Building services system by Mc MinChuen

dpulze Shopping centre, cy b e r j aya .

Bui l di ng Serv i ces ( BLD 60 903/A R C 24 2 3 ) Project 1 : Case St udy of Bu ild in g Services in P u b lic Bu ild in g s P rep a red By : Tan Mi n C h u e n 03 2 2 93 8 Chang Hu ey Yi 03 2 2 898 Lee Yet Yee 03 2 2 3 2 8 Ng Kwa n g Z h o u 03 2 2 802 Li m Wo o Leo n 03 2 2 1 80 Teoh J u n Xia n g 03 2 2 0 99 Tu to r : Ar. Satee ra h Ha ss a n

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER : 1. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION - NG KWANG ZHOU 1.1 Literature Review

1.2 Introduction to Active Fire System

1.3 Water based System

1.3.1 External Fire Hydrants

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.3.2 Hose Reel System

1. Hose Reel (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 2. Hose Reel Pump 3. Reinforce Concrete Hose Reel Tank (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.3.3 Wet Riser System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

- Conclusion 1.3.4 Automatic Sprinkler System

1. Sprinkler Pump Room 2. Fire Sprinkler Head Component (A) Regulations UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.4 Non Water-based System

1.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Suppression System

1.4.2 Dry Chemical Agents

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.5 Alarm & Detection System and Devices 1.5.1 Fire Control Room

44 44

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 1.5.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel

1.5.3 Fire Alarm Bell

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.5.4 Firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Switch

1.5.5 Voice Communication System

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 1.5.6 Manual Pull Station

1.5.7 Smoke Detector

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

- Conclusion 1.5.8 Heat Detector System

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.6 Smoke Control 1.6.1 Smoke Spill System

55 55

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 1.6.2 Supply Ventilation System

1. Stairwell pressurization system (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 2. Lift lobby pressurization system (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 1.7 Conclusion

2. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION - TAN MIN CHUEN 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Means of Escape 2.2.1 Escape Route 1. Commercial Area (UG & G) 2. Basement Parking Area (P2 & P3) 3. Mix use Basement Area (P1 & LG) 4. Upper floor Carpark and Mix use Area (M, F, 1F, 2F) 5. Evacuation Route Distance (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement - Conclusion

64 65 65

2.2.2 Exits

1. Horizontal Exits 2. Staircase (Vertical Exit) (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement - UBBL 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirement - Conclusion 2.2.3 Fire Escape Plan

2.2.4 Emergency Exit Signage

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement - Conclusion 2.2.5 Assembly Point

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement - Conclusion 2.3 Passive Containment 2.3.1 Compartmentation

84 84

1. Compartmentation of means of escape 2. Compartmentation of fire risk area (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement - Conclusion 2.3.2 Flame Containment

1. Fire Rated Door 2. Fire Shutter 2.3.3 Structural Fire Protection

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement - Conclusion 2.4 Fire Fighting Access 2.4.1 Fire Fighting Shaft 1. Fire fighting staircase 2. Fire fighting lift 3. Fire fighting lobby (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire

91 91

Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 2.5 Conclusion

3. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM - TEOH JUN XIANG 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation

96 96

1. Definition of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 2. Importance of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 3.1.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

1. Supply Ventilation System 2. Exhaust Ventilation System 3. Balanced Ventilation System 3.1.3 Comparison of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 3.2 Case Study: DPULZE Shopping Centre

100 101

3.2.1 Supply Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre

101

1. Stairwell Pressurization System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 3.2.2 Exhaust Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre 1. Atrium Smoke Spill System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 2. Car Park Exhaust System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and fire Fighting Access - Conclusion

108

3. Kitchen Exhaust System 4. Toilet Exhaust System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Third Schedule - Conclusion 5. Utility Room Exhaust System (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access - Conclusion 3.3 Conclusion

128

4. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM - LIM WOO LEON 4.1. Introduction and Function

129

4.2 Literature Review

130

4.2.1 District Cooling System

131

4.2.2 Shell and Tube heat exchanger

131

4.2.3 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

131

4.2.4 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

131

4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Central Chiller Plant

132 135

(A) Regulations - MS 1525 Code 8.8 - Conclusion 4.3.2 Distribution network

137

4.3.3 User Station

137

1. Heat Exchanger (HE) 2. Condenser and Chilled Water Pump (A) Regulations - MS 1525 Code 8.11.1 - Conclusion 3. Control Panel 4. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) 5. Air Handling Unit (AHU) 6. Diffuser 7. Duct System (A) Regulations

- MS 1525 Code 8.6 - Conclusion 8. Pipe System (A) Regulations - MS 1525 Code 8.5 - Conclusion 4.4 Analysis

150

4.4.1 District Cooling is Environmental Friendly (150)

150

4.4.2 Benefits of District Cooling System (150)

150

4.5 Conclusion

150

5. MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM - ELEVATOR - LEE YET YEE Literature Review

151

5.1 Elevator

151

5.2 Types of Elevators

151

5.2.1 Traction Elevator

151

5.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator

152

5.2.3 Climbing Elevator

153

5.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator

153

5.3 Case Study

154

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part V Structural Requirement 5.3.1 Overview

154

5.3.2 Component of System

155

1. Machine Room 2. Elevator Shaft (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 3. Elevator Car ( Exterior ) 4. Elevator Cabin ( Interior ) 5.4 Operating System

172

5.5 Safety Features

173

1.Apron 2.Safety Door Edge

3.Safety Gear 4.Smoke Detectors (A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements - Conclusion 5.6 Locations & Design Consideration

177

5.7 Conclusion

179

6. MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM - ESCALATOR - CHANG HUEY YI 6.1 Introduction

180

6.2 Case Study : DPULZE Shopping Centre

180

6.3 Arrangement of Escalators

180

6.3.1 Parallel Arrangement

180

6.3.2 Criss-cross Arrangement

181

6.4 Components of Escalator 6.4.1. Landing Platforms

181 181

1. Floor Plate 2. Comb Plate 6.4.2 Truss

183

6.4.3 Tracks

184

6.4.4 Steps

187

6.4.5 Handrail

188

6.4.6 Balustrade

189

6.4.7 Drive System

190

1. Drive System 2. Gear Reducer 3. The Step Drive System 4. Handrail Drive System 6.5 Safety Features

197

6.5.1 Emergency Stop Button (E-STOP)

197

6.5.2 Caution Signs

197

6.5.3 Step Demarcation Lights

198

6.5.4 Step Demarcation Lines

198

6.5.5 Skirt Brushes

199

6.5.6 Flat Steps

199

6.5.7 Missing Steps Detector

199

6.5.8 Handrail & Headroom Clearance

200

6.6 Locations & Design Consideration

200

6.7 Conclusion

202

REFERENCES

203

INTRODUCTION

Address: DPULZE, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyber 12, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor.

DPULZE Shopping Centre is a neighbourhood mall conveniently located in Cyberjaya. The commercial building features a variety of retail outlets which cater the needs of the surrounding community. DPulze is the only complete integrated development in the area that comes equipped with a 203-room 4-star international hotel managed by The Ascott Ltd, a 162-room Tune Hotels, 505 units of fully-sold apartments, as well as a retail mall to anchor its mix. It is situated directly opposite the main transportation terminal in Cyberjaya and facing Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s busy main road, the shopping centre is highly accessible, providing convenience to its users.

ABSTRACT This is a group project which aims to conduct a case study on building service systems applied and installed in multi-storey buildings. As a group, we were introduced to the common systems that are used in a bigger volume of space to develop our own understanding of the application of building services in the construction industry. The completion of this project will prove to be useful in future design projects to ensure that building design proposals are practical and efficient. The in depth research conducted also develops our understanding and familiarization in applying the correct graphic communications according to the required standards, such as MS1184 and UBBL 1984. In the process of researching, one of the methodologies used was to identify a building as our selected case study, and in our case, the DPULZE Shopping Centre, as it is equipped with all the required service components. A site visit, which was guided by Mr. Loong, the Facilities and Maintenance Manager of DPULZE Shopping Centre, was conducted on the 6th of October 2017 to allow our group members to collect the necessary information on site. A thorough study on all the service systems was made, which includes mechanical ventilation systems, air-conditioning system, fire protection systems (active and passive fire protection system) and mechanical transportation systems (elevator and escalator/ travellator). Throughout the research conducted, we were able to learn and obtain valuable insights on the details of each and every systems identifiable within our selected case study. Thus, an awareness is created within ourselves regarding the importance and impact of service systems within a manmade environment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to our tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan, for providing us guidance throughout the duration of the project. The dedication and patience portrayed by our tutor ensured that we were able to meet all the requirements of this assignment. In addition, we would like to thank Mr. Loong Seh Siang, the Facilities and Maintenance Manager of DPULZE Shopping Centre, for conducting the site visit despite his busy schedule. His valuable insights and knowledge allowed us to fully understand and identify the service systems applied in the DPULZE Shopping Centre. Lastly, the project would not be completed without the commitment portrayed by each and every group member.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: External fire hydrant outside DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.2: The fixed manual hose reel in car park (left) and hose reel room (right) (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.3: The hose real pump system in DPULZE shopping center (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.4: Hose reel tank in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.5: Water pipe connect to RC Hose Reel Tank in DPULZE in sprinkler room. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.6: Wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher in firefighting lobby in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.7: Main switch (top left & right),Sprinkler pump room & water pump (bottom). (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure1.8: Jockey pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.9: Duty pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.10: Standby pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.11: Fire sprinkler head components. (Source: QRSF, 2017) Figure 1.12: Upright sprinkler in basement car park ( left ) and pendent sprinkler in shopping mall ( right ). (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.13: Switch for sprinkler system in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.14: The location of sprinkler in P3 floor of DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.15: Carbon dioxide tank of CO2 suppression system in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.16: ABC dry powder extinguisher in mall (left) and car park (right). (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.17: The exterior of the fire control room in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.18: The fire alarm bell on the car parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wall in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.19: Firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s switches in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.20: Intercom handset station in emergency staircase. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.21: Manual pull station in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.22: Smoke detector at ceiling of DPULZE shopping center (left). (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.23: Fire smoke spill system in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.24: Emergency pressurize staircase in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.25: Lift lobby located on Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 1.26: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied air into the lift lobby of Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 1.27: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the lobby area of Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017) Figure 2.1: Lift lobby in M level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 2.2: Staircase in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.3 Fire escape plan of UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.4 Emergency exit signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.5 Assembly point signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.6 Assembly point in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.7 Liquid petroleum storage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.8 Certificate of fire rating door in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.9 Fire rated door in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.10 Fire shutter in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.11 Precast concrete columns in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.12 Firefighting lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 2.13 Fire fighter key switch for fire lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 2.14 Reference of fire fighter key switch for fire lift. (Source: Youtube, 2017) Figure 2.15 Firefighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.1: Axial inlet fan with the manual control switches beside the fan. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.2: Ductworks leading to the stairwell. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.3: Ductwork supplies air to the duct system enclosed behind the wall. The pressure relief damper is also visible (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.4: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.5: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied air into the lift lobby of M level. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 3.6: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the M level lobby area (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.7: Atrium within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.8: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.9: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.10: Car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.11: Axial smoke spill fans in car parks. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.12: Rectangular sheet metal ductworks in the car park area. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.13: Outlet grilles located along the metal ductworks. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.14: Ah Cheng Laksa outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Figure 3.15: Boat Noodle outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Figure 3.16: Campur-Campur Kitchen outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Figure 3.17: BBQ Chicken outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Figure 3.18: A typical kitchen exhaust hood. (Source: Kim, 2017) Figure 3.19: Kitchen exhaust hood and galvanized sheet steel ductwork in Restoran Sana Sini of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.20: Release vent located next to the car park. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.21: A typical centrifugal fan. (Source: Smith, 2017)

Figure 3.22: Exhaust grilles above urinals. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.23: The absence of ceilings reveals the ductworks above the toilet. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.24: Exhaust points on the ductwork. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 3.25: Axial exhaust fan placed within a metal casing. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.26: The entrance to the HEX room of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Air grilles are visible at the top right corner of the entrance. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 3.27: Air grilles outside of the HEX room function to release extracted or fumes to the exterior environment (car park). (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.28: Ductworks and axial exhaust fan within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.29: The thermostat used within the HEX room. Once the temperature within the room exceeds the pre-set temperature of 35 °C, the exhaust fans will automatically activate. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.30: Exhaust system control panel within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 3.31: Axial exhaust fans used within the AHU room. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Figure 4.1: Central chiller plant. (Source:LLC, 2017) Figure 4.2: The Megajana district cooling system, Cyberjaya. (Source: Zengkun, 2017) Figure 4.3: Megajana’s chiller plant. (Source: AHAR, 2013) Figure 4.4: View of Megajana’s thermal energy storage tank. (Source: Anmas Corp., 2008) Figure 4.5: Plate Type Heat Exchanger used by DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 4.6: Condenser and chilled water pump used in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 4.7: Control panels located at the chiller plant room of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 4.8: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) in the Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: Lim, 2017) Figure 4.9: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) located in a retail shop. (Source: Lim, 2017) Figure 4.10: Air Handling Unit (AHU) in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 4.11: An example of an Extended Surface Filter. (Source: Systemair, 2011)

Figure 4.12: Filter Compartment within the Air Handling Unit of DPULZE Mall. (Source: Tan 2017) Figure 4.13: An example of a cooling coil in an (AHU). (Source :Indiamart, 2011) Figure 4.14: Humidifier in an AHU.. (Source: Honeywell, 2015) Figure 4.15: DPULZE mall plan showing the location of Air Handling Unit. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 4.16: Diffuser used in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017) Figure 4.17: Duct system in one of the restaurants in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017) Figure 4.18: Colour coded piping system of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 5.1 Climbing elevators (Source : Universal Elevators, 2015) Figure 5.2 Pneumatic elevator (Source : ARQUIGRAFICO-NET, 2014) Figure 5.3 Thyssenkrupp company (Source : thyssenkrupp AG, 2017) Figure 5.4 Elevator machine room (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.5 Traction sheave (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017) Figure 5.6 Gear box (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.7 Overspeed governor (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.8 Suspension ropes from machine room to elevator car (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.9 Elevator controller (Source: Lee, 2017) Figure 5.10 Control panel (Source: Tan, 2017) Figure 5.11 Steel suspension ropes (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017) Figure 5.12 Guide rails at the elevator shaft (Source: Marine Insight, 2017) Figure 5.13 Landing door interlock (Source: Lee, 2017) Figure 5.14 Oil buffer (Source: Nova elevator, 2015) Figure 5.15 Stainless-steel car walls (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.16 False ceiling (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.17 Glossy porcelain tiles finishing (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.18 Operating panel (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.19 Dot-matrix floor indicator (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.20 Cylindrical stainless-steel handrail (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.21 Elevator car apron (Source: ALGI, 2017) Figure 5.22 Photo-electric & infrared sensor at car door edge (Source: Chang, 2017) Figure 5.23 Smoke detectors at lift lobby (Source: misterjtbarbers, 2017) Figure 5.24 Lift lobby at DPULZE shopping center (Source: Lee, 2017) Figure 6.1 : Landing platform. (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.2 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.3 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.4 : Parallel arrangement. (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.5 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.6 : Top platform (Contains the motor assembly and main drive gear.) (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.7 : Bottom platform (Holds the step return idler sprockets.) (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.8 : Close-up photo of landing platform (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.9 : Floor Plate (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.10 : Comb plate. (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.11 : Truss (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Figure 6.12 : Circle tracks (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Figure 6.13 : Escalator steps (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.14 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.15 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.16 : External drive (Source : Google, 2017) Figure 6.17 : Internal drive (Source : Google, 2017) Figure 6.18 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.19 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.20 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.21 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.22 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.23 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.24 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.25 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.26 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.27 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.28 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.29 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017) Figure 6.30 : Handrail & headroom clearance (Source : Chang, 2017)

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1.1: The chart showing the overview of active fire protection (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.2: Operation of fire hydrant system. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.3: The overall layout of hose reel system (Source: Green Simex Engineering Sdn.Bhd, 2017) Diagram 1.4: Location of hose reel in M floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.5: Location of hose reel in LG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.6: Location of hose reel in UG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.7: Location of hose reel in G floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.8: Location of hose reel in F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.9: Location of hose reel in 1F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.10: Location of hose reel in 2F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.11: Location of hose reel in P1 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.12: Location of hose reel in P2 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.13: Location of hose reel in P3 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.14: Types of the bulb liquid color in water sprinkler. (Source: QRSF, 2017) Diagram1.15: CO2 suppression system work. (Source: UNITED, 2017) Diagram 16: Typical primary and slave cylinder arrangement. (Source: Janus Fire System, 2017) Diagram 1.17: Types of fire extinguisher. (Source: Vulcanus Fire Consultants, 2017) Diagram 1.18: Operation of fire extinguisher. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.19: The location of alarm & detection system and devices of the mall. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.20: The location of smoke detector, flow switch, clean agent gas discharged, break glass and carbon dioxide gas discharged in LG floor (G2). (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.21: The fire alarm control panel and overall layout of fire alarm control panel. (Source: Aman Safety Company, 2017)

Diagram 1.22: Procedure of fire control panel system. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 1.23: Process of photoelectric smoke detector (right). (Simply Safe, 2017) Diagram 1.24: Heat detector and diagram of heat detector works. (Source: Apollo Fire detector, 2017) Diagram 1.25: The fire smoke spill from building. (Source: National Research Council Canada, 2017) Diagram 1.26: Stairwell pressurization system during fire hazard in DPULZE mall. (Source: Ng, 2017) Diagram 2.1: Floor composition of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.2: Evacuation route on UG floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.3: Evacuation route on G floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.4: Evacuation route on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.5: Evacuation route on P3 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.6: Evacuation route on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.7: Evacuation route on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.8: Evacuation route on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.9: Evacuation route on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.10: Evacuation route on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.11: Evacuation route on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.12: Hotspots and exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.13 Vertical exit route of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.14: Exits on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.15: Exits on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.16: Exits on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.17: Exits on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.18: Exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.19: Exits on G floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.20: Exits on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.21: Exits on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.22 Exits on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.23: Exits on P3 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.24 Assembly point in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.25: Fire compartments on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.26: Fire compartments on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.27: Fire compartments on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.28 First phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.29 Second phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.30: Composition of firefighting shaft in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.31: Location of firefighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 3.1: Supply ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017) Diagram 3.2: Exhaust ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017) Diagram 3.3: Balanced ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017). Diagram 3.4: “Heat recovery” ventilation (HRV). (Source: Klenck, 2017) Diagram 3.5: “Energy recovery” ventilation (ERV). (Source: The Worlds of David Darling, 2017) Diagram 3.6: Stairwell pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre using proportional damper control. (Source: belimo, 2017) Diagram 3.7: Conventional smoke spill systems used in multi-storey building atriums. (Source: Chacon and Kerber, 2017) Diagram 3.8: High temperature smoke spill axial fan. (Source: Nuaire, 2017) Diagram 3.9: Traditional car park exhaust system. (Source: Khan, 2017) Diagram 3.10: A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: SANTONE, 2017)

Diagram 3.11: Function of kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: IowaFireControl, 2017) Diagram 3.12: Kitchen exhaust hood details. (Source: Piubellini, 2017) Diagram 3.13: Axial exhaust fan details. (Source: Nuaire, 2017) Diagram 3.14: Details of exhaust grilles. (Source: Bathrooms Remodelling, 2017) Diagram 3.15: Replenishment of exhaust air within a toilet. (Source: Coles Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2017) Diagram 4.1: District cooling system process diagram. (Source: CityU, 2017) Diagram 4.2: District heating and cooling system schematic diagram. (Source: Vesselyn, 2017) Diagram 4.3: Distribution network diagram. (Source: HKSARG, 2011) Diagram 4.4: Shell & tube heat exchanger diagram. (Source: Indiamart, 2011) Diagram 4.5: Plate type heat exchanger diagram. (Source: A. Laval, 2017) Diagram 4.6: Section of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: C. Brennand, 2016) Diagram 4.7: Centrifugal Fan Compartment. (Source: C. Brennand, 2016) Diagram 5.1 Geared traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.2 Gearless traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.3 Different types of hydraulic elevators (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.4 Climbing elevator frame (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2004) Diagram 5.5 Pneumatic elevator components (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003) Diagram 5.6 Components of elevator (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017) Diagram 5.7 Elevator machine room components (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017) Diagram 5.8 Overspeed governor components (Source: IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003) Diagram 5.9 Suspension ropes configuration (Source: Yale Robbins, 2003) Diagram 5.10 Elevator shaft components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.11 Different roping system for suspension cable (Source: Industrial electronics, 2017) Diagram 5.12 Placement of counterweight in plan view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

Diagram 5.13 Counterweight -sectional view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015) Diagram 5.14 Components of counterweight (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.15 Car guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017) Diagram 5.16 Counterweight guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017) Diagram 5.17 Landing door mechanism (Source: XINDA, 2017) Diagram 5.18 Oil buffer - section & plan view (Source: Nova elevator, 2015) Diagram 5.19 Elevator car components - exterior (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017) Diagram 5.20 Car sling components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.21 Components of maintenance balustrade (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.22 Elevator cabin components (Source: Hitachi elevator, 2017) Diagram 5.23 False ceiling compartments (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.24 Components of car platform (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.25 Components of operating panels (Source: Lee, 2017) Diagram 5.26 Components of handrails (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.27 Engineering diagram of elevator operating system (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.28 Placement of apron (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.29 Safety elevator door edge (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017) Diagram 5.30 Safety gear components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Diagram 5.31 Basement plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 5.32 Upper ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 5.33 Lower ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 5.34 Ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 5.35 Second floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 6.1 : Criss-cross arrangement (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.2 : Components of escalator (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Diagram 6.3 : Axonometric drawing of landing platforms (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Diagram 6.4 : Truss sections (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Diagram 6.5 : Track system (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Diagram 6.6 : Tracks assembly major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Diagram 6.7 : Steps major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) Diagram 6.8 : Handrail assembly (Source : Google, 2017) Diagram 6.9 : Handrail components (Source : Google, 2017) Diagram 6.10 : Escalator exterior (balustrade) (Source : Pinterest, 2017) Diagram 6.11 : Drive systems (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017) Diagram 6.12 : Drive machine & gear reducer (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017) Diagram 6.13 : Modular drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017) Diagram 6.14 : The main drive gear (gear reducer) (Source : Pinterest, 2017) Diagram 6.15 : Step drive system (Source : Google, 2017) Diagram 6.16 : Step drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017) Diagram 6.17 : Handrail Drive System (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017) Diagram 6.18 : Second floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 6.19 : Upper ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 6.20 : Ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 6.21 : Lower ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017) Diagram 6.22 : Basement plan (Source, DPULZE, 2017)

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Evacuation route distance for different purpose group. (Source: Tan, 2017) Table 2.2: Classification of places of assembly. (Source: Tan, 2017) Table 3.1: Comparison of mechanical ventilation systems. (Source: Energy.gov, 2017)

FIR E PROTECTION SYSTEM

C a s e Stud y o f Build ing S ervices i n Pub lic Build ing s ( 1 ) Ac tive System

D PU L Z E S h o p p i n g Ce n t re

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work proficiently when fire hazard occur. The aim of AFP is for detecting and alerting the occupants during a fire hazard and seeking to eliminate fire out of the building. Action may be manually operated through fire extinguishers or automatic, like sprinkler. Active Fire Protection is mainly made up of water based system, non-water based system, alarm and detection system and smoke control system, to warn occupants of an outbreak and to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken. Water based system mainly provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout the building during a fire hazard. For example water sprinkler system are installed in all types of building including commercial and residential building. It is usually located on the ceiling and are connected to water resources. When fire hazard occurs, sprinkler systems are used to diminish the fire. In case of fire due to electrical equipment, pouring water worsens the situation and may prove fatal. Hence, firefighting equipment such as non-water-based system is use for this reason. One of the example is fire extinguisher. Fire extinguisher is one of the basic active fire protection tools that can be found in our daily life. During a fire accident, extinguishers can be used for initial fire outbreak and to prevent full scale fire escalation. Alarm and detecting systems are usually the first line of active fire protection such as smoke detector system. Smoke systems are used to detect the presence of fire and/or smoke in a building. Hence during a fire emergency, the detector will send a signal to the control room so that the required actions can be taken immediately. Last but not least, smoke control system functions by controlling the volume of smoke trapped in a building or a space. Pressurize staircase connected with an axial inlet fan functions in preventing smoke to enter the stairwell when fire hazard occurs. The active fire system also needs to be reliable and the design of the system should function according to the requirements that are stated in the UBBL 1984.

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION The active fire protection system can be partitioned into four main branches. The first is water based system which includes an external fire hydrant, hose reel system, wet riser system ( internal and external) and an automatic sprinkler system ( pendent and upright ). The second is a non-water based system which includes a carbon dioxide system and a dry chemical agent. The third is the alarm and detection system and devices which include fire control, manual call point, voice communication system and many which function to warn occupants of an outbreak and to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken and the last system which is smoke control includes a smoke spill system and supply ventilation.

Diagram1.1: The chart showing the overview of active fire protection. (Source: Ng, 2017)

1.3 WATER BASED SYSTEM Water is the most natural of all extinguishing agents and is usually available in sufficient quantities at a reasonable price. It prevents smoke as well as pollutants to escape immediately from the fire hydrant, hose reel system, wet riser system and automatic sprinkler system.

1.3.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS

Figure 1.1: External fire hydrant outside DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Based on the site analysis, there are total of 6 external fire hydrants located outside of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Most of the external fire hydrant is located at the corner of the junction outside of the building which provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout the building. The external fire hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay, thus speeding up the firefighting process. The external fire hydrant system also known as water distribution system, consists of a water tank, suction piping, fire pump and a distributed piping system. The distributed piping system establishes connectivity throughout the building through fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles. Water can be supplied through the fire hydrant system as a straight stream once the hose is connected with the switched on valve.

The diagram below shows the operation of a fire hydrant system:

Diagram 1.2: Operation of a fire hydrant system. (Source: Ng, 2017)

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 225 (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The external fire hydrant system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 225. (2).As shown by Figure 1.1, external fire hydrant systems are located at the corner junction of the DPULZE Shopping Centre which can be easily access by firefighter if fire hazard occur.

1.3.2. Hose reel system

Diagram 1.3: The overall layout of hose reel system. (Source: Green Simex Engineering Sdn.Bhd, 2017) Hose reel system is intended for occupants to use during the early stages of fire. The system comprises of a hose reel pump, water storage tank, hose reel, pipe works and valves. When the tank is located on the roof, the hose reels may be fed directly from the hose reel tank by gravity.

The components in a hose reel system include: 1. Hose Reel

Figure 1.2: The fixed manual hose reel in car park (left) and hose reel room (right). (Source: Tan, 2017) 22

Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' firefighting measure but in some instances, can also be used by firefighters. When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel valve, opening the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the wound hose, and finally close the nozzle. This achieves two principle objectives, the first will be that the depressurized hose and the hose reel seal will last longer than a permanently pressurized hose reel. The second objective is when the hose reel is used next, the operator will be forced to turn on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with pressurized water supply, before being able to drag the hose to the fire. A potential danger exists if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is available as the hose reel valve is still closed.

Diagram 1.4: Location of hose reel in M floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.5: Location of hose reel in LG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.6: Location of hose reel in UG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) 24

Diagram 1.7: Location of hose reel in G floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.8: Location of hose reel in F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) 25

Diagram 1.9: Location of hose reel in 1F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.10: Location of hose reel in 2F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017) 26

Diagram 1.11: Location of hose reel in P1 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.12: Location of hose reel in P2 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.13: Location of hose reel in P3 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

(A) Regulation ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 231 (1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The hose reel system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 231. As shown in Diagram 1.4 to Diagram 1.13, there are total of 24 exposed hose reels located in 10 stories from level M to level P3 in DPULZE Shopping Centre. However there is only 1 hose reel located at level F, level 1F and level P3 which might become a concern and risk when fire hazards occur. Besides, there are no exposed hose reels located at level 2F which will result in difficulty in terms of accessibility for fire fighters when fire hazards occur. The basic requirement for a building as a precaution for fire hazard is by having a hose reel system at every single floor. 28

2. Hose Reel Pump

Figure 1.3: The hose real pump system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The hose reel pump is part of a water based system and is powered by electric, diesel or steam. The hose reel pump is located in the sprinkler pump room. The pump provides water flow at higher pressure to the sprinkler system riser and hose standpipes. It is used an emergency water supply if there is an occurrence of fire. The hose reel pumps are needed when the external fire hydrant cannot provide sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirement of the fire sprinkler system. This hose reel pump system can usually be found in high rise buildings like DPULZE Shopping Centre in order to provide large amounts of water during an emergency.

3. Reinforced Concrete Hose Reel Tank

Figure 1.4: Hose reel tank in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.5: Water pipe connect to RC Hose Reel Tank in DPULZE in sprinkler room. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The hose reel tank is located in the sprinkler pump room to supply a large amount of water to a hose reel pump system.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 247 (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. (3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The water storage system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 247. As shown in Figure 1.4, the type of water storage used by DPULZE Shopping Centre is a reinforced concrete hose reel tank which pumped by a water pipe as shown in Figure 1.5.

1.3.3. WET RISER SYSTEM Wet risers are used to supply water within buildings for fire-fighting purposes. The provision of a built-in water distribution system means that fire fighters do not need to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire. According to UBBL 1984, wet riser system is built when the building is higher than 30.5m. Wet riser system is permanently charged with water unlike dry risers which do not contain water when they are not being used, but are charged with water by fire service pumping appliances when necessary. Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurized supply, often pumped from a storage tank, with landing valves at a specified location on each floor.

Figure 1.6: Wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher in the firefighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The wet riser system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 231. As shown in Figure 1.6, wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher is located in the firefighting lobby near by the firefighting access lobby. During fire hazards, the firefighter can access the firefighting lobby safely and easily to assemble their equipment before extinguishing the fire.

1.3.4. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM An automatic fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, which consist of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically it was only used in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.

1. Sprinkler Pump Room

Figure 1.7: Main switch (top left & right), Sprinkler pump room & water pump (bottom). (Source: Tan, 2017)

The sprinkler pump room acts as a main control room for the sprinkler system. Each sprinkler system is mainly built with a jockey pump, standby pump and a duty pump. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the sprinkler room consist of 2 water tanks for the sprinkler water supply. The sprinkler pump room will transmit the pressurized water to the water sprinkler system at a predetermined pressure. In the event of fire hazard, the glass bulb inside the sprinkler will burst due to high temperature, the pressure on the system to drop. When the pressure is around 75% of the standing pressure, the jockey pump will function and activate automatically. Further drops in the pressure, the duty pump will function and activate automatically for about 50% of the standing pressure in order to boot up the pressure loss in the system. The standby pump will act as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Back-upâ&#x20AC;? pump which will start automatically about 35% of the standing pressure if the Duty Pump fails to start.

Below are the cut in pressure and cut off pressure of the sprinkler system in DPULZE Shopping Centre:

Jockey Pump Cut in pressure:

70psi

Cut off pressure: 90psi

Duty Pump Cut in pressure:

50psi

Cut off pressure: Manual

Standby Pump Cut in pressure:

30psi

Cut off pressure:

Manual

(A) Jockey Pump

Figure1.8: Jockey pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017) A jockey pump, or a pressure-maintenance pump, is a small apparatus that works together with a fire pump as part of a fire-protection sprinkler system. It is designed to keep the pressure in the system elevated to a specific level when the system is not in use, so that the fire pump does not have to run all the time and the system will not go off randomly. It can also help prevent the system from damage when a fire happens by rushing water into the pipes. These devices consist of a three-part assembly which include a pump, motor, and a controller.

(B) Duty Pump

Figure 1.9: Duty pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017) 35

A duty pump is mainly used to generate pressure to ensure a continuous water pumping process. During a fire hazard, the fire pump is triggered when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a certain set-point. If one or more fire sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and opens, the sprinkler system pressure drops and the pressure switches give off a signal and the duty pump will be triggered.

Figure 1.10: Standby pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017) A standby pump also serves to pump water as an alternative if the duty pump and jockey pump are not functioning.

2. Fire Sprinkler Head Component A sprinkler will be activated within seconds when fire is detected. It is also a useful active fire system which is effective in putting out fire during their early stages. There is a glass or quartzite build that contains liquid to prevent leakage. There are different colors of liquid in the build above which debate different operating temperatures as the size of the air bubble changes. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the type of sprinkler chosen is installed with the red colored liquid.

Diagram 1.14: Types of the bulb liquid color in a water sprinkler. (Source: QRSF, 2017)

Figure 1.11: Fire sprinkler head components. (Source: QRSF, 2017)

Figure 1.12: Upright sprinkler in the basement car park (left) and pendent sprinkler in the shopping mall (right). (Source: Tan, 2017) 37

Figure 1.13: Switch for sprinkler system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

There are total of two types of water sprinkler heads which are the upright sprinkler (left) and pendent sprinkler (right). Upright sprinklers are used for outdoor areas such as basement car park and loading bay while pendent sprinklers are used inside the mall. The reason of using an upright sprinkler at the basement car park and loading bay is due to its low ceiling level. Water sprinklers will be activated if the air temperature exceeds more than 75 degree Celsius. Besides, the water sprinklers are installed with a distance of 2 meter intervals on the ceiling at DPULZE shopping mall

. 38

Figure 1.14: The location of sprinkler in level P3 of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) (A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 228 (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority (2) All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The fire sprinkler system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 225. (2). As shown by Figure 1.14, fire sprinkler systems are arranged effectively in DPULZE Shopping Centre which allows the ease of putting out fire at an early stage.

1.4 NON WATER-BASED SYSTEM Fire can be smothered using various traditional methodologies such as pouring of water. However, in case of fire due to electrical equipment, pouring water worsens the situation and may prove fatal. Hence, firefighting equipment such as non-water-based system is safe for use only during an emergency. The non-water-based system consists of carbon dioxide system and dry chemical agents. It is normally initiated by an electrical fire system and by releasing gas agents rapidly to extinguish a fire. The selection of gas agent depends on the application, the level of risk and life safety factors.

1.4.1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

Diagram1.15: CO2 suppression system work. (Source: UNITED, 2017)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression is a type of system where carbon dioxide are stored in cylinders under great pressure. Carbon dioxide is a colorless chemical inert gas which can extinguish fire by lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire suppression makes CO2 suppression system highly effective, requiring minimal clean-up and it should be used in unoccupied hazard locations.

Figure 1.15: Carbon dioxide tank of CO2 suppression system in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, this carbon dioxide suppression system is being controlled by the control room. The CO2 system is designed to be operated automatically and manually to extinguish fire. The whole CO2 suppression system is controlled and monitored by a CO2 control panel.

Diagram 16: Typical primary and slave cylinder arrangement. (Source: Janus Fire System, 2017)

1.4.2. DRY CHEMICAL AGENTS The fire extinguisher can be divided into 5 major classes, where each class responds to different type of fire situation.

Diagram 1.17: Types of fire extinguisher. (Source: Vulcanus Fire Consultants, 2017) 41

Figure 1.16: ABC dry powder extinguisher in mall (left) and car park (right). (Source: Tan, 2017) Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device and is commonly used for initial outbreak of fire and to prevent full scale fire escalation. A fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. The fire extinguisher shall be located close to the proximity of a fire hazard site and will be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all direction. In the image below shows the operation of a fire extinguisher.

Diagram 1.18: Operation of a fire extinguisher. (Source: Ng, 2017)

1. Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 227 Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The fire extinguisher that used within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 227. As shown by Figure 1.16, fire extinguisher used in DPULZE Shopping Centre is the ABC type fire extinguisher which is placed nearby the staircase and lift so that it can equipped easily during a fire hazard.

1.5 ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM AND DEVICES Alarm and detection systems are usually the first line of active fire protection as they are activated first either being triggered by one of the detection devices above, or through a human pulling an alarm handle manually. In most buildings and structures, a tripped alarm sounds, bells or horns and/or activates strobes to alert occupants to evacuate. In addition, it will send an electronic signal to alert the fire department to respond.

1.5.1. FIRE CONTROL ROOM

Figure 1.17: The exterior of the fire control room in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The fire control room of DPULZE Shopping Centre is located at the ground level facing the main road. It is a space where controls for the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fire protection systems, fire pump, secondary water supply, air-handling systems, alarm system, and communications and control system that can be manually controlled. The fire control room consist of a huge mimic diagram by showing the smoke detector, alarm bells and fireman intercom of the DPULZE Shopping Centre. Besides, the fire control room also contains necessary controls, telephones, furniture and equipment for fire-fighting operations to be directed. The security guards in the control room also take turns in the shifts to monitor the system. When the control 44

unit receives signals from the alarm system, decisions are made immediately by security guards. Besides, the digital alarm communication system will automatically send signals generated by the fire alarm to the nearest fire station if there is an occurrence of fire.

Diagram 1.19: The location of alarm & detection system and devices of the mall. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.20: The location of smoke detector, flow switch, clean agent gas discharged, break glass and carbon dioxide gas discharged in level LG (G2). (Source: Ng, 2017)

The mimic diagram located in the fire control room function as a detection system and alarm for active fire system. The mimic diagram consist of 10 stories floor plan with LED annotation of the fire system. When there is fire hazard occurring in a certain zone, the message will be delivered to the fire control room and it will pin point the actual location on the mimic diagram which can be done in the shortest time if there is fire hazard occurring within the shopping center.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 238 Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard. 46

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The fire control room within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 238. As shown in Figure 1.17, the fire control room in DPULZE Shopping centre is fully equipped and functional to protect the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fire system. Besides, during fire hazards the fire control room also owns keys to all areas of the building to which firefighters will need to access during the event of an emergency.

1.5.2. FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL

Diagram 1.21: The fire alarm control panel and overall layout of fire alarm control panel. (Source: Aman Safety Company, 2017)

Fire detection and extinguishing control panels process results detected by sensors, control alarm devices and set off alarms to permanently manned stations and the fire department. They continuously monitor extinguishing systems for functionality and trigger them electrically if necessary. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, a fire alarm control panel can be found in the fire protection control room. The fire alarm control panel (FACP) acts as a main controlling component in a fire alarm system. This 47

panel serves as an operating panel for several defined operation zones in DPULZE Shopping Centre. All alarm handling system can be controlled and monitored from the panel. In accordance to the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to:

Diagram 1.22: Procedure of fire control panel system. (Source: Ng, 2017)

1.5.3. FIRE ALARM BELL

Figure 1.18: The fire alarm bell on the car parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wall in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017) 48

The fire alarm bell functions to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via a manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. In DPULZE there are total of 8 fire alarm bell located at the lift lobby.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 155. (1) The fire model of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel with may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 237 (1) Fire alarm shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to there By-Laws (2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section car park and storage area exceeding

9290 square

meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with two-stages system with evacuation (continues signal) to be given immediately in the affected (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The fire alarm bell system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 155 and Section 237. As shown by Figure 1.18, fire alarm bell systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre are provided to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire or other emergencies are present.

1.5.4. FIREMAN’S SWITCH

Figure 1.19: Fireman’s switches in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

A fireman’s switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. These switches are installed and can be seen easily at the corridor and stairway at every level in DPULZE Shopping Centre.

1.5.5. VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Figure 1.20: Intercom handset station in emergency staircase. (Source: Ng, 2017) Voice communication system in DPULZE shopping mall is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire detection and alarm system to control the evacuation of building occupants. There are 8 intercom handset stations located at emergency staircase at every level in DPULZE shopping mall.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 239 There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircase; (b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square meters in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system. 51

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The voice communication system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 239. As shown in Figure 1.20, voice communication systems are located nearby lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases in every single floor of the building. During a fire hazard, the visitor can use the voice communication system (intercom) to contact the fire control room within the shortest time.

1.5.6. Manual Pull Station

Figure 1.21: Manual pull station in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

The manual pull station is a wall-mounted initiating device that is used in a fire alarm system, and it located near emergency exits. When a user activates the manual pull station, it sends a data message to the system control panel for processing. When the pull station is reset, it sends a data message to the control panel to show that it is under normal condition.

1.5.7. SMOKE DETECTOR

(Left) Figure 1.22: Smoke detector at ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017) (Right) Diagram1.23: Process of photoelectric smoke detector. (Source: Simply Safe, 2017)

The smoke detector is a device that senses smoke especially during fire hazards as well as an indicator for the presence of fire. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the smoke detector are located on their ceiling at every floor as part of a fire alarm system which will issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself during a fire hazard. Smoke detectors detect smoke either optically or by physical processes which is known as ionization, the separated wires are connected at one end by a battery. Chamber contains radioisotope that charges the air inside to produce an electric current flow and jump the gap between the two wires. If there is a fire hazard, the smoke particles will enter the chamber to clog up the air and stop the electric current which will then activate the alarm.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 225 (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit sign in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws. 53



Conclusion

The smoke detector system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 225. As shown in Figure 1.22, smoke detector systems are provided on each ceiling level of the building to detect and to prevent fire hazards.

1.5.8. HEAT DETECTOR SYSTEM The heat detector system is applied in cases in which smoke detectors are unsuitable. There are two types of heat detector systems, such as fixed temperature detector and rate of rise detector. The fixed temperature detector will operate when the ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, usually in the event of fire. This type of heat detector is highly cost-effective as it is cheaper and also efficient enough to detect the ambient temperatures in order to protect the occupants and property of the building.

Diagram 1.24: Heat detectors and how they function. (Source: Apollo Fire detector, 2017)

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the type of heat detector used is “rate of rise” heat detector. The change of temperature in an enclosed area will be monitored by heat detectors automatically by sending signals to the fire indicator panel and sound an alarm to warn of a fire.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 225. (1)Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the fire requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The heat detector system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 225. As shown by Diagram 1.24, heat detector systems are provided for the ceiling of the building to detect and prevent fires from occurring.

1.6 SMOKE CONTROL 1.6.1. Smoke Spill System

Figure 1.23: Smoke spill system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Smoke spill systems are installed in DPULZE Shopping Centre to maintain tenable conditions of the egress systems. In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the system comprises of axial exhaust fans installed near the ceiling area on both sides of the atrium, which will be activated by the fire protection system in an event of fire. The exhaust fans will extract large amounts of from the hazard. smoke or fume from the large open space, thus protecting occupants from the hazard.

Diagram 1.25: Conventional smoke spill system in a building. (Source: National Research Council Canada, 2017)

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 249 In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

Section 250 (1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level. (2) Such vents shall normally be in open positions of if they are closed they shall be so designed to open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.

Section 251 Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The smoke spill system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown in Figure 1.23, smoke spill systems in DPULZE are provided to extract the smoke via exhaust fans located near the ceiling area.

1.5.2. Supply Ventilation System 1. Stairwell Pressurization System

Figure 1.24: Emergency fire exit which leads to the pressurized stairwell of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.26: Stairwell pressurization system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the stairwell pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free escape route in the event of a building fire as well as to provide a smoke-free staging area for the fire fighters. In case of fire, the pressurization system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency staircase as occupants use it as an escape route. 58

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 202 All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization. (a) Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 meters per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open; (b) Where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open; (c) Where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimeters water gauge; (d) Where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system; (e) Which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The stairwell pressurization system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 202. As shown in Diagram 1.26, stairwell pressurization systems are provided for each stairwell of the building.

2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System

Figure 1.25: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.26: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied air into the lift lobby of Upper Ground floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017) 60

Figure 1.27: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the lobby area of Upper Ground floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)

In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the lift lobby pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free lift lobby which acts as an escape route in the event of a building fire. In cases of fire, the pressurization system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency lift so that firefighter can use them for rescue operations.

(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 197 (1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 meters above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls. (2) In buildings exceeding 45 meters above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurized to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1-1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirements of the D.G .F .S. 61

(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurized to meet the requirements of by-law 200. ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The lift lobby pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 297. As shown in Figure 1.26 and Figure 1.27, lift lobby pressurization systems are provided for each lift lobby in order to prevent smokes enter the lift lobby during fire hazard.

1.6 CONCLUSION To sum up, DPUZLE shopping center is a 10 stories high rise commercial building which obey the rules of active fire protection requirement at the same time create a safety environment to its occupants. The active fire system component in every single floor is located accordingly to the UBBL 1984 requirements, this shows that the building is legally operable in their fire protection system as the same time ensure the safety of its occupants.

FIR E PROTECTION SYSTEM

C a s e Stud y o f Build ing S ervices i n Pub lic Build ing s ( 2 ) Pass ive System

D PU L Z E S h o p p i n g Ce n tre

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains inert during normal conditions but plays a vital role during a fire event. Passive fire protection is considered during the planning stage of the building’s design.

The Purpose of Passive Fire Protection System includes: •

Providing sufficient time to permit the safe evacuation of all occupants in the premises

•

Ensure structural integrity of the building

•

Protecting building properties from totally damage.

•

Preventing the spread of fire from one building to another

Passive Fire Protection System of DPLUZE Shopping Centre is categorized according to the diagram below:

2.2 MEANS OF ESCAPE 2.2.1 EVACUATION ROUTE

Diagram 2.1: Floor composition of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, there is a total of 10 floors including 2 basement parking areas, P2 and P3; 2 mix use basement floors (parking and commercial area), P1 and LG; 2 commercial floors, G and UG; 3 upper parking floors, M, F and 1F as well as 1 mix use upper floor (parking and commercial area.). In short, the escape routes are formed by vertical exits and horizontal exits, the vertical exits lead the user to the G floor and then evacuate to the assembly point from horizontal exit

1. Commercial Area (UG & G)

There are total of 10 fire exits in UG and G that are distributed evenly along the linear configuration. The office area located at the corner has its own evacuation point, allowing the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupants to evacuate safely during emergency.

Diagram 2.2: Evacuation route on UG floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.3: Evacuation route on G floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

2. Basement Carpark Area (P2 & P3) There are 10 fire exits on P2 and only 6 in P3 due to its smaller surface area. The fire exits are placed along the axis of the plan to allow visitors to evacuate in a clear manner during emergencies.

Diagram 2.4: Evacuation route on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.5: Evacuation route on P3 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

3. Mix Use Basement Area (P1 & LG) There are 10 fire exits on both P1 and LG which are placed along the 2 axes of the plan. The axes run through the interior commercial spaces as well as the exterior parking areas.

Diagram 2.6: Evacuation route on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.7: Evacuation route on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

4. Upper Floor Carpark and Mix Use (M, F, 1F & 2F) There are only 6 exits on M, F and 1F due to their smaller surface areas.

Diagram 2.8: Evacuation route on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.9: Evacuation route on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.10: Evacuation route on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.11: Evacuation route on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

5. Evacuation Route Distance The maximum travel distances to exits and dead-end limits are specified in the Seventh Schedule of the By-laws as indicated by the table below, which are adopted into the design of the shopping centre’s evacuation routes. The entire building is also covered by the sprinkler system which allows a longer evacuation route distance to be implemented. Purpose Group 1. Open Plan 2. Office 3. Shops

Limit when alternative exits are available (m) Dead-end Limit Unsprinklered Sprinklered N/R 30 45 15 45 60 15 30 45

Table 2.1: Evacuation route distance for different purpose group. (Source: Tan, 2017)

6. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement •

Section 165- Measurement of travel distance to exit

The distance of the evacuation route is strictly regulated to ensure that every space in a building are within a reasonable distance to a place of safety. The method of the measuring said distance is stated clearly in the. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurements include stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising. •

Section 169- Exit Route

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Besides, no less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. These exits are required to be accessible at all times without obstructions. Furthermore, to maintain the accessibility of the paths, all fire evacuation routes are required to have a consistent width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. (B) Conclusion In conclusion the evacuation route of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 165 and 169. As shown by Diagram 2.2 and 2.11, the exit routes are efficient due to the placement of fire exits along the building’s axis.

2.2.2 EXITS 1. Horizontal Exit The horizontal exits are fire-protected pathways that lead to the fire emergency staircases. The horizontal exits are located near to the hotspots of the mall to accommodate the large occupancy load from the hotspots as they travel to the fire emergency staircases.

Diagram 2.12: Hotspots and exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Horizontal exits in DPLUZE Shopping Centre includes lift lobbies and fire protected pathways that lead to the emergency staircases. The horizontal exits are pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke and protected by fire resistant materials, thus ensuring the safety of occupants during fire evacuations.

Figure 2.1: Lift lobby in M level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

2. Staircases (Vertical Exits) Functioning as vertical exits, the staircases play a crucial part during evacuation. As the building consists of 10 floors, the staircases are the only means of evacuation from the upper to lower floors. The stairwell is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke. The width of staircase threads in DPLUZE Shopping Centre is 275mm, and has a riser height of 178mm, which complies to UBBL 1984.

Figure 2.2: Staircase in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) In the DPLUZE Shopping Centre, not all the staircases are located at the edge of the building to discharge the crowd directly out to the building. Some staircases are located at the center of the building to provide higher accessibility to the fire exits. Therefore horizontal exits are provided at the Ground level to discharge the crowd as they exit from the staircases during an event of fire.

Diagram 2.13 Vertical exit route of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.14: Exits on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.15: Exits on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.16: Exits on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.17: Exits on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.18: Exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.19: Exits on G floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)!

Diagram 2.20: Exits on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.21: Exits on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.22 Exits on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.23: Exits on P3 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

3. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement â&#x20AC;˘

Section 171- Horizontal Exits

Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building. (B) UBBL 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirement â&#x20AC;˘

Section 106- Dimension of staircase

In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread shall be uniform and consistent throughout. This dimension should be uniform and consistent throughout, including at landings. However, as stated in the UBBL 1984 Section 168 Article 3, handrails may be permitted to encroach on the aforementioned width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

(C) Conclusion In conclusion, the fire exit design in DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 106 and 171. As shown in Diagrams 2.2 to 2.11, the exit points are located strategically within the building and well designed with pressurization system and fire resistant materials to ensure the safety of the occupants during egress.

2.2.3 FIRE ESCAPE PLAN The fire escape plans can be found at every fire exits to show the location of fire extinguishing equipment and emergency staircases of the floor. In addition, they also indicate the present location of the occupants in relation to the plans, thus serving as a tool for occupants to obtain their bearing during a fire.

Figure 2.3 Fire escape plan of UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

2.2.4 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE

Figure 2.4 Emergency exit signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) The emergency exit signage guides and directs the occupants to the nearest fire exit for efficient evacuation. It should be placed on top of each exit to indicate the presence of the fire exits and should be clearly visible from various locations. The emergency exit signs will illuminate at all situations, even if there is a power outage, as it is powered by a battery-backup system. 1. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement â&#x20AC;˘

Section 172- Emergency Exit Signs

(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured byany decorations, furnishings or other equipment. (2) A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. (3) Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each. (B) Conclusion In conclusion, the emergency exit signs in DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with most of the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 172 except (3) as shown by Figure 2.4, as the lettering of the signage is in white against a green background instead of red lettering against a black background as stated in UBBL 1984 Section 172 (3).

2.2.5 ASSEMBLY POINT

Figure 2.5 Assembly point signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The direction towards the assembly point is clearly indicated using assembly point signages along the fire escape route in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. The assembly points are located outside the building at empty green spaces along the road to allow evacuees to gather during a fire. According to Diagram 2.23, the assembly points are located at 2 areas of the shopping centre.

Figure 2.6 Assembly point in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.24 Assembly point in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

1. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement â&#x20AC;˘

Section 178- Exits for institutional and places for assembly

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

â&#x20AC;˘

Section 179- Classification of places of assembly

Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its. capacity as follows: Class

Capacity (person)

1000 or more

300 - 1000

100 - 300 Table 2.2: Classification of places of assembly. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(B) Conclusion In conclusion, the assembly points of DPLUZE Shopping Centre are classified under Class A in reference to UBBL 1984 Section 179, as they are intended to cater for a crowd of approximately 25,000 people.

2.3 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT 2.3.1 COMPARTMENTATION Compartmentation is achieved by dividing the building into a series of cells, termed “compartments”, which will form a barrier to inhibit rapid fire spread within the building during the initial stages of a fire. The intention is to limit the severity of the fire which in turn will assist fire and rescue service personnel with fire-fighting and rescue operations. In DPLUZE Shopping Centre, there are 2 types of compartmentation. Firstly, the protection of means of escape are barriers which are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and allow safe egress. The second type of compartmentation is designed to isolate and protect the fire risk area, thus reducing the fire’s impact.

1. Compartmentation of means of escape Compartmentation of means of escape is achieved using firestopping elements including fire rated doors as well as fire resistant walls. (details in 2.3.2. Flame Containment)

2. Compartmentation of fire risk area (A) Liquid Petroleum Storage

Figure 2.7 Liquid petroleum storage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) The Liquid Petroleum Storage of DPLUZE Shopping Centre is located outdoors, segregating them from fire risk areas. By placing the facility outdoors, they can be easily monitored as a sudden outbreak of fire is highly visible.

(B) Electrical and mechanical system rooms The electrical and mechanical system rooms are distributed across each floors and protected using different fire compartments. By separating the fire risk spaces into different fire compartments, the rate of the spread of will be prolonged, thus providing more time for safe egress and fire fighting.

Diagram 2.25: Fire compartments on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.26: Fire compartments on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.27: Fire compartments on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) Diagram 2.24- 2.26 shows the fire compartments located on P1, UG & F (underground carpark, commercial zone, and upper floor carpark). It can be observed that most mechanical and service rooms are located at carpark areas instead of commercial zones to isolate the fire risk areas from the occupants and hot spot areas.

3. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement â&#x20AC;˘

Section 189- Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings.

Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storeys or more, or in a building where the highest escape floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative mean s o f escape sh all be enclos ed throu gh out its length with fire resist ing materi als. â&#x20AC;˘

Section 139- Separation of fire risk areas.

The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard: (a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (b) laundries; (c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) liquefied petroleum gas storage areas; (f) linen room (g) transformer rooms and substations; (h) flammable liquids stores. (B) Conslusion In conclusion, the compartmentation of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 139 and 189. As shown by Figure 2.7 and Diagram 2.24- 2.26, the fire risk areas and means of escapes are segregated into fire compartments and protected by fire resistance material.

2.3.2 FLAME CONTAINMENT 1. Fire rated door

Figure 2.8 Certificate of fire rating door in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.9 Fire rated door in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Fire rated doors are placed at the entrance of the fire exits and mechanical and electrical system rooms to suppress the fire by restricting the oxygen flow, which is an essential element for a fire to burn continuously. DPLUZE Shopping Centre uses double leaf doors with the dimensions of 1600mm x 2100m. The doors are fire rated to withstand up to an hour of fire to allow safe egress. The doors are closed by default as an automatic door closer hinge is installed.

2. Fire Shutter

Figure 2.10 Fire shutter in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Fire shutters are crucial to delay the duration of the spread of fire, thus providing more time for safety egress. Fire shutters have the same function as fire walls as they are designed to act as fire barriers to

inhibit the spread of flames in an event of fire. However, fire shutters will only be used during a fire. They are connected to the fire control room and can be controlled remotely from the fire control room as well. Fire shutters can be operated in two phases. First, it can be lowered down to a safety head clearance allowing safety egress at the same time acting as a smoke barrier. Moreover, they can shut completely after a acting as fire resistant barriers. Fire shutters in DPLUZE Shopping Centre are constructed out of steel with a fireproof coating.

Diagram 2.28 First phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.29 Second phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

2.3.3 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION. Structural fire protection guard essential structural components and prevent structural failures that will lead to collapse of a building because of fire. In the DPLUZE Shopping Centre, this is accomplished by constructing the structures using fireproofing materials, such as concrete. When structural fire protection is designed and applied properly, the building's structural integrity can be maintained when it is exposed to fire.

Figure 2.11 Precast concrete columns in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

1. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fir e Requirement â&#x20AC;˘

Section 143- Beam or Column

Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of bylaw 142 as to non-combustibility.

(B) Conclusion In conclusion, the beams and columns of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 143. As shown in figure 2.11, precast concrete columns and beams are used to construct the building as it is fire resistant and able to withstand the stability of the structure during a fire event.

2.4 FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Fire fighting access allows fire rescue services to safely reach and function close to fires. This ensures that efficient fire fighting can be carried out. In addition, fire fighting access provides a pathway for firefighters to access different levels of the building while carrying fire fighting equipment to carry out fire fighting activities efficiently. 2.4.1 FIRE FIGHTING SHAFT The fire fighting shaft is formed by fire main, fire fighting stair, fire fighting lobby and fire fighting lift. It provides the fire and rescue service with a safe area from which to undertake fire fighting operations. Fire fighting shaft links all necessary floors of a building, providing at least 2 hours of fire resistance to protect fire crews and occupants.

Diagram 2.30: Composition of fire fighting shaft in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017) There are 4 fire fighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre which are distributed equally throughout the floor which allows efficient fire rescue during a fire event.

Diagram 2.31: Location of fire fighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2 017)

1. Fire fighting staircase Fire fighting staircases are protected stairways which are protected from the accommodation areas by the fire fighting lobbies. They provide direct access towards fire fighting lobbies in every floor.

2. Fire fighting Lift

Figure 2.12 Fire fighting lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) Fire fighting lifts are designed with additional fire protection, and are equipped with controls that enable them to be used under the direct control of the fire and rescue service in an event of fire. The fire fighting lifts, or fireman's elevator, operate in two phases. In Phase one, triggered smoke detectors or hallway key switches will direct the elevators to the fire recall floor. Elevators will travel away from the designated landing and proceed without stopping. Upon reaching the fire recall floor, it allows passengers to evacuate safely. The elevators are then removed from normal service and will no longer accept car or hall calls. During Phase Two, once the elevator has reached its designated landing and all passengers are safely evacuated, firefighters can take exclusive control of the elevator using a special Firefighterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Service Key switch. This mode of Fire Service allows firefighters to continue to utilize the elevator to rescue people from other floors.

Figure 2.13 Fire fighter key switch for fire lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.14 Reference of fire fighter key switch for fire lift. (Source: Youtube, 2017)

3. Fire fighting Lobby

Figure 2.15 Fire fighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017) A protected lobby provides access from a fire fighting stair to the accommodation area and to any associated fire fighting lift. Fire mains are also located in the lobby to allows efficient fire fighting. The lift lobby is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke during a fire event.

4. Regulations (A) UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting! Access

â&#x20AC;˘

Section 229- Means of Access and Fire Fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres height

(1) Buildings in which is the topmost floor is more than 18 metres above fire appliance access level shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems.

(2) Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres. (3) Fire fighting access lobbies may be omitted if the fire fighting staircase is pressurized to meet the requirements of by-law 200 and all fire fighting installation within the pressurized staircase enclosure do not intrude into the clear space required for means of egress. (4) A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance access level. This may be one of the staircases required as a means of egress from the building. (5) A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level. (6) The fire lift shall discharge direction into the fire fighting access lobby fire fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor.

(B) Conclusion In conclusion, the fire fighting access of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 229. As shown in figure 2.27 & 2.28, the fire fighting staircases, fire fighting lobbies and fire fighting lifts form 4 pressurized fire fighting shafts at each level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre, allowing high accessibility during fire events and allowing efficient fire rescue.

2.5 CONCLUSION Effective passive fire protection system in DPULZE Shopping Mall represent good planning, good design and sound construction which could complement other basic functions of the building as well as minimize the impact of the blaze during a fire event. The Passive Fire Protection system in DPLUZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL1984 requirements which are listed under various sections, the building is legally operable, thus ensuring the safety of the occupants during a fire event.

MECHANI CAL VENTIL ATION

C a s e Stud y o f Build ing S ervices i n Pub lic Build ing s

D PU L Z E S h o p p i n g Ce n t re

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VENTILATION

1. Definition of Mechanical Ventilation Systems Mechanical ventilation systems are used to provide fresh air and prevent moisture, odours, airborne chemicals and other pollutants to build up within a building. The systems supply and/ or remove air by means of mechanical devices such as fans, rather than relying on airflow through small holes or cracks in a building’s walls, roof, or windows.

2. Importance of Mechanical Ventilation Systems 

Preservation and removal of O2 and CO2 content respectively



Control of humidity for human comfort



Prevention of heat concentrations from mechanical appliances, lighting and building occupants



Dilution and dispersal of concentrations of bacteria and contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odours

3.1.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

1. Supply Ventilation System Supply ventilation systems allow fresh air to be drawn into a building through an air “intake” vent and to be distributed to other spaces by fan and duct systems. In some cases, the outdoor air is air conditioned or dehumidified before it is introduced into the building. As the system continuously introduces outdoor air, a space can become slightly pressurized.

Diagram 3.1: Supply ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)

2. Exhaust Ventilation System Exhaust ventilation systems function to displace indoor air to the exterior environment by means of mechanical extracts. As indoor air is continuously drawn out, the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space becomes slightly depressurized. The type of system is widely used in kitchens, toilets and basements as these spaces are often contaminated and require constant and predictable extraction of air.

Diagram 3.2: Exhaust ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)

3. Balanced Ventilation System Balanced ventilation systems utilises two sets of fans to supply and exhaust equal amounts of air into and out of the building. The mechanical ventilation system is normally used in cinemas, theatres and sport centres.

Diagram 3.3: Balanced ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017).

The two most common systems are “heat recovery” ventilation (HRV) and “energy recovery” ventilation (ERV). HRVs transfer heat from exhaust air to incoming air and from incoming air to exhaust air to reduce the heating and cooling load and improve comfort.

Diagram 3.4: “Heat recovery” ventilation (HRV). (Source: Klenck, 2017) 98

ERVs transfer heat and moisture between the exhaust air and incoming air.

Diagram 3.5: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Energy recoveryâ&#x20AC;? ventilation (ERV). (Source: The Worlds of David Darling, 2017)

3.1.3 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Ventilation system Supply

Advantages  Functions well in hot or mixed  

Disadvantages  Heated indoor air may be

climates

pushed through holes and

Relatively inexpensive and

cracks and condense to pose

simple to install

moisture problems in cold

Pollutants from exterior

climate areas

environments are able to be



Heating and cooling costs may be increased

filtered before entering a space 

Outdoor air is able to be dehumidified before entering a space

Exhaust



Functions well in cold climates



Relatively inexpensive and

humid climates as hot outdoor

simple to install

air may be drawn into the



Inappropriate for hot and

building through holes and cracks 

Heating and cooling costs may be increased

Balanced



Appropriate for all climates



Installation and operation costs may be higher than exhaust and supply systems



HRVs and ERVs may increase heating and cooling costs

Table 3.1: Comparison of mechanical ventilation systems. (Source: Energy.gov, 2017)

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3.2 CASE STUDY: DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE Like most commercial buildings, DPULZE Shopping Centre features mechanical ventilation systems to provide good ventilation to its occupants. The commercial building features both the supply and exhaust ventilation system.

1. Supply Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre 

Stairwell pressurization system



Lift lobby pressurization system

2. Exhaust Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre 

Atrium smoke spill system



Car park exhaust system



Kitchen exhaust system



Toilet exhaust system



Utilities room exhaust system

3.2.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE 1. Stairwell Pressurization System As mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the stairwell pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free escape route in the event of a building fire as well as to provide a smoke-free staging area for the fire fighters. A stairwell pressurisation system consists of three main components which function together to create a positive pressure difference that prevents staircases from filling up with smoke. The components include: 

Supply air (where air is injected into the area that is to be protected),



Pressure relief (to avoid overpressure when doors are closed)



Air release (air and smoke is released from the adjoining fire area).

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In the case of the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the stairwell pressurization system involves the use of proportional damper controls. Conventionally, stairwell pressurization systems using proportional damper controls involves a duct system which runs the height of the stairwell. Proportional actuated dampers, which are located every few floors, are equipped with local pressure sensors. If a floor door opens, the damper(s) nearest it modulate(s) open to maintain pressure within the stairwell.

Diagram 3.6: Stairwell pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre using proportional damper control. (Source: belimo, 2017)

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(A) Components ď&#x201A;ˇ

Axial inlet fan

An axial inlet fan located on the Upper Ground Floor (UG) introduces air into a single stairwell. The fan is located outside of the stairwell to protect it from smoke.

Figure 3.1: Axial inlet fan with the manual control switches beside the fan. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Ductworks

Ductworks which are connected to the axial fan distribute the supplied air into the stairwell.

Figure 3.2: Ductworks leading to the stairwell. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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ď&#x201A;ˇ

Pressure relief dampers

Pressure relief dampers within the stairwell open when over-pressurization occurs, allowing excess air to be discharged directly to the atmosphere. Damper blades are set to start opening at a pressure of 50 Pa.

Figure 3.3: Ductwork supplies air to the duct system enclosed behind the wall. The pressure relief damper is also visible (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 202 All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization. (a) where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open; (b) where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open; (c) where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimetres water gauge; (d) where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system; 104

(e) which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The stairwell pressurization system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 202. As shown by Figure 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3, stairwell pressurization systems are provided for each stairwell of the building. Manual control switches are also provided beside the axial inlet fans to manually activate the system.

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2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System As mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the lift lobby pressurization system also functions to provide a smoke-free lift lobby which acts as an escape route in the event of a building fire. The lift lobby pressurization systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s characteristics and functions are similar to that of the stairwell pressurization system.

Figure 3.4: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.5: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied air into the lift lobby of M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.6: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at M level lobby area (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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(A) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 197 (1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls. (2) In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurised to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1-1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirements of the D.G .F .S. (3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurised to meet the requirements of by-law 200.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The lift lobby pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 297. As shown by Figure 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6, lift lobby pressurization systems are provided for each lift lobby.

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3.2.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE 1. Atrium Smoke Spill System The DPULZE Shopping Centre features a large atrium at the Upper Ground Floor (UG). Although the large open space enhances the perception of light and space within the large multi-storey building, it is dangerous for occupants in an event of fire as fire and smoke may easily spread within the space which is not compartmented.

Figure 3.7: Atrium within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

To provide fire safety to the occupants, two smoke spill axial fans is installed near the ceiling on both sides of the atrium to exhaust and maintain the smoke layer at a minimum of six feet, or 0.3 meters, above the highest walking surface, which is the Second Floor (2F).

Diagram 3.7: Conventional smoke spill systems used in multi-storey building atriums. (Source: Chacon and Kerber, 2017) 108

Figure 3.8: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.9: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(A) High temperature smoke spill axial fans

Diagram 3.8: High temperature smoke spill axial fan. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Function

Manufactured to handle most conditions from ambient air to hot, corrosive or explosive gases

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Material: Heavy gauge galvanised steel

Provides strength, durability and protection from damage during installation

Corrosion resistant for a long period of time

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ď&#x201A;ˇ

Components

Fan/ impeller

Adjustable pitch aerofoil impellers are provided with blades made from high quality pressure die cast aluminium.

Mounting brackets

The mounting brackets are manufactured from heavy gauge galvanised steel and are supplied in pairs.

Matching flange (Single)

Manufactured from galvanised steel matching flanges are supplied individually.

Flexible Connector (Single)

The flexible duct material is flameproof and resistant to heat, chemicals, ozone, oil and grease. The material is airtight and waterproof.

Guard (Single)

Manufactured from heavy gauge galvanised steel and acid zinc plated steel mesh.

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AV Mounts Spring Type

Situated beneath the mounted brackets to hold them in place.

(B) Regulations ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 249 In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

Section 250 (1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilise roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level. (2) Such vents shall normally be in open positions of if they are closed they shall be so designed to open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The atrium smoke spill system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown by Figure 3.8 and 3.9, the high temperature smoke spill axial fans are provided near the ceiling level to prevent the accumulation of smoke in the area in case of fire emergencies.

111

2. Car Park Exhaust System As parking areas are enclosed in nature, an inevitable combustive combination of heat and toxic fumes adds a major risk in terms of safety during a fire emergency. As such, car park ventilation systems control the build-up of dangerous carbon monoxide emissions, fumes and pollutants while maintaining a free flow of fresh air is essential for the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; safety. The car park exhaust system used within the DPULZE Shopping Centre is of a traditional type, whereby metal sheet ductworks are evenly distributed around the car park to transport smoke or fumes to the external atmosphere.

Diagram 3.9: Traditional car park exhaust system. (Source: Khan, 2017)

Figure 3.10: Car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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(A) Components ď&#x201A;ˇ

Axial smoke spill fans

Large axial smoke spill fans are used to extract stale air from the car park by creating negative pressure areas at the end of ductworks.

Figure 3.11: Axial smoke spill fans in car parks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Rectangular sheet metal ductworks

Rectangular sheet metal ductworks function to transport extracted fumes or smokes to the external environment.

Figure 3.12: Rectangular sheet metal ductworks in the car park area. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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ď&#x201A;ˇ

Outlet grilles

Outlet grilles are used to extract smoke and fumes into the metal ductworks as a result of the negative pressure created by the rotating axial fans. Grille works are used to cover the duct behind it to avoid large objects from entering the duct and damaging the exhaust system. Filters are also installed behind the grilles to trap pollutants or dust.

Figure 3.13: Outlet grilles located along the metal ductworks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) Regulations

ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 249 In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

Third schedule 7. (1) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more than two hours duration shall be provided with mechanical ventilation having a minimum of six air changes per hour.

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(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level period system. (3) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more than two hours' duration shall be provided with a minimum of one fresh air change per hour, or the minimum of 0.28 cm per person working in such area.

â&#x20AC;˘

Conclusion

The car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 249 and the Third Schedule. As shown by Figure 3.10, Figure 3.11, Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.13, the system controls the build-up of dangerous carbon monoxide emissions, fumes and pollutants within the car park.

115

3. Kitchen Exhaust System The DPULZE Shopping Centre features a large variety of restaurant outlets, in which individual kitchen exhaust systems are connected to the centralised kitchen exhaust system to provide adequate ventilation within kitchens.

Figure 3.14: Ah Cheng Laksa outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.15: Boat Noodle outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.17: BBQ Chicken outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.16: Campur-Campur Kitchen outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

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(A) Individual kitchen exhaust ventilation system A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system includes an exhaust hood or canopy, ductworks, exhaust fan system. Kitchen fumes are sucked into the exhaust hoods, travel through ductworks, and are blown out of the building through the fan system itself.

Diagram 3.10: A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: SANTONE, 2017)

Diagram 3.11: Function of kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: IowaFireControl, 2017)

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ď&#x201A;ˇ

Components

Kitchen exhaust hoods

An exhaust hood, extractor hood, or canopy hood is a device containing a mechanical fan that functions to remove cooking effluents produced by kitchen appliances, such as airborne grease, combustion products, fumes, smoke, odours, heat, and steam. The size of kitchen exhaust hoods have to be large enough to cover the appliances, so fumes donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t spill over. The hoods are also equipped with filters which prevent the build-up of grease residues or particulates in the air inlets.

Figure 3.18: A typical kitchen exhaust hood. (Source: Kim, 2017)

Diagram 3.12: Kitchen exhaust hood details. (Source: Piubellini, 2017) 118

Galvanized sheet steel ductwork

Ducts manufactured from galvanised steel sheets are preferred for use in warm-air gravity and forced-circulation warm-air heating systems. The ductworks direct kitchen effluents from the hoods to the fan systems.

Figure 3.19: Kitchen exhaust hood and galvanized sheet steel ductwork in Restoran Sana Sini of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Exhaust fan system

Axial exhaust fans are used in most restaurant outlets to extract kitchen effluents by creating negative pressure areas at the end of ductworks.

Diagram 3.13: Axial exhaust fan details. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)

119

(B) Centralised kitchen exhaust system The centralised kitchen exhaust system comprises of a central ductwork which is connected to the respective kitchen exhaust systems within the zone.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Components

Release vent

The release vent of the system is located next to the car park. Its function is to allow the extracted kitchen effluents to be exhausted to the exterior environment.

Figure 3.20: Release vent located next to the car park. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Centrifugal exhaust fan

The centrifugal exhaust fan is located within the centralised kitchen exhaust system room. The fan efficiently moves large quantities of air over a wide range of pressure.

Figure 3.21: A typical centrifugal fan. (Source: Smith, 2017) 120

4. Toilet Exhaust System Like other exhaust systems, exhaust systems within the toilets of DPULZE Shopping Centre function to reduce or eliminate condensation and odours emanating from the space. This provides a comfortable environment for the toiletsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; users, thus promoting a state of wellbeing.

(A) Components ď&#x201A;ˇ

Exhaust grilles

Exhaust grilles, which are connected to exhaust fans via ductworks, are located above the urinals and toilet partitions to directly extract odours and water vapour out of the humid space.

Diagram 3.14: Details of exhaust grilles. (Source: Bathrooms Remodelling, 2017)

Figure 3.22: Exhaust grilles above urinals. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

At the same time, allowance must be made for the replenishment of exhaust air. To achieve this, the entry door with suitable clearance above the floor (Undercut Doors) or doors with air intake grilles (Door grille) are provided.

121

Diagram 3.15: Replenishment of exhaust air within a toilet. (Source: Coles Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2017)

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Ductwork

Ductworks channel the extracted odour and water vapour out of the space. As such, the component is connected to multiple exhaust points within the toilet.

Figure 3.23: The absence of ceilings reveals the ductworks above the toilet. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.24: Exhaust points on the ductwork. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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

Exhaust fan

Axial exhaust fans extract odours by creating negative pressure areas at the end of ductworks.

Figure 3.25: Axial exhaust fan placed within a metal casing. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) Regulations

•

UBBL 1984 Third Schedule

10. Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the ·building and in respect of which no such external walls (or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is the lower.

•

Conclusion

The toilet exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed the Third Schedule. As shown by Figure 3.22, Figure 3.23, Figure 3.24 and Figure 3.25, exhaust ventilation systems are provided within the toilets.

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5. Utility Room Exhaust System Exhaust systems within the utility rooms of DPULZE Shopping Centre mainly function to exhaust smoke and fumes within the spaces in case of fire outbreaks. This was done to reduce the oxygen content within the spaces to prevent the spread of fires, as well as to remove heat produced by running machines and to ventilate the indoor air.

(A) HEX room exhaust system

Figure 3.26: The entrance to the HEX room of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Air grilles are visible at the top right corner of the entrance. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.28: Ductworks and axial exhaust fan within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.27: Air grilles outside of the HEX room function to release extracted or fumes to the exterior environment (car park). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.29: The thermostat used within the HEX room. Once the temperature within the room exceeds the pre-set temperature of 35 Â°C, the exhaust fans will automatically activate. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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Figure 3.30: Exhaust system control panel within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) AHU room exhaust system

Figure 3.31: Axial exhaust fans used within the AHU room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

125

ď&#x201A;ˇ

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

Section 249 In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Conclusion

The utility room exhaust systems of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown by Figure 3.26, Figure 3.27, Figure 2.28, Figure 3.29, Figure 3.30, Figure 3.31, the HEX room and AHU room are equipped with exhaust systems to exhaust smoke and fumes in case of fire outbreaks.

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3.3 Conclusion In conclusion, DPULZE Shopping Centre is a commercial building which utilizes mechanical ventilation systems to provide a comfortable environment to its occupants. Both supply and exhaust ventilation systems are installed to provide fresh air and prevent moisture, odours, airborne chemicals and other pollutants to build up within a building. As the ventilation systems comply with the UBBL 1984 requirements which are listed under various sections, the building is legally operable, thus ensuring the wellbeing of its users. In addition, the dedication portrayed by the facilities and maintenance departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s staffs ensures that the systems are well maintained to suit their functions for a long period of time.

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AIR-C ONDITIONING SYSTEM

C a s e Stud y o f Build ing S ervices i n Pub lic Build ing s

D PU L Z E S h o p p i n g Ce n tre

4.1 INTRODUCTION This part of the research discusses the thermal comfort of our chosen case study, DPULZE Shopping Centre. Throughout this research, we are able to identify and understand the functions and benefits of air conditioning system. Thermal comfort can be achieved when the rules and regulations of building ventilation design, such as Malaysian Standard (MS1525) and Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) are followed. The main function of an air conditioning system is mainly to produce cool ventilation inside the building in which the heat is taken out from a certain location to give a chilled air effect. The main process involved is that the air circulation is drawn to the condenser containing refrigerant gas. The circulation process undergoes three stages wherein the evaporator carries secondary cooled refrigerant passing through to release ice-cold air into the area. Therefore, an air conditioning system can make the air indoors cold and release hot air to the exterior environment. There is only one air conditioning system used in DPULZE Shopping Centre, which is district cooling system. District cooling system is defined as the centralized production and distribution of cooling energy. Chilled water is delivered via an underground insulated pipeline to office, industrial and residential buildings within the district to cool the indoor air. Specially designed units in each building then use this water to lower the temperature of air passing through the building's air conditioning system. This process involves the application of a cooling plant, a heat exchanger and Air Handling Unit/ Fan Coil Unit.

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4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review is based on the related topic and explains how the system functions. The stated review below is essential hint in the study of air conditioning system. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air, primarily temperature and humidity to more favourable conditions within DPULZE Shopping Centre. The control of these conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic condition. Principles of air conditioning are to ensure that the internal environment is more comfortable than the external environment. However, another important aspect is the control of air temperature, humidity, air circulation and air quality. It pervades the entire air condition field and determines how the system operates to meet the design goals of comfort, safety and cost-effective operation.

Diagram 4.1: District cooling system process diagram. (Source: CityU, 2017)

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The components of the air conditioning system used in DPULZE Shopping Centre will be studied based on the following sequences:

4.2.1 DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM District Cooling System also known as DCS means the centralized production and distribution of cooling energy. Chilled water is delivered via an underground insulated pipeline to office, industrial and residential buildings to cool the indoor air of the buildings within a district. Specially designed units in each building then use this water to lower the temperature of air passing through the building's air conditioning system.

4.2.2 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Heat Exchanger is used to transfer heat from one medium to another, such as from steam to hot water or from water at a higher temperature to water at a lower temperature.

4.2.3 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) The AHU functions to supply constant air flow, dry air from the exterior, filter any pollutants, control temperature, and deliver fresh air into the distribution system.

4.2.4 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU) Fan Coil Units are also found in the air conditioning system, which act similarly to an induction system.

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4.3 CASE STUDY DPULZE Shopping Centre is a huge shopping mall located in Cyberjaya. Due to its building size, it utilizes a District Cooling System (DCS). This system is suitable for buildings which consume large amounts of electricity as it improves energy efficiency. It also requires lower capital expenses as they eliminate the demand for chillers, cooling towers, pumps as well as various individual systems. The objective of DCS is to centralize the production of chilled water by using district cooling plant. The generated chilled water will then be channelled to various building blocks through preinsulated seamless underground pipes. The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the cooling-energy demand of dozens of buildings. District cooling run on electricity or natural gas, and can use either regular water or seawater. Along with electricity and water, district cooling constitutes a new form of energy service.

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CLOSED-LOOP PIPING SYSTEM OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM 1. Chilled water is produced in a central plant and distributed via a system of pipes that can run underground, on the surface or over rooftops. 2. Inside the buildings, these transmission pipes are normally connected to a conventional air handling unit or Fan Coil Unit (FCU) that allows the water to chill the air passing through. 3. This means the multiple chiller units placed locally are no longer required. 4. Once the required thermal energy has been extracted from the cold water, this water is returned to the central plant to be re-chilled and re-circulated through the closed-loop piping system. 5. This cooling system is more flexible and also operates with higher efficiency under all load conditions than traditional chillers.

Diagram 4.2: District heating and cooling system schematic diagram. (Source: Vesselyn, 2017)

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COMPONENTS OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM 1. Central Chiller Plant Generate chilled water for cooling purposes.

Figure 4.1: Central chiller plant. (Source:LLC, 2017)

2. Distribution Network Distribute chilled water to buildings.

Diagram 4.3: Distribution network diagram. (Source: HKSARG, 2011)

3. User Station Interface with buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; own air-conditioning circuits.

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4.3.1 CENTRAL CHILLER PLANT Chilled water is typically generated at the central chiller plant by compressor driven chillers, absorption chillers or other sources like ambient cooling or “free cooling” from deep lakes, rivers, aquifers or oceans. Groups of large and energy-efficient water-cooled chillers are usually installed in a central chiller plant to take advantage of the economy of scale and the cooling demand diversity between different buildings within a district. Sea water condensers or fresh water cooling towers can be utilized to reject waste heat from the central chillers. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the central chiller plant is based in Cyberjaya where the local district-cooling system provider is Pendinginan Megajana Sdn Bhd. Megajana set up Cyberjaya’s first district-cooling system plant in 1999 as part of a project called Cyberview’s green initiatives for the country’s cybercity. The first plant has a production capacity of 15,000 refrigerant tonnes (RT). Currently, Megajana serves 37 buildings with 15km of underground pipes. Since 2012, when the system’s second district cooling plant was completed, it has helped the town to reap the equivalent of 8.2 gigawatt hours in electricity savings and avoid 4,100 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions. ENGIE has also provided insights on the Malaysian district cooling market to IRDA.

Figure 4.2: The Megajana district cooling system, Cyberjaya. (Source: Zengkun, 2017)

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Figure 4.3: Megajanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s chiller plant. (Source: AHAR, 2013)

Figure 4.4: View of Megajanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thermal energy storage tank. (Source: Anmas Corp., 2008)

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(A) Regulations 

MS 1525 Code 8.8

“The system design should avoid provide means for balancing the air and water system such as but not limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.”



Conclusion

The cooling tower of Megajana central chiller plant complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed under Code 8.8. As shown in Figure 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4, the cooling plant is well maintained with its proper dampers, temperature and pressure regulations.

4.3.2 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK District chilled water is distributed from the cooling source(s) to the user stations through supply pipes and is returned after extracting heat from the building’s secondary chilled water systems. Pumps distribute the chilled water by creating a pressure differential between the supply and return lines.

4.3.3 USER STATIONS The interface between the district cooling system and the building cooling system is commonly referred to as user station. The user station would usually comprise of air handling units, heat exchanger and chilled water piping in the building. A user station is required in each user's building to connect the DCS distributed chilled water pipe to the building. Inside the user station, devices called heat exchangers are installed to transfer heat between the chilled water supply of DCS and the air-conditioning system of the user building. The user station could be designed for direct or indirect connection to the district cooling distribution system. With direct connection, the district cooling water is distributed within the building directly to terminal equipment such as air handling and fan coil units, induction units and many more. An indirect connection utilizes one or multiple heat exchangers in between the district system and the building system.

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1. Heat Exchanger (HE) HEs are used to transfer heat from one medium to another, such as from steam to hot water, or from water at a higher temperature to water at a lower temperature. There are 2 basic types of Heat Exchanger: The Shell and Tube Type (STT) and the Plate Type (PT). (A) The Shell and Tube Type (STT) The Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger consists of a bundle of tubes in the shell. The primary medium is either steam or water, which flows in the shell. The secondary medium is always water, which flows through the tubes. The tubes are partitioned to allow single or multiple passes to increase the temperature and the heat transfer as shown in Diagram 4.4.

(B) Plate Type (PT) Plate Type Heat Exchanger comprises of multiple thin, slightly separated plates that have very large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement can be more effective, in a given space, than the STT. Advances in gasket and brazing technology have made the plate-type heat exchanger increasingly practical. Large HE of this type are called plate-and-frame; when used in open loops, these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection as shown in Diagram 4.5.

Diagram 4.4: Shell & tube heat exchanger diagram (Source: Indiamart, 2011)

Diagram 4.5: Plate type heat exchanger diagram (Source: A. Laval, 2017)

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The type of heat exchanger used by DPULZE Shopping Centre is the Plate Type Heat Exchanger as shown in Figure 4.5 where the concept behind a heat exchanger is the use of pipes or other containment vessels to heat or cool one fluid by transferring heat between it and another fluid. In most cases, the exchanger consists of a coiled pipe containing one fluid that passes through a chamber containing another fluid. The walls of the pipe are usually made of metal, or another substance with a high thermal conductivity to facilitate the interchange, whereas the outer casing of the larger chamber is made of a plastic or coated with thermal insulation, to discourage heat from escaping from the exchanger.

Piping System Heat Exchanger Unit

Figure 4.5: Plate Type Heat Exchanger used by DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

2. Condenser and Chilled Water Pump There are two types of pumps that can be found in the chilled water system of DPULZE Shopping Centre, which are the condenser pump and chilled water pump. It is a set of device which uses mechanical force to move condensed water. Condenser pump is used to channel the hot condensed water back to the central chilling plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cooling tower and then return the cold condensed water back to the condenser. The chilled water pump pumps the chilled water to every Air Handling Unit (AHU) and it also returns the warm chilled water to the chiller so that it can be chilled again.

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Figure 4.6: Condenser and chilled water pump used in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(A) Regulations 

MS 1525 Code 8.11.1

“Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system external to the package, and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water or air through the condenser and cooling tower are not to be included in the consideration of the COP for the component.”



Conclusion

The chilled water pump of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed under Code 8.11.1. As shown in Figure 4.6, the water pump circulating through the condenser is not included in the consideration of the Coefficient Of Performance such that all energy required for pumps and fans is not considered.

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3. Control Panel The control panels control all the processes and can be adjusted manually by the technicians in the chiller plant room. The control panels also indicate the temperatures and pressures of each chiller. In addition, the chiller control systems include safety and operating controls. To better monitor the chillersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performance, the chiller control system would report to the facilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Direct Digital Control (DDC).

Figure 4.7: Control panels located at the chiller plant room of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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4. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Fan Coil Unit is a system similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can be controlled. It serves the purpose of cooling using chilled water with air flow to the room ensured by one or more electrically driven fans. It is not connected to the duct work, but is used to control the temperature in the space where it is installed. FCU is similar to inducting system with the inducting unit replaced by the fan coil. FCU are normally used for smaller spaces. Fan coil Units may be of the cabinet style, within a room, for free air delivery, or of the chassis style, concealed within the building structure with minimal ducting appropriately connected to the inlet and/or outlet of the unit.

Figure 4.8: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) in the Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: Lim, 2017)

Figure 4.9: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) located in a retail shop. (Source: Lim, 2017)

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5. Air Handling Unit (AHU) The AHU room is a room that can be found in every floor of DPULZE Shopping Centre, many AHUs are needed due to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s size and complexity as well as its air flow requirements. There are approximately 10 AHUs in DPULZE Shopping Centre where each floor has at least one AHU. Essentially, an Air Handling Unit system comprises a large insulated metal box that contains a fan, heating and/ or cooling elements, filters, sound attenuators and dampers. In most cases, the AHU is connected to air distribution ductwork; alternatively, the AHU can be open to the space it serves. Supply air passing through the AHU is filtered and is either heated or cooled, depending on specified duty and the ambient weather conditions. In some buildings, Air Handling Units are used only to supply fresh air for ventilation and extract stale air. For heating or cooling, AHUs may be connected to a central plant such as boilers or chillers, receiving hot or chilled water for heat exchange with the incoming air. Alternatively, heating or cooling may be provided by electric heating elements or direct expansion refrigeration units built into the air handler. When AHU systems are used to extract stale air from the building, a controlled proportion of this air may be recirculate to avoid having to condition all supplied air. AHUs can also incorporate heat recovery mechanisms to extract heat from the air being expelled and use it to heat incoming supply air. Air Handling Units vary considerably in size, capacity and complexity, depending on the job they are designed to perform.

Diagram 4.6: Section of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)

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Fan Compartment

Supply Duct

Heating/Cooling Coil Filter Compartment

Figure 4.10: Air Handling Unit (AHU) in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017) (A) Filter Compartment Air returning from the building enters the air grillers and is transferred to the air ionizer before entering the air filter. Ionizers use charged surfaces to generate electrically charged air which removes the dirt, impurities and unwanted contaminations in the air. This helps to improve the air quality. After air passes the air ionizer, it then moves to the air filter before entering the cooling coil as to ensure the cleanliness of the filtered air as well as a protection for the later components. The DPULZE Shopping Centre uses an Extended Surface Filter to filter the air.

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Extended Surface Filters Extended Surface Filters are characterised by a specific type of pleat which produces a larger filtering surface. The pleat design, as well as the alignment between the pleats, ensures uniform air circulation over the surface of the filtering media. The extended surface filter is composed of a frame, filtering media in a zigzag layout, and electrowelded mesh to hold the media.

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Figure 4.11: An example of an Extended Surface Filter. (Source: Systemair, 2011)

Figure 4.12: Filter Compartment within the Air Handling Unit of DPULZE Mall. (Source: Tan 2017)

(B) Cooling Coil Cooling Coil is made of copper pipes, coiled up to increase its surface area to maximize the heat transfer within the air. Heat is taken away from the mixed air upon contact with the cooling coil. The cooling coil is attached to the chilled water pipe transferred from the chiller plant via a blue pipe to cool down the mixed air.

Figure 4.13: An example of a cooling coil in an (AHU). (Source :Indiamart, 2011)

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(C) Fan Compartment There are two fans in an AHU, a fan that blows air through the cooling coil and a supply fan that blows air into the supply duct. The type of fan used in DPULZE Shopping Centre is the centrifugal fan. A centrifugal fan has an air foil bladed wheel, which has high efficiency over a wide operating range and is quieter than the others. Major changes in pressure results in minor changes in volume of air delivered.

Diagram 4.7: Centrifugal Fan Compartment. (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)

(D) Humidifier A humidifier is usually found in a larger AHU. They are dispersed into the air stream to help maintain a healthy and comfortable amount of humidity in the areas of the building that it serves.

Figure 4.14: Humidifier in an AHU.. (Source: Honeywell, 2015)

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(E) Regulations 

MS 1525 Code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation

“All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”



Conclusion

The Air Handling duct system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed under Code 8.11.1. As shown in figure 4.10, the supply duct is adequately insulated with a HVAC Indoor Double Reflective Duct Insulation where it can prevent excessive energy losses.

Air Handling Unit

Figure 4.15: DPULZE mall plan showing the location of Air Handling Unit. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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6. Diffuser Diffusers are designed to distribute equal amount of air into the spaces of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Diffusers improve the efficiency of the entire air conditioning system by dividing the distribution of air from the AHU. Diffusers constantly provide users a comfortable environment by removing heat and providing uniform distribution of cooled air.

Diffuser

Figure 4.16: Diffuser used in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)

7. Duct System Cooled air is carried by the duct system from the AHU into the spaces of DPULZE Shopping Centre via a diffuser. Galvanized steel ducts are used within the building as it provides good insulation which can retain the temperature of cooled air while transferring it into the diffuser. A blower fan is also installed within the ductwork to help circulate the movement of air.

Figure 4.17: Duct system in one of the restaurants in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)

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8. Pipe System The pipes within the AHU of DPULZE Shopping Centre are colour coded with green and blue to be identified clearly. The green pipe is to connect the Heat Exchanger to the AHU via the chilled water pump, while the blue pipe is the water supply from the central chiller plant to the Heat Exchanger.

Figure 4.18: Colour coded piping system of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(A) Regulations 

MS 1525 Code 8.5, Piping Insulation

“All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy loss. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some condition.



Conclusion

The piping system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed under code 8.11.1. As shown in figure 4.17, the piping system of the heat exchanger is well insulated with insulation jackets and insulation coatings to prevent excessive energy loss.

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4.4 ANALYSIS 4.4.1 DISTRICT COOLING IS ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY District cooling helps the environment by increasing energy efficiency and reducing environmental emissions including air pollution, the greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozonedestroying refrigerants. District cooling can reduce annual CO2 emissions by about 1 tonne for every tonne of district cooling refrigeration demand served.

4.4.2 BENEFITS OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM 1. Improve efficiency of energy 2. Protects the environment 3. Save space 4. Improve urban view 5. Re-use the heat from exhaust system 6. Reduce manpower for operation and maintenance

4.5 CONCLUSION The District Cooling System will be the future of air conditioning for residential and commercial buildings as the townships are being developed with the purpose of living and working. The District Cooling System saves huge amounts of power and initial cost of installing air conditioning units. It contributes greatly to maintain the ecological and energetic influence as a result of the rapid development of cities.

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MECHANI CAL T RA NSPOR TATION

C a s e Stud y o f Build ing S ervices i n Pub lic Build ing s ( 1 ) Elevato r

D PU L Z E S h o p p i n g Ce n t re

LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical transportation is an integral part of modern buildings which is described as a system that allows various means of travelling between different floors within a building. It eases the accessibility by allowing movement vertically or horizontally especially within large and tall buildings. There are several types of mechanical transportation systems, ranging from elevators, escalators to travelators which can be seen in buildings which are higher than 3 stories.

5.1 ELEVATOR An elevator, also known as lift, is a type of vertical transportation with a platform housed within a shaft that moves people or goods between floors of a building safely and efficiently. The minimum requirement for elevator is to have at least one lift for every 4 stories with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby. As part of UBBL Clause 124 and 152, it is now mandatory to have lifts in buildings more than 4 stories high which is connected to a lobby. The area of the car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2m2 per person.

5.2 TYPES OF ELEVATORS There are various types of elevators to cater different building typologies where it can be rope dependent or rope-free.There are at least four means of moving an elevator which are traction elevators , hydraulic elevators , climbing elevators and pneumatic elevators.

5.2.1 Traction Elevators Traction elevators is divided into two main categories which are geared and gear-less.

Diagram 5.1 Geared traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.2 Gearless traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

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Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s. Gear-less traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gear-less traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 20 m/s. Most of the traction elevators are used in mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. Gear-less traction elevators has a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance costs, and is more efficient in the usage of energy compared to geared traction elevators. However , traction elevators has limitation in the maximum vertical travel distant that is governed by the length and weight of the cables or ropes. However, with the application of stronger, lighter and more sustainable materials like carbon fibre, the elevator is able to travel in a further height.

5.2.2 Hydraulic Elevators

Diagram 5.3 Different types of hydraulic elevators (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Hydraulic elevators are divided into 5 main subcategories which are holed and hole-less hydraulic elevators, single stage hydraulic elevators, roped hydraulic elevators and telescopic hydraulic elevators. These elevators are commonly used in low to mid-rise buildings which are up to 8 stories high with a maximum travel speed of 60 m/s. It is supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. The machine room

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for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and lower ongoing maintenance costs. However, it depletes more energy as the electric motor works against gravity which forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as often as in the past.

5.2.3 Climbing Elevators

Figure 5.1 Climbing elevators (Source : Universal Elevators, 2015)

Diagram 5.4 Climbing elevator frame (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2004)

A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are usually seen at construction sites to allow east access to parts of these constructions.

5.2.4 Pneumatic Elevators â&#x20AC;¨

Diagram 5.5 Pneumatic elevator components (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)

Figure 5.2 Pneumatic elevator (Source : ARQUIGRAFICO-NET, 2014)

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The pneumatic elevator utilises a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve above the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. A diaphragm or a piston is used as a brake when facing a sudden increase in pressure above the cab. The valve is opened to pressurise air above the shaft, allowing the cab to travel downwards depending on its own weight. This also means that in case of a power failure, the cab will automatically go down. Rubber seals are used to contain air within the cab. The pneumatic elevator has a low capacity which can cater 1–3 passengers up to 238 Kg.

5.3 CASE STUDY In this project, the elevators studied are based on DPULZE shopping centre which is located at Cyberjaya, Selangor Malaysia. It is a 10 stories tall building where the first 5th floors are for commercial usage.

Regulations • UBBL 1984 Part V Structural Requirements Section 124 For all non~residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. • Conclusion DPULZE Shopping Centre have met the UBBL requirement where it have 6 elevators in total with a building height of 10 stories.

5.3.1 OVERVIEW Traction elevators are used for the DPULZE shopping centre where there is a machine room sited above the lift shaft. The details of the elevator used are as below : Type of elevator : Geared Traction Lift ( With Machine Room ) Brand : Thyssenkrupp Elevator Model : HP61 Series no. : SL PMA 37727 Rated capacity : 1160kg Rated speed : 1.0 - 1.75 m/sec Max travel distance : 200m Max no of person : 17 Figure 5.3 Thyssenkrupp company (Source : thyssenkrupp AG, 2017)

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5.3.2 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM There are various components that function as a whole in ensuring the workability of the elevator to transport passengers efficiently and safely. In this case study, the components used in a geared traction elevator system is further elaborated and explained.

Diagram 5.6 Components of elevator ( Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)

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1. Machine Room A machine room is a room that house elevator drives and controllers. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the machine room for the elevators is located above the elevator shaft which minimises the length of rope and optimises the efficiency. Typically, the traction sheave, motor, control system and other components are all housed in this machine room.

Diagram 5.7 Elevator machine room components (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)

Figure 5.4 Elevator machine room (Source: Chang, 2017)

(A) Traction Sheave

Figure 5.5 Traction sheave (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017) A traction sheave is described as a metal sheave body fixed to a motor housing which has a novel cable groove liner. The liner is formed of solid elastomeric materials and has a band of pressure release material that permits deformation of the liner so as to increase lateral pressure on the cable to preserve the round shape which increase the gripping of cable by the liner. At the traction sheave, traction ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around the sheave . The

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sheave functions a pulley with grooves around the circumference providing a grip to the ropes. Therefore , when the sheave is rotated, the ropes move along with it.

(B) Gear Box

Figure 5.6 Gear box (Source: Chang, 2017) The sheave is connected to an electric motor attached to a gear box. When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In geared elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave.

Figure 5.7 Overspeed governor (Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.8 Overspeed governor components (Source: IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)

The overspeed governor is a safety device that comes into operation when the lift car exceeds its permitted speed. If the lift car exceeds its rated speed upon descent, the overspeed governor trips

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when its tripping speed is reached and triggers the safety gear on the lift car via the governor rope. The lift car is brought to a standstill and clamps onto the guide rails. The basic functions of the governor are to detect overspeed mechanical and electrically: â&#x20AC;˘ to activate the safety gear mechanical â&#x20AC;˘ to stop the elevator drive electrically

(D) Passageway for Suspension Ropes

Figure 5.8 Suspension ropes from machine room to elevator car (Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.9 Suspension ropes configuration (Source: Yale Robbins, 2003)

Openings through the concrete slab is created to create a passageway for the suspension ropees to reach the elevator car beneath the machine room.

(E) Control Panel/Cabinet

Figure 5.10 Control panel (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 5.9 Elevator controller (Source: Lee, 2017)

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DPLUZE Shopping Centre utilises microprocessor controllers in operating the elevators. Microprocessor based controllers are very compact and consume a lot less power in comparison to the older electro-mechanical relay controllers. As for DPULZE which is considered as a tall building with several elevators, a single cabinet can supersede multiple cabinets full of relays and associated equipment. This allows the machine room to be much smaller with less occupancy of space.

2. Elevator Shaft The elevator shaft is a vertical passage in a building which allows the movement of an elevator from floor to floor. It consist of several components namely guide rails, counterweight, suspension ropes and more.

Diagram 5.10 Elevator shaft components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) (A) Suspension Rope

Figure 5.11 Steel suspension ropes (Source: InterMESH Ltd,

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Roped elevator is used in DPULZE Shopping Centre where the elevator car is raised and lowered by suspension steel ropes rather than pushed from below. Suspension ropes used on traction type elevators is connected to the crosshead and extended up into the machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights.

Diagram 5.11 Different roping system for suspension cable (Source: Industrial electronics, 2017) The roping system which is the arrangement of cables supporting the elevator can be categorised into 2 main ways which are single wrap and double wrap. The single wrap roping system is used in DPLUZE where rope passes over the traction sheave once and connected to counterweight. It is usually used for mid and low-speed elevators with geared traction motors.

(B) Counterweight

Diagram 5.12 Placement of counterweight in plan view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

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Diagram 5.13 Counterweight -sectional view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

Counterweight is located in the hoist way which is suspended from cables and and rides a separate rail system along the elevator shaft. The function of counterweight is to conserve energy by applying equal loads on each side of the sheave. By doing so, minimal force is needed to tip the balance one way or another where the motor only has to overcome friction thus reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.The counterweight composed of a steel frames that can be filled with cast iron fillers above one another to get the required and it is usually composed of the following parts:

Diagram 5.14 Components of counterweight (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

• Top Part Assembly Consists of a 4mm main bent sheet metal and 8mm hitch plate for ropes attachment which is drilled according to holes pattern affected by ropes size and quantity. • Bottom Part Assembly Consists of two halves made of 4mm steel which is screw and connected using a vertical profile with buffer plate welded to one of the two halves. The buffer plate is made of 8mm sheet metal. • Vertical Profile Consists of U-shaped, bent sheet metal components. The vertical profiles are screwed to the upper and bottom parts. The fillers can be inserted through the side cut in the vertical profile.

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â&#x20AC;˘ Filler Weights Filler weights are made of cast iron. The length of fillers depends on the counterweight size and gauge. â&#x20AC;˘ Guide Shoes The counterweight has a separate guide rails which prevent it from twisting or colliding with other components in the lift.

Figure 5.12 Guide rails at the elevator shaft (Source: Marine Insight, 2017) Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails along the sides of the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth which collaborate with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency. Car Guide rails are fixed to the hoistway by steel brackets while counterweight guide rails are fixed to the hoistway by side steel brackets.

Diagram 5.15 Car guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)

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Diagram 5.16 Counterweight guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)

(D) Landing Door

Figure 5.13 Landing door interlock (Source: Lee, 2017)

Diagram 5.17 Landing door mechanism (Source: XINDA, 2017)

The door that is seen from each floor of a building is referred to as the outer or hoist way door. This hoist way door is a part of the building (each landing). It is important to realise that the car door does all the work; the hoist way door is a dependent. These doors can be opened or closed by electric motors, or manually for emergency incidents. Safety devices are located at each landing to prevent inadvertent hoist way door openings and to prevent an elevator car from moving unless a door is in a locked position. The difference between the car doors and the hoist way doors is that the elevator car door travels through the hoist way with the car but the hoist way doors are fixed doors in each landing floor.

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(E) Buffer

Figure 5.14 Oil buffer (Source: Nova elevator, 2015)

Diagram 5.18 Oil buffer - section & plan view (Source: Nova elevator, 2015)

DPLUZE uses oil buffers with a spring wrapping the outer layer. This series is called the spring built-putt hydraulic buffers which is located at the bottom of the shaft. It can be reset manually and automatically. It functions to absorb the impact of a descending car or counterweight. When the elevator gets out of control and slides down, the buffer takes in the decelerating effect where the knockout rod will trigger the switch to enable the safety circuit. Due to the location of the buffer at the pit, there is a tendency of it to be exposed to water and flooding. Hence, regular maintenance like cleaning and painting is required to assure proper performance.

Regulations â&#x20AC;˘ UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Section 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts. Section 152 (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

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(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre. (4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter. (5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

â&#x20AC;˘ Conclusion DPULZE complies to the requirement of UBBL where landing doors are installed at all floors for safety purposes. The landing doors are made of stainless-steel material which accommodates the requirement where no glass shall be used for landing doors.

3. Elevator Car (Exterior) The elevator car is a cabin which is mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called the shaft or hoistway. The elevator car consist of car frame , maintenance balustrade , traveling cable , compensation chain and more.

Diagram 5.19 Elevator car components - exterior (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)

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(A) Car Frame Car frame is used to support the car cabin which is located at 3 different position - upper, sides and bottom.

(B) Car Sling

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Upper Transom Lower Transom Adjustable Height Slide Frame Lower Isolation Roller Guide Shoe Sliding Guide Shoe Upper Isolation Overload Inductive Sensor Limit Switch Actuation Lever Safety Gear Braking System

Diagram 5.20 Car sling components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Car Sling is a load carrier element in the elevator car where its function is to isolate vibrations due to running of the elevator car. The upper transom is the suspension element of the car using a couple of polyamide pulleys. It is designed to mount sliding or roller guide shoes as well as the braking system. Lower transom is the carrier of car flooring through an exactly arranged pressure springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly along with the safety gear.

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Diagram 5.21 Components of maintenance balustrade (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) The maintenance balustrade of DPLUZE is located at the car roof where it provides a platform for maintenance. It is to prevent the maintenance person from falling into the hoistway during work.

(D) Traveling Cable The traveling cable is a flexible cable that provides electrical connection and carries signals between lift cars and fixed points.

(E) Compensation Chain A Compensating Chain is a welded-link or plastic-coated chain used for compensating or balancing the weight of the hoisting ropes. One end of the chain is attached to the underside of the car frame, and the other end is fastened to the counterweight sling.

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4. Elevator Cabin (Interior) The elevator cabin is completely enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling, the only permissible opening being are the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures. The elevator cabin consists of car walls , car ceiling, car floor, operating panels and more.

Diagram 5.22 Elevator cabin components (Source: Hitachi elevator, 2017)

(A) Car Wall

Figure 5.15 Stainless-steel car walls (Source: Chang, 2017) The car walls of the elevators in DPLUZE is made of stainless steel with a directional hairline.The walls are 1.5 or 2.0 mm thick, depending on the elevator car dimensions. With stainless steel designs, solid sheets with a thickness of 0.8 mm are also used as paneling materials.

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(B) False Ceiling

Figure 5.16 False ceiling (Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.23 False ceiling compartments (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car. Different designs are incorporated for elevator lighting to improve the spatial quality and ambience when utilising the elevator. The false ceiling of the elevators in DPLUZE implements the punctuation of repetitive circular openings to allow lighting into the elevator cabin. Fluorescent lighting and spot lights are the most common lighting elements used for elevator lighting and a combination of the two types can be used also.

Diagram 5.24 Components of car platform (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Figure 5.17 Glossy porcelain tiles finishing (Source: Chang, 2017)

The car floor act as a platform to sustain the live load capacity go the elevator. Therefore, it requires an adequate mechanical strength to sustain forces during operation. The car floor of DPULZE is covered with glossy porcelain tiles finishing with a pattern arrangement to increase the aesthetics within the cabin.

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(D) Operating Panel Button Panel Floor Request Button

Figure 5.18 Operating panel (Source: Chang, 2017)

Open Door Button

Close Door Button

Call Button

Ring Bell Button

Diagram 5.25 Components of operating panels (Source: Lee, 2017)

All the buttons on the operating panels at DPULZE emits red illuminating light which indicates the selected button. It is also equipped with braille on the buttons which allow the visually impaired to access crucial information in and outside of the elevator for safe use.

â&#x20AC;˘ Open & Close Door Button This button is located on the interior button panel of each cab. A passenger can press this button to open or close the elevator doors only when the elevator cab is stopped at a floor. The controller interacts with this button by receiving a signal when it is pressed and when it is released.

â&#x20AC;˘ Floor Request Button This particular elevator controller controls the elevator cabs within floors. Each button is labeled with the existing floor level where passengers can use to direct the elevator cabs to the floor that they would like to go to. The controller interacts with these buttons by receiving pressed signals indicating the desired floor number and elevator cab which they were pressed from. It also sends light on/off signals to indicate the status of the buttons.

â&#x20AC;˘ Emergency Bell Button A passenger can press this button to sound a bell to alert people outside of the elevator shaft for any emergency cases like being trapped inside the elevator cab due to the malfunctioning system.

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The controller interacts with this button by receiving a signal from it that indicates that it was pressed.

(E) Floor Indicator

Figure 5.19 Dot-matrix floor indicator (Source: Chang, 2017) This indicator displays the floor destination. Passenger can view this indicator from the elevator cabin. This act as a notification to the passengers on the location of the elevator. The floor indicator at DPLUZE uses a digital display panel with red dot-matrix indicator.

(F) Handrails

Figure 5.20 Cylindrical stainless-steel handrail (Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.26 Components of handrails (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Hand rail is a rail within the elevator car which passengers can use for support. The elevator car in DPULZE provides handrail at both sides of the car wall. It also eases the usability of the elevators

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for persons with disabilities. The hand rails is finished with stainless steel so that it will be long lasting. There are two types of hand rail, cylindrical handrail and flat type hand rail. A cylindrical handrail is used for DPULZE.

5.4 OPERATING SYSTEM Elevator operating system is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, levelling and hall lantern signals.

Diagram 5.27 Engineering diagram of elevator operating system (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

The main aims of the elevator operating system are: - To bring the lift car to the correct floor. - To minimise travel time. - To maximise passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride. - To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits. There are 3 main types for elevator operating systems namely single automatic operation, selective collective operation and group automatic operation. In DPLUZE, the elevators utilise the

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group automatic operation system where many elevators are controlled with programmable microprocessors to respond.

5.5 SAFETY FEATURES Safety features is a must to be incorporated to ensure the usability of the elevators and the safety of the users. There are many safety features implied in all aspect to the elevators like safety door edge, apron, safety gear and more. The overspeed governor and buffer are components that falls under the safety features which is stated at 5.4.2 1(C) and 5.4.2 2(E) respectively.

1. Apron

Figure 5.21 Elevator car apron (Source: ALGI, 2017)

Diagram 5.28 Placement of apron (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

A car apron, also known as a toe guard is a vertical protective board installed on the car sill. It functions as a barrier which protects the passengers from being exposed to the open hoistway under the car if the doors are opened when it is not at the landing.

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2. Safety Door Edge

Diagram 5.29 Safety elevator door edge (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)

Figure 5.22 Photo-electric & infrared sensor at car door edge (Source: Chang, 2017)

Car-door safety device that reverses door operation if a person or object is hit by the closing doors. There are also other door-safety system such as the multi-beam door sensor that detects people or objects with photo-electric beams, safety ray and more. At DPLUZE, a photo-electric and infrared sensors is used to detect objects in their path and prevents the doors from closing.

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3. Safety Gear

Diagram 5.30 Safety gear components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013) Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car or counterweight by gripping the guide rails in the event of car speed attaining a pre-determined value in a downward direction of travel, irrespective what the reason for the increase in speed may be. Safety gears are mounted at the lower part of car sling and operated simultaneously by a linkage mechanism that actuated by overspeed governor.

4. Smoke Detectors

Figure 5.23 Smoke detectors at lift lobby (Source: misterjtbarbers, 2017)

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A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke in the area where it sends a signal to the fire alarm control panel.

Regulations â&#x20AC;˘ UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Section 153 (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time. Section 154 (1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any cat or landing calls and park with doors open. (2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply. â&#x20AC;˘ Conclusion DPULZE complies to the requirements of UBBL as smoke detectors are installed on the ceiling of each lift lobbies on all the floors. In addition, the operating system of the elevators are designed according to the UBBL requirement whereby all lifts will be parked at designated floors with the car door opened when there is a failure of main power.

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5.6 LOCATIONS & DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Figure 5.24 Lift lobby at DPULZE shopping center (Source: Lee, 2017)

The configuration of elevators at DPLUZE consist of 2 elevator car per lift lobby where it is arranged to maximise the accessibility within the shopping centre.

Location of Elevators

Diagram 5.32 Upper ground floor plan location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.31 Basement plan location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

There are 2 lift lobbies situated at the middle and east region of the shopping centre at the basement and upper ground floor. The side by side positioning of the elevators is the most efficient arrangement which allows multi-directional accessibility for the passengers. The elevators at P1 and UG does not cater the west region of the building as large area of functional spaces are situated at the region like YAMAHA Music School and the management office which does not ]

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require the accessibility within floor by elevators which will occupy additional space for the elevators.

Diagram 5.33 Lower ground floor plan location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.34 Ground floor plan location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

The location of lift lobbies at the lower ground floor and ground floor is situated at the east, west and middle region which focuses on 3 main circulation points of the customers. This exemplifies the accessibility within floors are the work capacity is divided into 3 regions. Hence, preventing a single lift lobby to be overcrowded due to the lack of placement. The even distribution of lift lobbies also provides convenience to the passengers as it can be accessed when being at any part of the building which requires a short walking distance from every location point.

Diagram 5.35 Second floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

The location of elevators at the second floor is similar to P1 and UG. Both of the lift lobbies are situated at the middle and west region where the cinema is. There is no lift lobby located at the west region as it is a parking space. Hence, passengers can access the lifts at the middle region to

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get to the parking lot where the autopay ticket is located right beside the lift lobby before exiting to the parking area.

5.7 CONCLUSION In a nutshell, the elevators at DPULZE shopping centre has a well thought arrangement of the lift lobbies in reference to the plans and accessibility. It also fulfils the UBBL requirement set for lifts which ensure the usability and safety of the elevators. In addition, all aspects of the elevator car are taken into serious considerations from each components to the design to achieve a better aesthetic and spatial ambience when utilising the elevator. However, the elevator cabin is not equipped with a CCTV which might encourage negative deeds like robbery or even physical harassment.

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MECHANI CAL T RA NSPOR TATION

C a s e Stud y o f Build ing S ervices i n Pub lic Build ing s ( 2 ) Es c alato rs

D PU L Z E S h o p p i n g Ce n t re

6.1. INTRODUCTION An escalator is a moving staircase, a conveyor transport device for transporting people between floors of a building. An escalator consists of a motor-driven of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal. Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places here elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping centres, airports, transit systems, convention centres, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.

6.2. CASE STUDY : DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE

Figure 6.1 : Landing platform. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.2 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017)

6.3. ARRANGEMENT OF ESCALATORS 6.3.1. PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT

Figure 6.3 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.4 : Parallel arrangement. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Up and down escalators located side by side or separated by a distance. It can fulfil two-way continuous flow of large passenger flows.

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6.3.2. CRISS-CROSS ARRANGEMENT

Figure 6.5 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre (Source : Chang, 2017)

Diagram 6.1 : Criss-cross arrangement (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

6.4. COMPONENTS OF ESCALATOR

Diagram 6.2 : Components of escalator (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) 6.4.1. LANDING PLATFORMS

Diagram 6.3 : Axonometric drawing of landing platforms (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

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An escalator consists of top and bottom landing platforms connected by a metal truss. These two

Figure 6.6 : Top platform (Contains the motor assembly and main drive gear.) (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.7 : Bottom platform (Holds the step return idler sprockets.) (Source : Chang, 2017)

platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motor that drive the stairs. The landing platforms consist out of 2 elements, which is a floor and a comb plate.

Comb Plate

Floor Plate

Figure 6.8 : Close-up photo of landing platform (Source : Chang, 2017)

Floor Plate

Figure 6.9 : Floor Plate (Source : Chang, 2017)

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The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. The plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below.

Comb Plate The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is named as comb plate because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb.

The teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edge of the stairs.

Figure 6.10 : Comb plate. (Source : Chang, 2017) This design is necessary to minimise the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

6.4.2. TRUSS

Diagram 6.4 : Truss sections (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Figure 6.11 : Truss (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

The escalator truss is the structural frame of the escalator and consists of three major areas: 1. The lower section 2. Incline section 3. Upper section

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It is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms by using steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower sections. The structural steel truss members are designed to support the whole load of the escalator equipment as well as the the steel finishing. The whole truss structure is rigid enough to maintain close operating tolerances.

6.4.3. TRACKS

Diagram 6.5 : Track system (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop. There are two tracks in the track system : 1. The front wheels of the steps (The step wheel track) 2. The back wheels of the steps (The trailer-wheel track) The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss, the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle to the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape and resembling a staircase.

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At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point, the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.

Diagram 6.6 : Tracks assembly major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017) The track assembly is bolted but not welded on the truss for easy removal. Sometimes they are mounted on boilerplate or curve plates at the upper and lower landing sections. The tracks are used to guide step wheels and step chains in their travel around the escalator truss. They are curved at the upper and the lower end of the incline to allow smooth transition of steps from the form of stairs to a horizontal movement, or vice versa. The lower and top end tracks are formed semi-circles to contain the chains and the step rollers going around them.

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Figure 6.12 : Circle tracks (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

1. Circle Tracks or Crab tracks are located at the top and bottom pits. Most of the outer circle tracks have access windows for easy step removal. Some are mounted on a removable or replaceable curve plate. Circle tracks provide smooth step travel at the end of the tracks. 2.

Beveled Track provides smooth transition of chain wheels to and from the carriage sprockets. Beveled track eliminates the bumping effect of the chain wheels to the tracks, thus minimizing premature wear and damage to the wheels.

3. Chain Wheel, Upper Upthrust (hold down) Track is used to hold down and guide chain wheels to and from the transition. 4. Chain Wheel, Upper Line Track used to support the chain wheels to or from the bull gear sprockets' top end through the incline area down to the carriage sprockets' top, or vice versa. 5. Step Wheel, Lower Upthrust Track. A few feet of track used to hold down and guide step wheels to and from the transition area. 6. Step Wheel, Lower Line Track or Flat Track works in conjunction with the lower upthrust step wheel track. Flat track supports the step wheels in either ascending or descending through the incline. 7. Chain Wheel, Return Track is used to support the chain wheels from the bull gear lower end to the carriage lower end, or vice versa. 8. Step Wheel, Return Track. Slightly above the chain wheel return track at the incline section of the non-passenger side. Step wheel return track is used to position the step treads to run in parallel with the chain wheel return track.

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6.4.4. STEPS

Figure 6.13 : Escalator steps (Source : Chang, 2017) The steps themselves are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminium pieces. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. Rubber mats may be affixed to their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges.

Diagram 6.7 : Steps major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

A. The Step Plate (Tread) is the surface area of the step people step on. The step plate is usually made of an aluminium plate with longitudinal cleats or grooves that run through the combs and provide secure footing. B. The Step Riser is the vertical cleat cast into the front of a step, designed to pass between the cleats of adjacent step, thus creating a combing action with minimum clearance for safety. C. The Demarcations are yellow strips or may be in bold colour around the step tread but mostly located at the front and at the rear ends of the tread. They are used to visually locate the step separation and visual contrast between the steps and the combs.

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D. Frame/Yoke - main support for riser, step tread, and step wheels E. Trail Wheels are used to guide the step and support its load on the track and prevent it from being out of plane. F. Step Hook normally attached to the end of the yoke by the step wheel used to activate the step up thrust safety device when the steps are not on their plane of travel at the top and bottom inclines.

6.4.5. HANDRAIL

Diagram 6.8 : Handrail assembly (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.9 : Handrail components (Source : Google, 2017)

The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator. 1. At the center of the handrail is a "slider â&#x20AC;&#x153;also known as a "glider ply," which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile. The purpose of the slider layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its track. 2. The next layer, known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;tension memberâ&#x20AC;? consists of either steel cable or flat steel tape and provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility. 3. On top of the tension member are the inner construction components which are made of chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating. 4. Finally, the outer layer, the only part that passengers actually see is the cover which is a blend of synthetic polymers and rubber, this cover is designed to resist degradation from environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear, and human vandalism.

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6.4.6. BALUSTRADE

Figure 6.14 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.15 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017)

The balustrade consists of the handrail and the exterior supporting structure of the escalator. It is the escalator exterior component which extends above the steps and supports the handrail. It is designed as interior low-deck. The balustrade may also refer to the individual interior panels, skirt panels, and deck covers of the escalator. Each interior balustrade panel section is individually removable to allow easy access to the escalator interior for cleaning, maintenance, and component replacement.

Diagram 6.10 : Escalator exterior (balustrade) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)

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6.4.7. DRIVE SYSTEM An escalator drive system includes the following components: 1. Drive Machine and Gear Reducer. 2. The Step Drive System. 3. The Handrail Drive System.

Diagram 6.11 : Drive systems (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

The variation on how these two systems are combined is dependent upon the type of escalator. The Drive Machine used to drive the pinion gear or the main drive chain may directly/indirectly drive the Handrail Drive System.

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Drive Machine

Diagram 6.12 : Drive machine & gear reducer (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

The Drive machine together with the gear reducer provides the torque to drive the step band at a constant speed. The drive machine motor is typically a three-phase AC direct-on-line flange mounted unit. It is either directly or flexibly coupled to the reduction gear. The motor is usually protected by thermal and/or electro-magnetic overload devices as well as thermistors in the motor winding.

There are 3 types of drive machines : 1. External Drive

Figure 6.16 : External drive (Source : Google, 2017) Machine is remotely located outside the truss in a different room/space or in the upper pit area. The drive machine is located outside the truss.

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The main drive machine is located in the upper pit area or in a separate machine room located below the upper section of the escalator. An external drive located in the upper pit area may employ a direct motor to gearbox drive, or a motor to gear reducer with a chain drive. An external drive escalator with the drive unit located within a machine room beneath the upper landing will normally employ a motor/gearbox with a chain drive extending to the upper landing.

2. Internal Drive

Figure 6.17 : Internal drive (Source : Google, 2017) Machine may be located at the upper landing inside the truss between the step bands or at the top pit, and will employ a motor to gearbox drive with a direct drive axle connection. A separate dual drive machine within the step band is not uncommon with one machine used to directly drive the step chains located a few feet below the upper incline and one above the lower incline. Internal escalator drive machines may be one, two, or three drive. A dual or three-machine may power the same main drive shaft or pinion shaft at the upper incline. Some internal drive escalators are equipped with either dual or three drive machines all inside the step band or step-belt.

3. Modular Drive The machine is located within the incline of the truss between the step bands, and the main drive is located within the incline of the truss within the step band. The motor directly connect to the gearbox, and the gearbox connect to the drive axle. A modular escalator may have a single drive or multiple drive depending on the overall length of the escalator.

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Diagram 6.13 : Modular drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Gear Reducer

Diagram 6.14 : The main drive gear (gear reducer) (Source : Pinterest, 2017) The main drive gear or gear reducer assembly is a single-stage type gear reducer. This is an enclosed, mechanical device that takes the drive motor torque, and transmits this torque to the bull gear through a gearbox shaft or the main drive chain. The gear reducer assembly contains a steel worm gear that is coupled or directly sleeved onto the motor shaft and it meshes with the pinion gear.

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The Step Drive System

Diagram 6.15 : Step drive system (Source : Google, 2017)

The step motion is achieved by a direct step assembly connection to the step chains. Two-step chains, one for each side of the escalator are directly coupled to the main drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. The step chain form a loop for the length of the truss, from the step chain sprockets at the upper end down to the tension carriage gear or turnaround (depending on the manufacturer) at the lower end or the lower reversing station.

Diagram 6.16 : Step drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

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The Main Drive Axle is driven by the motor and reducer assembly. On both ends of the main drive axle transfer power the Step Drive System. These sprockets or bull gears drive two step chains, one each for the right and left sides of the escalator, which are connected at the lower end of the escalator to the step chain sprockets of the Tension Carriage. The step chains are endless links connected with link pins to make a complete loop and are attached to an axle on each side of the steps forming a loop which runs for the length of the truss from the upper Main Drive Axle to the lower Tension or Turnaround.

Handrail Drive System The handrail drive moves the handrail along the handrail tracking system through traction on the Vshaped handrail underside.

Diagram 6.17 : Handrail Drive System (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

The handrail drives consists of the following: 1. The handrail drive and idler sheaves. They are V grooved sheaves located in the upper newel ends of the escalator and the Idler sheaves which is also a V grooved sheaves, and it is located in the lower newel ends of the escalator. The handrail drive sheave drives the handrail in its journey around the escalator while the idler sheave reverses the direction of the handrail at the lower end.

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2. Handrail drive sprockets They are located on the handrail drive sheave and the outboard end of the bull gear shaft. Handrail drive sprockets are linked by the handrail drive chain and provide a direct link between the bull gear and handrail drive sheave.

3. Handrail drive chains They are double stranded chains and are the mechanical link between the dual toothed drive chain sprockets. The drive chain sprockets and handrail drive chain coming to transfer power from the bull gear shaft to the handrail drive sheave. The Handrail drive chain has an adjustable take-up sprocket to keep the drive chain snug. The handrail drive chain receives lubrication from an enclosed bath system.

4. Handrail Take-Up Devices They are located directly downhill from the handrail drive sheaves. The handrail take-up devices remove slack in the handrail to provide the proper amount of slack in the handrail required to drive the handrail. The short handrail take-up device can be adjusted to remove slack from the handrail. The long handrail take-up device can pivot from the center and be adjusted at the uphill end to remove slack from the handrail. The long handrail take-up device is always required.

5. The Handrail Support Rollers. They are located at various intervals down the incline. Their function is as follows: A. They support the handrail and protect it from coming into contact with the track brackets or any other truss components which may damage the handrail. B. They help provide the correct loop of slack in the handrail at the lower end which proves the traction to drive the handrail.

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6.5 SAFETY FEATURES 6.5.1. EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON (E-STOP)

Keyhole for restarting the escalator

Emergency stop button

Figure 6.18 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.19 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017)

The emergency stop button (E-STOP) is located at each end of the escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. The emergency stop button is a large red button that can be pressed to stop the escalator in any emergency cases. A transparent plastic guard plate often covers the emergency stop button. This is to avoid the button being pressed accidentally, or casual vandals. Moreover, restarting the escalator requires turning a key.

6.5.2. CAUTION SIGNS

Figure 6.20 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.21 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017)

The caution signs can be found on the balustrades at either end of the escalators in DPULZE Shopping Centre as it must be seen easily to the passengers. All the signs are in a standard format with identical size, wording and colours.

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6.5.3. STEP DEMARCATION LIGHTS

Figure 6.22 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.23 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017)

A fluorescent or LED light in green and red color, which is located beside the escalator before the boarding point. The resulting illumination between the steps improves the passengers' awareness of the step divisions.

6.5.4. STEP DEMARCATION LINES

Figure 6.24 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.25 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017)

The front and sides of the escalator steps are coloured with a bright yellow as a warning.

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6.5.5. SKIRT BRUSHES

Figure 6.26 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.27 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017)

A long continuous brush made of stiff bristles runs up the sides of the escalator just above the step level. This helps keep loose garments and curious hands away from the dangerous gap between the moving stairs and the side panel.

6.5.6. FLAT STEPS

Figure 6.28 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.29 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017)

The first two steps at either end of the escalator are flat, like a moving walkway. This gives the passenger extra time to orient themselves when boarding, and more level time to maintain balance when exiting.

6.5.7. MISSING STEPS DETECTOR It it located in various places, this sensor can either be optical or a physical switch. No matter the type of device, the missing step detector will turn off the escalator when no step is found when one is expected.

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6.5.8. HANDRAIL & HEADROOM CLEARANCE

3700mm

Figure 6.30 : Handrail & headroom clearance (Source : Chang, 2017) In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the headroom measured vertically from the cladding of first floor escalator and landing plate of the ground floorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s escalator is 3700mm, which fulfilled the minimum requirement. The distance between handrail and adjacent wall is 600mm, It is to ensure passengers are free from any potential risk that may cause injuries.

6.6. LOCATION & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Diagram 6.18 : Second floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.19 : Upper ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

All the escalators can be easily found in DPULZE Shopping Centre as all the escalators are located in the center of the building, by utilising this type of arrangement, it becomes a focal point where people gather, thus facilitating circulation and movement of the occupants. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the escalators were built at the center of the building with parallel arrangement, one side going up and the other going down to connect basement 1 to upper ground floor together.

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Diagram 6.20 : Ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.21 : Lower ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

The arrangement of the other escalators may cause slight inconvenience to the users as the escalators are placed randomly and forcing the users to walk for longer distance to ascend to higher floors. However, DPULZE Shopping Centre utilise parallel arrangement as one of their sales strategies and the users are forced to follow the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s circulation. Some of the escalators are closely placed together, this is to minimise the travel distance between one floor to higher floor. Displays of merchandise are strategically located along the circulation to increase their publicity.

Diagram 6.22 : Basement plan (Source, DPULZE, 2017)

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6.6.CONCLUSION In a nutshell, All the escalators can be easily found in DPULZE Shopping Centre as all the escalators are located in the center of the building, by utilising this type of arrangement, it becomes a focal point where people gather, thus facilitating circulation and movement of the occupants. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the headroom measured vertically from the cladding of first floor escalator and landing plate of the ground floorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s escalator is 3700mm, which fulfilled the minimum requirement. The distance between handrail and adjacent wall is 600mm, It is to ensure passengers are free from any potential risk that may cause injuries.

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