Milestone Education Review Year 07, No 02 by MSES Pehowa (Kurukshetra)

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Milestone Education Review (2278-2168) Milestone Education Review (The Journal of Ideas on Educational & Social Transformation) is an online peer-reviewed bi-annual journal of Milestone Education Society (Regd.) Pehowa (Kurukshetra). For us education refers to any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. The role of education must be as an instrument of social change and social transformation. Social transformation refers to large scale of social change as in cultural reforms and transformations. The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system. This journal offers an opportunity to all academicians including educationist, social-scientists, philosophers and social activities to share their views. Each issue contains about 100 pages. ÂŠ Milestone Education Society (Regd.), Pehowa (Kurukshetra) Chief-Editor: Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal (Assistant Professor (Philosophy), P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh. Associate Editors: Dr. Merina Islam, Dr. Poonama Verma Editorial Advisory Board: Prof. K.K. Sharma (Former-Pro-Vice-Chancellor, NEHU, Shillong). Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater Rajasthan).

(Former Vice Chancellor, Singhania University,

Dr. Dinesh Chahal (Department of Education, Central University of Haryana). Dr. Manoj Kumar, (P.G. Department of Sociology, P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-1, Chandigarh). Dr. Sudhir Baweja (University School of Open Learning,, Panjab University, Chandigarh). Dr. K. Victor Babu (Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam). Dr. Nidhi Verma (Department of Psychology, C.R.S. University, Jind (Haryana). Dr. Jayadev Sahoo (Jr. Lecturer in Logic & Philosophy, GM Jr. College, Sambalpur, Odisha).

Declaration: The opinions expressed in the articles of this journal are those of the individual authors, and not necessary of those of the Society or the Editor. Pictures are downloaded from the Internet. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Few Words..... Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is one of the most eminent intellectual figures of modern India. He appeared on the Indian socio-political scene in early 1920s and remained in the forefront of all social, economic, political and religious efforts for upliftment of the lowest stratum of the Indian society known as untouchables, women and other backward classes. He was a great scholar who made outstanding contributions as an economist, sociologist, legal luminary, educationist, journalist, and parliamentarian and above all, as a social reformer and champion of human rights. Dr.Ambedkar‟s ideas, writings and outlook could well be characterized as belonging to that trend of thought called „Social Humanism‟. He developed a socio-ethical philosophy and steadfastly stood for human dignity and freedom, socio-economic justice, material prosperity and spiritual discipline. He showed the enlightening path for Indian society via his ideals of freedom, equality and fraternity and made India a democratic country. Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS), Pehowa (Kurukshetra), on the occasion of the 125th Birth Anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar & World Philosophy Day-2015 organized a National Level Essay Writing Competition on the theme “Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: The Maker of Modern India”. The competition aimed at giving an opportunity to the youth of country to come across various aspects of the philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and focused on generating new ideas especially from young mind and see how they perceive Dr. B.R. Ambedkar‟s contribution to modern India. A Lecture organized on “Social Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar” organised on the occasion of “World Philosophy Day-2015at Departments of Philosophy & Hindi,P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh held on 19th November, 2015. One-Day Faculty Development programme organized on “Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Indian Constitution and Indian Society” on 20th January, 2016 at Department of Philosophy and Department of Public Administration, PGGCG-11, Chandigarh. One poster, two books and one special issue on the Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar” published previously. The present supplementary issue contains 06 research papers within 4 directly related to the philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and two are related social justice and tribal philosophy. Hope this issue will be helpful and benefial for the general reader especailly and researchers in particular. Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal 21st November, 2016

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In this issue……….. Title & Author

Page No. 07-18

& राम भगत & सश ु ीला

19-26 27-37

& 38-43

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Approach to Nationalism and

44-50

Liberation of Untouchables- Ram Juwari & Manoj Kumar Role of Religions in Imparting Social Justice in Indian

51-58

Socio-Political Context- Desh Raj Sirswal RESULT OF ESSAY COMPETITION- 2015

NEW PUBLICATIONS

RECENT ACTIVITIES

PHILOSOPHY NEWS IN INDIA

CONTRIBUTORS OF THIS ISSUE

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Hkkjr jRu Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj dk nk'kZfud ,oa 'kSf{kd fpUru राम भगत Hkwfedk & fdlh Hkh le; rFkk ns'k dk lkfgR; fdlh u fdlh n'kZu ls izsfjr gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ys[kd dfo dgkuhdkj rFkk lekykspd fdlh u fdlh n'kZu dk vuqlj.k djrk gqvk lkfgR; l`tu djrk gSA dksbZ Hkh fopkjd 'kqU; esa dke ugha djrkA mldh ,d fuf'pr fopkj/kkjk gksrh gSA ;g mldk lUnHkZ gksrk gSA fopkj /kkjk vkSj dqN u gksdj O;fDr ds fo'okl vkSj ewY; gksrs gSA blh ds vuq:i og dke djrk gSApwafd lkfgR; l`tu n'kZu ds vuqlkj gksrk gS rks f'k{kk izfØ;k Hkh n'kZu ls xgjs tqM+h gqbZ gSA f'k{kk dh lHkh fØ;kvksa ds dk;kZUou ds ihNs nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk ds QyhHkwr gksus ds mís'; gksrs gSAa f'k{kk dh lkjh O;oLFkk lkekftd lajpuk HkkSxksfyd lajpuk] jktuSfrd lajpuk rFkk /kkfeZd lkaLÑfrd fo'oklksa] vkn'kksZa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr% lkfgR;d] nk'kZfud rFkk 'kS{kf.kd {ks= esa ckck lkgsc ds ;ksxnku dks gesa tkuuk cgqr t:jh gSA rHkh ge ml le; ds lkfgR;] n'kZu rFkk f'k{kk ds ckjs esa tku ik;saxsA thou ifjp; & gtkjksa lky ufxZl viuh csuwjh is jksrh gSA cM+h eqf'dy ls gksrk gS ftUnxh esa nhnkoj iSnkA1 vEcsMdj egkjk"Vª ds jRukfxjh ftys ds vEckokMs xk¡o ds ewy fuoklh FksA ;g mudk iq'rSuh xk¡o Fkk ysfdu vEcsMdj dk tUe bUnkSj ds ikl egq esa 14 vizSy 1891 esa gqvk FkkA2 mudh ekrk dk uke Fkk HkhekckbZ vkSj firk dk uke jketh oYn ekyksth

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1917 esa vEcsMdj us yanu ls ih-,p-Mh- dh mikf/k izkIr dhA ;g mikf/k vFkZ 'kkL= esa FkhA lu~ 1921 esa mUgksaus foKku esa Mh-,l-lh fd;k vkSj blh o"kZ mUgksaus ih-,p-Mh- dh mikf/k Hkh xzg.k dh mldk 'kh"kZd Fkk nh izkscYe vkWQ nh :ihA vEcsMdj us yanu ls ckj&, ykW dh ijh{kk mrh.kZ dhA4 thou la?k"kZ rFkk lkekftd dk;Z & 'kSf{kd :i ls l{ke gksus ds ckn mUgksaus cM+kSnk ujs'k ds ;gka fefyVªh lfpo in ij ukSdjh dhA rRi'pkr~ cEcbZ es odkyr dk dk;Z fd;kA cM+kSnk jkT; esa gq, vieku ds ckn mUgksaus vkthou vNqrks)kj djus

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ckck lkgsc dk nk'kZfud fpuru & vEcsMdj ds le; dh cgqr cM+h ppkZ O;fDrokn cuke lewgokn] iw¡thokn cuke lektokn] :f<okn cuke vkewy ifjorZuokn vkfn dh FkhAvEcsMdj us Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk dh nks dsfUnz; fo'ks"krkvksa ij vk{ksi fd;k%&

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vlekurk muds lEiw.kZ ys[kuksa ,oa fØ;kvksa esa lkekU; lw= gSA Hkkjr esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd :ikUrj.k ds fy, ,d lkaLÑfrd ØkfUr vko';d gSA ckck lkgsc us lkekftd m)kj ds fy, nks lEHkkoukvksa dks ns[kk & vLi`';ksa dh jktuhfrd ,drk rFkk lkewfgd :i ls /keZ ifjorZuA yhd&yhd xkM+h pys] yhd gh pys diwr yhd NksM+ rhuksa pys] flag 'kk;j vkSj liwr6 os tkfr O;oLFkk ds lq/kkj ds lEcU/k esa n;kuUn ljLorh ,oa xk¡/kh }kjk izLrqr nks vk/kqfud mikxeksa ds dVq vkykspd FksA ;fn vki O;oLFkk esa njkj ykuk pkgrs gS] rks vkidks osnksa vkSj 'kkL=ksa] tks rdZ uSfrdrk dk dksbZ Hkkx vLohdkj djrs gS] ij ck:n yxkuk gksxkA mUgksaus ?kksf"kr fd;k fd fgUnqRo esa u rks uSfrdrk gS] u ØkfUrdkjh 'kfDr vkSj u gh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk oju blesa ,d fof'k"V oxZ ds fgrksa dks mUur fd;kA ^^gkykafd eSa tUeuk ,d fgUnw gwa] eSa ,d fgUnw ds :i esa e:axk ugha** 25 fnlEcj 1927 dks egn lR;kxzg esa ,d lkoZtfud fojks/k esa mUgksaus euqLe`fr dk ngu fd;kA7 tkfr izFkk rFkk vLi`';rk ds izfr muds fopkj & vEcsMdj ds erkuqlkj] ^^;g dguk xyr gS fd vLi`';rk dh leL;k ,d lkekftd leL;k gS] vLi`';rk dh leL;k ewy :i ls ,d jktuSfrd leL;k gSA vEcsMdj vLi`';rk ds eqís dks Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds dsUnz esa j[k ldsA mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ^^muds fy, Lojkt dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha Fkk ;fn og vLi`';ksa dh nklrk dks Hkh lekIr ugha djrkA**

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cqjkbZ ds fo"k; esa dgk djrs Fks fd &/keZ ,d O;fDrxr

fo"k; gS] O;fDrxr ilUn ,oa izfrc)rk dh fo"k;&oLrq gS] ,d ,slh pht gS ftlds fy, O;fDr lEifjofrZr gks ldrk gSA vEcsMdj d:.kk U;k; ,oa lekurk tSls ewY;ksa ,oa fl)kUrksa ds izfr xgjh izfrc)rk ds vFkZ esa ,d /kkfeZd O;fDr FksA muds ckS) /keZ dh O;k[kkvksa esa vk/kqfudrk oknh fo'ks"krk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^^n cq)k ,.M fgt /kEek** esa ckck lkgsc fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gS fd ;g vfuf'pr 'kCn gSA ftldk dksbZ fLFkj vFkZ ugha gSA http://milestonereview.webs.com

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vius dqN lokZf/kd fo[;kr ys[kuksa esa Mk- vEcsMdj us /keZ dh izÑfr jktuhfr ,oa 'kfDr ds lkFk mlds lEcU/kksa ds ,d lqlaxr Li"Vhdj.k dks fodflr fd;k gSA ,fUufgys'ku vkWQ dkLV esa os ;g rdZ izLrqr djrs gS fd fgUnqokn ,d fu;eksa dk /keZ] /kkfeZd vuq"Bku fu;eu dk ,d lkj laxzg gSA tkfr fgUnqokn dk dsUnzh; rF; gS vkSj vLi`';rk tkfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djus okyh ,d fo'ks"krk gSA ^^tks /keZ vius vuq;kf;;ksa ls HksnHkko djrk gSA og /keZ ugha i{kikr gSA tks /keZ vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks dqÙks vkSj vijkf/k;ksa ls Hkh cgrj ekurk gS og /keZ gks gh ugha ldrkA**9 vEcsMdj lalkj ls vuklfDr dh vksj >qdko ds dkj.k nf{k.k ,oa nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k ds Fksjokn la?k ds vkykspd FksA mudh O;k[kk ¼/keZ

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Hkkr`Ro] LorU=rk ds fl)kUrksa ds lkFk iw.kZr;k lqlaxr gksus ds :i esa http://milestonereview.webs.com

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izLrqr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA muds fooj.k esa fuokZ.k cq) ds fuokZ.k dh vis{kk vBkjgoh lnh ds Ýkalhlh nk'kZfudksa ds izcks/ku ds vf/kd fudV izfrr gksrk gSA10 lektokn ij muds fopkj %& vEcsMdj cqfu;koknh :i ls iztkrkfU=d Fks] lcdh lekurk vkSj cjkcjh ds fgek;rh FksA vEcsMdj lektokn ds fgek;rh Fks os xSj cjkcjh pkgrs FksA vEcsMdj us ekDlZ vkSj cq) dh rqyuk bl dkj.k dh gS fd ;s nksuksa euq"; dh le`f) pkgrs FksA ,d lektoknh ds rjg mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ,d lekt esa lEifr ,oa volj ds iwufoZHkktu ds fy, ljdkj dk dqN izR;{ksi vko';d gSA os jkstxkj ,oa 'kSf{kd uhfr pkgrs FksAgkykafd vEcsMdj O;fDr dh eqfDr esa fuf'pr :i ls fo'okl j[krs Fks ijUrq mUgkasus Li"V :i ls ns[kk fd vk/kqfud fo'o esa laLFkkxr eqfDr dh izkFkfedrk gksuh pkfg,A vEcsMdj

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O;fDr dh psrurk dks vuqcfU/kr fd;kA os laLFkkxr okLrfodrk esa Hkh Fkh ftuds fy, ,d jktuhfrd lek/kku vko';d FkkA uSfrdrk ij muds fopkj %& uSfrdrk ls mudk rkRi;Z d:.kk gSA vius lkFkh ekuoksa ,oa izkÑfrd fo'o dk /;ku j[kuk] mrjnkf;Ro ,oa izfrc) gksukA uSfrdrk ¼/kkfeZd nkf;Roksa ds foijhr½ O;fDr ds ân; ls izLQqfVr gksrh gSA LorU=rk ij muds fopkj% ftl izdkj LorU=rk ,d ifo= vf/kdkj gSA mlh izdkj etnwjksa dh gM+rky Hkh mruh gh ifo= gSA ;g mudk vf/kdkj gSA os 'kkjhfjd LorU=k ds lkFk&lkFk ekufld LorU=k dh Hkh ckr djrs gSaA volj dh lekurk ij cy %& mUgksaus lc izdkj dh lekurk ij cy fn;kA volj dh lekurk dks mUgksaus /kkfeZd lkekftd] jktuSfrd rFkk thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa ykxw djus dh ckr dhA fgUnqvksa }kjk vyx efUnjksa dk fuekZ.k djok;s tkus ij mUgkasus dgk Hkxoku ;k efUnj vLi`';ksa ds n'kZu vFkok Nq ysus ls vifo= ugha gks tkrsA ge vyx efUnjksa ds fuekZ.k dk fojks/k djasxsA vkRelEeku rFkk la?k"kZ Hkkouk muds fpUru dk ewy rRo %& mUgksaus dgk Fkk vkRe lEeku dh izkfIr vkfFkZd ykHk dh vis{kk T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA ge ;g la?k"kZ viuh bTtr rFkk vkRe lEeku dh j{kk ds fy, dj jgs gS u fd vkfFkZd ykHk gsrwA dk;jrk dh lkS o"kZ dh ftUnxh ls LokfHkeku dh ftUnxh ds nks iy vPNs gSA12 20 tqykbZ 1942 dks mUgksaus ukxiqj esa ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh] ^^gekjk la?k"kZ gh gekjh LorU=rk gSA ;g ekuo lEeku ds m)kj ds fy, ,d ;q) gS --- esjh vkids fy, fu.kkZ;d lykg gS] f'kf{kr gks] laxfBr gks] ,oa vkUnksyu djks] Lo;a ij fo'okl j[kks vkSj dHkh Hkh vk'kk er NksM+ksA** la?k"kZ dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djus ds fy, mUgksaus dgk Fkk tc x:M mM+rk gS rks mls Å¡pk mMus ds fy, gok ds fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ijUrq og gok ls enn ugha ysrkA blh izdkj gesa http://milestonereview.webs.com

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ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, vkxs c<+uk gSA] mRFkku djuk gS rFkk mUur gksuk gSA**13 nwjn'khZ lksp %& ckck lkgsc dk izR;sd dne mudh nwjn'khZ lksp dks crkrk gSA mUgksaus orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa ckjhdh ls lkspkA 'kSf{kd n'kZu %& f'k{kk dh rkRdkyhd fLFkfr ij ppkZ %& vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk ekeys esa gekjh izxfr /kheh gSA f'k{kk ds [kpZ vkSj Ldwy tkus okys cPpksa dh la[;k esa gqbZ c<+ksrjh dks /;ku esa j[kus ij eq>s yxrk gS fd Ldwyh cPpksa dh la[;k esa c<ksrjh] f'k{kk esa [kpZ gqbZ c<+ksrjh ds vuq:i ugha gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk ij [kpZ ckjs esa muds fopkj%& f'k{kk foHkkx dk dke yksxksa dks uSfrdrk lh[kkuk gS vkSj mudks lekt esa jgus yk;d cukuk gSA ge f'k{kk ij de ls de mruh jkf'k rks [kpZ gks] ftruh ge yksxksa ls mRikn 'kqYd esa ysrs gSA izkFkfed f'k{kk ij tks [kpZ dj jgs gS] mlds vf/kdka'k Hkkx dk okLro esa viO;; gks jgk gSA izkFkfed f'k{k dk mÃs'; ;g gS fd izkFkfed fo|ky; esa nkf[ky gksus okyk gj cPpk Ldwy rHkh NksM+s] tc og lk{kj gks tk, vkSj vius 'ks"k thou esa og lk{kj cuk jgsA izkFkfed f'k{kk ij vf/kd [kpZ djs] de ls de ;g ns[kus ds fy, gh djsa fd og tks [kpZ djs vUrr% mldk dqN ifj.kke rks fudysA f'k{kk ds O;kikjhdj.k ds fo#) esa muds fopkj% ckck lkgsc f'k{kk ds O;kikjhdj.k ds fo:) FksA f'k{kk rks ,d ,slh pht gS] tks fd lcdks feyuh pkfg,A f'k{kk foHkkx ,slk ugha gS] tks bl vk/kkj ij pyk;k tk, fd ftruk og [kpZ djrk gS] mruk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls olwy fd;k tk,A f'k{kk dks lHkh lEHko mik;ksa ls O;kid :i esa lLrk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

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fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk ij muds fopkj% ckck lkgsc Mk- vEcsMdj us fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa rqyukRed izxfr esa vlekurk dh ckr 12 ekpZ 1927 dks ckEcs ysftLVysfVo dkmflay esa mBkbZ rFkk lcdks leku Lrj ij ykus ds fy, lekurk ds fl)kUr dks lq>k;kA fo'ks"k fujh{kd oxZ dh vko';drk ij cy%& ckck lkgsc Mk- vEcsMdj us Hkkjr ljdkj ls vkxzg fd;k fd ftl izdkj ,d fo'ks"k fujh{kd oxZ eqlyeku dh f'k{kk vko';drkvksa dks

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vko';d gS blh izdkj nfyr oxksZa dh f'k{kk dh ns[kHkky djus ds fy, Hkh fo'ks"k fujh{kd oxZ dh mruh gh vko';drk gSA14 bl izdkj mUgksaus f'k{kk ctV esa c<+ksrjh] MªkWi vkÅV dh leL;k] lkekftd Lrj ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrj rFkk Nk= ij vius fopkj j[ksA mPp f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku mUgksaus 8 tqykbZ] 1945 dks turk f'k{kk lekt uked ,d laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk mlh ds rgr 20 twu 1946 dks fl)kFkZ egkfo|ky; Hkh [kksykA bl f'k{kk lekt dh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mís'; & fuEu e/;oxhZ; fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa ds 'kSf{kd fgrksa dks c<+ok nsuk FkkA bl laLFkk ds fy, f'k{kdksa ds fy, mUgksaus ;ksX;rk dks gh izkFkfedrk nh] tkfr dks ughaA v/;kid ,oa Nk=ksa ds pfj= ckjs esa muds fopkj%& MkW- vEcsMdj pkgrs Fks fd bl fo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ ,oa f'k{kd Hkxoku cq) ds mins'kksa ij pys vkSj muds thou vkn'kksZa dks vius thou esa mrkjsaA turk f'k{kk lekt ds }kjk nwljh laLFkk tks LFkkfir dh xbZ og Hkh vkSjaxkckn dk fefyan egkfo|ky;A mldh vk/kkj'khyk MkW- jktsUnz http://milestonereview.webs.com

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izlkn ds }kjk flrEcj 1951 esa j[kh xbZA bl laLFkk dk uke xzhd jktk feuk.Mj ftls ckS) lkfgR; esa fefyan ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk ds uke ij j[kk x;k FkkA MkW- vEcsMdj vDlj bu laLFkkvksa dks ns[kus tkrs vkSj fo|kFkhZ vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa ls ckr djrs FksA os ges'kk dgrs Fks fd euq"; iwjh ftUnxh ,d fo|kFkhZ jgrk gSA os gj O;fDr dks i<+us] viuk futh iqLrdky; cukus vkSj vius lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds dke vkus dh lykg nsrs FksA15 muds f'k{kk ij O;kogkfjd rFkk lS)kfUrd fopkjksa esa le:irk% vius izokl ds nkSjku os fdlh gksVy esa u jgdj] egkfo|ky; ds fdlh NksVs ls dejs esa jgrs FksA mudk fopkj Fkk ^^D;ksa csotg iSlk [kpZ djsaA gekjk lekt fu/kZu yksxksa ds fy, gSA eSa bl izcU/k ls iwjh rjg lUrq"V gw¡A** MkW- vEcsMdj iw.kZr LokfHkekuh FksA os viuh laLFkkvksa ds fy, ;ksX; rFkk mPp vkn'kksZa okys O;fdrRo ls iSlk ysus esa fo'okl j[krs FksA ^^eq>s vfHkusrk] m|ksxifr ;k O;kikfj;ksa ls dksbZ nku ugha pkfg, vkSj u gh eSa muds uke ij viuh laLFkk cukÅ¡xk**16 lgikB~xkeh fØ;k,a ¼Co-curricular Activity½% egkfo|ky; ds mPp vf/kdkjh mPp {kerk ds Fks vkSj i<+kbZ ds vykok vU; dk;ksZa ds fy, dbZ volj iznku fd, tkrs FksA lkekftd mRlo esa dbZ ejkBh ukVd cgqr vPNh rjg vk;ksftr djrs FksA [ksydwn rFkk ,u-lh-lh- ds {ks= esa egkfo|ky;ksa us izxfr dh FkhA fo'ofo|ky; dks yxHkx gj vUrj&egkfo|ky; izfr;ksfxrk tSls fØdsV] QwVcky gkWdh] Vscy] Vsful bR;kfn [ksyksa esa egkfo|ky; fot;h gksrk FkkA17 fu"d"kZ %& ckck lkgsc }kjk fd;k x;k fuekZ.k mPp izdk"Bk dh vuqie felky gSA tks dHkh Lo;a ds fy, u lksp ldrs Fks vkt iqjh nwfu;k muds fy, lksp jgh gSA ftUgsa dHkh bUlku ugha le>k vkt mudh le> dks le>us ds fy, yksx cspSu gks jgs gSaA fcuk fe'ku dks le>s http://milestonereview.webs.com

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vkids }kjk iSnk dh xbZ vkidh viuh larku gh vkidks Hkwyk nsxhA fQj vki iNrk;saxsA ckck lkgsc ls lh[kksa] lc dqN [kks;k ysfdu tks ik;k og vnHkwr gSA18 vEcsMdj dh fopkj/kkjk cgqr O;kid FkhA mUgksaus vius le; dh lcls fooknkLin leL;kvksa ij fopkj fd;k Fkk vkSj blesa :fpdj ckr ;g gS fd os dsoy lkekftd fopkjd gh ugha Fks] fÃ&#x2DC;;kUo;d Hkh FksA mUgksaus f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk dks u dsoy lS)kfUrd cfYd O;ogkfjd :i ls lcy rFkk lEiwV cuk;kA mUgksaus u dsoy foijhr ifjLFkfr;ksa esa f'k{kk ds 'kh"kZre fcUnq dks Nqvk cfYd vkthou nwljs dks Hkh f'kf{kr gksus ds fy, izsfjr djrs jgsA vktknh ds igys rFkk ckn esa gkykafd os f'k{kk {ks= eas izR;{k :i ls u tqM+ ik, ijUrq mUgksaus le;&le; ij viuh rdZ 'kfDr rFkk O;kogkfjd Kku ds cy ij f'k{kk rU=] f'k{kk uhfr;ksa dks cukus esa rFkk vk/kqfud f'kf{kr Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku fn;kA References:

1. Kushwaha, S.K. Essays in Honour of Bharat Ratna Baba Saheb Dr. B.R.Ambedkar; Kurukshetra Publication Bureau, K.U.K., p. 66

2. ,l-,y] nks"kh 2010 Hkkjrh; lkekftd fopkjd t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kUl % i`-&163 3. Kushwaha, S.K. Essays in Honour of Bharat Ratna Baba Saheb Dr. B.R.Ambedkar; Kurukshetra Publication Bureau , K.U.K., p. 64

4. ,l-,y] nks"kh 2010 Hkkjrh; lkekftd fopkjd t;iqj % jkor ifCyds'kUl % i`-&164 5. ,l-,e-ekbZdy] vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa nfyr n`f"V ,oa ewY;] t;iqj jkor ifCyds'ku] i`- 103

6. Kushwaha, p.66 7. ,l-,e-ekbZdy] iwoksZ)`r] i`- 117 http://milestonereview.webs.com

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8. ogh] i`- 117 9. Kushwaha, p.66 10.,l-,e- ekbdy] iwoksZ)`r] i`- 122 11.ogh] i`- 125 12. Kushwaha, p. 68 13.,l-,e-ekbZdy] iwoksZ)`r] i`- 103 14.lqHkk"k pUnz 2007 vEcsM+dj ls nksLrh lerk vkSj ewfDr] fnYyh& vfizr fizUVksxzkQlZ] i`- 167&172

15.,e-,y- 'kgkjs] 2012 MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj thou vkSj dk;Z] ubZ fnYyh% jk"VÂªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn izdk'ku foHkkx] i`- 102&107

16.ogh] i`- 105 17.ogh] i`- 102&107 18.HkUrs MkW- d#.kk'khy] jkgqy] vius vkn'kksZ dks vkpj.k esa mrkjs] iyoy /kEeHkwfe izdk'ku] i`- 19&20

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vEcsMdj dk O;fDrRo vkSj lkekftd fparu सश ु ीला

ß,d lQy Økafr ds fy, dsoy vlarks"k dk gksuk dkQh ugha gS blds fy, vko';d gS fd U;k;] bldh t:jr vkSj jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd vf/kdkjksa ds izfr xgjh vkSj lEiw.kZ fu"Bk gksAÞ

&MkW- ch vkj vEcsMdj MkW- vEcsMdj dk tUe 14 vizSy 1891 esa e/;izns'k ds egw /oouh esa gqvk Fkk tks vk/kqfud egkjk"Vª ds jRukfxjh ftys esa gSA os jketh

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lUrku FksA mudk ifjokj ejkBh FkkA os egkj tkfr ls lEca/k j[krs Fks tks vNwr dgs tkrs FksA mUgsa ckck lkgc ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA1 MkW- vEcsMdj dks ^Hkkjr jRu* ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;k gS tks Hkkjr dk loksZPp ukxfjd iq:Ldkj gSA ckck dk okLrfod miuke ldiky FkkA MkW- vEcsMdj ds iwoZt yEcs le; rd fczfV'k bLV bafM;k dEiuh dh lsuk esa dk;Zjr Fks vkSj muds firk jketh vEcsMdj fczfV'k lsuk esa lwcsnkj FksA os f'k{kk dk egRo le>rs FksA Hkhejko dh i<kbZ ij mUgksaus cgqr /;ku fn;kA MkW- vEcsMdj dk fookg ek= 16 lky dh vk;q esa gqvkA mudh iRuh dk uke jekckbZ Fkk tks fookg ds le; dsoy ukS lky dh FkhA mudk fookg ls igys dk uke jkeh FkkA mudk 27 ebZ 1935 dks ,d yEch fcekjh ds dkj.k nsgkar gks x;kA f'k{kk%& vNwr le>h tkus okyh tkfr esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k vius Ldwyh thou esa MkW- vEcsMdj dks vusd vieku tud fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iMkA bu lc fLFkfr;ksa dk /kS;Z vkSj ohjrk ls lkeuk djrs gq, mUgksaus viuh Ldwyh f'k{kk iwjh dhA mUgksaus eSfVªd dh ijh{kk 1907 esa ,yfQLVu gkbZ Ldwy ls mÙkh.kZ dhA fQj dkWyst dh i<kbZ ds nkSjku firk dk gkFk rax gksus ds dkj.k [kpZ dh deh gqbZA Jh dsyqLdj mUgsa cM+kSnk ds egkjktk fl;kth jko xk;dokM+ ds ikl ys http://milestonereview.webs.com

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x;sA egkjktk us muds fy, LdkWyjf'ki dh O;oLFkk dj nh vkSj MkWvEcsMdj us viuh dkWyst dh f'k{kk iwjh dhA ckck lkgc 1913 esa ,fyfLVu dkWyst ls xzstq,V gq,A blh o"kZ xaHkhj chekjh ds dkj.k muds firk th dh e`R;q us mUgsa >d>ksj fn;kA2 1913 esa cM+kSnk ds egkjktk dh Nk=o`fr dh ?kks"k.kk ds vuqlkj mUgsa vesfjdk dh dksyfEc;k fo'ofo|ky; esa v/;;u ds fy, Hkstk x;kA blesa 'krsZ Fkh fd f'k{kk izkfIr ds ckn os vxys nl o"kksZa rd cM+kSnk jkT; esa ukSdjh djsxsaA 1915 esa mUgs 'kks/k izca/k izkphu Hkkjrh;

okf.kT; esa ,e-,- dh mikf/k iznku dh xbZA 1916 esa mUgksus ,d lsehukj esa Hkkjr esa tkfr;k¡ mudk Lo:i] mRifr rFkk fodkl fo"k; ij ,d 'kks/k i= izLrqr fd;k ftlesa ckck lkgc us Hkkjr esa tkfr izFkk dh mRifr gh ugha cfYd mlds cqjs ifj.kkeksa dks Hkh n'kkZ;kA3 1916

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bdksukWfeDl* esa nkf[kyk fy;kA ;gka muds 'kqHkfpard izksQlj ,Mfou dSuu us v/kwjk ih,p-Mh- ds 'kks/k izca/k dks Hkkjr ls nksckjk vkdj iwjk djus dh btktr nhA ckck lkgc us ;g v/kwjk 'kks/k izca/k izksCyEl

vkWQ :ih ¼:i;s dh leL;k,a½ ds uke ls fnlacj 1923 izdkf'kr djok;kA ftlds fy, mUgsa yanu fo'ofo|ky; }kjk MkWDVj vkWQ lkbal dh mikf/k iznku dh xbZA mudk dkuwu dk v/;;u iwjk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk fczfV'k ckj esa cSfjLVj ds :i esa izos'k fey x;kA4 Hkkjr okil ykSVrs le; MkW- vEcsMdj rhu eghus teZuh esa :ds] tgk¡ mUgksaus viuk vFkZ'kkL= dk v/;;u ckWu fo'ofo|ky; esa tkjh j[kkA lkekftd dk;Z%& yanu ls v/kwjh i<+kbZ NksM+dj Hkkjr ykSVus ij cM+kSnk ds egkjktk us mUgsa fefyVjh ds lsØsVjh dk in lkSaikA ;gka Hkh mUgsa vNwr gksus dk vglkl djk;k x;kA n¶rj dk piMklh Hkh ,d fxykl ikuh nsuk viuh 'kku ds f[kykQ le>rk FkkA vlguh; HksnHkko ds dkj.k MkWhttp://milestonereview.webs.com

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vEcsMdj us ;g ukSdjh NksM+ nh vkSj os eqEcbZ vk x,A ;gka vkdj vius ,d vaxzst tkudkj eqEcbZ ds iwoZ jkT;iky ykMZ fdMugSe ds dkj.k mUgsa eqEcbZ ds flMugSe dkWyst vkWQ dkWelZ ,aM bdksuksfeDl esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izksQlj ds :i esa ukSdjh feyhA5 Nwvk Nwr ds fo:) la?k"kZ%& Hkkjr ljdkj 1919 dk vf/kfu;e rS;kj dj jgh lkmFk cksjksg lfefr ds le{k Hkkjr ds izeq[k fo)ku ds rkSj ij MkW- vEcsMdj dks xokgh nsus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;k x;kA bl lquokbZ ds nkSjku] MkWvEcsMdj us nfyrksa vkSj vU; /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa ds fy, i`Fkd fuokZfpd ¼lSizsV bySDVsªV~l½ vkSj vkj{k.k nsus dh odkyr dhA 1919 esa dksYgkiqj ds lkgw th egkjktk dh lgk;rk ls MkWvEcsMdj us ,d ekfld if=dk fudkyhA bldh igyh izfr 31 fnlacj 1920 esa ewd uk;d ds uke ls izdkf'kr gqbZA tc odkyr 'kq: djus o ykblsal cuokus ds fy, ckck lkgc ds ikl /ku dh deh Fkh rks ml le; muds fe= toy cFksuk us gh mudh lgk;rk dhA vNwr izFkk Hkh muds odkyr O;oLFkk esa ck/kk cuhA MkW- vEcsMdj us bldk bLrseky :f<+oknh fgUnw jktusrkvksa o tkrh; HksnHkko ls yM+us ds izfr Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd leqnk; dh vfuPNk dh vkykspuk djus ds fy, fd;kA muds nfyr oxZ ds ,d lEesyu ds nkSjku fn, x, Hkk"k.k us dksYgkiqj jkT; ds 'kkld 'kkgw prqFkZ dks cgqr izHkkfor fd;kA ftudk MkW- vEcsMdj ds lkFk Hkkstu djuk :f<+oknh lekt esa gypy epk x;kA6 9 ekpZ 1924 esa MkW- vEcsMdj us ,d cfg"d`r fgrdkfj.kh lHkk ds uke ls lfefr cukbZ tks nfyrksa ds Qk;ns o uqdlku dk C;kSjk j[krh FkhA ftldk mn~ns'; nfyr oxksZa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj o muds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd mRFkku ds fy, dke djuk FkkA7 1923 esa ckck lkgc eqEcbZ fo/kku ifj"kn ds euksuhr lnL; cu x,A 1926 esa MkW- vEcsMdj us Nwvk Nwr ds f[kykQ ,d O;kid vkUnksyu 'kq: djus dk QSlyk fd;kA mUgksaus lkoZtfud vkUnksyuksa vkSj twywlksa ds }kjk is;ty ds lkoZtfud lalk/ku lekt ds lHkh yksxksa ds fy, [kqyokus ds lkFk gh mUgksaus vNwrksa dks fgUnw eafnjksa esa http://milestonereview.webs.com

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izos'k djus dk vf/kdkj fnyokus ds fy, Hkh la?k"kZ fd;kA mUgksaus egkM+ esa vLi`'; leqnk; dks Hkh 'kgj dh ikuh dh eq[; Vadh ls ikuh ysus dk vf/kdkj fnykus ds fy, lR;xzg pyk;kA iwuk iSDV%& vc rd ckck lkgc MkW- vEcsMdj vkt rd dh lcls cM+h vNwr jktuhfrd gLrh cu pqds FksA MkW- vEcsMdj us Hkkjrh; jk"VÂªh; dkaxzsl vkSj mlds usrk eksgunkl xka/kh dh vkykspuk dhA mUgksaus mu ij vLi`'; leqnk; dks ,d d:.kk dh oLrq ds :i esa izLrqr djus dk vkjksi yxk;kA 8 vxLr 1930 dks ,d 'kksf"kr oxZ ds lEesyu ds nkSjku vEcsMdj us viuh jktuhfrd n`f"V dks nqfu;k ds lkeus j[kkA ftlds vuqlkj 'kksf"kr oxZ dh lqj{kk ljdkj vkSj dkaxzsl nksuksa ls Lora= gksus esa gSaA vEcsMdj dh vkykspukvksa vkSj muds jktuhfrd dk;ksZ us mUgsa :f<+oknh fgUnqvksa ds lkFk gh dkaxzsl ds dbZ usrkvksa esa Hkh cgqr vyksdfiz; cuk fn;kA 1932 esa tc fczfV'kksa us MkW- vEcsMdj ds lgefr O;Dr djrs gq, vNwrksa dks izFke fuokZfpdk nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dh rc xka/kh us blds fojks/k esa iwus dh ;jonk tsy esa vkej.k vu'ku 'kq: dj fn;kA xka/kh us :f<+oknh fgUnw lekt ls lkekftd HksnHkko vkSj vLi`';rk dks [kRe djus rFkk fgUnqvksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd ,drk dh ckr dhA8 xka/kh ds vu'ku dks ns'k Hkj esa leFkZu feyk vkSj :f<+oknh fgUnw usrkvksa] dkaxzsl ds usrkvksa vkSj dk;ZdrkZvksa tSls iyoadj ckcw vkSj enu eksgu ekyoh; us MkW- vEcsMdj vkSj muds leFkZdksa ds lkFk ;ojnk esa la;qDr cSBdsa dhA vu'ku ds dkj.k xka/kh dh e `R;q gksus dh fLFkfr esa] gksus okys lkekftd izfr'kks/k ds dkj.k gksus okyh vNwrksa dh gR;kvksa ds Mj ls vkSj xka/kh ds leFkZdksa ds Hkkjh ncko ds pyrs MkWvEcsMdj us cMs+ nq[kh g`n; ls viuh i`Fkd fuokZfpdk dh ekax okil ys yhA blds cnys esa nfyrksa dks lhVksa ds vkj{k.k] eafnjksa esa izos'k o iwtk ds vf/kdkj ,oa NwvkNwr [kRe djus dh ckr Lohdkj dj yh xbZA ;g ,d ,frgkfld le>kSrk Fkk tks iwuk&iSDV ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blds }kjk lfn;ksa ls fiNM+s] yrkMs+ x, vNwrksa o xqykeksa dks vius http://milestonereview.webs.com

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nq[k&nnZ lqukus dk ekSdk feykA ;g fcuk [kwu&[kjkcs ds ,d ,slk bdaykc Fkk tks vdsys MkW- vEcsMdj dh ;ksX;rk] yxu] R;kx esgur vkSj la?k"kZ ds dkj.k gh gqvk FkkA blds }kjk gh vNwrksa dh vktknh dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA MkW- vEcsMdj fo/kk;d o etnwj oxZ ds ;ks)k ds :i esa%& 13 vDVwcj 1935 esa MkW- vEcsMdj dks ljdkjh dkWyst dk iz/kkukpk;Z fu;qDr fd;k x;k vkSj bl in ij mUgksaus nks o"kZ rd dk;Z fd;kA 1936 esa ^Lora= yscj ikVhZ* dh LFkkiuk dh ftls 1937 esa dsUnzh; fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa esa 19 esa ls 15 lhVs thrhA bl ikVhZ dk eq[; mn~ns'; etnwjksa ds vf/kdkjksa o fgrksa dh j{kk djuk FkkA izfl) iqLrds%& ckck lkgc ds futh iqLrkdy; esa 50000 ls vf/kd iqLrdsa FkhAokV dkaxzsl ,aM xka/kh gSo bu Vw n vuVpscYl ¼dkaxzsl vkSj xka/kh us vNwrksa ds fy, D;k fd;k½ vkSj gw oj n 'kwnzkt ¼'kwnz dkSu Fks\½ ds ek/;e ls MkW- vEcsMdj us fgUnw /keZ esa NwvkNwr o tkfrokn dh dVq vkykspuk dhA muds fooknkLin fopkjksa }kjk xka/kh vkSj dkaxzsl dh rh[kh vkykspuk ds ckotwn ckck lkgc dh izfr"Bk ,d vf}rh; fo}ku vkSj fof/kaosÙkk dh FkhA 15 vxLr 1947 esa Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds ckn dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro okyh ubZ ljdkj us MkW- vEcsMdj dks ns'k ds igys dkuwu ea=h in ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;k ftls mUgksaus Lohdkj dj fy;kA lafo/kku fuekZrk ds :i esa%& 29 vxLr 1947 dks MkW- vEcsMdj dks Lora= Hkkjr ds u, lafo/kku dh jpuk cuh lafo/kku izk:i lfefr ds v/;{k in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA MkW- vEcsMdj us elkSnk rS;kj djus ds fy, lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj ledkyhu izs{kdksa dh iz'kalk vftZr dhA mudh dM+h esgur deZBrk] n`< fuf'p;rk vkSj n`< vkRefo'okl ds dkj.k gh gesa fo'o dk lcls cM+k lafo/kku izkIr gqvkA lafo/kku fuekZ.k ds nkSjku vius LokLF; dk Hkh /;ku ugha j[kk cM+h yxu vkSj fu"Bk ls lPph ns'kHkfDr ds dkj.k bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ fd;kA gkykafd ckck lkgc us http://milestonereview.webs.com

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lafo/kku ds vkdkj nsus esa if'peh ekWMy bLrseky fd;k gS ysfdu mldh Hkkouk Hkkjrh; gSA fof/k lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr] bfrgkl] ekuo 'kkL=] nqfu;k ds lafo/kkuksa vkSj U;k; bR;kfn ij MkW- vEcsMdj dh vf/kdkj iw.kZ tkudkjh

cgqr

mi;ksxh

FkhA

lkjs

lnL;ksa

muds

mÙke

vkSj

fpjLej.kh; dk;Z ds izfr viuh lgjkuk izdV dh vkSj Lora= Hkkjr ds lQyrkiw.kZ lafo/kku fuekZ.k ds fy, mu ij iz'kalk dh ckSNkj dhA MkW- jktsUnz izlkn us lafo/kku fuekZrk dh iz'kalk esa dgk% ßdqlhZ ij cSBdj izfrfnu dh dk;Zokgh dks ns[kdj eSaus ;g eglwl fd;k fd izk:i lfefr lnL;ksa vkSj [kkldj mlds lHkkifr MkW- vEcsMdj us vius [kjkc LokLF; ds ckotwn cMs+ mRlkg vkSj /keZfu"Bk ls dke fd;k gSA ge blls vPNk vkSj lgh fu.kZ; dHkh ugha dj ldrs Fks tcfd geus mUgsa bl lfefr esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA vkSj lHkkifr cuk;k gSA mUgksaus vius pquko dks U;k;ksfpr gh ugha Bgjk;k cfYd ml dke dh 'kksHkk c<+k nhAÞ 26 uoEcj 1949 dks lafo/kku lHkk us lafo/kku dks viuk fy;kA vius dke dks iwjk djus ds ckn ckck lkgc MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk% ßeS eglwl djrk gw¡ fd lafo/kku lk/; ¼dke djus yk;d½ gSA ;g yphyk gS ij lkFk gh ;g bruk etcwr Hkh gS fd ns'k dks 'kkafr vkSj ;q) nksuksa ds le; tksM+dj j[k ldsA okLro esa eSa dg ldrk gw¡ fd vxj dHkh dqN xyr gqvk rks bldk dkj.k ;g ugha gksxk fd gekjk lafo/kku [kjkc Fkk cfYd bldk mi;ksx djus okyk euq"; v/ke FkkAÞ 1951 esa laln esa vius fgUnw dksM fcy ds elkSns dks jksds tkus ds ckn MkW- vEcsMdj us ea=heaMy ls bLrhQk ns fn;kA bl elkSns esa mÙkjkf/kdkj] fookg vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds dkuwuksa esa ySfxd lekurk dh ekax dh FkhA ij laln esa cM+h la[;k blds f[kykQ FkhA9 1952 esa MkW- vEcsMdj us yksd lHkk dk pquko ,d funZyh; mEehnokj ds :i esa yM+k ij gkj x,A

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ckS) /keZ ifjorZu%& 1956 esa ckck lkgc MkW- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj us viuk vafre n

cq)k ,aM fgt /kEe iwjk fd;kA ;g mudh e`R;q ds ckn izdkf'kr gqvkA ckck lkgc us 15 vDVwcj 1956 esa nh{kk Hkwfe ¼ukxiqj½ esa [kqn vkSj muds leFkZdksa ds fy, ,d vkSipkfjd lkekftd lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;kA mUgksaus ,d ckS) fHk{kq ls ijEijkxr rjhds ls rhu jRu xzg.k ,oa iap'khy dks viukrs gq, ckS) /keZ xzg.k fd;kA blds ckn ,d vuqeku

vuqlkj

mUgksaus

500000

leFkZdksa

dks

ckS)

/keZ

esa

ifjofrZr fd;kA viuh vafre ikaMqfyfi cq) vkSj mldk /kEe* dks iwjk djus ds rhu fnu ckn ^fnlEcj 1956 dks fo'o dh egku foHkwfr uhan esa gh lnk dh uhan lks x;kA bl fnu dks ifj fuekZ.k ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA fu"d"kZ%& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fuekZrk ckck lkgc MkW- Hkhejko jketh vEcsMdj flQZ nfyrksa ds gh usrk ugha gSA og ,d ,sls jk"Vª iq:"k gSA ftUgksaus lewps ns'k ds lEca/k esa Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds lEcU/k esa ,oa lekt ifjorZu ij egRoiw.kZ O;pkfjd ;ksxnku fn;kA MkW- vEcsMdj ,d fo}ku] ys[kd] jktuhfrK] lekt&lq/kkjd dkuwu fo'ks"kK] f'k{kk 'kkL=h vkSj uolekykspd ds :i esa ubZ ih<+h ds lkeus mn; gq, gSaA f'k{kk dks ckck lkgc us fo'ks"k egRo fn;k blds fy, mUgksaus ,d fo'ks"k ukjk fn;k f'kf{kr cuks] laxfBr jgks vkSj la?k"kZ djksA muds liuksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, gesa n`< ladYi] dfBu ifjJe vkSj bekunkjh ls dke djuk gksxkA bl fuca/k esa muds ckjs esa vaxwyh ds uk[kwu ds va'k ek= ds leku dks js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt ds ;qx esa MkW- vEcsMdj dk lkekftd fparu vuSfrd ,oa vU;k;iw.kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk ds izfr fojks/k dk lcls l'kDr Loj ekuk tkrk gSA MkW- vEcsMdj vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds egku nk'kZfud] vFkZ'kkL=h] 'kksf"krks ds eqfDr&uk;d] la?k"kZ'khy lkekftd

dk;ZdrkZ

vkSj

lafo/kku

fuekZrk

FksA

Lora=rk

lekurk&ca/kqRo ds Økafrdkjh vkn'kksZ dks Hkkjrh; lekt esa LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA var esa ge lc feydj ;s iz.k djsa fd ckck lkgc http://milestonereview.webs.com

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dh fopkj/kkjk ij pydj ns'k dh mUufr ,oa fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku nsA References: 1. 'kgkjs] ,e-,y- &MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj% thou vkSj dk;Z] ,u-lhbZ-vkj-Vh- 1993 i`"B 5 2. dq'kokgk] ,l-ds-&,Lls bu vkWuj vkWQ Hkkjr jr~u ckck lkgc MkW- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj i`"B 73 3. 'kgkjs iwoZ m)r i`"B 14&15 4. xqIrk

,l-ch- & jk"Vª ds egku O;fDrRo ,l-ih- ifCyds'ku

pa<hx<+ i`"B 4 5. ohj] Mh-& MkW vEcsMdj ykbQ ,aM fe'ku ikWiqyj ckEcs 1962 i`"B 17&18 A 6. jkWfcu] ts- & MkW vEcsMdj ,aM fgt ewoesaV] vEcsMdj lkslk;Vh ¼gSnjkckn½ 1975] i`"B 20&21 7. Hkkjrh] ds- & MkW- vEcsMdj ,d iwu%eZwY;kadu i`"B 113 8. 'kgkjs iwoZ m)r i`"B 61&63 9. nhoku

ih-

vkSj

jktiwr

ih-

dkaULVhV~;w'ku

vkWQ

bf.M;k]

LVªkfyax ifCyds'ku] izkbosV fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh] 1979 i`"B 12&13

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A.D.

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1 2

Swaraj would not be a gift of the British Parliament to the Indian People, rather it would be merely a courteous notification of the declared wish of the people of India â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mahatma Gandhi. "That the Constitution of Free India was to be framed without outsider interference by a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise." http://milestonereview.webs.com

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ii.

The constitutional settlement must be governed by the fact that India was not one nation but two and that the Muslims of India would not accept the arbitration of any body, Indian or British but would determine their destiny themselves." http://milestonereview.webs.com

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ii.

iii.

ii.

"Cripps Proposals were really the still born child of the British" â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Dr. Patabhi Sitaramya. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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ii.

iii.

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iv.

"The Resolution cast the horoscope of our sovereign Democratic Republic" â&#x20AC;&#x201C; K.M. Munshi. 6

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i ii iii iv v vi vii viii

Chief Draftman

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References: 

Sharan,Parmatma, The Imperial Legislative Council of India,1961.



Singh G.N., Landmarks in Indian Constitutional and National Development (16001919), Banaras, 1930.



Chatterji A., The Constitutional Development of India (1737-47).



Cowell H.,History and Constitution of the Courts and Legislative Authorities in India.



Keith A.B.,The Constitutional History of India.

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

Lumby , E.W.R.,The Transfer of Power in India.



Mahajan , V.D., Constitutional History of India.



Coupland R. , The Cripps Mission.



Alexander, H., India since Cripps (1944).



Alexandrowicz, C. H., Constitutional Development in India (1957)



Banerjee, A.C. (Ed.) , Indian Constitutional Documents.



Michael Brecher, A Political Biography.



Chatterjee, Nand Lal, India Freedom Straggle, Allahabad, 1958.



Ghose, P. C., Indian National Congress, Calcutta, 1960.



Mehrotra, S. P., Towards India’s Freedom and Partition, New Delhi, 1979.



Boss, Nemai Sudhan , The Indian National Movement, Calcutta, 1965.



Cambbell, Mission with Mountbatten (1951)

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vk/kqfud Kku&foKku] rduhdh fodkl ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuksa ls tutkfr; laLÑfr Hkh rsth ls izHkkfor gks jgh gSA vkokxou ds lk/ku] lapkj lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk buds thou 'kSyh dks cnyus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA tutkrh; {ks=kas esa vaxzsth ek/;e dh f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ muds ikjEifjd ifjos'k dks cny dj uohu ifjos'k esa <kyus es enn dj jgh gSA ukjh psruk ,oa tkx:drk tutkrh; efgykvksa esa vHkh Hkh de ns[kk tkrk gSA tutkrh; lekt ikjEifjd izFkkvksa dks /khjs&/khjs NksM+ jgk gS ,oa u;s ifjos'k esa izos'k dj jgk gSA >kM+Qwd] tknw&Vksuk vkfn ls fo'okl der% ?kVrk tk jgk gS] vkSj chekfj;ksa dk bykt vc nck&nk: ls djk;k tk jgk gSA lE;d~ :i ls ns[kk tk; rks tutkrh; laLÑfr cgqr rsth ls ifjofrZr gks jgh gSA bu lcds ckotwn vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cgqr FkksM+k ifjorZu vk;k gS] tks u ds cjkcj gSA iwWthifr bu tkfr;ksa ls vius vga~ dh iwfrZ djus ,oa lekt esa izHkqRo dk;e j[kus ds fy, tutkfr;ksa dk neu djus eas uhps mrj vk;s gSA bZ";kZ o }s"ko'k 'kklu }kjk nh xbZ ;kstukvksa dk ykHk Hkh bUgs]a nsus esa iwthifr i{k&ikr o 'kks"k.k djrs gSA tutkfr;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk ou&vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk gS] fdUrq ouks ds fouk'k ds uke ij bUgsa ouksit dk leqfpr mi;ksx djus ls jksdk tkrk gSA tcfd ouksa dk foukl djus esa lo.kZ tkfr;ksa ,oa iwthifr;ksa dk cMk gkFk jgk gSA f'k{kk esa Hkh bUgsa f'kf{kr djus esa lo.kZ tkfr;k¡ drjkrh gS] rFkk mUgsa tkucw> dj uohu Kku&foKku ls oafpr j[kus dk iz;Ru djrh gS] rFkk 'kS{kf.kd lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk nsus esa i{kikr djrs gSA lkekftd vkfFkZd m)kj ds fy, lapkfyr ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u leqfpr <ax ls u gksus ds dkj.k] budk 'kks"k.k gh gksrk gS] m)kj ughA ftlls lkekftd lksp esa ifjorZu ykus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g Hkkouk gksuh pkfg, fd fdlh ns'k o lekt dk fodkl lekt ds lHkh yksxkas ds fodkl ls gh lEHko gSA vU;Fkk og ,d i{kh; gksxk] o Hksn&Hkko c<+kus esa lgk;d gksxkA 'kklu dks le;&le; ij ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u dh leh{kk gksuh pkfg,] rkfd dfe;ksa dk irk yxk;k tk ldsA tutkfr;ksa dh f'kdk;r ij Rofjr dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd leL;kvkas dk fuokj.k rqjUr gks ldsA vkSj vxs leL;kvksa dh iqukjko`fÙk u gksA http://milestonereview.webs.com

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e/;izns'k ds jhok ftyk fLFkr R;kaFs kj rglhy ds vUrxZr nsmj dksBkj xzke es dksy tutkfr ikbZ tkrh gSA ftudh ewy oa'kt jkSfr;k tutkfr gSA ftles xzke dyokjh] cjgV] nsmj] teqbZ dyk] teqbZ [kqnZ] dk¡dj] f>fj;k vkfn LFkkuksa es jkSfr;k tutkfr fuokl djrh gSA ftuds ijEifjd Kku vkSj laLÑfr ,d tSlh gSA buds dbZ nsoh&nsork ik;s tkrs gS] ftlesa dbZ rjg dh vo/kkj.kk,¡ fo|eku gSA ftues nsork& 'kkjnk] cw<h&nkbZ] dkfydk] Qwyerh] v"BHkqth] ckck] v?kksjh] laU;klh] cM+knso] cnfj;knso ¼buesa ls lcls eq[; nsoh gS vyksi ekrk½ bR;kfn nsoh&nsork ik;s tkrs gSA le;&le; ij buds iqtkbZ esa cfy izFkk fo|eku gSA cfy ds :i esa eqxsZ] cdjs]a lqvj] v.Mk vkfn brus tho/kkfj;ksa dh cfy p<+kbZ tkrh gSA blds vykok ukfj;y] xsgw¡ ,oa pkoy ds vkVs dk jksV p<+k;k tkrk gSa blds lkFk&lkFk dqN nsorkvksa dks e|iku Hkh djk;k tkrk gS] tSl& s 'kjkc] xkWtk] /krwjk] chM+h] rEckdw] ikWu vkfnA nsorkvksa dks Hkh flaxkj djk;k tkrk gS] pwM+h] flanwj] j{kk] pquj] gYnh] v{kr~] Qwyksa vkfn ls nsorkvksa dks ltk;k tkrk gSA ftudh O;fDr tSls flaxkj pkgs oks nsork ftl :i esa gks] pkgs og feÍh ds gks] pkgs iRFkj] ;k c`{k] ;k pkgs v"B/kkrq ds gh gksA tutkfr; leqnk; es tks ;g vo/kkj.kk ;k ijEijk,¡ ik;h tkrh gS] mlls yxrk gS] fd euksoSKkfud rkS j&rjhds gS tks izÑfr ds vk/kkj ij rFkk ftu oLrqvksa dk vkius thou esa mi;ksx djrs gSA HkkSfrd vo';drkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk jgu&lgu] [kku&iku vkius ekuo thou tSls fg vkius nsorkvksa dks Hkh le;&le; ij leiZ.k djrs gSA tSls dqN lkekU; R;kSgkj& uojkf= eas gfj;kyh dh iqtkbZ] fgUnw /keZ dh R;ksga kjksa es izFke mUgh dh iqtkbZ dh tkrh gSA j{kkcU/ku] gksyh] nhikoyh] rht] T;s"B dh ,dkn'kha] n'kgjk ftlesa lcls [kkl pSr ekl dh jkeuoeh] esa Tokjk cksus ds ckn ukS fnu rd ozr dk ikyu djrs gq, nlosa fnu mRlo euk;k tkrk gSA tutkrh; leqnk; ds lHkh yksx ,dÎk gksrs gS nsorkvksa dks f'kjs p<+kdj Hktu fdrZu djrs gq, fuf'pr nsoh&nsorkvksa rd ifjØek djrs gq, tkrs gSA thHk es uksdhyk ckuk usFkus dh] ,oa ryokj ls dkyh] [kIij] dhynkj [kM+kÅ dks iguus dh ijEijk fo|eku gSA tutkfr;kas dk ekuuk gS fd ladV ls cpus ds fy, cfy fn;k djrs gSaA bUgh ds leqnk; dk dksbZ&u&dksbZ ikM~;k ;k iqtkjh iwtk vkpZuk >kMQwd fd;k djrk gSA buesa nsoh&nsorkvksa dks ekuus dh izFkk euksoSKkfud izÑfr ds HkkSfrdrk ij vk/kkfjr gS] tutkfr;ksa dh laLÑfr ls mles ,slk yxrk gS fd ;s ra=&ea= rFkk tknw&Vksuk esa iw.kZ fo'okl djrs gSA budh cksyh c?ksyh ikbZ tkrh gSA buds yksdxhr esa dksyngdk] dtyh] http://milestonereview.webs.com

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fgUnqyh xkbZ tkrh gSA yksdu`R; esa nknj o jkbZ tSls yksdu`R; dks vius mRlo dk;ZØe esa ;g fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA budk fuokl taxyksa ls yxk gqvk gSA nsmj esa buds ?kjks dh cukoV izÑfr iznÙk ?kkl&iql] ydM+h] feÍh ij fuHkZj gS] vkt Hkh ?kjksa dh cukoV NksVs vkdkj ds dPps cus gq, gSA ml dPps ekdku esa eq[; }kj ,d gh gksrk gSA [kkl ckr ;g ns[kus dks feyh] fd buds ?kjksa es f[kM+dh ugh ikbZ tkrh gSA de tula[;k ?kuRo] cgqr gh fuEu vFkZO;oLFkk] vkfne lH;rk] tutkrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] tutkrh; /kkfeZd ijEijk,¡] fuEuLrj dh oSKkfud i)fr] ouoklh laLÑfr es mudh ,d vyx fpfRdldh; mipkj dh i)fr jgh gS] ftldks og cgqr gh lQy ekurs gSA ;g lc fof/k;k¡ izÑfr ij vk/kkfjr gSA ouoklh lewg vius thou dk gj igyw ouksa es vkfJr j[krk FkkA oSokfgd thou ds ca/ku budk ewy oa'kt jkSfr;k ftlesa vius ;qod&;qofr;ksa dh O;kg vius jkSfr;k [kkunku esa gh djrs gSA tUe ds ckn cjgkS tUeksRlo euk;k tkrk gSA e`R;q laLdkj es 'ko dks tyk;k tkrk gSA nkg laLdkj gksus ds ckn rhljs fnu vfLFk foltZu bykgkckn ds xaxk unh eas fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk n'kosa fnu 'kq)xkr gksrk gSA ;s lHkh fØ;k&dyki fgUnw jhfr&fjokt es fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksfa d lo.kZ ds chp esa jgrs gq, mudh tks vo/kk.kk,¡ gS mUgh ij fo'okl ik= gks xbZ gSA ;s ijEijk ij vk/kkfjr gks x;s gSA tutkrh; lH;rk ds vk/kkj ij buds [kkuiku xkWo ds lHkh oxksZ esa gksrk gS] ijUrq mPPk oxksZ ds ;gk¡ Fkkyh vkt Hkh Lo;a dks /kksuh iMrh gS] ftlesa ;g vkt Hkh NwvkNwr tSlh ijEijk fo|eku gSA f'k{kk dh deh ds dkj.k ;g vo/kkj.kk,¡ cgqr T;knk iui jgh gSA e/;izns'k dh tutkfr;k¡ iw.kZr% nks iztkfr;ksa esa fodflr gqbZA dkdsLokbM ,oa uhfxzVks ¼LVªsu½ tutkfr;k¡ vk;ksZ ds cgqr igys gh lEiw.kZ Hkkjr es ,d ls vf/kd ekuo ds :i esa fuoklh FkhA muesa ls gh vuqekur% nzfoM+kas esa dkykUrj ls fodkl gks x;k tcfd dksy tkfr;k¡ vis{kkÑr vius ewy Lo:i esa gh fo|keku jghA ftlls ;g ckr lkeus vk;h dh ;s tkfr;k¡ Hkkjr ds dqN Hkkxksa esa vo'; gh fuokljr Fkh] fdUrq vkxs pydj budk Lora= vfLrRo Hkkjr ls foyqIr gks x;kA HkkjrHkwfe ds e/; esa fLFkr e/;izns'k esa fofHkUu izdkj dh ouoklh ,oa xzkeh.k tutkfr;k¡ fuokl djrh gSA e/;izns'k dh lcls cM+h tutkfr xksaM gSA ftldh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,¡ izns'k esa QSyh gqbZ gSA e/;izns'k cgqla[;d vkfnoklh tu jgrs gSA e/;izns'k dh tutkrh; laLÑfr lEiUu gSA lHkh tutkfr;ksa dh viuh&viuh thou i)fr ,oa ijEijk gSA dqN http://milestonereview.webs.com

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fof'k"Vrk,¡ gS ftuds vk/kkj ij tutkfr;ksa dh igpku dh tkrh gSA tutkrh;ksa dh oU; vk/kkfjr laLÑfr dks cpk;s j[kus dk lg;ksx Lej.kh; gSA tutkfr;ksa dh laLÑfr o thou 'kSyh] ou ds mi;ksx dh vyx igpku gSA mudh lkjh dk;Zi)fr] vktk&ckck ds tekus ls pyh vk jgh gSA tutkfr;ksa us ftruk ou dk nksgu djrs gS] mlds cnys es dqN vf/kd gh Je nsrs gSA blh Hkkouk vkSj ou ds izfr vknj ds dkj.k ls ou cps gq, gSA ou dk mi;ksx djus es tutkfr;ksa dh laLÑfr dh vyx igpku lkeus fudy dj vkrh gSA tutkrh; laLÑfr dk eq[; vax Hkh jgk gksxk] ftlls irk pyrk gS fd taxyh tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djuk vkSj ekal dks Hkkstu ds :i esa mi;ksx djuk tutkrh; laLÑfr dk vk/kkj jgk gSA ftu tkuojksa dk f'kdkj fd;k djrs gS] mudh [kky dk Hkh mi;ksx oL= ds :i esa rFkk >ksyk] cukus esAa Mksyd] rcyk] uxkjk] vkfn ok| ;a=ksa dk Hkh tkuojks dh [kky dk mi;ksx fd;k djrs FksA ;g taxyh tkuojksa tSls] taxyh&pwgk] [kjxks'k] eksj] isMqd] rhrj] dNqvk lkaHkj] phry] ck?k] 'ksj] Hkkyw] eNyh bR;kfn dk f'kdkj fd;k djrs gSA ;g budh laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA ftlesa orZeku le; esa ns[kk tk; rks taxyksa es u ;s tkuoj ops gS] u gh budk f'kdkj fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksfa d ljdkj us taxyh tkuojks ds f'kdkj ij jksd yxk fn;k gS] tks n.Muh; ekuk tkrk gSA ouokfl;ksa ds ijEifjd O;oLFkk vkSj laLÑfr ljdkj }kjk Nhu yh xbZA vxj vkt lPpkbZ dk utj vUnkt u fd;k tk;] rks cgqr dqN ouokfl;ksa dh leL;k,¡ lkeus utj vkrh gSA dqN mnkgj.k ns[ks tk; rks yxrk gS fd pUnu] lrkoj] gjkZ] cgsjk] vkoyk] uhe] tkequ] fpjkSth] dRFkk] egqvk] rsnq] lky] j.kfotkoj bR;kfnA o`{k dks ouokfl;ksa us nokvksa ,oa vU; lkekfxz;ksa ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k djrs FksA ftUgsa noaxksa vkSj iwthifr;ksa ds }kjk ns'k ls ysdj fons'kksa rd Hkstk tkrk gSA mles iz'kklu Hkh utj vUnkt djrk gSA laLÑfr dks cpkus esa iz'kklu utj vUnkt u djs rks ;g leL;k vius&vki lkekIr gks tk;sxhA Hkkjrh; tutkrh; /keZ esa cfy izFkk ,d izeq[k vo/kkj.kk jgh gSA ftl izdkj ls vusdkusd /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa dks lEiUu djus ds fy, cfy p<+kbZ tkrh FkhA fdlh nsoh&nsorkvksa dks izlUu djus vFkok fdlh v/keZ dk izk;f'pr djus ds fy, cfy p<+ kbZ tkrh FkhA Qly vPNh gksus ,oa unh&rkykcksa dks nq?kZVuk jfgr cukus rFkk R;ksgkjksas laLdkjksa vkSj mRloksa esa cfy izFkk dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA tSls [kSjokj tutkfr es /keZ dk izHkko Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA tutkrh; laLÑfr esa /kkfeZd fo'okl ds dkj.k yksd http://milestonereview.webs.com

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ijyksd vkRek&ijekRek] nsoh&nsorkvks]a iki&iq.; tSlh vo/kkj.kk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA buds lkFk gh iwtk&izkFkZuk] Hktu&dhrZu bR;kfn czká fØ;k,¡ Hkh lfEefyr gksrh gSA fgUnw laLÑfr ds izHkko ds dkj.k ;s fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa dh Hkh vkjk/kuk djrs jgsA tutkfr;ksa es cgqr ls nsoh&nsork ik;s tkrs gSA buesa ls dqN xkokas ds nsork gksrs gS] ftudk {ks= vkSj vfLrRo LFkkuh; gksrk gSA rFkk dqN cM+s nsork gksrs gSA tks lEiw.kZ leqnk; esa iwT; gksrsa gSA tutkfr esa xk¡oksa ds nsoh&nsorkvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS bu nsoh&nsorkvkssa es ls dksbZ fdlh o`{k] fdlh iRFkj] fdlh Vhys ;k fdlh unh ij fuokl djrk gSA bu nsorkvksa ds vykok dqN vkRek,¡ Hkh voHkwr gksrh gSA tks vyx&vyx txgksa ij viuk fuokl djrh gSA blhfy, vkRekvksa ij fo'okl djds budh 'kkfUr gsrq iqtkbZ dh tkrh gS] ijUrq vHkh&Hkh buesa lq/kkj ugh vk jgk gSA f'k{kk O;oLFkk bruh egxh gksrh tk jgh gSA fd ml ikonku esa igqpus eas ouoklh&ouoklh gh jg tk;sxkA og vlyh f'k{kk xzg.k djus esa l{ke ugh gks ik;sxkA D;ksfa d tks Hkh ;kstuk,¡ gS] mldk lgh fØ;kUo;u ugh gks jgk gSA blfy, vkt fu/kZu Nk= izksQsluy ,dsMeh esa vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- vPNs&vPNs laLFkku esa ugh igqp ldrk D;ksfa d dh iw¡th dk cksyokyk gSA orZeku le; esa bl o"kZ ls laLFkkuksa es igys Qhl tek djuk iMsxk blds ckn mls vkfne tkfr dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk izfriwfrZ dh tk;sxhA ftu lsYQ liksfVax izksxzke dkslZ esa chl gtkj ls ysdj ,d yk[k :i;s rd dh f'k{k.k 'kqYd gS] rks igys vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dSls iwfrZ djsxkA blls ;g ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd ouokfl;ksa ls ou Nhu fy;s x;s] vc f'k{kk Hkh Nhuus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA tks pkSlB~ o"kZ igys fLFkr Fkh] mles dksbZ ifjorZu ugh fn[kkbZ nsrkA ljdkj mu ij vjcksa dk izkstsDV tutkfr ds uke ij nsdj dkxt [kjkc dj jgh gSA ftlls dkxt ugh [kjkc djuk pkfg, lgh ewY;kadu djds lgh jkg fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl leL;k eas fopkj djus dh t:jr fo}kuksa dh gSA D;ksfa d ;s Hkh bl jk"Vª ds vax gSA bUgsa f'k{kk dh vksj eksMk tk; vkSj bu vo/kkj.kkvksa ls bUgsa eqDr djk;k tk;A djuk iwMh dk NksVk :i dks

]

cksuk vadqfjr gksus ij nsorkvksa

tc nsorkvksa dh vkRek euq"; es vkdj euq"; vlekU; fØ;k djus

yxrk gS] ftlesa gkFk&iSj vius vki fgyus yxrk gSA lk/kkj.k euq"; dh izfrfØ;k ls ckgj gksrk gSA

] tks unh ds fdukjs HkSlklqj

uked nsork dks cfy nsuk d"V ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy,A

dkyh dks

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ryckj /kkj.k djrh [kIij esa tyrh gqbZ vkx Hkjh gksrh gS] ftldks iaM;k ds lkFk nsork p<kus okyk O;fDr gkFk esa ysdj ?kqekrk gSA mlh vfXu ls tathj dks xje djds yky djds fuoL= 'kjhj ij mlh tathj ls nkxk ¼tyk;k½ tkrk gSA

iqj[kks ds

}kjk cukbZ xbZ ;g vo/kkj.kk vkt Hkh fo|eku gSSA burh dfBu ijh{kk ftles og bu nsorkvksa ij iw.kZ Hkjkslk djrs gSA

1. JhokLro] ,-vkj-,u-] ¼2000½] tutkrh; fodkl ds ik¡p n'kd] Kkunhu izdk'ku] iVuk] jk¡ph] bykgkcknA 2. nqc]s MkW- ,p-,u-] ¼2003½] Hkkjr dh izkjfEHkd laLÑfr;k¡ ,oa lH;rk,¡] 'kkjnk izdk'ku] bykgkcknA 3. frokjh] MkW- f'kodqekj ¼2005½] e/;izn's k dh tutkrh; laLÑfr] e-iz- fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] HkksikyA 4. JhokLro] yksds'k ¼2010½] tutkrh; ifjn`';] ;wfuoflZVh ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh 5. jkSfr;k tutkfr ds }kjk izkIr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij muds ikjEifjd Kku dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA 11@04@2014

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DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR’S APPROACH TO NATIONALISM AND LIBERATION OF UNTOUCHABLES Ram Juwari & Manoj Kumar

“For a successful revolution it is not enough that there is discontent. What is required is a profound and thorough conviction of the justice, necessity and importance of political and social rights.”- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Dr. Bheemrao Ramji Ambedkar was one of the greatest leaders of world. He was jurist, great economist, social revolutionary, religious philosopher, eminent educationist. Popularly, he is known as Baba Sahib Ambedkar. As independent India‟s first law minister, he was principal architect of the Constitution of India.

He became the

emancipator of the untouchables and crusader for social justice and made an overwhelming place in society. He had a good knowledge and organising power. Baba Sahib was born in Mahu which is now in Madhya Pradesh on April 14, 1891. He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai. He was born in a family of Mahars, the largest untouchable caste at that time. His original surname „Ambavadekar‟ came from his native village 'Ambavade' in Ratnagiri District. He became a Buddhist during his last days of life. He passed away on December 6, 1956. He was a true son of mother India. When „Bharat Ratna; the nation's highest civilian award‟ was conferred posthumously on him in 1990, it was rightly seen as a fitting though belated tribute to one of the builders of modern India. Higher Education Baba Sahib Ambedkar was brilliant student, great scholar and progressive man. He was impressed by Mahatma Bhudda, sant Kabir and Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, they were his ideological teachers. In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, becoming the first from his untouchable community to do so. In 1912, he obtained his B.A. degree in economics and political science and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. He was also one of the earliest Dalit to

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earn a college degree. He got scholarship from the benevolent Maharaja of Baroda State. He was under an agreement to serve the state for ten years. Dr. Ambedkar obtained M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., D.Litt., and Bar-at-Law degrees from famous educational institutes of foreign countries. Eventually earning a law degree and doctorates for his study and research in law, economics and political science from Columbia University and the London School of Economics, he gained a reputation as a scholar and practiced law for a few years, later campaigning by publishing journals advocating political rights and social freedom for India's untouchables. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, with Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology as other subjects of study. In 1916, Ambedkar completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India-A Historic and Analytical Study for another M.A. and finally he received his Ph.D. in Economics in 1917 for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he read his paper „Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development‟ before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. At the London School of Economics he took a Master's degree in 1921 and in 1923 he took his D.Sc.in Economics. His third and fourth Doctorates (Ll.D, Columbia, 1952 and Ll.D., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa. Publications: Ambedkar‟s major works are testimonies to his independent and original thinking. He wrote more than fifty books and pamphlets, most of them being of topical interest. There are some famous books Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development, Annihilation of Caste, Who Were the Shudras and the Untouchables: Who Were They and Why They Became Untouchables? He could easily lay his hands upon the right book in support of what he wrote. He wrote and spoke so much on various subjects that his writings and speeches occupy 15 big volumes and books published by the Government. Bitter ExperiencesAmbedkar had to suffer humiliation from time to time at every walk of his life right from his birth whether it was his school or his office. That was the time when backwards and untouchables were insulted and ill-treated. Other great men of the world had suffered from numerous disabilities and hardships but Dr. Ambedkar suffered from the most inhuman disability namely stigma of untouchability. Needless to say that the condition of http://milestonereview.webs.com

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untouchables was very bad at that time and being a dalit (untouchable) he was ill-treated by his class mates and his teachers in the school. He had to sit at the back in class and also he had no right to touch the board like other students. In his office too, he had to face the contemptuous look of his subordinates. His subordinates never showed courtesy to him. Even the peons refused to serve him a glass of water. He was greatly wounded at heart to see the condition of his community. He took a firm decision to fight for the rights of the untouchables. In spite of his incomparable learning, his humanity, his patriotism, his immaculately clean character, which put to shame even the saints, his encyclopedic knowledge and wisdom, there was no other Indian more maligned and misrepresented, vilified and abused publicly and privately by his own countrymen. Great sufferings regarding untouchability could not change his firm determination. Nationalism Dr. Ambedkar was a philosopher, true patriot, a political thinker, dedicated humanist, Constitutional expert and searching historian. Dr. Ambedkar‟s patriotism and his dedication to the principles of nationalism and secularism were undoubted. Dr. Ambedkar was a true democrat, a nationalist to the core and a patriot of highest order. He believed and he is correct that liberal democracy provides all opportunities to all people to develop one‟s personality and enables every citizen to improve his opportunities and social, political and intellectual excellence (Ramaswamy, 1998). He undertook a special journey to the famous fort of Raigad, the glorious symbol of the heroic fight put up by Chhatrapati Shiwaji against Aurangzeb. He did so not because of any communal consideration, but be because of fact that he admired the bravery of Chhatrapati Shiwaji who had the courage to fight, with a very small army, against the mighty Emperor Aurangzeb who spent almost 30 years of his life extending his kingdom in South (Shahare, 1988). He has already been recognized by intelligent and impartial Indians as a great nation builder. He never acted against the interest of nation. He was patriotic to core and wanted India to become a prosperous country. Dr. Ambedkar once said, “I profess implicit faith in articles of my creed. This country of ours is the true land of promise. This race of ours is the chosen race”. He further said, “Mr. Gandhi and Mr. Jinnah – I dislike them – I do http://milestonereview.webs.com

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not hate them – it is because I love India more. I have hopes that my countrymen will someday learn that the country is greater than men”. That is the true faith of a nationalist. Baba Sahib was very fond of using term „Bharat‟ for India (Shahare, 1988). Ambedkar was honoured and assigned the most responsible task of drafting the Constitution of free India which demanded enormous knowledge of law, geography, economics, politics, sociology and history of India. He was appointed as the Chairman of the drafting committee to draft the Constitution of India by the Constitution Assembly of India. He completed the Indian Constitution taking great interest with other fellows, so he is called father of Constitution. Dr. Ambedkar delivered a speech in the Constitution Assembly of India on November 25, 1949 he said, “In addition to our old enemies in the form of castes and creeds, we are going to have many political parties with diverse and opposing political creeds. Will Indians place the country above creed or will they above country? I do not know. But this much is certain that if the parties place creed above country, our independence will be put in jeopardy a second time and probably be lost forever. This eventuality we must all resolutely guard against. We have to be determined to defend our independence with the last droop of over blood.” Granville Austin has described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as „first and foremost a social document‟. The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement (Austin, G., 1999). Ambedkar‟s aimed at establishing a casteless and classless Indian society where no one would be discriminated on the basis of birth and occupation. His conception of nationalism articulated and synthesized the national perceptions. Awakening of the Untouchables Particularly the oppressed and exploited masses of India, is passing through a critical period of her history. He was born among the Untouchables and his bitter experiences of untouchability were encouraged to be the leader, liberator, master and messiah of these oppressed people of India. He had a great tolerance and boldness to face the social problems. Ambedkar campaigned against social discrimination and theIndian caste system. Ambedkar was a harbinger of dalit liberation.

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Ambedkar had liberated the untouchables with his active participation to develop the dalit movement. Dr. Ambedkar started his fight with the foundation of „Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha‟ July 20, 1924, the works of which were to form school for the untouchables' to form centres for their moral uplift, to open agricultural schools and industrial schools for the economic welfare of the downtrodden people. He organised people of his caste and tried to create a new spirit in them. He advised them to be educated to depend upon themselves. He also advised them not to think of themselves as lower caste people and fight for their rights. In his editorial in the Bahishkrit Bharat, he wrote on 29 July, 1927 “If Lok Manya Tilak had been born among the untouchables, he would not have raised the slogan „Swaraj is my birthright‟, but he would have raised the slogan „Annihilation of untouchability is my birthright‟”. Mahad Satyagraha- In 1927, Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking water resources; also he began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a Satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town (DBAMNS, 2010). Kalaram Temple movement- In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement. This was non-violent movement for which he was preparing since three months. About 15000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple Satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. This movement was for human dignity and self-respect (Keer, D., 1990). The social reform movement of the caste Hindus could not win him to its side because of his existential understanding of the pangs of untouchability. The issue of untouchability, for social reformers, was a mere problem. This problem was exterior to them in the sense that it affects only the untouchables. They had never experienced the sinister us blows of untouchability. According to Ambedkar the non-Brahmin leaders failed to germicide the problem. Poona Pact- Due to Ambedkar's prominence and popular support amongst then so called untouchable community; he was invited to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1932. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups. Ambedkar was coerced into agreeing with Gandhi (Gail, 2012). This agreement, which saw Gandhi end his fast and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate electorate, was http://milestonereview.webs.com

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called the „Poona Pact‟. Instead, a certain number of seats were reserved specifically for untouchables (who in the agreement were called the "Depressed Class"). Ambedkar‟s magnum opus is The Buddha and His Dhamma. It is a great gift not only to the ex-untouchables but also to the whole of India as a source of humane philosophy of life. Even a brief reading of this book is so enlightening and librating. It is such a standard book on the subject that many organizations in foreign countries have republished this book. Ambedkar‟s religion could not be against the principles of democracy. Conclusion Leadership of Baba Sahib and his teachings, spoken and written words have given the sufficient independence of thoughts and actions to human beings. He has also given new hope and vision for development and progress of the nation. He was that and much more because he was alone one of the greatest builders of this nation. India is only now beginning to discover him. The present is an age of Dr. Ambedkar. It is time; his own people recognize his stature as their Masiha and try to follow his teachings. He was an iconoclastic social reformer who at the very formative years of his career realised what it meant to be an untouchable and how struggle against untouchability could be launched. Ambedkar the issue of Dalit liberation was the foremost issue and he emphasized that Dalits themselves have to come forward for its realization. Thus, Ambedkar provided a subaltern perspective to see clearly the chameleon of Indian caste-ridden social set-up deceptively appearing in crimson colors and the ways to guard the interests of the Dalits. The real purpose of celebrating any type occasion connected with that great leader should be to emulate him, especially our confirmation of his philosophy of life. Baba Sahib‟s speeches and writings contain sufficient light to guide them for new coming generations of country. We should be followed the ideology and philosophy of Dr. Ambedkar to development of our country. References: 

Austin, G., 1999. The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University Press. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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

DBAMNS, 2010. Dr. BabaSahib Ambedkar Maharashtra Navanirman Sena. Retrieved 26 December 2010.



Gail, O., 2012. A Part That Parted. Outlook India. The Outlook Group, Retrieved.



Jatav, D.,R., 1965. The Social Philosophy of Ambedkart. Boddha Sahitya Sammelan, New Delhi.



Jatav, D.,R., 1979. Dr. Ambedkar’s Role in National Movement. Boddha Sahitya Sammelan, New Delhi.



Keer, D., 1990. Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission (3rd ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan Private Limited. pp. 136–140.



Keer, D., 1990. Man of The Hour. Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission (Third Edition ed.). Mumbai: Popular Prakashan Private Limited. pp. 63–64.



Kushwaha, S. K. Essays in Honour of Bharat Ratna Baba Sahab Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.



Langyan, R. B. Relevance of Thoughts Dr. Ambedkar in Present Times.



Shahare, M., L., 1988. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar: His Life and Works. Publication Department of NCER, NCERT Campus, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi.



Tejani, S., 2008. From Untouchables to Hindu Gandi, Ambedker and Depressed Class Question 1932. Indian Secularism: a social and intellectual history, 18901950. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 205–210.



Ramaswamy, K., 1998. Ambedkar: A True Democrat Nationalist.

A book

„Ambedkar and Nation-Building, Editor Lal and Saxena, Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi. pp. 44-53.

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ROLE OF RELIGIONS IN IMPARTING SOCIAL JUSTICE IN INDIAN SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTEXT Desh Raj Sirswal Abstract Religion is a deriving force for social change in India since ancient times. Although we boast about ancient Indian ideals of social stratification, which made a long lasting discrimination within society, and most of the times we do not do any justice to socialpolitical life of a billion peoples. The study of the relation between religion and politics showed that this relation always made a problematic situation for the indigenous people and always benefitted invaders. The idea of the interface or mixing of religion and politics being problematic and potentially dangerous is a byproduct of the rise of secularism, often regarded as one of the hallmarks of modern society. The concept of social justice is an important concept for the social-political harmony in present times. Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, colour, race, religion, sex and so on. It means absence of privileges being extended to any particular section of the society, and improvement in the conditions of backward classes (SCs, STs, and OBCs) and women. Social justice is a public and collective good that involves an equitable sharing of the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x;s power, resources and opportunities to enable people individually and collectively to develop their talents to the fullest. Its realisation requires social relations embedded in trust, acceptance, mutuality, reciprocity and solidarity. Under Indian Constitution the use of social justice is accepted in wider sense, which includes social and economical justice both.

Ancient social

structure allows us to see the discrimination made to indigenous people with reference to their socio-political life. These evils not only effects Hindu social order rather it also haunts the social structure of newly established religions in Indian continent. The objective of this paper is to disuses the role of religions in imparting social justice to Indian socio-political structure of our society. First we will see the place of religion in society then sees its effect on socio-political order whether it is affirmative or negative which allow us to make any rational conclusion. Key-Words: Religion,

Indian Society, Social Justice, Social Inclusion and Indian

Constitution

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Role of Religion: An Overview Religion is a strong faith in some supernatural Spirit or God. Religion and reason cannot go together. The postulates of religious experience cannot be established by means of any investigation. They can accepted as a matter of faith. Every religion has its own ideals. For example, Hinduism believes in moksha. Some say that where reason ends, there faith begins. This line purely applies on the religions of Indian continent. Indian society witnessed a hug social change and religious movements in Indian continent in various periods of history. Every religion has its basic ideology, slightly different from another religion but a major difference in its outer appearance or practices. We can say that, “Religion might be a powerful force in one society; less powerful in another and in some societies might have a negligible influence. The differential role of religion in different societies and epochs arguably does not eliminate in its entirety the influence of religion on identity development and evolution over time.” Every religion has its different political character, which may be different from their age-old ideals of life. (1) What role Religion played in Indian Society can be seen in these line, “In India, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism are some of the major religions practised by the people. Numerically the Hindus are considered to be the majority, which inspires many Hindu loyalist groups like the RSS (Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh) or the Siva Sena and political parties like the BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) or the Hindu Mahasabha to claim that India is a Hindu State. These claims generate homogenising myths about India and its history. These claims are countered by other religious groups who foresee the possibility of losing autonomy of practise of their religious and cultural life under such homogenising claims. This initiates contestations that have often resulted in communal riots. The generally accepted myths that process the identity divide on religious lines centre on the „appeasement theory‟, „forcible religious conversions‟, general „anti-Hindu‟ and thus „anti-India‟ attitude of the minority religious groups, the „hegemonic aspirations‟ of majority groups and „denial of a socio-cultural space‟ to minority groups.”(2) So, we can see that religious politics affected the socio-political structure of the society at large.

The concept of Hindu nationalism played a negative role since the freedom movement in India and till date, “A takeover of Indian politics by the right-wing of Hindu nationalism is the most plausible speculative scenario, which can trigger such a dark future. The extreme versions of Hindu nationalism are against the idea of India developed during the http://milestonereview.webs.com

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freedom struggle, and also against the self-correcting equilibrium Indian politics has come to represent: an equilibrium provided by groups fighting for their rights and dignify, making vociferous claims and advancing through politics, but always stopping short of mutual annihilation and settling for some widely accepted principles of victory and defeat, namely the vote, elections and democracy. The ideologically pure Hindu nationalism has no commitment to democracy, only to an aggressive, muscular and orderly Hindu nation where minorities, especially the Muslims, would "behave" or be forced to "behave."(3) This ideology directly effects social status of Dalits, Muslims and Christians and we saw several cases since the beginning of this century. Now a day same “ideological crisis” begins in another new established religions also. They are going so far from their religions ideals and trying for only political powers. So, it becomes very important to know that within this situation how we can talk about social justice where so much “theory-practice” difference occurred. This is the reality of our society that religion is a big threat to the concept of social justice in India.

Social Justice: The concept of „Social justice‟ in India is the product of social injustice prevailed in our socio-political system of our country.

Caste system and social structure is the

fountainhead for social injustice. It is unfortunate that even sixty years after independence social justice is still a distant dream not with in the reach of the masses. “The Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women under the traditional Hindu Caste hierarchy had suffered for centuries without education and opportunities for advancement in life. Social justice is compensatory justice to off set the accumulated disabilities suffered by these historically disadvantaged sections of society and absorb them educationally and occupationally in the mainstream of national life. If opportunities are not given to develop their neglected talents there will be social imbalance and tension resulting in anarchy and disobedience to the rule of law.”(4) Indian society is undergoing a see change and there is a tremendous socioeconomic transformation-taking place within it, but it has also given rise to a kind of mechanism which discriminate its people on the basis of identity, accepts oppression and exploitation of certain sections of society. Hence, caste and caste based discrimination continues to be a reality. The doctrine of inequality is the core and heart of the caste system. Supported by philosophical elements, it constructs the moral, social and legal foundations of Hindu society. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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The Supreme Court has explained the concept of social justice i.e. “the Constitution commands justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as supreme values to usher in the egalitarian social, economic and political democracy”. Social justice, equality and dignity of persons are corner stones of social democracy. The concept of “social justice” which the Constitution of India engrafted consists of diverse principles essential for the orderly growth and development personality of every citizen. Social justice is thus an integral part of justice in the generic sense. Justice is a genus of which social justice is one of its species. Social justice is a dynamic device to mitigate the suffering of the poor, weak, dalits, Tribes and deprived sections of the society.(5) The questions, which are against the social justice: 

Liberation from Hunger

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Liberation from Poverty

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Liberation from Rioters

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Liberation from Sangh Ideology

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Liberation from Feudalism

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Liberation from Capitalism

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Liberation from Casteism

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Liberation from Communalism

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Liberation from Brahminism

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Liberation from Manu‟s ideology (6)

We experienced the “root of social injustice” in our society has a root in social and political system. Here is the evidence, “Advancements in social justice, except in extraordinary situations and circumstances such as the gaining of political independence, the aftermath of a long war or the depths of an economic depression, require pressure from organized political forces. Brief and sporadic protests against injustices, even if vehement, usually have a limited effect. The problem is that few political regimes have institutions or processes to promote the orderly and effective expression of grievances and demands by those who are not benefiting or are hurt by existing economic and social arrangements. Political parties are often reduced to administrative machines focused on winning elections. Trade unions are declining in both number and influence. Democracy is seemingly gaining ground but is being vitiated by the “moneytization” of social http://milestonereview.webs.com

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relations and social institutions at many levels. The concept of reform, so often invoked in recent years to facilitate economic deregulation and privatization, could be constructively applied by liberal democracies and other regimes inspired by liberal principles to identify the requirements of social justice and implement appropriate policies.”(7) A report on Dalits of India states that - “IN GOVERNMENT SERVICES: Despite being charged with a constitutional mandate to promote social justice, various local institutions of the Indian State clearly tolerate and even facilitate the practice of untouchability: 37.8% of the villages: Dalits made to sit separately in government schools, 27.6% of the villages of Dalits: prevented from entering police stations, 25.7% of the villages of Dalits: prevented from entering ration shops, 33% of the villages: public health workers refuse to visit Dalit homes, 23.5% of the Dalit villages: don‟t get mail delivered to their homes, 14.4% of the Dalit villages: Dalits not permitted to enter the “panchayat” local government building, 12% of the Dalit villages: Dalits denied access to or forced to form separate lines at polling booths, 48.4% of the Dalit villages: denied access to water sources. IN MARKET ACCESS: 35% of villages surveyed: Dalits barred from selling produce in local markets 47% of villages with milk cooperatives prevent Dalits from selling milk, and 25% prevent Dalits from buying milk, IN WORK: 25% of villages: Dalits paid lower wages than non-Dalits, work longer hours, have more delayed waged and suffer more verbal and physical abuse, 37% of villages: Dalit workers paid wages from a distance to avoid physical contact, IN RELIGION AND RITES: 64% of Dalits: restricted from entering Hindu temples Almost, 50% of villages: Dalits prevented from accessing cremation grounds, IN THE PRIVATE SPHERE: 73% of villages: Dalits not permitted to enter non-Dalit homes, 70% of villages: Dalits and non-Dalits cannot eat together, 35.8% of Dalits: denied entry into village shops”. (8)

Promoting Social justice: Community Empowerment If want social justice established in every section of the society. Wee need community empowerment and it requires the development of social capital on the basis of: 

Capacity building

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Enhancing resilience

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Trust and empathy

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Respect and dignity for the person http://milestonereview.webs.com

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

Reciprocity and mutuality

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Accountability

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Solidarity

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Collective action

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Power-sharing

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Resource finding and sharing

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Linking the personal to the structural (and the reverse)

The Indian constitution has certain important provisions to safeguard and promote the interests of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Minorities. Not only this oppressed people of our age-old Hindu society and culture had to have some movements and fought against the inhuman and humiliating behaviour of the upper caste Hindus. The role played by Dr. B.R.Ambedkar for the upliftment of the marginalized section cannot be forgotten by Indian history. He has been regarded as one of the doyens devoted to seeking equality and justice in Indian society. Dr. Ambedkar can easily be characterized as a philosopher deeply rooted in the modernist ideologies. His philosophy was occupied with social amelioration, political enlightenment, spiritual awakening and economic well being of the masses. He had a deep faith in fundamental human rights, in the equal rights of man and women, in the dignity of individual, in socio and economic justice, in the promotion of social progress and better standard of life with peace and security in all spheres of human life. His study of social facts enriches his political philosophy. (9)

Dr B. R. Ambedkar left an indelible mark on Indian polity, society and economy with a broad range of scholarly work and rigorous political activism. While much is known, heard and written about his political, social and economic writings, there has been relatively less of an attempt at understanding the philosophical underpinnings and theoretical origins of his worldview. He was passionately critical of the Hindu caste system which is the basis of social, cultural, economic and political subjugation of those considered “lower castes”. In his struggle against caste based discrimination, Ambedkar held that emancipation of Dalits in India was possible only through the three-pronged approach of “education, agitation and organization”. His works are deeply embedded in a secular and modern understanding of human society. Moreover, they are also imbued with a strong sense of humanism and a belief in human dignity. His worldview was informed by not only a scholarly interest but a personal experience of discrimination and http://milestonereview.webs.com

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marginalization. The deep sense of injustice felt by him motivated Dr. Ambedkar to challenge all oppressive institutions of society. The discourse of egalitarian Indian society is part of the large mission propounded and practiced by Dr. Ambedkar in his efforts to build Indian society imbued with the values of equality and social justice. Probably Dr. Ambedkar is the first person that seriously thought about social equality and inclusive Indian society as an essential feature for the emergence of a healthy nation-state and democracy. But most of his intellectual peers focused on economic, political and spiritual equality and ignored social inequalities. Due to this even after 65 years of independence caste based discrimination is applauded in society. However, vision of Dr. Ambedkar has been amplified through the discourse of egalitarian society based on the trinity of principles -- equality, liberty and fraternity.(10)

Conclusively, we can say that any religion cannot be effective in imparting social justice till it is dedicated towards proper implementation of their ideals in human behavior and make it a social reality. They must aware of present day problems of the society and work, think and mould their system accordingly. Otherwise this system will be a taboo for the society in coming years.

References: 1. Steward Harrison Oppong, “Religion and Identity” in American International Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol. 3 No. 6; June 2013,p.12. 2. Identity Politics in India (Caste, Religion, Language and Ethnicity), Unit 17, pp.45. 3. Vibha Pingle and Ashutosh Varshney, India's Identity Politics: Then and Now, p.384. 4. Dr. Ambedkar’s Vision: Social Justice for the Women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, p.83. 5.

Merunandan K.B, Naveed Ahemed, An Introduction to the Constitution of India, Merugu Pub. Bangalore, 2006, P.226.

6. ibid. 7. Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations, The International Forum for Social Development, United Nations, New York, 2006, p.06. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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8. http//www.indianet.nl/pdf/CasteAnEye.pdf 9. Seminar Proposal Two-Day National Seminar on “Discrimination, Identity and Philosophy of Dr. Ambedkar” 8th-9th April 2013, Dr. Ambedkar Studies Centre (ASC) and Department of Sociology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University established in 1996) Lucknow. 10. ibid.

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RESULT OF ESSAY COMPETITION- 2015

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NEW PUBLICATIONS Year: 2016

For details of other publication, visit to our new website: Shandanjali : Our Publications http://cppispublications.wordpress.com

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RECENT ACTIVITIES Teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Day Celebration-2016 (Ideal Coaching Centre, Pehowa)

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पूना-पैक्ट का आधुननक सन्दर्भ में निन्तन और समीक्षा 24 नसतम्बर , 2016

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PHILOSOPHY NEWS IN INDIA Call for Papers Lokāyata: Journal of Positive Philosophy (ISSN 2249-8389) Joint Issue Vol.VI (No.02) & Vol.VII (No.01), March 2017 Special Issue on “Aristotle and the Good Life” Respected Faculty/Scholar, I would like to invite all academicians from all disciplines to contribute research papers and articles for our journal. Lokāyata: Journal of Positive Philosophy (ISSN 2249-8389) is a bi-annual an online interdisciplinary journal of the Center for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS). UNESCO has declared 2016 the Aristotle Anniversary Year to mark the philosopher’s 2,400th birthday. The 38th session of the UNESCO General Conference held in Paris, was declared Jubilee year 2016 year of Aristotle. Mankind will commemorate the anniversary of the famous philosopher activities worldwide. Aristotle and his philosophical theories are known the world over thanks to the continuation of his teachings and the extensive body of work he left behind. Medieval scholars in the Arab world referred to him as “the first teacher”, his works formed the starting point for many philosophical and scientific theories, and he continues to be regarded as one of humanity’s most important and influential philosophers. In this continuation the present joint issue of Lokāyata: Journal of Positive Philosophy (ISSN 2249-8389) will be a significant tribute to this great scholar. Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that what we seek is eudaimonia, a term translated in this reading as “happiness.” Eudaimonia is better expressed as “well-being” or “excellence of performing the proper function.” When Aristotle explains human virtue, he is not discussing what we now refer to as (Victorian) virtue. He is clarifying the peculiar excellence of human beings in the same manner as we often speak of the peculiar excellence attributable to the nature of a thing. For example, a tool is useful in virtue of the fact that it performs its function well. Aristotle’s purpose in the Nicomachean Ethics is not just to explain the philosophy of the excellence for human beings but also to demonstrate specifically how human beings can lead lives of excellence as activity in accordance with practical and theoretical reason. http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Sub-themes: The following sub-themes are selected for proposed special issue: 1. Aristotle’s Idea of Good Life 2. Aristotle’s Idea of Happiness 3. The Highest Human Good 4. Aristotle’s Notion of Virtues 5. Aristotle’s Ideas of Justice 6. Intellectual Virtues and Ethical Virtues 7. Aristotle’s The Concept of Golden Mean 8. Aristotle’s Concept of Pleasure 9. Aristotle on Friendship 10. Relation of Ethics and Politics 11. Relation of Ethics and Society 12. Educational Implications of Aristotle’s Ethics 13. Relation between Reason and the Virtues 14. Practical applications of Aristotle’s ethics 15. Aristotle and Modern Ethical Thoughts 16. Any other relevant theme. Last date of Paper Submission: 31st January, 2017. Format of Submission: The paper should be typewritten preferably in Times New Roman with 12 font size (English) and Kruti Dev (10) with 14 font size (Hindi) in MS-Word 2003 to 2010 and between 2500 to 3000 words. They should be typed on one side of the paper, double spaced with ample margins. The authors should submit the hard copy along with a CD and a copyright form to be sent to the editorial address. Originality of Work: Only papers which have not been published elsewhere will be considered. Proofs will be sent to the authors if there is sufficient time to do so. An undertaking via a “Forwarding Letter” be submitted alongwith the paper. Reference Style: Notes and references should appear at the end of the research paper/chapter. Citations in the text and references must correspond to each other; do not over reference by giving the obvious/old classic studies or the irrelevant. CPPIS follows The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars. The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities. The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. CPPIS follows the first system i.e. Notes http://milestonereview.webs.com

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and Bibliography. For detail information downloads our "CPPIS Manual for Contributors and Reviewers" from below given links: http://positivephilosophy.webs.com All contributions to the Journal are to be sent to: Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal, Near Guaga Maidi, Balmiki Basti, H.No.255/8, Pehowa, Distt. Kurukshetra (HARYANA)-136128 (India) Mobile No.09896848775, 08288883993, E-mail: cppiskkr@gmail.com, Website: http://lokayatajournal.webs.com

National Level Essay Writing Competition on “The Philosophy of Aristotle” 17th November, 2016 The Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS) Pehowa (Kurukshetra) on the occasion of the 2400 Birth Anniversary of Aristotle & World Philosophy Day-2016, going to organize a National Level Essay Writing Competition on “The Philosophy of Aristotle”. The competition aims at giving an opportunity to the youth of country to come across the various aspects of the philosophy of Aristotle and his contribution to the world of knowledge. Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. UNESCO has declared 2016 the Aristotle Anniversary Year to mark the philosopher‟s 2,400th birthday. The 38th session of the UNESCO General Conference held in Paris, was declared Jubilee year 2016 year of Aristotle. Mankind will commemorate the anniversary of the famous philosopher activities worldwide. Aristotle and his philosophical theories are known the world over thanks to the continuation of his teachings and the extensive body of work he left behind. Medieval scholars in the Arab world referred to him as “the first teacher”, his works formed the starting point for many philosophical and scientific theories, and he continues to be regarded as one of humanity‟s most important and influential philosophers. In this continuation the essay competition will be a significant tribute to this great scholar from our Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS) Pehowa (Kurukshetra). You can visit the following webpage for our all initiative related to celebrating 2400 years of Aristotle: http://aristotle2400.wordpress.com http://milestonereview.webs.com

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Eligibility: All students pursuing any Undergraduate or Post Graduate courses from recognized college/institute/university. Age limit is 25 years or below for this competition. Prizes: Prizes will be given to top 5 entries and a certificate also provided to those who follow proper guidelines. Submission Guidelines: 

The essays submitted by the participants must be in „English and Hindi‟ language only.

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The essay must be typed in Microsoft Word with Times New Roman, Font size 12, 1.5 linear spacing.

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Co-authorship is allowed.

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Word Limit: 2000 Maximum words including footnotes.

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The participants submitting an entry in this essay contest need to affirm that the entry is his/her own work. Plagiarism can lead to outright rejection of submission.

Criteria of Evaluation: The criteria to be applied in evaluating the entries are: 

Originality of the content

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Creativity and Rationality

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Style and Presentation of content

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Clarity and proper citations

Registration and Submission: There is no registration fee for this essay competition. Participants should submit their essay with 10th class certificate and institutional ID proof along with registration form till 20th November 2016 on the given address. An advance copy of all documents should be submitted before last date via email id cppiskkr@gmail.com

For any details, Contact: Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal, Department of Philosophy, P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh-160011. Mobile No.08288883993 http://aristotle2400.wordpress.com

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CONTRIBUTORS OF THIS ISSUE  Mr. Ram Bhagat, M. Phil. Research Scholar, Department of Education, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.  Ms. Sushila, M. Phil. Research Scholar, Department of History, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.  Dr. Prakash Chandra Badwaya, Assistant Professor, Department of History, P. G. Govt. College for Girls , Sector-11, Chandigarh.  Mr. Devdas Saket, Research Scholar (Philosophy), Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.)  Ms. Sonalika Saket, Village Amla, PO Dagarua, Tehsil Mangawan, Distt. Riwa, Madhya Pradesh.  Mr. Ram Juwari, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.  Mr. Manoj Kumar, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.  Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal, Assistant Professor (Philosophy), P. G. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh.

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