and steadfastly stood for human dignity and freedom, socio-­‐ economic justice, material prosperity and spiritual discipline. Dr. Ambedkar had also given lot of emphasis on getting education. He said that, “Educate, Organize and Agitate”. Here he had given prime importance to education. He further added that the backward classes have come to realize that after all education is the greatest material benefit for which they can fight. We may forego material benefits of civilization but we cannot forego our rights and opportunities to reap the benefits of the highest education to the fullest extent. That the importance of this questions from the point of view of the dalits and backward classes who have just realized that without education their existence is not safe. Dr. Ambedkar suffered a lot due to this caste system. Still in that system of discrimination, he succeeded to well educate himself. He showed the enlightening path for Indian society via his ideals of freedom, equality and fraternity and made India a democratic country. The role Dr. B.R. Ambedkar played has left its imprint on the Indian society and is still shaping the social, educational, political affairs and http://milestonereview.webs.com

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motivating our lives. Perhaps none of this would have been possible if it was not for the constant struggle Dr. Ambedkar waged and the vision he embedded in the Constitution of India. We should try to read, think and work according to the noble ideas of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s ideas.

In this program, a poster published by the “The Positive Philosophy Society” of the college and following three lectures published by the Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS) Pehowa (Kurukshetra) were released by the Principal and distinguish guests:

1.

“Values and Society: Value and Society: Re-­‐discovering the Primacy of Cultural Context” by Prof. Geeta Manaktala 2. “Values with reference to Sikhism” by Dr. Paramvir Singh 3. “Our Environment, Our Responsibility” by Dr. Sudhir Baweja

All the above-­‐mentioned lectures were delivered in ICPR “Periodical Lectures” organized by Departments of Philosophy and Hindi held on 11 th February 2015.

This programme had an interactive session in the end and students discussed on various concepts related to the lecture like casteism, reservation, Indian society and got clarification from the speaker. In the end of the program Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal, Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy has expressed the vote of thanks and pointed out that the present lecture is a significant step to teach and acquaint students with the key concepts of the social philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. About 60 students and faculty-­‐ members of the college have attended this lecture.

Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal November 23, 2015 Download publications from here: https://cppispublications.wordpress.com http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Short Report on One-Day Faculty Development Programme on “Dr, B.R. Ambedkar, Indian Constitution and Indian Society”

20-01-2016: Department of Philosophy and Post Graduate Department of Public Administration of PGGCG-11,Chandigarh organised an One-Day Faculty Development Programme under RUSA on the theme “Dr, B.R. Ambedkar, Indian Constitution and Indian Society”. Several aspects of the philosophy of Dr. Ambedkar were discussed in the three sessions. More than 100 participants from Chandigarh and nearby states participated in the seminar. Dr. Ganga Sahay Meena from JNU, New Delhi was the keynote speaker. Dr. Lallan Singh Baghel, Chairperson, Deptt. of Philosophy, Panjab University, Chandigarh was the Chairperson for the inaugural session. The first session on “Socio-Political Philosophy of Dr. Ambedkar” chaired by Dr. Ashutosh Angiras from S.D. college, Ambala Cantt. The second session under the theme “Dr, B.R. Ambedkar and Women Empowerment “was chaired by Dr. Emannuel Nahar, from Ambedkar Study Centre, Panjab University. Professor Binoo Dogra, Dean and Dr. Rama Arora, Vice Principal were also present on the occasion. Ms. Shashi Joshi proposed a vote of thanks. The programme was successful due to its vastness of content and deliberations by the resource persons and participants.

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CONTRIBUTORS OF THIS ISSUE

§ Ms. Kanika Sharma, Junior Research Fellow, Centre for Human Rights and Duties, Panjab University, Chandigarh. § Ms.Reetu Sharma, Asstt. Prof. In Sociology, S.B.S.B.M.U. College, Sardulgarh (Mansa). § Mr. Kulvinder Singh, Senior Research Fellow (SRF), Deptt of Defence & National Security Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh. § Ms. Meenu Kohli, Assistant professor, P.G. Dept. of Commerce, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar. § Dr. Naveen Pandhi, Assistant Professor, Govt. College of Commerce and Business Administration, Sector -­‐42, Chandigarh. § Ms. Anuradha Jaidka, Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, Panjab University, Chandigarh. § Ms.Minakshi Rana, Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, Panjab Univeristy , Chandigarh. § Mr. Manoj Kumar, JRF, Research Scholar, Department of Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh. § Mr. Sandeep Buttola, Assistant Professor (Sociology), Panjab University Constituent College.

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